Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INS Trishul Syllabus Prelims –Defence Context: Recently, INS Trishul arrived at Durban port in South Africa to commemorate the 130th anniversary of the incident at Pietermaritzburg railway station when Mahatma Gandhi was evicted from a train. About INS Trishul:- It is the second frigate of the Talwar class of the Indian Navy. The guided missile frigate joined the arsenal of the Indian Navy in 2003. Built in Russia under an Indo-Russian joint production. These missile frigates are modified Krivak III class frigates from Russia. It has a displacement capacity of 4,000 tons and a speed of 30 knots and is capable of accomplishing a wide variety of naval missions, primarily, finding and eliminating enemy submarines and large surface ships. Due to the use of stealth technologies and a special hull design, the resulting frigate features reduced radar cross section (RCS) as well as electromagnetic, acoustic and infrared signatures. Pietermaritzburg railway station incident On the night of June 7, 1893, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, then a young lawyer in South Africa was thrown off the train’s first-class compartment at Pietermaritzburg station despite having the ticket. This happened because he refused to give up his seat as ordered after being told that it was for ‘whites-only’. The incident led him to develop his Satyagraha principles of peaceful resistance and mobilize people in South Africa and in India against the discriminatory rules of the British. Satyagraha: the term is derived from ‘satya’ (truth) and ‘agraha’ (insistence or truth-force). Its practitioners are called Satyagrahis MUST READ: India and Mahatma Gandhi SOURCE: HINDUSTAN TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following in respect of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017) Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime cooperation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) With reference to `Astrosat’, the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Other than the USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Burial tradition of Homo Naledi Syllabus Prelims – History Context: Recent evidence suggests that Homo Naledi buried their dead. About Homo Naledi:- IMAGE SOURCE: pinterest.com.au Homo naledi is an extinct human species that lived hundreds of thousands of years ago. Homo Nalediis a species of human discovered in the Rising Star cave system, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Africa in 2013. Homo naledi exhibits a combination of primitive and modern features and is not a direct ancestor of modern humans. They are believed to have existed between 300,000 to 200,000 years in Southern Africa. (UPSC CSE: Palaeolithic Cave Paintings in NCR) They walked upright. Their shoulders were built for climbing. Their teeth were shaped like that of older primates. One of the most interesting things was that their brain size was between 450 to 600 cubic centimetres (Small brain). It was one-third of that of modern humans. About the Study: Homo Naledi buried their dead, which would challenge existing notions about advanced mortuary behavior. Modern Humans exhibit a unique behavior among primates by burying their dead, which sets them apart from other animals. This behavior is known as Mortuary behavior, characterized by social acts and a complex understanding of death. Previously, the earliest evidence of Mortuary behavior was found among Neanderthals and modern humans, occurring more than 100,000 years after Homo naledi. Homo naledi may have created rock art in Rising Star Cave. This is intriguing because rock art has traditionally been associated with Homo sapiens and other large-brained ancestors. The report describes engravings in the form of deeply impressed cross-hatchings and geometric shapes such as squares, triangles, crosses and X’s. Additionally, a rock-like object found near a Homo naledi body suggests it could be a stone tool.(UPSC MAINS: Cave paintings). Homo naledi used fire strategically for illumination during mortuary and engraving activities in the cave. Burial tradition in India:- It is said that the practice of burying dead people started some 3000 years ago in India. Megaliths or large stones were used to indicate the place where the dead were buried. We still find this practice in various cultures of India. 3000 years ago, people living in southern regions, Kashmir, and the Deccan plateau were involved in such burial practices. The people who died were buried with the help of pots known as Red and Black Ware. Megalith Sites in India Nilaskal – Karnataka Hire Benkal- Kerala Chamber Tomb: Hire Benakal- Karnataka Dolmens: Hire Benakal– Karnataka Hanamsagar– Karnataka Kudakkallu Parambu– Kerala Junapani- Maharashtra MUST READ: Bhimbetka cave SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2021) Historical place                 Well-known for Burzahom                Rock-cut shrines Chandraketugarh Terracotta art Ganeshwar                Copper artefacts Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 only 1 and 2 3 only 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements is correct? (2021) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora River. Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of the Chambal River. Pandu – Lena cave shrines lie in the gorge of the Narmada River. Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of the Godavari River. Price support scheme Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: The government recently announced the removal of the procurement ceiling for tur, urad and masur dal under the price support scheme. About the Price support scheme:- The scheme is for procurement, through NAFED.(UPSC CSE: NAFED and APMC) Under PSS, NAFED undertakes procurement of oil seeds, pulses and cotton when prices fall below the MSP Procurement under PSS is continued until prices stabilize at or above the MSP. Farmers

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) BRICS Syllabus Prelims –Important International Institutions Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently discussed cooperation in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) with the South African President during a telephone conversation. About BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa):- IMAGE SOURCE: PMLiVE BRICS is an acronym for the grouping of the world’s leading emerging economies, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. (BRICS) Origin: the British Economist Jim O’Neill coined the term “BRIC” in 2001 to describe the four emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. BRICS Leaders’ Summit is convened Chairmanship is rotated annually among the members, in accordance with the acronym B-R-I-C-S. Together, BRICS accounts for about 40% of the world’s population and about 30% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 16% of the global trade. Initiatives: New Development Bank (NDB), Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS Payment System Customs Agreements, Remote Sensing Satellite. New Initiative: BRICS is planning to launch its own “new currency” system, a major step towards de-dollarization. De-dollarization: reducing dependence on the US dollar for trade. First BRIC Summit: the first BRICS Summit took place in 2009 in the Russian Federation. Recent BRIC Summit: the 14th BRICS Summit was convened in 2022 in a virtual format, under the Chairmanship of (UPSC PRELIMS: BRICS – 14th Summit) Objectives:- To deepen, broaden and intensify cooperation within the grouping and among the individual countries for more sustainable, equitable and mutually beneficial development. It takes into consideration each member’s growth, development and poverty objectives. It is emerging as a new and promising political-diplomatic entity with diverse objectives. New Development Bank Origin: During the Sixth BRICS Summit in Fortaleza ,Brazil.