Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Wassenaar Arrangement Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  Wassenaar Arrangement in governing modern digital technologies and argues for reforming export control regimes to address challenges posed by cloud services, AI, and surveillance tools. Modern Internet dependence: Cloud infrastructure, dominated by few companies like Microsoft, is crucial for states but can also aid repression (e.g., in Palestine). Export control regimes: Agreements like the Wassenaar Arrangement aim to regulate export of sensitive goods and dual-use technologies to prevent misuse. Limitations of current framework: Focused mainly on physical exports (devices, chips, hardware). Struggles to regulate cloud services, APIs, and remotely accessed technologies. Leaves loopholes for “intrusion software” and surveillance misuse. India’s role: Joined in 2017, regularly updates control lists but faces challenges in ensuring compliance. Reform needs: Expand definitions to cover remote access, cloud exports, and digital surveillance. Introduce binding global treaties with clearer licensing and oversight. Create domain-specific controls for AI and high-risk digital tools. Global implications: Divergent national licensing can create loopholes. Stronger coordination needed to prevent misuse across borders. Possible measures: Tighter export scrutiny for cloud services. Binding international commitments. Technical expert committees to guide regulation. Conclusion: Existing arrangements are outdated; comprehensive reforms are essential to regulate 21st-century technologies without stifling innovation. Learning Corner: Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) Nature: A multilateral export control regime for conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies. Established: 1996, in Wassenaar, Netherlands. Objective: To promote transparency and responsibility in transfers of arms and sensitive technologies. To prevent destabilising accumulations of weapons and technologies that could aid in proliferation or repression. Membership: 42 participating states (as of 2025), including India, the U.S., most EU states, Japan, etc. India’s membership: Joined in December 2017. Mechanism: States exchange information on transfers/denials of items listed in WA control lists. It is non-binding; decisions on licensing remain at the discretion of each state. Scope: Covers conventional arms. Covers dual-use goods and technologies (civilian use but potential military/security application). In 2013, scope expanded to include “intrusion software” and surveillance technologies. Challenges: Primarily designed for physical goods, struggles to regulate cloud services, AI, and remote-access technologies. Implementation uneven across members; often influenced by political and commercial interests. Source: THE HINDU India’s Index of Industrial Production (IIP) Category: ECONOMICS Context : India’s Index of Industrial Production (IIP) grew by 4.0% in August 2025, showing broad-based recovery in industrial activity. IIP growth accelerated from 3.5% in July 2025 to 4.0% in August. Mining output rose sharply by 6.0%, rebounding from contraction. Manufacturing grew 3.8%, led by basic metals (12.2%), motor vehicles (9.8%), and petroleum products (5.4%). Electricity generation increased by 4.1%. Use-based growth: Infrastructure/Construction Goods: +10.6% (highest). Primary Goods: +5.2%, Intermediate Goods: +5.0%, Capital Goods: +4.4%. Consumer Durables: +3.5%; Consumer Non-durables: –6.3% (weak demand). Growth driven by post-monsoon mining recovery, strong demand in metals, vehicles, and construction activity. Learning Corner: Index of Industrial Production (IIP) Definition: The IIP measures the volume of production of a basket of industrial products in the economy. It serves as a short-term indicator of industrial growth. Base Year: Current base year: 2011–12 (revised periodically to reflect structural changes). Released by: National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Released monthly with a time lag of about six weeks. Coverage: Divided into 3 major sectors: Mining (14.4% weight) Manufacturing (77.6% weight – largest share) Electricity (8.0% weight) Further classified into Use-based categories: Primary Goods, Capital Goods, Intermediate Goods, Infrastructure/Construction Goods, Consumer Durables, and Consumer Non-durables. Significance: Acts as a proxy for industrial activity and short-term economic performance. Influences monetary policy (RBI monitors it for inflation and growth signals). Used by businesses, analysts, and policymakers for planning and forecasting. Limitations: Provisional data, often revised later. Limited coverage compared to GDP or GVA. Heavily manufacturing-driven, may not fully capture services-led growth in India’s economy. Core Industries Definition: The Core Industries are the eight key industries of India that form the backbone of the economy and have a high impact on overall industrial growth. They have a combined weight of 40.27% in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The Eight Core Industries (with weights in IIP): Coal – 10.33% Crude Oil – 8.98% Natural Gas – 6.88% Refinery Products – 28.04% (highest weight) Fertilizers – 2.63% Steel – 17.92% Cement – 5.37% Electricity – 19.85% Released by: Office of Economic Adviser (OEA), Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Released monthly, usually at the end of the following month. Significance: Acts as a lead indicator of industrial performance and overall GDP trends. Closely tracked by policymakers, RBI, and businesses to gauge economic health. Growth or slowdown in these industries directly affects related sectors (e.g., steel impacts construction, coal impacts power generation). Source: PIB Siphon Principle Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: IISc has developed a siphon-powered desalination technology that converts saltwater into clean drinking water more efficiently than conventional solar stills. Uses a fabric wick with a grooved metal surface to create a siphon, moving salty water onto a heated surface. Continuous flushing prevents salt crystallization, avoiding blockages common in older designs. Water evaporates as a thin film and condenses just 2 mm away, enhancing efficiency. Modular design allows stacking multiple units, recycling heat for higher output. Produces over six liters of potable water per sq. meter per hour, much higher than standard solar stills. Handles high salinity (up to 20% salt) without clogging. Built with low-cost materials like aluminum and fabric; powered by solar or waste heat. Suitable for off-grid villages, disaster zones, and arid coastal areas. Represents a scalable, sustainable, and affordable solution for global water security. Learning Corner: Siphon Principle Definition: A siphon is a device that allows liquid to flow from a higher level to a lower level through a tube, even if the tube rises above the surface of the liquid in the higher container. Working Principle: Relies on gravity and the difference in liquid pressure at the two ends of the tube. Once the tube is filled, the liquid continues to flow because the pressure at the lower outlet

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) National Security Act Category: POLITY Context:  Climate activist Sonam Wangchuk was recently detained under the National Security Act (NSA), reigniting debate over its scope and misuse. About NSA (1980): Allows preventive detention to safeguard defence, foreign relations, security of India, public order, or essential supplies. Powers: Centre, states, District Magistrates, and Police Commissioners can authorize detention. Nature: Not punitive but preventive — meant to stop individuals before they act. Safeguards: Grounds of detention must be communicated within 5–15 days. Review by Advisory Board of High Court judges within 3 weeks. Detention can extend up to 12 months. No legal representation before Advisory Board; government can withhold facts citing “public interest.” Past use: Invoked against separatists, gangsters, and protesters. Controversies: Criticized for misuse against dissenters and activists. High-profile cases: Dr. Kafeel Khan (2020), Chandrashekhar Azad (2017), Amritpal Singh (2023). Used during anti-CAA protests and in states like UP and MP against cow slaughter and habitual criminals. Criticism: Civil liberties groups see it as a draconian law often misused by governments to silence opposition rather than protect security. Learning Corner: National Security Act (NSA), 1980 The NSA, 1980 is a preventive detention law that empowers the Central and State governments to detain individuals to prevent them from acting in any manner prejudicial to the defence of India, relations with foreign powers, national security, public order, or maintenance of essential supplies and services. It continues India’s long history of preventive detention laws, tracing back to the colonial era and the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA). Key Provisions Authority to Detain: The Central or State government can issue detention orders. District Magistrates and Police Commissioners can also exercise this power when authorised. Grounds of Detention: Defence of India, security of the state, public order, and maintenance of essential supplies. Duration of Detention: A person can be detained up to 12 months, though orders can be revoked earlier. Communication of Grounds: Detainee must be informed of the grounds of detention within 5–15 days. Review Mechanism: An Advisory Board of High Court judges reviews the detention within 3 weeks. If the Board finds “no sufficient cause,” the detainee must be released. Safeguards and Limitations: No legal representation before the Advisory Board. Government can withhold facts citing “public interest.” Preventive, not punitive — meant to stop anticipated threats. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS OPEC+ Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : OPEC+ is planning another oil output hike in November 2025 amid rising global oil prices and market pressures. Decision timeline: OPEC+ countries will meet online on October 5 to decide on November production levels. Expected hike: At least 1,37,000 barrels per day increase likely, equal to October’s hike. Background: OPEC+ had reversed April’s output cuts and already boosted production by 2.5 million bpd between April–September. Market impact: Oil prices have risen above $70 per barrel due to tight supply and geopolitical tensions, including Ukraine–Russia conflict. Group output cuts: Current reduction stands at 5.85 million bpd (voluntary 2.2m, 1.65m by 8 members, and 2m by whole group). Further scope: Additional increases under discussion to stabilize market supply. UAE approval: Separate 300,000 bpd boost approved for UAE between April–September. Long-term plan: The third group-wide layer of cuts (1.65m bpd) is scheduled to last till end of 2026. Learning Corner: OPEC+ (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Plus) Composition: OPEC (13 member states, mostly Middle Eastern and African oil producers) + 10 major non-OPEC oil exporters, most notably Russia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, etc. Origin: Formed in 2016 when OPEC partnered with non-OPEC countries to stabilize oil markets through coordinated output decisions. Objective: To manage global oil supply, stabilize prices, and safeguard revenues for oil-producing countries. Functioning: Sets collective production quotas. Adjusts supply to balance market demand and global price fluctuations. Key influence on international energy markets and global inflation trends. Recent relevance (2025): Reversed earlier cuts (April 2025) and increased output by 2.5 million barrels/day till September. Plans another hike of 1,37,000 barrels/day in November amid rising oil prices and geopolitical tensions (Ukraine–Russia conflict, energy security concerns). Long-term strategy includes gradual easing of supply cuts lasting until end-2026. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE-3) Category: POLITY Context: India has released draft Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE-3) rules proposing new vehicle emission norms, with relief for small cars and incentives for EVs.. What’s new: Draft CAFE-3 norms issued by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for public consultation, covering all M1 category passenger cars (max 9 seats, 3,500 kg). Efficiency formula: Based on fleet weight with stricter targets over FY28–FY32; lighter vehicles get more relaxed targets. Relief for small cars: Special exemptions for models ≤1200cc engine, ≤4000mm length, and ≤900kg unladen weight → eligible for CO₂ reduction credits. Emissions pooling: Allows multiple carmakers to pool emissions targets, reducing compliance costs. EV incentives: Each EV sale counts three times in compliance calculations. Hybrid EVs, plug-in hybrids, and strong hybrids get multipliers. EVs under 3,500 kg get special weight-based relaxation. Carbon Neutrality Factor (CNF): Additional relaxation based on fuel types (ethanol, CNG, biogas, hybrids). Penalties: Non-compliance attracts penalties under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. Current norms: CAFE-2 (from FY22–23) required fleet CO₂ emissions ≤113 g/km; penalties apply for exceeding limits. EV charging infra: Govt plans ~72,300 stations under PM E-Drive, with subsidy support for installation across cities. Learning Corner: Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) Norms Definition: CAFE norms are fuel efficiency and emission standards that automobile manufacturers must follow for their fleet, aimed at reducing fuel consumption and lowering carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Origin in India: Introduced by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. CAFE–1: Notified in 2011, effective from 2017. CAFE–2: Implemented from 2022–23, targeting 113 g/km CO₂ fleet average. CAFE–3 (Draft, 2025): Proposes stricter norms for FY28–FY32 with new incentives for small cars and EVs. Key Features: Applies to all M1 category cars (passenger vehicles ≤9 seats, ≤3,500 kg). Uses a formula based on average fleet weight; heavier cars allowed slightly higher emissions than lighter cars. Manufacturers must ensure that their entire

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Soilification Category: AGRICULTURE Context:  Researchers in Rajasthan successfully grew wheat in desert land using an indigenous bioformulation-based soilification technology, showing potential to stop desertification and boost agriculture in arid regions. Experiment site: Conducted by Central University of Rajasthan (CUoR) at Banseli village, Ajmer district. Technology: Used desert ‘soilification’ with indigenous bioformulation to convert desert sand into soil-like structure. Water efficiency: Wheat required only 3 irrigations (vs. 5–6 normally) due to high water retention. Key features: Bioformulation enhanced water retention, improved soil structure, stimulated microbial activity, and increased crop stress resistance. Pilot results: 13 kg wheat seeds yielded 26 kg harvest per 100 sq. metres in April 2025. Higher yield: Experimental field with bajra, guar gum, and chickpea showed 54% higher yield in bioformulation-amended sand. Support: Facilitated by Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) and Rajasthan Horticulture Department. Impact: Reduced water input, higher productivity, and potential to curb desertification in Thar desert region. Future plan: Expand technology to crops like millet and green gram in Rajasthan’s dry regions. Learning Corner: Soilification Meaning: Soilification is a process of transforming loose, infertile sand (desert soil) into soil-like material that can support plant growth. How it works: Uses polymers, bioformulations, or natural binders to cross-link sand particles. Improves soil aggregation and water retention capacity. Enriches the substrate with microbial activity to provide nutrients and resilience to crops. Key Objectives: Convert arid, barren desert land into productive agricultural fields. Reduce irrigation demand by retaining more water in sandy soils. Combat desertification and land degradation. Applications: Tested in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert for wheat, bajra, guar gum, and chickpea cultivation. Used in dry and semi-arid regions globally (China, Middle East, Africa) to reclaim deserts. Significance: Provides a sustainable land restoration method. Helps ensure food security in desert-prone countries. Supports climate change adaptation by reclaiming degraded lands. Source: THE HINDU MiG-21 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : India has formally decommissioned the MiG-21 jets after six decades of service, marking the end of an iconic era in the Indian Air Force. Key Statement: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh called MiG-21 a “symbol of India-Russia ties” and a lesson for future indigenous platforms. Aircraft: Last MiG-21 jets belonged to No. 23 Squadron (Panthers). Ceremony: Included symbolic switch-off of six MiG-21s and handing over of aircraft documents to Air Chief. Attendees: Senior IAF officials, veterans, pilots, engineers, and technicians who worked with MiG-21. Tribute Performances: Surya Kiran aerobatic team, Tejas, and Jaguar fighter jets performed aerial manoeuvres. Legacy: Played crucial roles in 1971 war, Kargil conflict, Balakot air strike, and Operation Sindoor. Impact: Reduced IAF’s effective fighter squadron strength to 29, the lowest since 1960s. Future Outlook: Govt emphasized success of indigenous platforms like LCA-Tejas and upcoming Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). Learning Corner: MiG-21 Fighter Aircraft Full Name: Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21. Origin: Developed by the Soviet Union (first flew in 1956). Induction in India: Entered Indian Air Force (IAF) service in 1963, becoming the first supersonic fighter jet of India. Service Duration: Served for over 60 years, the longest-serving combat aircraft in IAF history. Role in Wars: 1971 India-Pakistan War: Played a decisive role, including shooting down