Source: The Hindu | Date: 27 June 2026 Why in News? The Government of India has clarified that students studying in Classes VII, VIII and IX in CBSE-affiliated schools who are currently learning a foreign language under the Three-Language Formula can continue studying it until they complete Class X. This clarification ensures that ongoing students are not forced to change their language midway due to the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Background India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world, with 22 Scheduled Languages, hundreds of regional languages, and thousands of dialects. To balance national integration with linguistic diversity, the Three-Language Formula was introduced. The policy seeks to promote multilingualism while preserving India’s rich linguistic heritage and ensuring that students acquire proficiency in more than one language. Evolution of the Three-Language Formula Year Development 1964–66 Recommended by the Kothari Commission 1968 Adopted under the National Policy on Education (NPE 1968) 1986 Reaffirmed in the National Policy on Education 1992 Continued under the revised NPE 2020 Reinforced through the National Education Policy (NEP 2020) 2026 Government clarified transition arrangements for CBSE students already studying foreign languages What is the Three-Language Formula? The Three-Language Formula is an educational policy under which students study three languages during school education. According to NEP 2020: Objectives of the Three-Language Formula 1. Promotion of Multilingualism 2. National Integration 3. Preservation of Indian Languages 4. Cognitive Development Research indicates that multilingual education helps students develop: 5. Employment and Mobility Knowledge of multiple languages: Constitutional Provisions Article 29 Protects the cultural and educational rights of minorities, including the right to conserve language and culture. Article 350A Directs States to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage. Article 351 Directs the Union to promote the development of Hindi while enriching it by drawing vocabulary from other Indian languages. Significance of the Policy Educational Significance Cultural Significance Economic Significance Challenges in Implementation 1. Language Imposition Debate Several states, particularly in southern India, have expressed concerns that the policy may indirectly promote Hindi at the expense of regional languages. 2. Federal Concerns Education is a subject in the Concurrent List, and states seek greater autonomy in deciding their language policies. 3. Shortage of Teachers Many schools lack qualified teachers for regional and classical Indian languages. 4. Infrastructure Constraints Government schools, especially in rural areas, often lack: 5. Curriculum Overload Students may experience increased academic pressure due to learning multiple languages simultaneously. 6. Equity Issues Private schools generally provide a wider range of language options than government schools, creating disparities in educational opportunities. 7. Administrative Challenges Implementing multilingual education requires: These demand significant financial and institutional resources. Government Initiatives National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 National Curriculum Framework (NCF) Mother Tongue-Based Education The NEP recommends that the medium of instruction should preferably be the mother tongue or local language up to Grade 5, and wherever possible, up to Grade 8. Teacher Capacity Building The Ministry of Education and NCERT are developing:

Context The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has notified the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2026 under the provisions of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010. The amendments introduce stricter compliance requirements for NGOs receiving foreign funds and aim to improve transparency, accountability, and monitoring of foreign contributions in India. Background: Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010 The FCRA regulates the acceptance and utilization of foreign contributions by individuals, associations, and NGOs operating in India. Objectives Evolution of FCRA Key Features Key Amendments under FCRA Rules, 2026 1. Categorisation of NGO Activities For the first time, NGOs must register under specific activity categories. Five Approved Categories Significance 2. Mandatory Disclosure Requirements NGOs must provide detailed information regarding: Purpose 3. Expanded Definition of “Key Functionary” The amended rules widen the scope of individuals considered responsible for an NGO. Includes Significance 4. Restrictions on Foreign Nationals Associations with foreign nationals as key functionaries will generally not be eligible for FCRA registration or prior permission. Exception The Central Government may grant approval in special circumstances. Objective 5. State-wise and Category-wise Registration NGOs must now specify: Purpose Activities chosen from an officially prescribed list. Location States and Union Territories where activities will be conducted. Earlier System New System Significance of the Amendments 1. Greater Transparency Mandatory disclosures create a clearer picture of: 2. Improved Accountability Purpose-specific approvals ensure that: 3. Better Regulatory Oversight State-wise registration enables authorities to: 4. Enhanced Traceability of Foreign Funds The amendments create stronger audit trails for: 5. Stronger Governance Framework The expanded definition of key functionaries: Concerns and Criticisms 1. Increased Compliance Burden NGOs may need: This may particularly affect small organizations. 2. Higher Financial Costs Separate fees for: This can increase operational expenses. 3. Reduced Operational Flexibility Organizations may face difficulties: 4. Impact on Civil Society Critics argue that stricter regulations may: 5. Challenges for Foreign-funded Projects Projects in areas such as: may experience procedural delays due to additional approvals. Government’s Justification The Government argues that the amendments are necessary to: Constitutional and Governance Dimensions Related Constitutional Provisions Governance Aspect The amendments attempt to balance: Conclusion The FCRA Amendment Rules, 2026 represent a significant tightening of the regulatory framework governing foreign-funded NGOs in India. By introducing activity-wise categorization, enhanced disclosure norms, expanded accountability mechanisms, and State-specific approvals, the Government seeks to improve transparency and oversight of foreign contributions. However, the success of these reforms will depend on achieving a balance between preventing misuse of foreign funds and ensuring that genuine civil society organizations can continue their developmental, welfare, and humanitarian activities without excessive administrative burdens.