(2014) (UPSC CSE: NDB) HQ: Shanghai Key areas of operation: clean energy, transport infrastructure, irrigation, sustainable urban development and economic cooperation among the member countries. Membership The Agreement on the New Development Bank entered into force in July 2015, with the official declaration of all five states that have signed it. The five founding members of the Bank include Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Bank’s Articles of Agreement specify that all members of the United Nations could be members of the bank; however, the share of the BRICS nations can never be less than 55% of voting power. According to the Bank’s General Strategy: 2017–2021, the NDB plans to expand membership gradually so as not to overly strain its operational and decision-making capacity. In September 2021, Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB. In December 2021, the NDB admitted Egypt as a new member. BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) It was signed by the BRICS nations in 2014 as part of the Fortaleza Declaration at the Sixth BRICS Summit. Objective: to provide short-term liquidity support to the members through currency swaps to help mitigate the BOP crisis and further strengthen financial stability. The initial total committed resources of the CRA will be 100 billion dollars with individual commitments as follows: China ($41 billion), India ($18 billion), Brazil ($18 billion), Russia ($18 billion) and South Africa ($5 billion). India and BRICS India is a founding member of BRICS. It conducted 13th BRICS Summit in 2021 in New Delhi. Importance of BRICS for India:- Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) membership: India is engaged with the other BRICS countries on its NSG membership. Funds for infrastructure: NDB will help India raise and avail resources for their infrastructure and sustainable development projects. SUMMITS held in India: India hosted the 13th BRICS summit in 2021. An agreement on BRICS Cooperation on Remote Sensing Satellite Constellation was signed. MUST READ: BRICS | The coming together of the powerful five SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2020) International agreement/ set-up Subject Alma-Ata Declaration – Healthcare of the people Hague Convention – Biological and Chemical Weapons Talanoa Dialogue – Global Climate Change Under2 Coalition – Child Rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 4 only 1 and 3 only 2, 3 and 4 only Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2016) New Development Bank has been set up by APEC. The headquarters of the New Development Bank is in Shanghai. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Agency for New and Renewable Energy Research and Technology (ANERT) Syllabus Prelims – Environment and Ecology Context: The Kerala State government has recently, nominated the Agency for New and Renewable Energy Research and Technology (ANERT) as the State-level nodal agency for Green Hydrogen initiatives. About Agency for New and Renewable Energy Research and Technology (ANERT):- ANERT is the single nodal agency for drafting and publishing the Green Hydrogen policy for the state of Kerala. (UPSC CSE: Green Hydrogen) A Chief Executive Officer (CEO) appointed by the Government heads ANERT. ANERT is also the Nodal Agency for the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources (MNRE), Govt. of India, to carry out the National Programmes in Kerala. Chairman: Minister for Electricity Supervision: ANERT is guided by a:- Governing Body- chaired by the Minister for Electricity, Kerala and Executive Committee- chaired by the Additional Chief Secretary to Government/ Principal Secretary. Power Department, Government of Kerala provides guidelines for ANERT’s activities in various energy-related areas. Objectives of ANERT:- To identify, formulate, implement and implementation of projects aimed at providing energy requirements of the State of Kerala. Evolving long-term plans based on harnessing solar energy, wind energy, wave energy, biogas, biomass, energy plantations, micro and mini hydel projects, improved chulahs etc. To identify, formulate, implement and support the implementation of a broad-based energy conservation program including the conservation of energy at the source of generation, at the state of distribution and/ or its utilization. To provide technical, financial or other assistance for popularization and creation of awareness on alternative sources of energy, energy conservation and rural technologies. To undertake or sponsor training programs, seminars workshops etc. on non-conventional sources of energy, energy conservation, and rural technology. To sponsor, co-ordinate or

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Exercise Ekuverin Syllabus Prelims –Defence Context: The 12th edition of the joint military exercise Ekuverin commenced at Chaubatia, Uttarakhand recently. About Exercise Ekuverin:- IMAGE SOURCE: Quora It is a joint Military Exercise between India & Maldives. Ekuverin means ‘Friends’ in the Maldivian language. (UPSC MAINS: India’s interests in the Maldives ) Background: India and Maldives have been conducting Exercise Ekuverin since 2009. It focuses on enhancing interoperability between the two forces for carrying out counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations in a semi-urban environment under the United Nations mandate and carrying out joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief operations. 11th edition: was held in Maldives in December 2021. 12th edition: was held in Uttarakhand, India in June 2023. Other important joint military exercises of India: MUST READ: India-Maldives relations SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2020) International agreement/ set-up Subject Alma-Ata Declaration – Healthcare of the people Hague Convention – Biological and Chemical Weapons Talanoa Dialogue – Global Climate Change Under2 Coalition – Child Rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 4 only 1 and 3 only 2,3 and 4 only Q.2) Consider the following statements (2020) The value of Indo-Sri Lanka Trade has consistently increased in the last decade. “Textile and textile articles constitute an important item of trade between India and Bangladesh In the last five years, Nepal has been the largest trading partner of India in South Asia Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1,2, and 3 Svalbard mission Syllabus Prelims –Defence Context: The Norwegian Ambassador has paid a visit to the ISRO Chairman. The meeting concluded with a mutual agreement on the importance of maintaining a continued partnership and fostering increased engagements between India and Norway in the field of space exploration and technology. About Svalbard mission:- IMAGE SOURCE: gktoday.in This visit offers an occasion to recall the challenging Svalbard mission, which took place 26 years ago at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard. In 1997, under the Savalbard mission, Antrix signed an agreement with the Norwegian Space Centre for the sale of a Rohini RH-300 Mk.II Sounding Rocket. (UPSC CSE: NISAR) Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL): is a marketing arm of ISRO for the promotion and commercial exploitation of space products, technical consultancy services and transfer of technologies developed by ISRO. (UPSC CSE: IN-SPACe). The RH-300 Mk-II was given a new name by the Norwegian Space Centre as Isbjorn-1, which translates literally as ‘Polar Bear-I.’ Challenge: the Rohini rockets had until then flown only in the tropical hot and humid conditions in India. while the Svalbard archipelago’s temperatures were on the extremely low side. ISRO shipped the RH-300 Mk-II to Norway after qualifying it for arctic weather conditions. However, the rocket, unfortunately, did not achieve the predicted height, rising only up to 71 km. Nevertheless, the Norwegian scientists seemed happy with the launch as the data collected during the flight led to some new findings. This launch marked a new era of cooperation between the two countries in space research. RH-300 It is a single-stage sounding rocket. Derived from French Belier rocket engine technology. Launch altitude:100 km. A variant, the RH-300 Mk-II, has a maximum launch altitude of 116 kilometers. Payload: up to 80 kilograms (20 kg of scientific payload). Numerous payloads can be tested in a single flight. ISRO ISRO was formed on August 15, 1969 with an expanded role to harness space technology. Department of Space (DOS) was set up and ISRO was brought under DOS in 1972. It is the space agency under the Department of Space of the Government of India. HQ: Bengaluru, Karnataka. Vision: to harness space technology for national development, while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration. Objective: development and application of space technology for various national needs. To fulfil this objective, ISRO has established major space systems for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services; resources monitoring and management; space-based navigation services. (UPSC CSE: ISRO’s hybrid propulsion system) Chairman: the activities of ISRO are guided by him. He would be the secretary of the Department of Space. He would also be Chairman of the Space Commission. Space Commission: the apex body that formulates the policies and oversees the implementation of the Indian Space Programme. MUST READ: Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe. Q.2) Which one of the following is a reason why astronomical distances are measured in light-years? (2021) Distance among stellar bodies does not change. Gravity of stellar bodies does not change. Light always travels in a straight line. Speed of light is always the same. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) programme Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, Dubai Customs celebrated the graduation of participants from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) programme.  About United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) – IMAGE SOURCE: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a global leader in the fight against illicit drugs and international crime. HQ: Vienna. Historical Background: It was established in 1997.It was named as a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in Funding: UNODC relies on voluntary contributions, mainly from Governments. UNODC has 20 field offices covering over 150 countries. (UPSC CSE: World Drug Report and UNODC) UNODC field staff develop and implement drug control and crime prevention programmes tailored to countries’ particular needs. It

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Gilgit Manuscripts Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: Recently, the National Archives of India organized an exhibition which exhibited the Gilgit Manuscripts.  About Gilgit Manuscripts:- IMAGE SOURCE: slideshare.net Gilgit manuscripts were discovered in the Naupur village (Gilgit region), Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. . Archaeologist Sir Aurel Stein discovered it in the year It was written between the 5th -6th centuries CE. It is the oldest surviving manuscript collection in Indian Subcontinent. It was written on the birch bark folios documents written on pieces of an inner layer of the bark of birch trees found in the Kashmir region. It contains both canonical and non-canonical Jain and Buddhist works that throw light on the evolution of much religious-philosophical literature. (UPSC CSE: Sittanavasal Jain Heritage Site) National Archives of India The present building of the National Archives of India was constructed in 1926 following the transfer of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. Historical Background: It was established in 1891 at Kolkata (Calcutta) as the Imperial Record Department. Ministry: Ministry of Culture HQ: New Delhi It is the nodal agency for the implementation of the Public Records Act, 1993 and Public Record Rules, 1997. Its repositories are a vast collection of records, which include files, volumes, maps, bills assented to by the President of India, an important collection of Gazettes and Gazetteers, Census records, assembly and parliament debates, proscribed literature, travel accounts, etc. A major chunk of Oriental records is in Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, etc. MUST READ: Palm-Leaf Manuscript Museum SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Indian history, consider the following texts: (2022) Nettipakarana Parishishtaparvan Avadanashataka Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana Which of the above are Jaina’s texts 1,2 and 3 2 and 4 only 1,3 and 4 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) ln Which of the following relief sculpture inscriptions is ‘Ranyo Ashoka’ (King Ashoka) mentioned along with the stone portrait of Ashoka? (2019) Kanganahalli Sanchi Shahbazgarhi Sohgaura Anak Krakatau volcano Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Indonesia’s Anak Krakatau volcano erupted recently.  About Anak Krakatau volcano:- IMAGE SOURCE: ABC News  It is an island in a caldera situated in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. Caldera: It is a large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses. Origin: Anak Krakatau, which means the child of Krakatau, is the offspring of the famous Krakatau volcano, whose monumental eruption in 1883 triggered a period of global cooling. In 1927, Anak Krakatoa emerged from the caldera formed in 1883 by the explosive volcanic eruption that destroyed the island of Krakatoa. (UPSC CSE: Volcanic eruption at Mount Semeru) It is part of the Ujung Kulon National Park, listed in UNESCO’s World Heritage site.(UPSC CSE: Dholavira: India’s 40th World Heritage Site) Ujung Kulon National Park It is a national park on the island of Java, in the province of Banten, Indonesia. It is best known as the last refuge of the one-horned Javan rhinoceros. A remote area of low hills and plateaus, with small lagoons and coastal dunes, it occupies 475 square miles (1,229 square km) on a peninsula and some islands at the extreme western tip of Java. The park faces the Sunda Strait, separating Java from Sumatra, and includes Panaitan Island, about 6 miles (10 km) northwest of the peninsula. it was set aside as a nature reserve in 1921; the national park was proposed in 1980 and formally established in 1992. The area was designated a World Heritage site in 1991. The park today contains the last remaining low-relief forest on Java; typical trees are of the genera Ficus and Barringtonia. Fewer than 60 Javan, or lesser one-horned, rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros sondaicus) remain alive, although the animals once thrived throughout the islands of Java, Borneo, and Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and other areas of Southeast Asia. Poaching and disease are the gravest threats to the remaining Javan rhinoceroses. Additional species in the park include bantengs (a type of wild cattle), Javan gibbons, langurs (leaf monkeys), muntjacs (barking deer), chevrotains (mouse deer), crocodiles, green turtles, green peacocks, and jungle fowl. In the late 20th century Javan tigers, which had inhabited the area, were considered extinct. MUST READ:  Rhinos SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The black cotton soil of India has been formed due to the weathering of (2021) Brown forest soil Fissure volcanic rock Granite and schist Shale and limestone Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2018) The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 