enemy aircraft. Kargil War (1999): Actively used in ground attack and support missions. Balakot Air Strike (2019): MiG-21 Bison piloted by Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman engaged in aerial combat. Operation Sindoor and other missions. Variants in India: MiG-21FL, MiG-21M, MiG-21MF, and upgraded MiG-21 Bison. Legacy: Known as the “backbone” of the IAF for decades. Symbol of India-Russia defence cooperation. Provided combat experience to generations of IAF pilots. Source:  THE HINDU H3N2 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Delhi and nearby cities are witnessing a surge in H3N2 influenza cases, with doctors urging precautions due to rising infections, especially among vulnerable groups. Disease: H3N2 is an Influenza A subtype virus causing respiratory illness. Current trend: Hospitals report rise in cases; August saw ~80, September ~100 cases. Symptoms: Fever, body ache, cough, sore throat, congestion; symptoms more intense this year. Spread: Transmitted through coughing, close contact, and contaminated surfaces. Vulnerable groups: Elderly, children, pregnant women, people with diabetes, asthma, heart/kidney disease, or low immunity. Illness duration: Typically lasts 5–7 days; cough and weakness may persist for weeks. Complications: Risk of secondary bacterial infection in those with comorbidities. Precaution: Avoid close contact, wear masks, maintain hygiene, get vaccinated. Challenge: Difficult to confirm if H3N2 cases are rising due to inadequate surveillance. Doctors’ advice: Urgent need for vaccination, especially for high-risk groups. Learning Corner: Avian Influenza (Avian Flu)  A zoonotic viral infection caused by Influenza A viruses that primarily affect birds but can infect humans and other animals. Classified into Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) depending on severity in poultry. Major Types / Strains H5N1 First detected in humans in 1997 (Hong Kong). Highly pathogenic; causes severe respiratory illness with high fatality rate. Endemic in parts of Asia and Africa. Limited human-to-human transmission. H7N9 First reported in humans in China (2013). Usually low pathogenic in birds but can cause severe illness in humans. High mortality among reported human cases. H5N6 Reported in poultry outbreaks in Asia. Sporadic human infections (mostly in China). Causes severe respiratory disease in humans. H9N2 Low pathogenic in birds. Human infections are usually mild. Important because it can mix with other influenza viruses, acting as a “gene donor” for new strains. H10N3 / H10N8 Rare human cases reported in China. H10N8 caused fatal cases in 2013. Still considered sporadic but monitored for pandemic potential. H3N2 (variant of concern for humans, not birds alone) Causes seasonal influenza in humans, but also linked with zoonotic spillover. Not classified as a classic “avian flu,” but shares cross-species transmission risks. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Tejas Mk1A Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context India has signed its largest-ever contract for indigenous fighter jets with HAL to procure 97 Tejas Mk1A aircraft for the IAF.” Deal Value: ₹62,370 crore Date Finalized: 25 September 2025 Aircraft Ordered: 68 single-seat Tejas Mk1A 29 twin-seat Tejas Mk1A Delivery Timeline: From 2027, spread over six years Indigenous Content: Over

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Agni-Prime (Agni-P) ballistic missile Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  India successfully test-fired the Agni-Prime (Agni-P) ballistic missile from a rail-based mobile launcher, marking a strategic milestone.  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) tested the Agni-P missile from a rail-based launcher, placing India among a select group of nations with such “canisterised launch systems.” Rail-based platforms enhance second-strike capability by providing mobility, concealment, and survivability against enemy surveillance compared to vulnerable fixed silos. They are cheaper and easier to scale than submarine-based systems, leveraging India’s extensive railway network. Agni-P, a two-stage solid-fuel missile with a range of 1,000–2,000 km, succeeds Agni-I with improved guidance, propulsion, and warhead technology. Learning Corner: Agni-P (Agni-Prime) missile: Type: New-generation, medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM). Developer: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Range: 1,000 – 2,000 km. Propulsion: Two-stage, solid-fuel propulsion system. Launch Platforms: Canisterised system—deployable from road and rail-based mobile launchers, enhancing mobility and survivability. Features: Advanced navigation and guidance system. Improved accuracy compared to earlier Agni variants. Lighter composite materials, making it more efficient. Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s second-strike capability. Provides flexibility to evade enemy surveillance by using mobile launchers. Cheaper alternative compared to submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). Successor: Designed as a successor to Agni-I with modernised systems. Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) Launch: 1983, by DRDO, under the leadership of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Aim: To make India self-reliant in missile technology and develop a series of indigenous guided missiles. Significance: Reduced dependence on foreign technology (especially due to MTCR restrictions), created a strong base for future missile projects, and strengthened India’s defence preparedness. Closure: Officially declared completed in 2008, after most projects achieved their objectives. Missiles Developed under IGMDP Prithvi – Surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile (SRBM); first missile developed under IGMDP. Agni – Initially a technology demonstrator for re-entry vehicles; later evolved into a family of medium to intercontinental range ballistic missiles (MRBM → ICBM). Akash – Medium-range, surface-to-air missile (SAM); inducted into the Indian Air Force and Army. Trishul – Short-range, quick-reaction surface-to-air missile; served mainly as a technology demonstrator. Nag – Third-generation, fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile (ATGM); inducted after extensive trials. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Article 304(a) Category: POLITY Context : The Supreme Court struck down Rajasthan’s 2007 VAT exemption on locally made goods, ruling that taxation cannot discriminate against goods from other states. The Supreme Court quashed a Rajasthan notification that exempted VAT on locally manufactured asbestos sheets and bricks, which disadvantaged goods imported from other states. The bench held this violated Article 304(a) of the Constitution, which prohibits states from imposing discriminatory taxes on out-of-state goods. The Court emphasized that taxation cannot be used as a tool to restrict trade or create unfair advantages for local products, reaffirming the principle of free and non-discriminatory trade across India. Learning Corner: Article 304(a) of the Constitution: Provision: Article 304(a) of the Indian Constitution allows State Legislatures to impose taxes on goods imported from other States or Union Territories, but such taxation cannot discriminate between imported goods and similar goods produced within the State. Objective: To ensure free trade, commerce, and intercourse throughout India (as guaranteed under Article 301) while permitting States to levy taxes for revenue purposes. Key Principle: Taxes must be non-discriminatory—i.e., goods from other States should not be treated unfavorably compared to locally produced goods. Judicial Interpretation: The Supreme Court has consistently held that taxation cannot be used as a weapon to create economic barriers or protectionism within a State. Discriminatory tax laws violate the spirit of national economic unity. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS BRICS Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India and Russia are exploring a BRICS grain exchange plan to strengthen agricultural trade cooperation. Prime Minister Narendra Modi met Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Patrushev in New Delhi during the World Food India 2025 event, where they discussed creating a common BRICS agricultural food exchange to boost trade in food, fertilizers, and processing. The talks also covered the ongoing Free Trade Agreement between India and the Eurasian Economic Union. Both leaders reaffirmed their commitment to deepening India-Russia ties, highlighting growing bilateral trade, which saw record levels in 2024. Russia emphasized its “special and privileged” partnership with India, while India conveyed greetings to President Putin ahead of the upcoming India-Russia summit. Learning Corner: BRICS  Full Form: BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Origin: Started as BRIC in 2006 (Brazil, Russia, India, China); South Africa joined in 2010, making it BRICS. Current Members (11 as of 2025) Original Five: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa New Members (2024): Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates Newest Member (2025): Indonesia Nature and Weight Represents over 40% of the world’s population and a growing share of global GDP (PPP), surpassing the G7. Functions as an informal grouping of emerging economies, not a treaty-based organisation. Objectives Promote multipolarity in international politics. Reform global institutions like the UN, IMF, and World Bank to reflect the voices of developing nations. Strengthen cooperation in trade, finance, energy, agriculture, technology, health, and security. Promote South-South cooperation and de-dollarisation in global trade. Key Institutions and Mechanisms New Development Bank (NDB): Finances infrastructure and sustainable development projects. Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): Provides liquidity support during balance of payment crises. BRICS Pay: Digital payment initiative to reduce dependence on the US dollar. BRICS Vaccine R&D Centre: Cooperation on medical research and vaccines. Source: THE HINDU Ladakh’s statehood demand Category: POLITY Context Leh is under curfew after violent protests over Ladakh’s statehood demand left four people dead and dozens injured Following violent clashes in Leh, where four protesters were killed and many injured, authorities imposed a strict curfew and detained dozens of people. The bodies were handed over to families for last rites, with the Ladakh Buddhist Association involved in arrangements. Protests, led by activists including Sonam Wangchuk, are pressing for statehood and Ladakh’s inclusion under the Sixth Schedule. Meanwhile, Kargil observed a complete shutdown in solidarity. The Union Home Ministry has cancelled the FCRA registration of Wangchuk’s organisation for alleged violations. Political

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal Category: POLITY Context:  Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT) launched on 24 September 2025.  Highlights Statutory appellate body under GST laws to hear appeals against orders of GST Appellate Authorities. Aims to clear over 4.8 lakh pending appeals, ensuring faster and consistent dispute resolution. Structure: Principal Bench in New Delhi and 31 State Benches across 45 locations. Each Bench: 2 Judicial Members + 1 Technical (Centre) + 1 Technical (State) for balanced decisions. Hearings to begin December 2025, starting with legacy appeals. From April 2026, Principal Bench will also serve as the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling. Digital platform for filing appeals, tracking, and virtual hearings. Significance Provides one-stop, independent, and transparent forum for GST disputes. Reduces compliance burden, boosts certainty in legal outcomes, and supports business growth. Symbol of cooperative federalism and institutional strengthening in India’s GST regime. Learning Corner: Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT) The GSTAT is a statutory appellate body established under the GST laws to provide an independent forum for resolving disputes arising under India’s indirect tax regime.  Purpose: To hear appeals against orders passed by GST Appellate Authorities and ensure quicker, consistent, and fair resolution of tax disputes. Structure: Principal Bench in New Delhi and 31 State Benches across 45 locations. Each Bench consists of two Judicial Members, one Technical Member (Centre), and one Technical Member (State). Functioning: Will begin hearings from December 2025, prioritising pending (“legacy”) appeals. From April 2026, the Principal Bench will also act as the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling (NAAAR). Digital Interface: Taxpayers can file appeals, track progress, and attend hearings online, enhancing transparency and ease of compliance. Significance: Reduces backlog of appeals (over 4.8 lakh cases pending). Promotes certainty, fairness, and cooperative federalism in GST administration. Strengthens India’s institutional framework for tax dispute resolution. Source: PIB INS Androth Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The Indian Navy will commission INS Androth, the second Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC). Key Highlights Built by GRSE, Kolkata, with over 80% indigenous components, showcasing Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Named after Androth Island (Lakshadweep), continuing the legacy of its predecessor INS Androth (P69). Equipped with advanced weapons, sensors, waterjet propulsion, and modern communication systems. Multi-role platform for ASW, maritime surveillance, search & rescue, and coastal defence. Enhances India’s anti-submarine warfare capability and strengthens security in the Indian Ocean. Learning Corner: Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) Definition: Small, fast naval vessels designed for detecting, tracking, and neutralising submarines in coastal and shallow waters where larger ASW platforms are less effective. Key Features: Mobility: Compact, waterjet-propelled, highly manoeuvrable. Sensors & Weapons: Hull/towed sonars, lightweight torpedoes, depth charges, small guns. Uses: Littoral ASW patrols, coastal surveillance, convoy escort, SAR. Strengths: Cost-effective, ideal for choke-points/islands, quick deployment. Limitations: Limited endurance, smaller payload, challenges in shallow-water sonar detection. Strategic Role: Boosts coastal defence and layered ASW capability, vital for India’s maritime security and Aatmanirbhar shipbuilding drive. Source:  PIB Greater One-Horned Rhino Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Global rhino populations, though stable at around 27,000, remain dangerously low compared to over 500,000 a century ago, raising concerns of “shifting baseline syndrome.” Context Key Highlights Population trends: Black rhinos have recovered to ~6,800 (from 100,000 in 1960); white rhinos continue to decline (~15,700); Asian rhinos vary—greater one-horned (~4,000) are stable, while Sumatran (34–47) and Javan (~50) remain critically endangered. Threats: Poaching for horns, illegal trafficking, habitat loss, and inbreeding in small, fenced reserves. Shifting baseline danger: Treating low populations as “normal” risks complacency and undermines long-term recovery. Way forward: Disrupt horn trade, reduce demand, expand genetic diversity, engage local communities, and restore habitats. Learning Corner: Greater One-Horned Rhino / Indian Rhino Habitat & Range: Found mainly in the terai grasslands and riverine forests of India and Nepal. Strongholds include Kaziranga, Orang, and Pobitora (Assam, India) and Chitwan National Park (Nepal). Population: Around 4,000+ individuals today, up from fewer than 200 in the early 20th century, making it a conservation success story. Appearance: Known for its single black horn (20–60 cm long) and thick, grey-brown skin with folds, giving an ‘armour-plated’ look. Conservation Status: IUCN: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix I (highest protection) Protected under Schedule I of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (India). Threats: Poaching for horn, habitat loss due to floods and encroachment, human–wildlife conflict, and small isolated populations. Conservation Measures: Project Rhino initiatives in Assam. Translocation programmes under Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (e.g., Kaziranga to Manas). Strict patrolling, use of drones, and community involvement in conservation. Global Rhino Species and Their Status White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum) Largest rhino species, native to Africa. Two subspecies: Southern white rhino (~15,700) and Northern white rhino (functionally extinct, only 2 females left). Status: Near Threatened, but facing decline due to poaching. Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis) Smaller than white rhino, native to eastern and southern Africa. Population: ~6,800 (up from 2,500 in the 1990s, but far below 100,000 in 1960). Status: Critically Endangered, recovering slowly under conservation. Greater One-Horned Rhino / Indian Rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis) Found mainly in India and Nepal (Kaziranga, Pobitora, Chitwan). Population: ~4,075. Status: Vulnerable, but a conservation success story with steady growth. Javan Rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus) Found only in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia. Population: ~50 individuals. Status: Critically Endangered, most threatened of all rhino species. Sumatran Rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) Smallest rhino species, covered with reddish-brown hair. Found in small, fragmented populations in Sumatra and Borneo. Population: Only 34–47 left. Status: Critically Endangered, on the brink of extinction. Source: DTE AI and Energy Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context AI-driven data centres are projected to massively increase global and India’s energy demand, raising questions about whether AI will help optimize energy use or worsen the crisis. Global data centre capacity demand may rise 19–22% annually (2023–2030), potentially reaching 171–219 GW, with AI being the main driver. India’s data centre demand may grow from 1.2 GW (2024) to 4.5 GW (2030), led by AI and digital adoption; Mumbai, Chennai, and Hyderabad are major hubs. AI could both worsen energy pressure and help improve efficiency