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Bioremediation Category: Science and Technology Context: India’s rapid industrialisation has come at a heavy environmental cost and to address this, India needs to focus on bioremediation. About Bioremediation: Definition: Bioremediation is the use of living microorganisms to degrade environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. Significance: Bioremediation has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to address various environmental challenges, from oil spills to contaminated soil and groundwater. Working Mechanism: Bioremediation involves introducing specific microorganisms or creating conditions that favour the growth of naturally occurring microbes capable of degrading pollutants. This technique leverages the natural capabilities of bacteria, fungi, and other organisms to break down contaminants into less harmful or harmless substances. Common micro-organisms used: Some bacteria commonly used in bioremediation include Pseudomonas, Alcanivorax, Bacillus, and Deinococcus, as they can break down various toxic substances. Monitoring: Bioremediation can be monitored indirectly by measuring the oxidation-reduction potential or redox in soil and groundwater, along with pH, temperature, oxygen content, electron acceptor/donor concentrations and concentration of breakdown products (e.g. CO2). Types of Bioremediation: In Situ Bioremediation: It involves treatment of the contaminated material at the site. Prominent types of In Situ Bioremediation techniques include Bio-Venting, Bio-Sparging, Bio-Augmentation, etc. Ex Situ Bioremediation: It involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Prominent types of Ex Situ Bioremediation techniques include Land Farming, Composting, Bio-Piles, Bio-Reactors, etc. Applications of Bioremediation: Heavy Metal Bioremediation: It removes toxic heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, copper) through degradation, absorption, and detoxification. Soil Bioremediation: It degrades hydrocarbons in soils contaminated with oil and petroleum products, maintaining soil health and promoting natural recovery. Marine Oil Spill Bioremediation: It involves use of indigenous oil-degrading microorganisms (Halomonas aquamarina, Alcanivorax) to break down oil, offering an eco-friendly alternative to chemical cleaners. Rubber Waste Bioremediation: Bioremediation of rubber waste includes microbial treatments which reduce pollutants such as BOD, COD, and solids, alongside sulfur removal and rubber degradation for recycling. Source: The Hindu Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) Category: International Conventions Context: At the conference on 50 years of Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), Mr. Jaishankar said that Global South should be at centre of preparations to deal with bioweapons. About Biological Weapons Convention (BWC): Nomenclature: It is formally known as “The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction”. Origin: It was negotiated in Geneva, Switzerland within the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament (ENDC) and Conference of the Committee on Disarmament (CCD) from 1969 until 1971. It was opened for signature in 1972 and entered into force in 1975. Objective: It aims to effectively prohibits the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological and toxin weapons. It supplements the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which had prohibited only the use of biological weapons. Membership: It has almost universal membership with 188 States Parties (India signed and ratified in 1974) and 4 Signatory States (Egypt, Haiti, Somalia, Syrian Arab Republic). Uniqueness: It is the first multilateral disarmament treaty which bans an entire category of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Meeting: States Parties meet approximately every 5 years to review its operation. States Parties to BWC have strived to ensure that Convention remains relevant and effective, despite the changes in science and technology, politics and security since it entered into force. Measures taken by India to implement Biological Weapons Convention (BWC): Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro organisms, Genetically/Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules, 1989: It protects the environment, nature and health, in connection with the application of gene technology and micro-organisms. Weapons of Mass Destruction and their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act, 2005: It Prohibits unlawful activities (such as manufacturing, transport, or transfer) related to weapons of mass destruction, and their means of delivery. Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment and Technologies (SCOMET): SCOMET list is India’s National Export Control List of dual use items, munitions and nuclear related items, including software and technology. Source: The Hindu Darjeeling Mandarin Orange Category: Miscellaneous Context: Recently, the ‘Darjeeling Mandarin Orange’ has officially been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. About Darjeeling Mandarin Orange: Scientific name: It is botanically known as Citrus reticulata Blanco Nature: The Mandarin Orange is a major cash crop of the Darjeeling Hills and it is widely recognised for its rich aroma and flavour. Growing areas: It is grown in the hills of Darjeeling in West Bengal. Other names: It is commonly known as “suntala” is the pride of Darjeeling hills due to its delightful aroma and flavour. Significance: It is the third product from the region, after Darjeeling Tea and Dalley Khursani chilli, to get the tag. Required Climatic Conditions for its growth: It is cultivated at elevations ranging from 600 to 1500 meters above sea level, They grow successfully in all frost free tropical and sub-tropical regions upto 1,500 m. above mean sea level. Annual rainfall should be 100-120 cm. Temperature should range from 10–35°C is suitable for cultivation of the crop. The preferred soil is medium or light loamy soils. Source: Deccan Herald INS Taragiri Category: Defence and Security Context: INS Taragiri was delivered to the Indian Navy recently at MDL, Mumbai, marking a major milestone in achieving self-reliance in warship design and construction. About INS Taragiri: Nature: It is a reincarnation of the erstwhile INS Taragiri, a Leander-class frigate that was part of the Indian Naval fleet from 1980 to 2013. Construction: It is the fourth ship of Nilgiri Class (Project 17A) built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilding Ltd (MDL). Design: Designed by the Warship Design Bureau (WDB) and overseen by the Warship Overseeing Team (Mumbai), P17A frigates reflect a generational leap in indigenous ship design, stealth, survivability, and combat capability.  Significance: Taragiri is the fourth P17A ship to be delivered to Indian Navy in the last 11 months. The experience gained from construction of first two P17A ships have enabled the build period of Taragiri to be compressed to 81 months, in comparison to 93 months taken for First