3 only 1 and 3 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Syllabus Prelims –International Relations Context: In the recent aftermath of the escalation of tensions between Kosovo and Serbia, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) sent 700 more of its peacekeeping troops to Kosovo. Kosovo -Serbia Conflict IMAGE SOURCE: THE HINDU Kosovo: is a small, landlocked country in the Balkans. Bordering countries: Albania, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. Many Serbs consider it the birthplace of their nation Historical Background:- After the break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Kosovo which was a province of the former country sought independence. Serbia responded with a brutal crackdown against ethnic Albanians seeking independence. This ended in 1999, with a NATO bombing campaign against Serbia. Serbian forces withdrew from Kosovo but for many Kosovo Albanians and Serbs, the conflict has never been resolved. The NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFor) is still based in Kosovo. In 2008, Kosovo unilaterally declared independence. UN Members who recognize Kosovo’s independence:- A total of 99 out of 193 United Nations countries now recognize Kosovo’s independence. These include the US, the UK and 22 out of 27 EU countries. Russia, India & China do not recognize Kosovo as an independent state Current Situation:- The relationship between the Albanian-dominated government and the Serb

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion (SANKALP) programme Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: Recently, Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) certified Trainers trained in the cluster-based Training of Trainers project under the Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion (SANKALP) programme.  About SANKALP programme:- IMAGE SOURCE: IASBABA It is a Centrally sponsored scheme. Tenure: 2018-2023.(UPSC CSE: SANKALP Scheme) Ministry: Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE). Objectives: to improve short-term skill training through strengthening institutions, bringing in better market connectivity and inclusion of marginalised sections of society. Eligible age: candidate needs to be 18 years old. It aims to implement the mandate of the National Skill Development Mission (NSDM). It receives loan assistance from the World Bank. (UPSC CSE: World Bank and International Finance Corporation) World Bank: an international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice, and research to developing nations to aid their economic advancement. 3 Key Areas of SANKALP:- Institutional Strengthening at the Central, State and District level. Quality Assurance of skill development programmes. Inclusion of marginalized populations in skill development programmes. National Skill Development Mission (NSDM) It aims to create convergence across various sectors and different States in terms of activities relating to skill training. Launched: 2015. (UPSC CSE: NSDM) Ministry: Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE). Objectives of NSDM:- to consolidate efforts of skill training and development across sectors and states. to help expedite steps to achieve various skilling efforts at scale at a fast pace. to create an end-to-end framework which promotes sustainable livelihoods for citizens. Institutional mechanisms:- The MSDE has set up institutional mechanisms at three tiers namely:- Governing Council : at the apex level for policy guidance Steering Committee Mission Directorate The Mission Directorate is supported by three additional institutions functioning horizontally. These include:- National Skill Development Agency (NSDA):- NSDA was established to coordinate and harmonize the skill development efforts of the government and the private sector. It focuses on policy research, quality assurance and implementation of quality standards across all skilling agencies etc. National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC):- NSDC is Public Private Partnership (PPP) under the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) to create training capacity in the country, fund vocational training initiatives and create a market ecosystem for skill development. It overlooks training, and capacity-building aspects of trainers – both public and private, leads the engagement with industries, and drives the sector’s skills councils. Directorate General of Training (DGT):- DGT is the apex organisation for development and coordination at the National level for the programmes relating to vocational training. It maintains the skill training structures of training Institutes, advises on training policies, trains instructors, provides technical support, runs women-centric training institutes, etc. MUST READ: Year End Review of Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In India under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020) Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements: (2018) It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 3 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI), 2023 Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)recently released the Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI),2023. About Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI), 2023:- IMAGE SOURCE: UNDP The Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI) quantifies biases against women. Published by: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 1st edition: Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI 2020). Objective: to tackle gender norms which eventually are a broad contributor to gender inequalities. The index captures people’s attitudes on women’s roles along four key dimensions:- Political Educational (UPSC CSE: Gender gap in education) Economic and Physical integrity The index, covers 85 percent of the global population. Key Findings of GSNI, 2023:- The past decade didn’t see any improvement in the level of prejudice shown against women. Nearly 90% of people still hold at least one bias against women. Around half the world’s population believe that men make better political leaders than women. Two in five believe that men make better business executives than women. A staggering 25 per cent of people believe it is justified for a man to beat his wife. Women are grossly underrepresented in leadership in conflict-affected countries at the negotiation tables. This can be seen in the recent conflicts: in Ukraine (0 per cent), Yemen (4 per cent) and Afghanistan (10 per cent). Globally, about seven of 10 peace processes did not include any women mediators or women signatories. However, policies aimed at achieving equal participation in education have been effective, with women catching up in education. Higher enrolment and completion are seen at all levels Even in the 59 countries where adult women are more educated than men, the average income gap is 39 per cent. The most significant declines were in Chile, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia and Kyrgyzstan. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) IMAGE SOURCE: HuffPost It is a United Nations(UN) agency. United Nations (UN): is an international organization tasked with maintaining international peace and security. Objective:- assisting nations in eradicating poverty and achieving