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) India’s first overseas defence facility Category: DEFENCE Context:  India has launched its first overseas defence manufacturing facility in Morocco, led by Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL).  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and his Moroccan counterpart inaugurated TASL’s first overseas defence plant in Berrechid, Morocco (20,000 sq. m). The facility will manufacture the indigenously developed WhAP 8×8 (by TASL and DRDO). Project aligns with India’s “Make with Friends” and “Make for the World” vision. It will generate local jobs, sourcing one-third of components locally, to rise to 50% in future. Aims to make Morocco a strategic defence manufacturing hub for Africa and Europe.   Learning Corner: Indian Overseas Defence Facilities Farkhor Air Base, Tajikistan: Often regarded as India’s first overseas base. India has had an arrangement with Tajikistan for operating/supporting this base, mainly for strategic depth in Central Asia. Ayni (Gissar) Air Base, Tajikistan: Renovated and upgraded by India with extended runway, air traffic control and defence infrastructure. It can host IAF aircraft during contingencies, though full operational rights remain limited. IMTRAT, Bhutan: The Indian Military Training Team trains Bhutanese armed forces. It is one of India’s longest-standing overseas defence missions. Listening / Surveillance Posts: India is reported to maintain radar or surveillance facilities in parts of the Indian Ocean Region, such as Madagascar, to monitor maritime traffic and enhance domain awareness. Source: THE HINDU Fusion power plants Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : IPR Gandhinagar has outlined a roadmap to build SST-Bharat, a steady-state superconducting tokamak, aiming for fusion and fusion–fission hybrid power demonstration by mid-century. Core Device: Focus on SST-Bharat, a steady-state superconducting tokamak for long-duration plasma. Hybrid Approach: Fusion-fission hybrid considered to boost net output. Q Factor Goal: Improve power gain (Q > 1) beyond past sub-unity results. Plasma Sustainment: Aim for steady-state, multi-minute plasmas; SST-1 progress noted. Magnetic Confinement: Chosen route over inertial confinement; needs ~100 million °C plasma control. Superconducting Tech: Advanced superconducting magnets and cryogenics are key. Materials Challenge: Develop divertors and plasma-facing components to withstand heat/erosion. Heating & Current Drive: Requires neutral beams, RF heating, and non-inductive drives. Digital Twinning: Virtual replicas to model, test, and troubleshoot. R&D Priorities: Magnets, radiation-hard materials, plasma models, high-temperature engineering. Timelines: Experiments to prototypes (~2040), demo reactor by mid-century/2060. Caveats: Commercial viability uncertain; hinges on breakthroughs in confinement, materials, and economics Learning Corner: ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor): Overview: ITER is the world’s largest international collaborative project in nuclear fusion research, under construction at Cadarache, France. Members: It involves 35 countries, including India, EU, USA, Russia, China, Japan, and South Korea. Objective: To demonstrate the feasibility of fusion power as a large-scale, carbon-free energy source by producing self-sustaining plasma. Technology: ITER is a tokamak (doughnut-shaped magnetic confinement device) designed to confine plasma at over 150 million °C, using powerful superconducting magnets. Power Goal: ITER aims for a Q ≥ 10, meaning it will generate 10 times more fusion power (500 MW) than the external heating power required (50 MW). Timeline: First plasma is targeted for the 2030s (delayed from original 2025). India’s Role: India, through the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, contributes critical components like cryostat, cooling systems, in-wall shielding, and diagnostic tools. Significance: ITER is not a power plant but a demonstration facility — a stepping stone toward future demonstration and commercial fusion reactors (DEMO stage). Source:  THE HINDU Oju Hydroelectric Project Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Union Environment Ministry’s expert committee has given clearance to the 2,200 MW Oju Hydroelectric Project on the Subansiri river in Arunachal Pradesh, near the China border. Key Summary in Bullet Points Location & Project Details Proposed on the Subansiri river in Upper Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh. Close to the China border; part of India’s border infrastructure push. To be developed by Oju Subansiri Hydro Power Corporation Pvt. Ltd. Technical Features Installed capacity: 2,200 MW. Dam type & height: Gravity dam, 120 m high. Reservoir: Submergence area of 434 hectares forest land (total diversion of ~750 hectares forest). Annual design energy: ~7,934 million units. Displacement: Only nine families affected. Strategic & Development Significance One of India’s largest hydroelectric projects. Strengthens infrastructure in Northeast, especially near the China border. Boosts India’s renewable energy capacity. Concerns & Criticism The Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) and Carrying Capacity Study (CCS) of the Subansiri basin were done in 2014, now considered outdated. Critics warn of landslides, dam-break scenarios, flash floods, and ecological impacts in the fragile Himalayan terrain. Environmentalists argue that the approval process did not sufficiently update scientific studies before clearance. Learning Corner: Subansiri River – Overview Origin: Rises in the Tibet Plateau (China), where it is known as the Chayul Chu. Course: Flows east and south-east through Tibet, then enters Arunachal Pradesh (India) near Taksing, before flowing into Assam, where it joins the Brahmaputra River at Lakhimpur district. Length: About 442 km (192 km in Tibet, 250 km in India). Significance: Largest tributary of the Brahmaputra, draining a major part of the Eastern Himalayas. Tributaries of Subansiri Right-bank tributaries: Kamla, Kurung, Panior, Ranga Nadi. Left-bank tributaries: Panyor, Dikrong, Pare. Collectively these streams drain the Upper Subansiri basin and feed the main Subansiri channel before it meets the Brahmaputra. Hydroelectric Projects on Subansiri Lower Subansiri Hydroelectric Project (2000 MW) Located at Gerukamukh (on Assam–Arunachal border). Being developed by NHPC. India’s largest hydroelectric project under construction, but facing delays due to environmental and safety concerns. Upper Subansiri Projects (Cascade system) Includes projects like Oju (2200 MW), Niare, Naba, Nalo, Denger, and others. Together, they form a series of cascade hydropower projects planned to harness the river’s steep gradient in Arunachal Pradesh. Oju Subansiri Hydroelectric Project (2200 MW) Recently given environmental clearance (Sept 2025). Located near Taksing in Upper Subansiri, close to the China border. To be developed by Oju Subansiri Hydro Power Corporation Pvt. Ltd. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Super Typhoon Ragasa Category: GEOGRAPHY Context Hong Kong shut down as Super Typhoon Ragasa, the world’s most powerful tropical cyclone of the year, approached southern China. Nature: Ragasa is the world’s most powerful tropical cyclone of

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) Category: POLITY Context:  Assam held elections for the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC), which governs five districts in the Bodoland Territorial Region bordering Bhutan.  The BTC election saw a triangular contest among the United People’s Party Liberal (UPPL), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and Bodoland People’s Front (BPF). A total of 316 candidates are in the fray for 40 constituencies, with key leaders like Pramod Boro (UPPL) and Hagrama Mohilary (BPF) contesting. The results will be declared on September 26. Learning Corner: Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC): Formation: The BTC was formed in 2003 under the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution after the signing of the Bodo Accord between the Government of India, Government of Assam, and Bodo Liberation Tigers. Jurisdiction: It governs the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), comprising four districts initially (Kokrajhar, Baksa, Chirang, Udalguri), later reorganized into five districts. The area is along Assam’s border with Bhutan. Structure: It has 40 elected members and 6 nominated by the Governor of Assam. The BTC enjoys legislative, executive, and administrative powers in 40 subjects, including land, forests, agriculture, education, and culture. Significance: Provides autonomy and self-governance for the Bodo people within Assam. Aims to protect and promote the social, cultural, linguistic, and ethnic identity of the Bodos while ensuring development in the region. Recent Developments: The 2020 Bodo Accord renamed BTC’s area as the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) and expanded its scope of development initiatives. Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution: Context & Purpose: The Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) was incorporated to provide autonomous administration for certain tribal-dominated areas in the North-Eastern states. It seeks to protect the distinct culture, traditions, and administrative practices of tribal communities while ensuring their socio-economic development. Applicable States: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. Institutions Created: Autonomous District Councils (ADCs): Each district has its own council with 30 members (26 elected, 4 nominated by the Governor). Regional Councils: For smaller tribal groups within the districts. Powers & Functions: Legislative powers over subjects like land, forests (other than reserved forests), shifting cultivation, village administration, inheritance of property, marriage and divorce, social customs, etc. Executive powers to run departments like education, health, and local governance. Judicial powers through village and district courts for cases involving tribals. Financial powers include levy of taxes, fees, and receiving grants from the state government. Significance: Provides a unique model of self-governance within India’s federal structure. Balances tribal autonomy with the unity of the Indian Union. Source: THE HINDU Optical computing Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Scientists are exploring light-based (optical) computing to overcome the speed and energy limitations of conventional electronics, especially for AI. Recent research found that nonlinear interactions of light in optical fibres can perform AI tasks faster and more efficiently. Optical computing uses photons instead of electrons, making it faster, more energy-efficient, and capable of handling massive data transfers. Researchers from Finland and France showed that intense light pulses in optical fibres can process AI tasks using physics rather than traditional algorithms. Their experiments trained AI models using optical signals, achieving high accuracy with lower energy use. While challenges remain, this breakthrough could revolutionize AI, offering unprecedented speed and efficiency for future computing. Learning Corner: Optical Fibres: Definition: Optical fibres are thin, flexible strands of glass or plastic that transmit data as pulses of light. Working Principle: They function on the principle of total internal reflection, where light signals bounce within the core of the fibre without escaping, allowing data to travel long distances with minimal loss. Structure: Core: The innermost part where light travels. Cladding: Surrounds the core and reflects light back into it. Buffer Coating: Provides protection and strength. Types: Single-mode fibres: Narrow core, transmit light directly, used for long-distance communication. Multi-mode fibres: Larger core, multiple light paths, used for short distances. Applications: High-speed internet and telecommunication networks. Medical imaging (endoscopy). Defense and aerospace communication. Emerging uses in optical computing and AI. Advantages: High bandwidth and faster data transfer. Low signal loss and immune to electromagnetic interference. Lightweight and durable. Source:  THE HINDU Quasi-moons Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Astronomers have discovered a new asteroid, 2025 PN7, which follows an orbit similar to Earth’s and is classified as a quasi-moon. Quasi-moons and mini-moons are small celestial objects that temporarily accompany Earth in its orbit. The newly observed quasi-moon, 2025 PN7, spotted this summer, could be the smallest of its kind at under 52 feet. Such objects often originate from the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter or as debris from the Moon. Unlike permanent moons, they are temporary companions, staying for decades before drifting away. Earth has had similar followers before, with quasi-moons providing opportunities for research and possible future space missions. Learning Corner: Quasi-moons and Mini-moons: Mini-moons: Small natural objects that temporarily orbit Earth. Unlike the permanent Moon, they are short-term companions, often staying a few months to years. Many are captured asteroids or chunks of the Moon ejected after meteorite impacts. Example: 2006 RH120, a mini-moon that orbited Earth for about a year. Quasi-moons: Objects that orbit the Sun, but follow a path very similar to Earth’s orbit, appearing like companions. They are not true satellites but remain in Earth’s vicinity for decades in a stable gravitational “dance.” Example: 2025 PN7 (recently spotted), 469219 Kamo‘oalewa (discovered in 2016). They maintain a constant average distance from Earth, often staying in a resonant orbital pattern. Significance: Both are temporary companions of Earth. Useful for scientific studies, space missions, and potential resource exploration, as they are relatively close and easier to reach than main-belt asteroids. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS New START treaty Category: INTERNATIONAL Context Russia has proposed a one-year extension to the New START nuclear arms control treaty with the US, set to expire in February 2026. President Vladimir Putin offered the US a one-year extension of the New START treaty, the last remaining nuclear arms pact between the two nations, which limits each side to 1,550 deployed strategic nuclear warheads. Russia said it is willing to continue

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Supercomputers Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Can be directly asked in Prelims. Purpose & Use Normal laptops handle daily tasks like browsing or essays. Supercomputers solve massive, complex, calculation-heavy problems—e.g., weather forecasting, simulating nuclear reactions, modelling the early universe. How They Work Use parallel computing: thousands of processors work simultaneously. Each processor tackles a small part of a problem, combining results into one solution. Require special infrastructure: high-speed networks, bespoke cooling (pipes, refrigeration, or special liquids). Structure (Organised in Layers) Processors: CPU + GPU (for parallel operations, simulations, scientific computations). Nodes: Groups of processors bundled together. Network: High-speed connections linking nodes, with Internet connections for remote access. Software Specialised software divides large problems into tasks across many processors. Users write scripts describing required computing and expected outputs. Outputs (numbers, images, simulations) stored and used for analysis. India’s Supercomputing Journey Began in the late 1980s when Western countries refused to export high-end machines. Led to the creation of C-DAC (1988). Developed PARAM series (from 1991). Now part of the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM), which aims to build ~70 supercomputers across India. Used in IITs, IISERs, IISc, and key institutes for weather forecasting, drug discovery, space research, AI models, etc. Future Outlook Quantum computers could surpass supercomputers in handling certain problems. European Commission has invested in exascale supercomputers (10¹⁸ operations/sec). India continues building indigenous systems for scientific research and strategic needs. Learning Corner: India’s Supercomputing Journey Background (1980s) In the late 1980s, Western countries, especially the U.S., refused to export high-end supercomputers to India due to technology embargoes. This triggered India’s indigenous supercomputing programme. C-DAC Establishment (1988) The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) was set up in 1988 by the Government of India to build domestic supercomputing capabilities. PARAM Series India’s first supercomputer PARAM 8000 was launched in 1991. It marked India’s entry into the global supercomputing community. The PARAM series evolved with improved speed and capacity over the years. Expansion (2000s onwards) Supercomputers were installed across IITs, IISc, IISERs, and national laboratories. Used for weather forecasting, climate modelling, molecular biology, drug discovery, space research, AI, and defence applications. National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) Launched in 2015 as a joint initiative of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), implemented by C-DAC and IISc. Aims to build 70+ high-performance computing (HPC) facilities across India, with indigenous hardware and software development. Recent Progress Supercomputers like Pratyush and Mihir have been deployed for weather and climate research. India is moving towards petascale and exascale computing capabilities. Source: THE HINDU H-1B visa Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : President Donald Trump announced an increase in H-1B visa fees to $100,000. Decision by U.S. Government The White House later clarified: It is a one-time fee, not an annual charge. Applies only to fresh H-1B visa applicants (next upcoming lottery cycle). Does not apply to renewals or existing visa holders re-entering the U.S. Reason & Remarks U.S. Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick initially created confusion by suggesting the fee might be annual. He justified the fee saying tech companies should stop training foreign workers and instead train American graduates. Impact on Indian H-1B Holders The announcement caused panic among Indian H-1B visa holders outside the U.S., leading to a surge in last-minute flight bookings before the fee clarification. Travel agents reported a rush to return before the proclamation took effect on September 20–21, 2025 midnight. Learning Corner: Types of U.S. Visas U.S. visas are broadly classified into two categories: Non-Immigrant Visas (temporary stay) Issued for travel, study, business, or work on a temporary basis. Some major types: B-1 / B-2 Visa – For business (B-1) and tourism/medical treatment (B-2). F-1 Visa – For students enrolled in U.S. academic institutions. J-1 Visa – For exchange visitors, scholars, researchers, and interns. H-1B Visa – For skilled workers in specialty occupations (IT, engineering, etc.). H-2B Visa – For temporary or seasonal non-agricultural workers. L-1 Visa – For intra-company transferees (executives, managers, specialized knowledge staff). O Visa – For individuals with extraordinary ability in sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics. P Visa – For athletes, artists, and entertainers. R-1 Visa – For religious workers. Immigrant Visas (permanent stay – leads to Green Card) For individuals intending to live permanently in the U.S. Family-sponsored visas – For spouses, children, parents, or siblings of U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Employment-based visas (EB-1 to EB-5) – For workers with extraordinary abilities, professionals, skilled/unskilled workers, and investors. Diversity Visa (DV) Lottery – Known as the “Green Card Lottery,” for nationals of countries with low immigration to the U.S. Special Immigrant Visas (SIV) – For specific categories like Afghan/Iraqi interpreters who assisted U.S. forces. Source:  THE HINDU Extreme Nuclear Transients Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Astronomers have spotted the biggest bangs since the Big Bang. Discovery Astronomers from the University of Hawaii’s Institute for Astronomy (IfA) have identified a new category of cosmic events called Extreme Nuclear Transients (ENTs). ENTs are more powerful than gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), previously thought to be the most energetic events in the universe. What are ENTs? ENTs occur when stars stray too close to supermassive black holes in galactic centers. Extreme gravitational forces stretch and compress the star into a long stream (“spaghettification”), releasing massive electromagnetic energy. ENTs can be up to 10 times more energetic than the brightest previously known explosions. Rarity & Observation ENTs are far rarer than Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs), which are already uncommon. Their immense brightness makes them detectable across vast cosmic distances. Data from the Gaia spacecraft helped detect and study these phenomena. Significance ENTs are considered the biggest explosions since the Big Bang. They offer astronomers a new way to study black holes, galactic centers, and the evolution of the universe. ENTs differ from GRBs as they last much longer and are not just bursts but sustained emissions of energy. Future Prospects With new telescopes like the Vera C. Rubin Observatory and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, astronomers expect to detect more ENTs. Studying

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Preamble Category: POLITY Context:  The Supreme Court of India dismissed a plea against Muslim author Banu Mushtaq inaugurating the Mysuru Dasara festivities. The petitioner argued that only Hindus could perform the ritual, but the Court emphasized secularism, equality, and fraternity as constitutional principles. It noted that the State of Karnataka is secular and cannot favor any religion. Citing past precedents, the Court held that religious practices cannot hinder state functions or equality. It clarified that Mushtaq’s role was political, not religious, and reaffirmed that the State cannot exclude anyone on religious grounds. Learning Corner: Preamble of India: The Preamble is the introductory statement to the Constitution of India, adopted on 26th November 1949 and enforced from 26th January 1950. It declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic. It highlights four key objectives: Justice (social, economic, political), Liberty (of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship), Equality (of status and opportunity), and Fraternity (assuring dignity and unity of the nation). The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 inserted the words “Socialist”, “Secular” and “Integrity”. The Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati (1973) case held that the Preamble is part of the Constitution and reflects its basic structure. It acts as a guiding principle for interpretation of the Constitution, embodying the ideals of the freedom struggle and vision of the Constituent Assembly. Source: THE HINDU National Maritime Heritage Complex Category: CULTURE Context : Prime Minister Narendra Modi will review the progress of the National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) at Lothal, Gujarat, on September 20, 2025. The ₹4,500 crore project will showcase India’s maritime history and serve as a hub for tourism, research, education, and skill development. Key Highlights: World’s tallest lighthouse museum (77 m), theme parks, floating restaurant, tent city, and a maritime university. Spread over 375 acres with 14 galleries depicting India’s maritime legacy from the Harappan era to modern times. Located at Lothal, an ancient Indus Valley port city, to revive its maritime significance. PM will also review ongoing construction and inaugurate multiple projects worth over ₹34,200 crore in Gujarat. Learning Corner: Major Harappan (Indus Valley) Sites & What They Are Known For Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) – First site excavated; evidence of urban planning, granaries, and cemeteries. Mohenjo-daro (Sindh, Pakistan) – Great Bath, Great Granary, advanced drainage system. Lothal (Gujarat, India) – Dockyard, bead-making and semi-precious stone craft, evidence of maritime trade. Dholavira (Gujarat, India) – Unique water management system (reservoirs, step-wells), signboard with Indus script. Kalibangan (Rajasthan, India) – Evidence of fire altars, earliest ploughed agricultural fields. Banawali (Haryana, India) – Both pre-Harappan and Harappan phases, barley cultivation, fortifications. Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India) – Largest Harappan site in India, terracotta figurines, evidence of town planning. Chanhudaro (Sindh, Pakistan) – Bead-making, shell and bone work, toy carts, craft specialization. Surkotada (Gujarat, India) – Evidence of horse remains, defensive architecture. Kot Diji (Sindh, Pakistan) – Pre-Harappan fortified settlement, distinctive pottery. Source:  THE HINDU Drones Category: DEFENCE Context: The Indian Army is rapidly expanding drone induction, aiming for every soldier to be drone-trained by 2027. Inspired by recent conflicts and Operation Sindoor, drones are being integrated as core battlefield assets. Key Highlights: Drone training embedded in 19 major academies, including IMA and OTA. Every infantry battalion to have a drone platoon; artillery and other units to get counter-drone systems and loiter munitions. “Eagle in the Arm” concept envisions drones as standard tools alongside rifles. Over 1,000 drones and 600 simulators being procured; universal training by 2027. Roles include surveillance, precision strikes, logistics, and medical evacuation. Learning Corner: Different types of drones: Based on Usage Surveillance / Reconnaissance Drones – Used for intelligence gathering, border patrol, disaster management (e.g., quadcopters with cameras). Armed Drones (UCAVs) – Equipped with missiles/precision weapons for combat (e.g., MQ-9 Reaper, India’s Heron TP). Logistics Drones – Carry supplies, ammunition, or medical aid in conflict and disaster zones. Agricultural Drones – Crop monitoring, spraying pesticides/fertilizers, yield assessment. Commercial Drones – Used for photography, delivery services, mapping, and infrastructure monitoring. Based on Design/Structure Multi-Rotor Drones – Quadcopters, hexacopters; easy to fly, short range, mostly for photography and small payloads. Fixed-Wing Drones – Airplane-like design, longer endurance, larger coverage, used in surveillance and mapping. Hybrid VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) – Combine multi-rotor and fixed-wing, flexible for both short- and long-range missions. Based on Range & Altitude (Military Classification) Nano Drones – Very small, used by soldiers for short-range reconnaissance. Mini / Micro Drones – Tactical use, range up to a few kilometers. MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance) – For surveillance and armed roles, operate for 24+ hours at medium altitudes. HALE (High Altitude Long Endurance) – Strategic surveillance, very high endurance and range. Source: THE HINDU World Heritage Sites Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : In September 2025, seven new natural heritage sites from India were added to UNESCO’s Tentative List, taking the total to 69 properties (49 cultural, 17 natural, 3 mixed). Newly Added Sites: Deccan Traps at Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra St. Mary’s Island Cluster, Karnataka Meghalayan Age Caves, Meghalaya Naga Hill Ophiolite, Nagaland Erra Matti Dibbalu (Red Sand Hills), Andhra Pradesh Tirumala Hills, Andhra Pradesh Varkala Cliffs, Kerala Significance: Highlights India’s commitment to preserving geological and ecological diversity. Represents a shift from focusing only on biodiversity to geological heritage and key Earth epochs. Sites include ancient volcanic regions, coastal formations, and significant caves with scientific and tourism value. Entry on the tentative list is the first step toward full UNESCO World Heritage status, promoting protection, sustainable development, and geotourism. Administration: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) compiles and submits these nominations, reinforcing India’s role in global heritage preservation. Learning Corner: UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS)  Definition: Sites recognized by UNESCO for their cultural, natural, or mixed significance of outstanding universal value to humanity. Categories: Cultural Sites – Monuments, architectural works, or urban settlements (e.g., Taj Mahal, Jaipur City). Natural Sites – Natural landscapes, ecosystems, or geological formations (e.g., Sundarbans, Western Ghats). Mixed Sites – Sites with both cultural and natural importance (e.g., Khangchendzonga National Park). India’s WHS: As

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Secularism Category: POLITY Context:  Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai clarified in open court that he believes in true secularism, respects all religions, and often visits places of worship of different faiths. The controversy stemmed from remarks on a petition to reconstruct a Lord Vishnu idol in the Khajuraho monuments, which were misinterpreted on social media. He criticized how platforms distort and inflame events, drawing parallels to incidents in Nepal, while senior advocates also warned about the dangers of social media reactions to judicial statements. Learning Corner: Indian Secularism vs Western Secularism Indian Secularism The Indian model is based on the principle of Sarva Dharma Sambhava (equal respect for all religions). The State maintains a principled distance — it does not have an official religion but can intervene in religious practices to ensure equality, social reform, and protection of fundamental rights (e.g., banning untouchability, reforming temple entry). It emphasizes positive secularism, meaning the State actively engages with religions to uphold harmony and justice. Western Secularism Rooted in the historical context of Church–State conflicts in Europe. The State maintains strict separation of religion and politics — religion is seen as a private matter (e.g., U.S. First Amendment principle of “wall of separation”). It emphasizes negative secularism, where the State avoids interference in religious matters, ensuring neutrality and individual freedom. Source: THE HINDU Xenoparity Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Scientists have discovered that the Mediterranean harvester ant, Messor ibericus, can give birth to two different species—its own and pure males of Messor structor Researchers found that all worker ants were genetic hybrids of both species, and about 10% of the queen’s eggs developed into pure M. structor males. This process, termed xenoparity, is the first known case of an animal naturally producing offspring of another species. It challenges conventional ideas of reproduction and species boundaries. Genetic studies show that M. ibericus and M. structor diverged over five million years ago, yet this adaptation helps their colonies survive by sustaining both species and ensuring a hybrid workforce. Learning Corner: Xenoparity Meaning: Xenoparity refers to the phenomenon where an organism gives birth to offspring of a different species. Discovery: First documented in the Mediterranean harvester ant Messor ibericus, which can produce not only its own offspring but also pure males of another species, Messor structor. Mechanism: Queens produce their own species’ queens using sperm from M. ibericus males. They produce hybrid workers and even pure M. structor males using sperm from M. structor males. Significance: First known natural case in animals challenging the biological rule that offspring belong to the same species as the parent. Redefines concepts of reproduction, heredity, and species boundaries. Evolutionary Context: Despite diverging over 5 million years ago, M. ibericus and M. structor maintain this rare reproductive adaptation, enhancing colony survival. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS NE-SPARKS Category: POLITY Context: Union Minister of Development of North Eastern Region, Jyotiraditya M. Scindia, virtually interacted with students from the North East who visited ISRO headquarters under the NE-SPARKS programme. The initiative aims to nurture scientific curiosity among youth from all eight North Eastern states by exposing them to India’s space technology. Nearly 400 meritorious students in four batches have participated so far, with the Minister encouraging them to pursue careers in STEM and highlighting the government’s commitment to empowering the region’s youth. Learning Corner: NE-SPARKS Programme – Brief Note Full form: North East Students’ Programme for Awareness, Reach, and Knowledge on Space. Launched by: Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) in collaboration with ISRO. Objective: To nurture scientific curiosity and inspire youth from all eight North Eastern states by giving them exposure to India’s space research and technology. Features: Meritorious students from the region visit ISRO facilities. Hands-on exposure to cutting-edge space science, satellite technology, and research activities. Interaction with scientists to encourage STEM career choices. Progress: Nearly 400 students across four batches have already participated. Significance: Enhances scientific temperament, bridges regional gaps in science education, and empowers the North Eastern youth by connecting them directly with national scientific institutions. Source: PIB EVM Ballot Paper Category: POLITY Context : Revised EVM Ballot Paper Guidelines by Election Commission. Candidate photographs: Printed in colour, with the face covering three-fourths of the space. Names & NOTA: Displayed in uniform font type, bold size 30 for better readability. Serial numbers: Shown in the international form of Indian numerals. Ballot paper quality: Printed on 70 GSM high-quality pink paper with specified RGB values (for Assembly elections). Candidate limit per sheet: Maximum 15 candidates, with NOTA placed after the last candidate. Implementation: First applied in the upcoming Bihar Assembly elections. Part of reforms: Among 28 reforms introduced in the past six months to enhance clarity, accessibility, and modernization. Learning Corner: History of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) in India  Introduction: The idea of using EVMs was proposed by the Election Commission of India (ECI) in the late 1970s to make the voting process faster, transparent, and less prone to malpractices. First Prototype: Developed by Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Hyderabad in 1977. Later, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Bengaluru also joined in manufacturing. First Use: EVMs were experimentally used in 50 polling stations of Parur constituency in Kerala in 1982 Assembly elections. However, the Supreme Court struck this down as there was no legal provision for EVM use in the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Legal Backing: The law was amended in 1989 to allow use of EVMs in elections. Gradual Adoption: Pilot use in 1998 (Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, etc.). Widespread use in 2001 Tamil Nadu Assembly elections. By the 2004 General Elections, EVMs were used in all Lok Sabha constituencies for the first time. Later Developments: VVPAT (Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail) introduced in 2013 (Nagaland by-election). From 2019 Lok Sabha elections, EVMs with VVPATs were used in all polling stations across India. Source: PIB PM MITRA Category: POLITY Context: PM Modi Lays Foundation of PM MITRA Park, Promotes Swadeshi. Swadeshi Push: Urged citizens to buy only Indian-made products and traders