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) MH-60R Seahawk Helicopter Category: Defence and Security Context: Recently, India sealed a ₹7,995-crore deal with the U.S. as part of “follow on support” package for Indian Navy’s fleet of 24 MH-60R Seahawk helicopters for five years. About MH-60R Seahawk Helicopter: Construction: It is manufactured by US defence major Lockheed Martin. Other names: It is often called the “Romeo” is a state-of-the-art naval helicopter. Nature: It is an all-weather helicopter designed with state-of-the-art avionics and sensors. Capability: It is designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), maritime surveillance, search and rescue, medical evacuation, and ship-borne operations. Uniqueness: It is one of the world’s best submarine-hunting helicopters, equipped with advanced sensors like the AN/AQS-22 ALFS dipping sonar and sonobuoys. Multi-purpose operations: The helicopter can operate from frigates, destroyers, cruisers, amphibious ships, and aircraft carriers. Suitable for littoral warfare: It is suitable for intense littoral warfare operations for handling numerous contacts in confined spaces, and for open-water operations. Radar system: It is combined with electro-optical sensors and radar systems that can identify hostile ships, fast attack craft, or suspicious vessels and neutralise them with precision. Advanced features: It also carries the powerful Mk-54 torpedo, allowing it to detect, track, and engage underwater threats. For surface warfare missions, the MH-60R can carry AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, lightweight torpedoes, and machine guns. Source: The Hindu National Mission for Mentoring (NMM) Category: Government Schemes Context: UGC has instructed the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to select college professors to train school teachers under National Mission for Mentoring (NMM). About National Mission for Mentoring (NMM): Launch: It was launched on 29th July 2022 in selected 30 Central Schools (15 KVs, 10 JNVs, 5 CBSE) across the country. Objective: It aims to create a supportive environment, enhance mentorship experiences and contribute to individual and collective growth. Nodal ministry: It is the flagship initiative of the Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education. Functions: It provides platforms for professionals and experts where they can share knowledge, skills and expertise as a Mentor with Mentee teachers and help them in their journey to become effective teachers.  In sync with NEP 2020: It is in line with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Implementing authority: National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) has been assigned to develop and design the modalities for the mission. NCTE released a comprehensive document on the mission (NMM – The Blue Book) with a detailed roadmap of its framework and implementation strategy. Phases of implementation: Pilot phase: It was first tested in 30 Central Schools (15 Kendriya Vidyalayas, 10 Jawahar Navodaya schools, and 5 CBSE schools) with 60 mentors, some even Padma Awardees. Building capacity: Seminars and workshops are conducted to teach “Master Mentors” who can subsequently teach others. Incentivisation: Although participation is voluntary, the NMM manual encourages participants to do so with certificates, performance credits and other incentives. Source: The Hindu Golden Jackal Category: Environment and ecology Context: The Tenkasi district forest division is set to launch ‘Golden Jackal Ambassadors’ scheme in the schools and colleges to address dwindling population of Golden Jackals. About Golden Jackal: Nature: It is strictly nocturnal in areas inhabited by humans, but may be partly diurnal elsewhere. Other names: It is also known as the common jackal or reed wolf is a medium-sized wolf-like canid. Difference with wolves: Compared to a wolf, these canids are physically thinner and have a slender muzzle. It has a short, yet bushy tail that ends with a tan or black tip. Habitat: They dig caverns for shelter, or use crevices in rocks, or caverns that were dug by other animals. These animals are abundant in valleys and along rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores, but are rare in foothills and low mountains. Mating behaviour: They live in mated pairs and are strictly monogamous.  Uniqueness: They live in a group of 4 to 5 individuals. They hunt together, share their food, groom each other, and jointly defend their territory, which they mark with the scent of their excretion.  Distribution: They are found in North and East Africa, Southeastern Europe and South Asia to Burma. They are quite widespread across India. Right from the Himalayan foothills, down to the Western Ghats, the Golden Jackal has a wide distribution. Food pattern: They are omnivores in terms of eating habits. These opportunistic foragers have a rather diverse diet. Conservation Status: IUCN: Least Concern CITES: Appendix III Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I. Source: The Hindu Asia Power Index Category: Miscellaneous Context: India has secured third ranking in the Asia Power Index 2025, while the U.S. and China occupy the first and second spots. About Asia Power Index: Publishing agency: It is published annually by the Australia-based think tank, Lowy Institute. Launch: It was launched in 2018, and it assesses the power dynamics across 27 Asia-Pacific countries. Objective: It assesses the ability of nations, particularly of those in the Asian continent, to influence their external environment. Criteria: It is based on 131 indicators across eight thematic measures, including Military Capability and Defence Networks, Economic Capability and Relationships, Diplomatic and Cultural Influence and  Resilience and Future Resources. Key highlights of Asia Power Index 2025: India has secured third ranking in the Asia Power Index 2025, while the U.S. and China occupy the first and second spots. India ranks third for two measures: economic capability and future resources. India’s economic and military capability have both increased in the 2025 edition of the Asia Power Index.  India’s economy has continued to grow strongly and made small gains in terms of its geopolitical relevance – defined in terms of international leverage, connectivity, and technology. Source: News on AIR Perseverance Rover Category: Science and Technology Context: In a significant breakthrough, NASA’s Perseverance rover recently detected electrical activity in Mars’ atmosphere for the first time. About Perseverance Rover: Nature: Perseverance, nicknamed “Percy“, is a semi-autonomous rover the size of a small car designed to explore the surface of Mars. It is part of NASA’s ongoing Mars 2020 Mission. Launch: It was launched on July

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance Category: Polity and Governance Context: CEC of India is set to assume the role of the Chairperson of International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) for the year 2026. About International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA): Establishment: It is an inter-governmental organisation established in 1995 to strengthen democratic institutions and electoral processes worldwide. Objective: The objectives of the Institute are to support stronger democratic institutions and processes, and more sustainable, effective and legitimate democracy. Secretariat: Its secretariat is located in Stockholm, Sweden. Association with UN: International IDEA has been granted UN observer status. Member countries: It currently has 35 member countries, with the United States and Japan as observers. India is a founding member of International IDEA Governance: The Institute’s governance consists of a Council of Member States, a Steering Committee, a Finance and Audit Committee, a Board of Advisers and a Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General. Major functions: Its working modalities include four elements: knowledge production, capacity development, advocacy as well as convening of dialogues. Focus areas: It focuses on six workstreams namely: Electoral Processes Constitution-Building  Democracy Assessment Political Participation and Representation Climate Change and Democracy Digitalization and Democracy Source: The Hindu Sirpur Archaeological