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Lines of Credit (LoCs) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recent reports suggest that India’s future Lines of Credit (LoCs) to Africa could focus on defence exports to meet the requirements of the continent. About Lines of Credit (LoCs):- IMAGE SOURCE: INVESTOPEDIA It is a credit facility extended by a bank or any other financial institution that enables the customer to draw the maximum loan amount. Lender: it can be given by a bank or any other financial institution. Borrower: it can be given to a government, business or individual customer. Time limit: the set borrowing limit can be tapped into at any time. Transaction Limit: the borrower can take money out until the maximum limit is reached. Usage in international relations: it is a soft loan provided on concessional interest rates to developing countries. It is not a grant and has to be repaid by the borrowing government. Types of credit lines:  personal, business, and home equity, among others. Advantages: it has built-in flexibility, which is its main advantage. Borrowers can request a certain amount, but they do not have to use it all.  They can tailor their spending from the LOC to their needs. They owe interest only on the amount that they draw, not on the entire credit line. Disadvantages: high-interest rates, penalties for late payments, and the potential to overspend. India-Africa Relations:- IMAGE SOURCE: YourStory Historical Ties India’s trade relations with Africa date back several centuries.  (UPSC CSE: India-Africa: Challenges & Way Ahead) The presence of Indians in East Africa is documented in the ‘Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’ or Guidebook of the Red Sea by an ancient Greek author written in 60 AD. Mahatma Gandhi: he began his political career in South Africa. (UPSC CSE: India and Mahatma Gandhi) Non-Alignment Movement (NAM): India was a forerunner as a champion of the interests of the developing countries from Africa among other third-world countries. (UPSC CSE: NAM) Importance of Africa Africa is home to over half a dozen of the fastest-growing countries in the world. African continent has a population of over one billion with a combined GDP of 2.5 trillion dollars making it a huge potential market. Africa is a resource-rich nation dominated by commodities like crude oil, gas, pulses and lentils, leather, gold and other metals, all of which India lack in sufficient quantities. India is seeking diversification of its oil supplies away from the Middle East and Africa can play an important role in India’s energy matrix. India’s Initiatives in Africa India Africa Forum Summit ) is the official platform for African-Indian relations. It was launched in 2008. India is investing in capacity building providing more than $1 billion in technical assistance and training to personnel under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program. ITEC: is the leading capacity-building platform of the Ministry Of External Affairs. Instituted in 1964. Have trained more than 200,000 officials from 160+ countries in both the civilian and the defence sectors. India has invested $100 million in the Pan-African E-Network. Objective: to bridge the digital divide in Africa, leveraging its strengths in information technology. Indian military academies offer training to military officers from a number of African states. Asian Africa Growth Corridor: jointly prepared by Indian and Japanese think tanks. The corridor will focus on Developing Cooperation Projects, Quality Infrastructure and Institutional Connectivity, skill enhancement, and People-to-People Partnerships. MUST READ: Credit in the Economy SOURCE: THE ECONOMIC TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) “Rapid Financing Instrument” and “Rapid Credit Facility” are related to the provisions of lending by which of the following: (2022) Asian Development Bank International Monetary Fund United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative World Bank Q.2) With reference to the “G20 Common Framework”, consider the following statements: (2022) It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club. It is an initiative to support Low-Income Countries with unsustainable debt. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Cyclone Biparjoy Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Heavy to extremely heavy rainfall was predicted over Kutch, north Gujarat, and south Rajasthan regions recently as Cyclone Biparjoy moved northeastwards. About Cyclonic Storm Biparjoy:- IMAGE SOURCE: AIR A deep depression over the southeast Arabian Sea intensified into a cyclonic storm Biparjoy. Origin:  southeast Arabian Sea Naming: Bangladesh gave a tropical cyclone the name “Biparjoy,” which is Bengali for “calamity” or “disaster. (UPSC CSE: Naming of Cyclone) Cyclone: a low-pressure system that forms over warm waters.  Usually, a high temperature anywhere means the existence of low-pressure air, and a low temperature means high-pressure wind. Frequency of Cyclones in the Arabian Sea Frequency: It has fewer cyclones compared to the Bay of Bengal. This is because the Bay of Bengal is warmer. Favorable Month: June Factors Influencing Cyclone Formation: Cyclones form due to low-pressure systems over warm waters. The Arabian Sea is getting warmer due to climate change, leading to an increase in cyclones. (UPSC CSE: More cyclones in the Arabian Sea) Tropical Cyclones Intense circular storm over warm oceans with low pressure. It brings high winds and heavy rain. Conditions for formation: Warm sea surface temperatures, anticlockwise rotation of low-level air, favourable atmospheric conditions. Tropical Cyclones in India:- Origin: Tropical cyclones striking India generally originate in the Bay of Bengal. Frequency: Cyclones occur in the months of May–June and October–November. MUST READ: Cyclones forecast SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth’s surface and thus cause a warming effect. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year normally occurs in the: (2022) First half of the month of June The second half of the month of June The first half of the month

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant Syllabus Prelims – Context: Recently, the Navy carried out a twin Carrier Battle Group (CBG) operation involving both of India’s aircraft carriers INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant. About INS Vikramaditya:- IMAGE SOURCE: The Times of India INS Vikramaditya is the country’s most powerful aircraft carrier. Origin of the name: It has been renamed in honour of Vikramaditya, a legendary emperor of Ujjain, India. Historical Background:- It was converted from the Russian Navy’s decommissioned Admiral Gorshkov/Baku. Admiral Gorshkov/Baku This carrier served with the Soviet Navy and later with the Russian Navy (as Admiral Gorshkov/Baku) before being decommissioned in 1996. Bought by India: 2004. Commissioned by India: in 2013. It is a modified Kiev-class aircraft carrier. Kiev-class aircraft carrier: it was the first class of fixed-wing aircraft carriers built in the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy. Features:- Carrying Capacity: It can carry more than 1,600 personnel, including crew. It has the ability to carry over 30 aircraft comprising an assortment of MiG 29K/Sea Harrier, Kamov 31, Kamov 28, Sea King, ALH-Dhruv and Chetak helicopters. Displacement: 44,500 Tonnes. Maximum speed: more than 30 knots and can achieve a maximum range of 7,000nmi. Aircraft component: MiG 29K, Kamov 31, Kamov 28, Seaking, ALH, Chetak. It can endure up to 45 days at sea. It is powered by 8 new-generation steam boilers. The aircraft carrier can be armed with a wide range of weapons. These include anti-ship missiles, beyond visual range air-to-air missiles, guided bombs, and rockets. The ship is equipped with state-of-the-art launch and recovery systems along with aids to enable the smooth and efficient operation of ship-borne aircraft. INS Vikrant IMAGE SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS INS Vikrant is the largest warship to be built in India. (UPSC CSE: INS VIKRANT) Origin of the Name:- Vikrant means courageous. It is named after India’s first aircraft carrier, bought from the UK and commissioned in 1961. It is India’s first indigenously designed and built aircraft carrier of the Indian Navy. Aircraft carrier: a large ship that carries military aircraft and has a long, flat surface from where they take off and land. Significance:-  India joins the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), France, Russia, Italy, and China, which have similar capabilities. Technologies used: STOBAR (short take-off but assisted recovery). 76% indigenous material was used. Designed by: Indian Navy’s Directorate of Naval Design (DND). Directorate of Naval Design (DND): it is the warship design organization of the Indian Navy which came into being in 1970. Made: at Cochin Shipyard Limited in Kochi. Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL): a public sector shipyard under the Ministry of Shipping. Carrier Battle Group (CBG) A Carrier Battle Group is a powerful naval fleet that consists of an aircraft carrier as its centrepiece, accompanied by various escort vessels. Twin Carrier Battle Group operation involved the simultaneous deployment of two aircraft carriers along with a diverse fleet of escort ships, submarines, and aircraft. (UPSC CSE: Ikshak Survey Vessel) Significance of Indian Navy’s twin CBG operation:- It demonstrated the Indian Navy’s capability to effectively coordinate and deploy multiple aircraft carriers along with their accompanying assets. It showcased India’s commitment to maintaining a strong naval presence. It showed India’s ability in ensuring the security and stability of the region. It also marked a significant milestone in the Indian Navy’s efforts to enhance maritime security and project power in the Indian Ocean and beyond. MUST READ: Operation Ganga SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following in respect of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017) Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime cooperation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently? (2016) Amphibious warfare ship Nuclear-powered submarine Torpedo launch and recovery vessel Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Execution-only platform (EOP) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) directed existing Mutual Funds ‘Execution-Only Platforms’ (EOPs)  to obtain registration within three months. About Execution only platform (EOP):- IMAGE SOURCE: Fuste Execution-only platform (EOP) is a digital or online platform which facilitates transactions such as subscription, redemption and switch transactions in direct plans of schemes of mutual funds. Mutual funds: it is a financial vehicle that pools assets from shareholders to invest in securities like stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and other assets. Mutual funds are operated by professional money managers, who allocate the fund’s assets and attempt to produce capital gains or income for the fund’s investors. Historical Background:- Till now, there was no specific framework available for technology/digital platforms to provide execution-only services in direct plans of mutual fund schemes. Current Status:- As per the new SEBI’s new guidelines, no entity would be allowed to operate as an EOP without obtaining registration from SEBI or the Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI). AMFI: nodal association of mutual funds across India. Categories of EOP The capital markets regulator has divided EOPs into two categories:- Category 1 EOPs:-  These would need to be registered with AMFI. Under this category, the EOPs would act as an agent of asset management companies (AMCs) and integrate their systems with AMCs and/or Registrar and Transfer Agents (RTAs) authorized by AMCs to facilitate transactions in mutual funds. These entities may act as an aggregator of the transactions in direct plans of schemes of mutual funds and provide services to investors or other intermediaries. Category 2 EOPs:-  These would need to be registered as a stock broker with SEBI. It can operate as an agent of investors. It can operate only through the platforms provided by the stock exchanges. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) It is a statutory body established under the Securities

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Gandhi Peace Prize 2021 Syllabus Prelims – Important Awards Context: According to recent reports, the Gandhi Peace Prize 2021 will be conferred to Gita Press, Gorakhpur. About Gandhi Peace Prize 2021:- Origin: it was instituted in 1995, on the occasion of the 125th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. 1995: Dr Julius K. Nyerere, former President of Tanzania was awarded the first award. Dr Julius K. Nyerere: was also the major force behind the movements for African Unity. Time: it is an annual award. (UPSC CSE: Nobel peace prize 2021) Significance: it is a tribute to the ideals espoused by Mahatma Gandhi. (UPSC CSE: Mahatma Gandhi) Mahatma Gandhi: a lawyer, nationalist, and anti-colonial activist.  He led a non-violent mass movement against the British rule of India. Early movements by Gandhiji: Champaran Satyagraha (1917), Kheda Satyagraha (1918), 1920: Non-Cooperation Movement(1920), Civil Disobedience Movement(1930), Quit India movement(1942). Works: newspapers including Harijan(Gujarati), Indian Opinion and Young India(English). Autobiography: The Story Of My Experiments with Truth. Eligibility for Award: the award is open to all persons regardless of nationality, race, language, caste, creed or gender. Ministry: Ministry of Culture The award carries an amount of one crore rupees, a citation and a plaque. Jury: it is chaired by Hon’ble Prime Minister, and comprises two ex-officio members, namely the Chief Justice of India and  Leader of the single largest Opposition Party in Lok Sabha. Recent Awardees:- 2020: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. (UPSC MAINS: 971 Indo-Pak war) Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: Father of Nation in Bangladesh. 2021: Gita Press. Gita Press: it was established in 1923, and is one of the world’s largest publishers. MUST READ: Gandhi Mandela Award SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards. (2021) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titled under Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India. Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year. Which of the above statements is not correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following best defines the term “State”? (2021) A community of persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government. A politically organized people of a definite territory possessing an authority to govern them, maintain law and order, protect their natural rights and safeguard their means of sustenance. A number of persons who have been living in a definite territory for a very long time with their own culture, tradition and government. A society permanently living in a definite with a central authority, an executive responsible to the central authority and an independent judiciary. WASP-76b Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: An international team of astronomers announced they conducted a detailed study of the extremely hot giant exoplanet WASP-76 b. About WASP-76b: The planet orbits the massive star WASP-76, which is about 634 light-years away from our planet in the direction of the constellation Pisces. WASP-76 b orbits very close to its parent star, around 12 times closer than Mercury is to the Sun. The planet has a mass similar to that of Jupiter, but it is more than six times larger by volume. The planet is tidally-locked, meaning that one of its sides permanently faces the star that it orbits. This means that one side is constantly superheated while another side is much colder. This could mean that the wind carries the iron atoms from the dayside to the night side. When the iron reaches the transition point between the two sides, the