Site Category: History and Culture Context: Sirpur is set for a facelift as Chhattisgarh pushes for a UNESCO World Heritage tag for the 5th Century archaeological site. About Sirpur Archaeological Site: Location: It is located in Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh. It is a 5th–12th Century archaeological site located on the banks of the Mahanadi. Other names: It is also known as Shripur and Sripura. Discovery: It was first discovered in 1882 by Alexander Cunningham, a British army engineer who became the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1871. Later excavations: Excavations stalled in subsequent years, resuming only in the early 1950s, and later in the 1990s and 2003. Historical significance: It was the flourishing capital of Dakshina Kosala under the Panduvanshi and later Somavamshi kings. Its rulers patronised art, architecture, and religious scholarship, making it a flourishing urban centre of its time. Major Buddhist centre: It was a major Buddhist centre with large viharas, meditation halls and excavated stupas. Visted by Chinese travellers: Excavations have revealed significant Buddhist remains, including the Anand Prabhu Kuti Vihara, visited by Chinese traveller Xuanzang in the 7th century CE. Religious and commercial hub: It also has a 6th Century market complex, showing Sirpur was both a religious and commercial hub. Notable Structures at the site: Lakshmana Temple (dedicated to Vishnu): It is one of India’s finest brick temples which was built around the 7th Century. Surang Tila complex: It is built on a high terrace and has multiple shrines in the panchayatana style (one main shrine surrounded by four subsidiary ones). Tivaradeva Mahavihara: It houses a significant Buddha statue. Suitability for UNESCO’s tag: Sirpur’s location along the Mahanadi creates a sacred riverine cultural landscape with ghats and temple clusters, aligning with UNESCO’s concept of a combined work of nature and humankind, enhancing the site’s value. Source: The Indian Express Etalin Hydroelectric Project (EHEP) Category: Environment and Ecology Context: The Project Affected Peoples Forum (PAPF) of Arunachal Pradesh has urged NHPC Ltd to reinstate every local worker previously engaged in the Etalin Hydroelectric Project. About Etalin Hydroelectric Project (EHEP): Location: It is a 3,097 MW hydropower project planned in Arunachal Pradesh’s Dibang Valley. Rivers associated: The project involves two gravity dams, one on the Dri River and another on the Talo (Tangon) River, both tributaries of the Dibang River, with an underground powerhouse near their confluence close to Etalin village. Construction: The project is being executed by NHPC Limited (formerly known as the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation). Nature: It is a type of hydroelectric power generation project that utilizes the natural flow and elevation drop of a river to produce electricity. Uniqueness: It is one of the largest hydropower projects proposed in the country in terms of installed capacity. EHEP is proposed to be developed as a combination of two run-of-the-river schemes. Environmental impact: The project will require the felling of over 270,000 trees and the diversion of over 1,100 hectares of unclassified forest land. Concern: The project area falls under the “richest bio-geographical province of the Himalayan zone” and “one of the mega biodiversity hotspots of the world”. Indigenous tribes: The project area is dominated by indigenous populations belonging to Idu-Mishmi tribes. Source: Northeast Now Vikram-I Rocket Category: Science and Technology Context: PM Modi inaugurated Skyroot-built India’s first private rocket Vikram-I in Hyderabad. About Vikram-I Rocket: Development: It is developed by Skyroot Aerospace, a Hyderabad-based private space start-up. Nomenclature: It is India’s new private orbital-class launch vehicle named after Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the father of India’s space programme. Uniqueness: It is India’s first privately-built orbital-class rocket capable of launching satellites into Earth orbit. Thrust: It produces 1,200 kN of thrust using an all-carbon composite structure for enhanced lightweight strength and efficiency. Design: The design emphasises simplicity, reliability, and the ability to launch within 24 hours from any location. Stages: It has four stages and the first three stages are solid-fuelled, providing robust initial thrust, topped by a hypergolic liquid upper stage for precise orbital adjustments. Stage 4 uses a cluster of four Raman engines. Targets small satellite segment: It is built to target the small-satellite segment and is capable of placing multiple satellites into orbit in a single mission. Payload Capacity: It can deploy up to 350 kg into low Earth orbit (LEO) and 260 kg into a sun-synchronous orbit (SSO). Source: India Today Tex-RAMPS Scheme Category: Government Schemes Context: The Government of India has approved the Tex-RAMPS Scheme, to strengthen research, innovation and competitiveness in textiles sector. About Tex-RAMPS Scheme: Nature: It is a Central Sector Scheme focused on research, assessment, monitoring, planning, and start-up support for the textiles sector. Nodal ministry: It is implemented by the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. Objective: It aims to future-proof

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Category: International Organisations Context: The International Monetary Fund’s annual review has given India’s national accounts statistics, a grade of ‘C’, the second-lowest rating. About International Monetary Fund (IMF): Nature: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 191 member countries, each of which has representation on the IMF’s executive board in proportion to its financial importance. Establishment: The IMF, also known as the Fund, was conceived at a UN conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, in July 1944. Reason behind its foundation: The 44 countries at that conference sought to build a framework for economic cooperation to avoid a repetition of the competitive devaluations that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. Major objectives: To foster global monetary cooperation To secure financial stability and facilitate international trade To promote high employment and sustainable economic growth To reduce poverty around the world and ensure macro-economic growth To promote exchange rate stability, and an international payment system Governance setup: Board of Governors: It consists of one governor and one alternate governor for each member country. Each member country appoints its two governors. Ministerial Committees: The Board of Governors is advised by two ministerial committees- International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) and Development Committee. Executive Board: It is 24-member Executive Board elected by the Board of Governors. Management: IMF’s Managing Director is both chairman of the IMF’s Executive Board and head of IMF staff. The Managing Director is appointed by the Executive Board by voting or consensus. Membership: Any other state, whether or not a member of the UN, may become a member of the IMF in accordance with IMF Articles of Agreement and terms prescribed by the Board of Governors. Membership in the IMF is a prerequisite to membership in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). Quota system: On joining the IMF, each member country contributes a certain sum of money, called a quota subscription, which is based on the country’s wealth and economic performance. Members’ voting power is related directly to their quotas (the amount of money they contribute to the institution). Use of SDRs: Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) is the IMF’s unit of account and not a currency. The currency value of the SDR is determined by summing the values in U.S. dollars, based on market exchange rates, of a SDR basket of currencies (U.S. dollar, Euro, Japanese yen, pound sterling and the Chinese renminbi). Capacity Development: It provides technical assistance and training to central banks, finance ministries, tax authorities, and other economic institutions. Source: The Hindu INS Mahe Category: Defence and Security Context: Recently, the Indian Navy commissioned INS Mahe, during a ceremony held at the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. About INS Mahe: Nature: It is the first of the eight anti-submarine warfare shallow water craft (ASW-SWC) of the Indian Navy. Construction: It is indigenously designed and built by the Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL). Nomenclature: The ship takes her name from the historic coastal town of Mahe on the Malabar Coast. The town’s maritime heritage and tranquil estuary mirror the ship’s balance of elegance and strength. Mascot: Its mascot, the Cheetah, embodies speed and focus. Motto: Its motto “Silent Hunters” reflects the ship’s stealth, vigilance, and unyielding readiness. Capability: Designed for a wide range of coastal defence missions, Mahe is equipped for underwater surveillance, search and rescue duties, Low Intensity Maritime Operations (LIMO), and complex mine-laying tasks. Uniqueness: The 78-meter-long vessel is the largest Indian naval warship powered by a diesel engine-waterjet propulsion system. This advanced propulsion system ensures superior manoeuvrability and a reduced acoustic signature, crucial in anti-submarine operations carried out in littoral waters. Step towards Aatmanirbhar Bharat: With over 80% indigenous content, the ship underscores the Indian Navy’s sustained efforts to promote indigenisation through homegrown solutions and innovative technologies. Embodies spirit of Kalaripayattu: The ship’s crest features the Urumi, the flexible sword of Kalaripayattu, rising from stylised blue waves – a symbol of agility, precision, and lethal grace. Design: Its compact design and high agility make it ideal for operations in shallow waters where conventional destroyers and frigates face navigational constraints. These ships are equipped with one RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launcher and two sets of light-weight torpedo-tube launchers for launching anti-submarine torpedoes. Source: PIB Entrepreneur-in-Residence (EIR) Programme Category: Government Schemes Context: Union Minister of State for Science & Technology recently said that the EIR initiative is successfully cultivating a new generation of scientist-entrepreneurs. About Entrepreneur-in-Residence (EIR) Programme: Nature: It is one of the programs introduced under National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI). Objective: It aims to encourage graduate students to take to entrepreneurship as a prospective career option by providing financial and non-financial support in the form of a fellowship.  Implementation: It is implemented by the Dept. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India in association with NCL Venture Centre, Pune. Financial Support: The recipient is eligible to get financial support of up to INR 30,000/- monthly. It is offered to graduate students for a maximum period of 12 months. Mentorship: The Programme includes mentoring support and guidance, technical and financial advice, industry connections etc. Connects lab to market: It helps innovators convert scientific discoveries into market-ready solutions through mentoring, incubation and industry linkages. Promotes scientist-entrepreneurs: It cultivates a new generation of scientist-entrepreneurs, where researchers are encouraged to innovate, patent and commercialise their ideas. Mitigates risk: A primary goal is to minimize the risk involved in pursuing technology-based startups, thereby creating a stronger pipeline of entrepreneurs for incubators. Source: PIB International Astronomical Union (IAU) Category: Science and Technology Context: The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has approved the name of a 3.5 billion-year-old crater on Mars, after M.S. Krishnan, the pioneering Indian geologist.            About International Astronomical Union (IAU): Nature: It is a global organization of professional astronomers, at the PhD level and beyond who are active in professional education and research in astronomy. Establishment: It was founded in 1919 as a senior body governing international professional astronomical activities worldwide. Objective:

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Cuban Gar Category: Environment and Ecology Context: In Cuba’s mosquito-infested swamp, scientists race to save a prehistoric predator, Cuban Gar, which is as old as dinosaurs. About Cuban Gar: Scientific name: The scientific name of Cuban gar is Atractosteus tristoechus. It is a fish in the family Lepisosteidae. Other names: It is also known as the manjuari. Prehistoric in nature: This fish is part of a family called “gars,” which have been around for about 100 million years. Distribution: It is a tropical, freshwater species, although it also inhabits brackish water. It is found in rivers and lakes of western Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud. Uniqueness: It has the ability to breathe some atmospheric air in absence of sufficiently oxygenated water. It is also notable for its high tolerance of high ammonia and nitrate levels in water. Habitat: It is found in various habitats from large lakes and rivers to sluggish tributaries, backwaters and pools, and can surive in both fresh and brackish waters. Diet pattern: Gars are ambush predators feeding on smaller fishes and aquatic crustaceans in nature. Threats: It includes habitat loss, and introduction of invasive species like African walking catfish. IUCN status: It is listed as ‘Critically Endangered’ in the IUCN Red Data list. Source: India Today Fujiwhara Effect Category: Geography Context: Multiple cyclonic storms with rare Fujiwhara interaction is likely in Bay of Bengal in the following week.      About Fujiwhara Effect: Definition: The Fujiwhara Effect occurs when two cyclones form near each other or approach each other close enough to allow the Fujiwhara interaction to take place.  Outcome of binary interaction: Extratropical cyclones can exhibit binary interaction when within a distance of 2,000 km of each other. Tropical cyclones exhibit this type of effect when separated by a distance of less than 1,400 km.  Direction: During the Fujiwhara interaction, the centers of the two cyclones involved in the phenomenon begin to mutually orbit in a counterclockwise direction about a point between the two cyclones. Dependent on relative mass: The position of the point is dependent on the intensity and relative mass of the cyclonic vortices. The smaller cyclone involved in the Fujiwhara Effect moves at a faster rate than the bigger one about the central point. Can lead to larger cyclones: The Fujiwhara Effect might lead the two cyclones to spiral into the central point and merge with each other, or it might trigger the development of a larger cyclone.  It might also divert the original path of one or both the cyclones. Source: Down To Earth Exercise Suryakiran Category: Defence and Security Context: The 19th edition of Joint Military exercise “Exercise SURYAKIRAN XIX – 2025” commenced today at Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand. About Exercise Suryakiran: Countries involved: It is the joint military exercise conducted between India and Nepal. Representing regiment: The Indian contingent is being represented mainly by troops from the ASSAM Regiment. Objective: The aim of the exercise is to jointly rehearse conduct of Sub Conventional operations under Chapter VII of the United Nations Mandate.’ Significance: It will further enhance the level of defence cooperation between Indian Army and Nepal Army. Focus areas: To enhance interoperability between the two armies in Counter-Terrorism (CT) Operations, jungle warfare, and mountain operations.  To improve coordination in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) under the United Nations (UN) Charter.  To emphasise on operational preparedness, aviation aspects, medical training, and environment conservation. About Exercise Suryakiran XIX: It aims to strengthen battalion-level synergy in Jungle Warfare, Counter-Terrorism Operations in Mountainous Terrain, Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR), Environmental Conservation, and Integrated Ground–Aviation Operations. It will focus on incorporating niche and emerging technologies, including Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), drone-based ISR, AI-enabled decision support tools, unmanned logistic vehicles and armoured protection platforms. Source: PIB Capital Gains Account Scheme (CGAS) Category: Government Schemes Context: The Ministry of Finance has notified the Capital Gains Accounts (Second Amendment) Scheme, 2025, introducing changes to the Capital Gains Account Scheme, 1988. About Capital Gains Account Scheme (CGAS): Launch: It was introduced by the Central Government in 1988 to help taxpayers claim exemptions on long-term capital gains.  Legal provision: Under Section 54 of the Income Tax Act, income from capital gains must be reinvested within 3 years to avoid tax liability.  However, there could be instances when the due date for filing income tax falls during this specified tenure.  Exception: If a taxpayer is unable to invest in such a short period of time, they can deposit such underutilised capital gains under CGAS. However, taxpayers must deposit such funds before filing their Income Tax Returns. Short-term gains not eligible: Investing the gains in this account is treated the same as direct reinvestment for exemption purposes. However, short-term capital gains are not eligible for the CGAS, as exemptions apply only to long-term capital gains. Persons who can deposit: Any taxpayer who earns long-term capital gains and wants to claim exemption can deposit in the CGAS. This includes Individuals, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), Companies, and any other person eligible for capital gains exemption.  Usage: The scheme is mainly used when the taxpayer is unable to reinvest the capital gains before the due date of filing their income tax return but intends to invest within the specified period to claim exemption. Timeline: The deposited amount must be used within the stipulated period to invest in the eligible asset; otherwise, it will be treated as taxable capital gain in the year the deadline expires. About Capital Gains Accounts (Second Amendment) Scheme, 2025: Previously, CGAS deposits were largely limited to public sector banks and a few older institutions.  Under the new notification, all non-rural branches of 19 major private banks are now authorised to receive deposits and maintain CGAS accounts.  The “non-rural branch” condition means that only branches at centres with population 10,000 or more (per 2011 census) are in scope. The amended scheme explicitly defines ‘electronic mode’ of deposit to include credit/debit cards, net banking, UPI, IMPS, RTGS, NEFT, BHIM/Aadhaar Pay etc. Source: CNBC TV 18 Abujhmadiya Tribe Category: Society Context:

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) HAMMER Weapon System Category: Defence and Security Context: Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Safran Electronics and Defence (SED) signed an agreement for the production of HAMMER weapon system in India. About HAMMER Weapon System: Nomenclature: HAMMER stands for Highly Agile and Manoeuvrable Munition Extended Range. It is also known as a glide bomb. Nature: It is an air-to-ground precision-guided weapon system and can be fitted to standard bombs of 250kg, 500kg, and 1,000kg weights. Development: Originally developed by Safran Electronics and Defence (SED), France, it is now set for joint manufacturing with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) in India. Range: HAMMER precision-guided munitions have a range of up to 70 km. It  Difficult to intercept: It is resistant to jamming, and capable of being launched from low altitudes over rough terrain. It is difficult to intercept and can penetrate fortified structures. Manoeuvrability: It is optimised for mountain warfare (e.g., Ladakh), allowing precision strikes even in complex topography and high-altitude environments. Uniqueness: It is a precision-guided weapon system known for its high accuracy and modular design, making it adaptable for multiple platforms, including the Rafale and Light Combat Aircraft Tejas. Significance of agreement: The development is crucial because India previously ordered this weapon system, along with other armaments, from France to equip its Rafale fighter jets in 2020 during standoff with China in eastern Ladakh. Source: The Indian Express APDIM Category: International Institutions Context: Recently, the 10th Session of the Asian and Pacific Centre for Development of Disaster Information Management (APDIM) took place at Vigyan Bhawan in New Delhi.               About APDIM: Nomenclature: APDIM stands for Asian and Pacific Centre for Development of Disaster Information Management. Nature: It is a regional institution of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).  Vision: Its vision is to ensure effective disaster risk information is produced and used for sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific.  Mandate: It aims to reduce human and material losses due to natural hazards and contribute to the effective design, investment and implementation of disaster risk reduction and resilience policies. Administration: It is governed by a Governing Council consisting of eight ESCAP member countries elected for a period of three years (India is one of the members for a period from 2022 to 2025). Headquarter: Its headquarters is located in Tehran, Iran. Functions: It functions as a regional facility to strengthen the science-policy interface. It also promotes effective regional cooperation, facilitates dialogue. Facilitates disaster management between countries: It facilitates the exchange of expertise, experiences, and knowledge in disaster information management between and within the countries of the region. Acts as a knowledge hub: It acts as a regional knowledge hub, consolidating and sharing disaster-related data, strengthening information systems, and supporting cooperation on transboundary hazards. Source: PIB Hayli Gubbi Volcano Category: Geography Context: The Hayli Gubbi volcano, located in Ethiopia’s Afar region for several hours after 12,000-year dormancy. About Hayli Gubbi Volcano: Location: Hayli Gubbi volcano is located in Afar, northeastern Ethiopia, within the Danakil Depression – one of the hottest and lowest places on Earth. Hotspot for seismic activity: The Afar Triple Junction, where the Red Sea Rift, Gulf of Aden Rift, and East African Rift meet, makes this region a hotspot for volcanic and seismic activity. Uniqueness: The current eruption is unique because the volcano is believed to have erupted after nearly 12,000 years, based on geological evidence from the Afar Rift. Composition of volcanic plume: The ash cloud contained a mix of volcanic ash, sulphur dioxide, glass