temperature decreases and the iron will condense into liquid drops that fall to the land. The researchers used the MAROON-X instrument of the Gemini-North Telescope to conduct a detailed study of the planet. Source:   IE International Monetary Fund (IMF) Syllabus Prelims – Important Institutions Context: Bangladesh recently announced that it will adopt the International Monetary Fund (IMF) mandated method to calculate its foreign reserves. About IMF:- IMAGE SOURCE: IMF It is an international organization that works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its member countries. Established in 1944 HQ: Washington, D.C. (United States of America) Members: 190 India is a member. Any other state, whether or not a member of the UN, may become a member of the IMF. Structure:– At the top of its organization is the Board of Governors. The day-to-day work of the IMF is overseen by its 24-member Executive Board. The Managing Director is the head of the IMF staff and Chair of the Executive Board. S/he is assisted by four Deputy Managing Directors. Funding: the IMF’s resources mainly come from the money that countries pay as their capital subscription (quotas) when they become members. Objectives of IMF:- Foster global monetary cooperation. Secure financial stability. Facilitate international trade. Promote high employment and sustainable economic growth. Reduce poverty around the world. (UPSC MAINS: Role of IMF) Macroeconomic growth. Policy advice & financing for developing countries. Promotion of exchange rate stability, and an international payment system. Functions:- Lending The IMF provides loans including emergency loans to member countries experiencing actual or potential balance of payments problems. The aim is to help them rebuild their international reserves, stabilize their currencies, continue paying for imports, and restore conditions for strong economic growth while correcting underlying problems. Surveillance The IMF monitors the international monetary system and global economic developments.  It identifies risks and recommends policies for growth and financial stability. Capacity Development The IMF provides technical assistance and training to governments, including central banks, finance ministries, revenue administrations, and financial sector supervisory agencies. FLAGSHIP PUBLICATIONS:- World Economic Outlook Global Financial Stability Report Fiscal Monitor IMF and India India is a founder member of the IMF. Post-partition period: IMF came to the rescue when India had a serious balance of payments deficits, particularly with the dollar and

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Sickle Cell Anaemia Disease Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Recently, a workshop to educate people about Sickle Cell Anaemia Disease was held in New Delhi. About Sickle Cell Anaemia Disease:- IMAGE SOURCE: SlideServe Discovery:  in 1910 by James Herrick. Sickle cell anaemia is a group of inherited disorders known as sickle cell disease.(UPSC CSE: Rare Diseases) It affects the shape of red blood cells. Red blood cells: contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to all parts of the body. Cause: It is transmitted by parents carrying a defective ‘beta globin’ gene. Disease condition: under normal conditions, the red blood cells being round and flexible move easily through blood vessels. However, in sickle cell anaemia, some of the red blood cells acquire the shape of sickles or crescent moons. These sickle cells become rigid and sticky. When they travel through small blood vessels, they get stuck and clog the blood flow. This can cause pain and other serious health problems such as infection, acute chest syndrome and stroke. .  (UPSC CSE: Polio Disease) The sickle cells also die early, which causes a constant shortage of red blood cells.  Symptoms:- Chronic Anaemia: leading to fatigue, weakness, and paleness. Painful episodes (also known as sickle cell crisis): these can cause sudden and intense pain in the bones, chest, back, arms, and legs. Delayed growth and puberty. Mortality rate:- Mortality rate refers to the percentage of people with a condition who died within a certain period. Sickle cell disease mortality burden is highest in children. However, the mortality rate of SCA for children has dropped dramatically over the last few decades. A 1975 study indicated a mortality rate of 9.3 per cent for people with SCA under the age of 23. However, by 1989, the mortality rate for people with SCA under the age of 20 dropped to 2.6 per cent. Treatment:- Blood Transfusions: These can help relieve anaemia and reduce the risk of pain crises. Hydroxyurea: This is a medication that can help reduce the frequency of painful episodes and prevent some of the long-term complications of the disease. It can also be treated by bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. Bone marrow transplant: a medical treatment that replaces the bone marrow with healthy cells. It can be used to treat certain types of cancer, such as leukaemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, and other blood and immune system diseases that affect the bone marrow. Government initiatives:- Ministry of Tribal Affairs: launched a portal wherein people can register themselves, in order to collate all information related to SCA among tribal groups. National Health Mission guideline on Hemoglobinopathies: it also identifies “establishing services at the community level for pre-marital and pre-conception screening backed by genetic counselling services” as a strategy for addressing SCA. Government released technical operational guidelines: for the prevention and control of hemoglobinopathies in 2016 including sickle cell anaemia. Integrated centres: have been established in 22 tribal districts for treatment and diagnosis. State Haemoglobinopathy Mission: established in Madhya Pradesh to address the challenges in screening and management of the disease. Union Budget 2023-24: the government has announced a mission to eliminate Sickle cell Anemia by 2047. Under this universal screening of seven crore people in the age group of 0-40 years in affected tribal areas would be done through collaborative efforts of central ministries and state governments. MUST READ: Disease Surveillance System SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements: (2021) Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from the mother and not from the father. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements: Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA genomes whereas retroviruses have double-stranded DNA genomes. Common cold is sometimes caused by an adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a retrovirus. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Recently, the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB), recommended banning the manufacture, sale and distribution of Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac. About Aceclofenac:- IMAGE SOURCE: SlideShare Aceclofenac is an oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAID: medications used for reducing pain (analgesic), decreasing fever (antipyretic), preventing blood clots (anti-thrombotic) and decreasing inflammation (anti-inflammatory). Uses:  to treat non-inflammatory conditions such as migraine, period pain and postoperative pain, and to reduce fever. Common NSAIDs: aspirin (such as Disprin), ibuprofen (such as Nurofen) , naproxen (such as Naprosyn), diclofenac (such as Voltaren), celecoxib (such as Celebrex). Aceclofenac has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Analgesic: medicines used to reduce pain. Anti-inflammatory: medicines used to decrease inflammation. Working Mechanism: Aceclofenac works by preventing the release of a chemical substance that causes pain and swelling in your body. Uses- It is used in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. It provides relief from pain, stiffness, and swelling due to various conditions related to the bone and joints. It is also used to provide relief from headaches, toothaches, backaches, menstrual pain, sprains, and strains. Side effects: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, stomach pain, indigestion, and diarrhoea. Ketoprofen Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to treat pain or inflammation caused by arthritis. Other Uses:- It is used to relieve pain, tenderness, swelling and stiffness in conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.  It is also used to relieve minor aches and pains from headaches, menstrual periods, toothaches, the common cold, fever, muscle aches, backaches, etc. Side effects:- Indigestion, Dizziness, Headache, Nausea, Diarrhea, Rash, Abdominal pain etc. Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) DTAB is a statutory body under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. It is the highest decision-making body on technical matters related to drugs in the country. It is part of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Mesolithic period rock painting Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: A Mesolithic period rock painting has been found in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh recently. About the news: IMAGE SOURCE: SlideShare About Mesolithic-era rock paintings in Guntur:- The time period of these paintings is estimated to be Mesolithic Age, roughly from 5000 BC. These paintings were made with “natural white kaolin and red ochre pigments”. Ochre: a pigment composed of clay, sand, and ferric oxide. Kaolinite: a soft, earthy, and usually white mineral produced by the chemical weathering of aluminum silicate minerals like feldspar. The social life and culture of the people who lived in the area are depicted through them. One of the paintings depicted a man catching a wild goat with his left hand while wielding a hook-like implement to control it. Another showed two couples standing with their hands raised while a child stood behind them. The paintings depicted a person tilling a piece of land. This can be an indication of a semi-settled life pattern in which members of this community cultivated crops. Mesolithic period:- The phase fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods. (UPSC SCE: Ratnagiri’s pre-historic rock art) Time Period: While the start and end dates of the Mesolithic Period vary by geographical region, it dates approximately from 12,000-10,000 years ago. Lifestyle: During the Mesolithic period, human societies were predominantly hunter-gatherer communities. Tools: Stone tools found during this period are generally tiny and are called Besides the use of microliths, the Mesolithic people made a number of technological innovations like the bow and arrow for hunting, querns, grinders and hammer stones for grinding and pulverising plant foods like roots, tubers etc. Indian Mesolithic sites:- Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. Tilwara, Bagor , Ganeshwar in Rajasthan Patne, Pachad, Hatkhamba in Maharashtra Pachmarhi, , Bhimbetka, Baghor II, Baghor III, Ghagharia in Madhya Pradesh Paisra in Bihar Kuchai in Odisha Birbhanpur in West Bengal Muchatla Chintamanu Gavi, Gauri Gundam in Andhra Pradesh Sanganakallu in Karnataka Tenmalai in Kerala. Specific characteristics of Mesolithic rock paintings:- This period mainly saw the use of red colour. It has a larger variety of themes but the paintings are smaller in size. Themes of paintings: The hunting scenes were predominant in the period. The paintings depict: People hunting in groups. Hunting armed with barbed spears, pointed sticks, arrows and bows. Animals depicted: elephants, bison, tiger, boar, deer, antelope, leopard, panther, rhinoceros, fish, frog, lizard, squirrel and at times birds. Animals were painted in a naturalistic style and humans were depicted in a stylistic manner. Social life: The young, old, children and women equally find a place in these paintings. Women are painted both nude and clothed. In many of the rock shelters handprints, fist prints, and dots made by the fingertips are found. One of the most prominent examples of the Mesolithic rock painting is found in Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh. (UPSC CSE: Bhimbetka cave) MUST READ: Weathering of oldest rock paintings due to climate change SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2022) Historical place                 Well-known for Burzahom             Rock-cut shrines Chandraketugarh Terracotta art Ganeshwar             Copper artefacts Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 only 1 and 2 3 only 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements is correct? (2022) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora River. Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of the Chambal River. Pandu – Lena cave shrines lie in the gorge of the Narmada River. Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of the Godavari River. GEMCOVAC-OM Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: India’s first mRNA-based Omicron-specific booster vaccine GEMCOVAC-OM was approved recently. About GEMCOVAC-OM:- IMAGE SOURCE: healthfeedback.org It was developed using indigenous (UPSC CSE: Nation’s first mRNA-based vaccine) Developed by: Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Ltd. It is supported under the Mission COVID Suraksha. It is a thermo-stable vaccine, which does not require ultra-cold chain infrastructure used for other approved mRNA-based vaccines. This makes it easy for deployment all across India. It is delivered intra-dermally using a needle-free injection device system. Intradermal injection: it is a shallow or superficial injection of a substance into the dermis (located between the epidermis and the hypodermis). When administered intradermal in participants as a booster, it generates significantly higher immune responses. Available: for adults over the age of 18. Dosage: two doses will be administered intramuscularly 28 days apart. mRNA vaccine It contains messenger RNA (mRNA). (UPSC CSE: mRNA Vaccine) mRNA: it is a single-stranded RNA molecule that complements DNA. It is created in the nucleus when DNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase to create pre-mRNA. Working: mRNA vaccines work by introducing a piece of mRNA that corresponds to a viral protein. It is usually a small piece of protein found on the virus’s outer membrane. Individuals who get an mRNA vaccine will not be exposed to the same virus again. Advantages of mRNA vaccines:- Safe: these are non-infectious, non-integrating in nature, and degraded by standard cellular mechanisms. Highly Efficient: they are highly efficacious because of their inherent capability of being translatable into the protein structure inside the cell cytoplasm. Faster to produce: mRNA vaccines are synthetic and do not require a host for growth, e.g., eggs or bacteria. Therefore, they can be quickly manufactured. Mission COVID Suraksha In 2020, the Government of India has announced the stimulus package of Rs. 900 crore for the Mission COVID Suraksha. Mission COVID Suraksha is India’s targeted effort to enable the development of indigenous, affordable and accessible vaccines for the country and will complement the ongoing mission of Atmanirbhar Bharat. It will be led by DBT and implemented by a dedicated Mission Implementation Unit at the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC). The existing activities under National Bio Pharma Mission (NBM) and Ind-CEPI Mission will provide complementary strengths to this Mission. The DBT is supporting the implementation of the Ind-CEPI Mission, “Epidemic preparedness through rapid vaccine development: Support of Indian vaccine development aligned with the global