shards, and rock fragments, transported at high altitudes between 15,000-45,000 ft. These aerosols can persist in the atmosphere for days to weeks depending on wind patterns and atmospheric stability. Significance: The Hayli Gubbi eruption highlights the geological volatility of the East African Rift System (EARS) where active volcanism, fissure eruptions, and spreading ridges are common. At the junction of diverging plates: It is one of the world’s most tectonically active rift systems where the Arabian, Nubian, and Somali plates are diverging. Characterised by basaltic lava: The region is characterised by basaltic lava, fissure systems, and frequent seismic activity linked to the continental rifting process. Source: The Hindu Special Leave Petition (SLP) Category: Polity and Governance Context: The Jammu & Kashmir HC has observed that dismissal of a Special Leave Petition (SLP), does not lead to merger of the impugned order with the Supreme Court’s order. About Special Leave Petition (SLP): Definition: A SLP is a request made to the Supreme Court seeking special permission to appeal against any judgment, order, or decree from any court or tribunal (except military tribunals), even when the law does not provide a statutory right of appeal. Not a right: Special Leave Petition (SLP) is not a right—it’s a privilege granted by the Supreme Court at its discretion. It is a discretionary/optional power of the SC, and the court can refuse to grant the appeal at its discretion. Constitutional provision: Article 136 states that the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, or order from any court or tribunal in India. Conditions for using SLP: It can only be exercised when a substantial question of law or gross injustice has been committed. A judgement, decree, or order need not be final for an SLP. An interim or interlocutory order or decree can also be challenged. Filed by: SLP can be filed by any aggrieved party (individual or business). government bodies, public sector undertakings or NGOs or associations (in relevant cases). Filed against: SLP can be filed against judgments from High Courts, Tribunals (except those under armed forces) or Quasi-judicial bodies. Time limit to file SLP: It can be filed against any judgment of the High Court within 90 days from the date of judgment or it can be filed within 60 days against the order of the High Court refusing to grant the certificate of fitness for appeal to SC. Procedure for a SLP: A SLP must contain

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Advisory Jurisdiction of SC Category: Polity and Governance Context: The Supreme Court has provided its opinion on a Presidential reference made under Article 143. About Advisory Jurisdiction of SC: Related Article: Article 143 (Advisory jurisdiction) empowers the President of India to seek the SC’s advisory opinion on any question of law or fact that is of public importance and is likely to arise or has already arisen. Exclusivity: The SC’s advisory jurisdiction is exclusive to the President. Significance: It gives the President the power to refer any question of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its opinion, based on the Union Council of Ministers’ advice. Opinion not binding: The opinion expressed by the SC is only advisory and not a judicial pronouncement. Hence, it is not binding on the president; she may follow or may not follow the opinion. Acts as authoritative legal opinion: Though advisory in nature, it facilitates the government to have an authoritative legal opinion on a matter to be decided by it. Minimum bench of 5 judges: Article 145 (3) requires such references to be heard by a bench of at least five judges. Historical Context: Advisory jurisdiction under Article 143 is derived from the Government of India Act, 1935, which allowed the Governor-General to refer legal questions to the federal court. The Canadian Constitution allows its SC to provide legal opinions, while the US SC refrains from giving advisory opinions to uphold a strict separation of powers.  Past Instances of Such References: Some landmark cases include:  Delhi Laws Act case (1951): Defined the scope of delegated legislation.  Kerala Education Bill (1958): Harmonized Fundamental Rights with Directive Principles.  Berubari case (1960): Held that territorial cession requires a constitutional amendment.  Keshav Singh case (1965): Explained legislative privileges.  Presidential poll case (1974): Allowed elections despite vacancies in State Assemblies.  Third Judges case (1998): Established the Collegium system for judicial appointments.  Source: The Hindu LuPEX Mission Category: Science and Technology Context: A Japanese delegation recently held discussions with the senior leadership of the ISRO and visited the facilities of the space agency to review the status of the LuPEX mission. About LuPEX Mission: Collaborating agencies: It is a collaborative mission between Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Objective: It aims to explore the moon’s southern polar region, investigating the presence of water and other elements, potentially in the form of surface ice. Scheduled launch: The mission is scheduled to launch in 2025. Uniqueness: The LUPEX will be a precursor to the ISRO’s lunar sample return mission and for sending the first Indian to the moon by 2040. Launch vehicles: The mission will be launched by JAXA onboard its H3-24L launch vehicle, carrying the ISRO-made lunar lander, which will carry the MHI, Japan-made lunar rover. Focus on lunar night survival: It aims to showcase innovative surface exploration technologies. The special focus is on vehicular transport and lunar night survival. Functions of rover: The rover will drive on its own to search for areas where water is likely to be present and sample the soil by digging into the ground with a drill. It will be equipped with instruments for measuring the water content of regolith (lunar sand), drilling, and sampling. Instruments of other space agencies carried: The rover will carry not only the instruments of ISRO and JAXA but also those of the US space agency NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA). Source: The Hindu Dorjilung Hydroelectric Power Project Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Tata Power Company Ltd said it has signed commercial agreements with Druk Green Power Corporation Ltd (DGPC) for the development of Dorjilung hydroelectric power project in Bhutan. About Dorjilung Hydroelectric Power Project: Location: It is a planned 1125 MW run-of-river project situated in the eastern Lhuentse and Mongar Districts of Bhutan. Associated river: It will be built on the Kurichhu River, a tributary of the Drangmechhu that flows into India. Partnership: Bhutan’s Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC) has signed an MoU with Tata Power Company Limited for the joint development of the project. Use of SPV: The Project will be implemented through a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), with DGPC and Tata Power holding equity shares of 60% and 40%, respectively. Completion of the project: The project is expected to be commissioned by early 2032. Role of world bank: The project is financed by the World Bank. Power capacity: At a height of approximately 139.5 m, the concrete-gravity dam channels nearly 287 m3/s through a 15 km headrace tunnel to an underground powerhouse housing six Francis turbines, designed to generate around 4.5 terawatt-hours (TWh) annually. Estimated cost: At a total project cost of ₹13,100 crore, Dorjilung will be Bhutan’s second-largest hydropower project, and the largest Public–Private Partnership (PPP) hydro project ever undertaken in the country.  Source: CNBC TV 18 Brihadeeswarar Temple Category: History and Culture Context: Marking World Heritage Week, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) organised a heritage walk and clean-up drive at the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur. About Brihadeeswarar Temple: Location: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. Other names: It is also known as Periya Kovil, RajaRajeswara Temple and Rajarajesvaram.  Dravidian temple: It is one of the largest temples in India and is an example of Dravidian architecture during the Chola period. Construction: It was built by emperor Raja Raja Chola I and completed in 1010 AD. Uniqueness: It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the “Great Living Chola Temples”, with the other two being the Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Airavatesvara temple. Cultural Significance: It has a repository of Tamil inscriptions detailing rituals, gifts, and the temple’s construction overseen by Raja Raja Chola himself. Use of granite: The entire temple structure is made out of granite. Structure: The vimanam (temple tower) is 216 ft (66 m) high and is the tallest in the world. The Kumbam (the apex or the bulbous structure on the top) of the temple is carved out of a

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Sangai Festival Category: History and Culture Context: Recently, the Sangai Festival in Manipur began amid a protest by internally displaced persons (IDPs) and members of NGOs, impacting attendance. About Sangai Festival: Location: It is celebrated in the state of Manipur. Nomenclature: It is an annual festival, started in the year 2010, which is named after the state animal, the Sangai. Objective: It aims to showcase Manipur’s rich cultural heritage and indigenous tradition. The festival promotes the cultural extravaganza of Manipur through music, dance and various native art forms that are part of the Manipuri tribes and people. Use of Ras Leela: The state’s classical dance form, ‘Ras Leela,’ renowned for its distinctiveness, takes centre stage during the festival.  Theme: The themes of 2025 is “Where blossoms breathe harmony.” About Sangai: Endemic to Manipur: It is a subspecies of Eld’s deer endemic to Manipur. It also has immense cultural relevance to Manipur. Distribution: It is found only in Keibul Lamjao National Park – the largest single mass of phumdi is in the Loktak Lake – in Manipur’s Bishnupur district. Appearance: It is a medium-sized deer, with uniquely distinctive antlers, with extremely long brow tine, which form the main beam. Uniqueness: The animal’s coat is a dark reddish brown during winter months and it becomes a much lighter shade in summer. Also known as dancing deer: It walks on the hind surface of its pasterns with mincing and hops over floating foliage. Therefore, it also called the dancing deer. Threat: While the habitats have been encroached for grazing, cultivation, and fish farming, the animals are highly threatened by a hydro-electric project in the lake. Conservation status CITES: Appendix I IUCN: Critically Endangered Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule-1 Source: The Hindu Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Category: Polity and Governance Context:  FSSAI issued an order to all the States/UTs Commissioners of Food Safety asking them to remove all non-compliant ORS products from shops immediately. About Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI): Nature: It is an autonomous body established under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Establishment: It has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which is a consolidating statute related to food safety and regulation in India. Mandate: It is responsible for setting food standards, regulating the manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import of food, and ensuring the availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption. Structure: The FSSAI comprises of a Chairperson and twenty two members out of which one – third are to be women. The Chairperson of FSSAI is appointed by the Central Government. Formulates standards and guidelines: It formulates standards for various food products, ensuring they are safe for consumption. It also provides guidelines for businesses to implement effective food safety management practices. Undertakes inspection and auditing: Regular inspections and audits are conducted to assess compliance with food safety standards. Initiatives to educate the public about food safety, hygiene, and nutrition are a key focus area. Issues food licences: Anyone selling or importing food in India needs a food licence issued by FSSAI. It also directly monitors compliance of food regulations, especially in the area of food imports to India.  Ensures food import controls: FSSAI officers carry out food import controls and ensure that they contain no harmful ingredients. To do this, they send selected test products from the import to accredited laboratories for inspection. Accreditation of food laboratories: The FSSAI is responsible for the accreditation of food testing laboratories throughout India. FSSAI has notified 14 referral labs, 72 State/UT labs across India, and 112 NABL approved commercial labs, all of which are situated throughout the country. Source: India Today Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, 9-day wildlife census began in Sukhna wildlife sanctuary. About Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary: Location: It is a protected area located in Chandigarh, near the famous Sukhna Lake at the foothills of the Shivalik range. History: The lake was created by the architect Le Corbusier in 1958 by diverting the Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream that flows down from the Shivalik hills. The sanctuary was developed as a result of afforestation done for soil conservation around the lake. Area: Spreading over an area of over 25.98 square km (about 6420 acres), Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1998. Structure: The place is quite unstable geographically and becomes prone to soil erosion by surface runoff during rains. It has sandy soil of Shivalik with pockets of clay embedded at places. Vegetation: It is characterized by a mix of forests, grasslands, and wetlands, with the Sukhna Lake forming an important part of the ecosystem. Flora: The common flora of the sanctuary includes Khair, Phulai, Kikar, Shisham, Moonj, Amaltas, Jhingan, Amla, Rati, Vasaka, and many more. Fauna:  Squirrel, Common-Mongoose, Indian Hare, Porcupine, Jungle Cat, Jackal, Wild boar, etc, are the mammals found in the sanctuary. Peacock, Hill myna, Jungle crow, Black drongo, Parrots, Doves, and others are the common birds of this region. Source: The Tribune Meerut Bugle Category: Miscellaneous Context: Meerut bugle, commonly used in military parades, earns GI tag. About Meerut Bugle: Nature: The Meerut bugle is a brass wind instrument used in military drills, parades, ceremonies, and signals across the Army, paramilitary forces, and police units in India. Uses: It is used in the drills of armed forces and in wars, ceremonies, and parades for decades. It is also used to signal the start of movements or events, and carries a deep historical imprint. Origin: The bugle-making in Meerut dates back to the late 19th century. The bugle’s story is closely linked to the development of India’s military traditions. Meerut as centre of bugle making: Over time, the craft of bugle making has evolved into a specialised local industry, making Meerut one of India’s main centres for handmade bugles. Making: The making of a bugle is entirely manual. A brass sheet is cut and hammered into shape using a specialised die. The sheet is moulded and