rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Vikram 32 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Prime Minister Narendra Modi received the first Made in India Vikram 32-bit chip at Semicon India 2025, marking a milestone in the country’s semiconductor industry. The Vikram 32-bit Processor, an upgraded version of the earlier 16-bit VIKRAM1601 microprocessor, was developed by ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and the Semiconductor Laboratory, Chandigarh. It has been used in ISRO’s launch vehicles since 2009 for space flight and avionics. Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw presented the chip to PM Modi, along with 31 prototype chips developed by IITs and NITs. India currently has five semiconductor units under construction, one pilot line completed, and two more units set to begin production soon. This achievement strengthens India’s position as an emerging semiconductor hub, boosting global confidence in its technology sector. Learning Corner: The Vikram 32-bit chip is India’s first indigenously developed 32-bit microprocessor for space applications. It is an advanced version of the earlier VIKRAM1601 (16-bit) processor and has been developed by ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in collaboration with the Semiconductor Laboratory, Chandigarh. The chip is specifically designed for space flight and avionics systems in ISRO’s launch vehicles and has been in operational use since 2009. Its development marks a major step in India’s semiconductor self-reliance, showcasing the country’s ability to design and manufacture high-end processors for critical sectors like space technology. The presentation of this chip at Semicon India 2025 highlights India’s growing semiconductor ecosystem and its strategic push to become a global manufacturing hub. Source: THE HINDU Maitree Category: DEFENCE Context : The 14th edition of the India-Thailand joint military exercise Maitree-XIV began on September 1, 2025, at the Joint Training Node in Umroi, Meghalaya Participants: 120 personnel from India’s Madras Regiment and 53 from Thailand’s 1st Infantry Battalion, 14th Infantry Brigade. Focus: Counter-terrorist operations in semi-urban terrain under UN Charter Chapter VII, including tactical drills, joint planning, special arms skills, fitness, and raiding operations. Significance: Strengthens defence ties, interoperability, and mutual trust, culminating in a 48-hour validation exercise simulating real-world scenarios. Background: Started in 2006, Exercise Maitree remains a key bilateral initiative enhancing defence cooperation and regional strategic partnership between India and Thailand. Learning Corner: Major military exercises of India  Exercise Partner / Participants Type Focus / Objective Maitree Thailand Army Counter-terrorism, semi-urban/jungle warfare, interoperability. Garuda Shakti Indonesia Army (Special Forces) Counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, jungle survival. Shakti France Army Counter-terrorism in semi-urban and high-altitude conditions. Surya Kiran Nepal Army Counter-insurgency, disaster response, humanitarian assistance. Nomadic Elephant Mongolia Army Counter-insurgency, peacekeeping, and desert warfare. Hand-in-Hand China Army Counter-terrorism and humanitarian assistance under UN mandate. Yudh Abhyas USA Army Counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, and peacekeeping operations. Indra Russia Tri-services Counter-terrorism, peacekeeping, and joint operations. Sampriti Bangladesh Army Counter-terrorism and disaster management. Ajeya Warrior United Kingdom Army Counter-terrorism and joint tactical operations. Garuda France Air Force Air-to-air combat, interoperability, strategic cooperation. Cope India USA Air Force Air combat tactics, strategic airlift, and joint operations. Indo-Russian Avia Indra Russia Air Force Air defence, ground attack coordination. Varuna France Navy Maritime security, anti-submarine warfare, and interoperability. Malabar USA, Japan, Australia Navy (Quadrilateral) Maritime security, freedom of navigation, and Indo-Pacific cooperation. JIMEX Japan Navy Maritime security, anti-submarine warfare, and joint tactical manoeuvres. Simbex Singapore Navy Anti-submarine warfare, maritime security, and sea control operations. Konkan United Kingdom Navy Maritime security, anti-piracy, and naval cooperation. MILAN Multinational (Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacific) Navy (Multilateral) Maritime cooperation, interoperability, and regional security. Source:  PIB BHARATI initiative Category: ECONOMICS Context: APEDA has launched the BHARATI initiative (Bharat’s Hub for Agritech, Resilience, Advancement and Incubation for Export Enablement) to accelerate India’s agri-food exports Focus: Promoting innovation, incubation, and export opportunities in GI-tagged products, organic foods, superfoods, livestock, and AYUSH items. Features: A three-month acceleration programme covering product development, export readiness, market access, regulatory compliance, and solutions for perishability, logistics, and value addition. Technology: Integration of AI-based quality control, blockchain traceability, IoT-enabled cold chains, agri-fintech, and sustainable packaging. Impact: Nationwide awareness campaigns and a scalable incubation model to boost India’s global standing in agri-food exports through technology and entrepreneurship. Source: PIB Bond yields Category: ECONOMICS Context Bond yields in India have risen despite RBI’s rate cuts due to structural and market factors that outweigh policy easing. Heavy Government Borrowing: The 2025–26 Budget projects net borrowing of ₹11.55 lakh crore, creating oversupply of bonds and pushing yields higher. Fiscal Concerns: Rising debt (₹17.55 lakh crore in March 2025, projected to ₹19.01 lakh crore in March 2026) and deficit worries make investors demand higher returns. Liquidity Management: RBI injected liquidity but absorbed it through Variable Rate Reverse Repo (VRRR) auctions, sending mixed signals and limiting the effect of rate cuts. Weak Demand & Global Factors: Banks, insurers, and foreign investors have shown lower appetite, while global bond yields remain elevated. Risk Premium: Despite low inflation (below 2% in July 2025), investors seek a premium amid fiscal and global uncertainties. The yield–repo spread has widened to around 100 basis points, the largest in 2025. Learning Corner: Relation between bond yields and rate cuts: Normal Case – When Rate Cuts Lower Yields Suppose RBI’s repo rate is 6%, and the government issues a 10-year bond with a coupon (interest) of 7%. If RBI cuts the repo rate to 5%, new loans and bonds will generally offer lower returns (closer to 5–6%). Investors now rush to buy the older bond paying 7%, raising its price. Since Yield = (Coupon ÷ Price) × 100, higher price → lower yield. Example: Bond with ₹1,000 face value paying ₹70 annually (7%). If demand pushes its price to ₹1,100 → Yield = 70 ÷ 1100 = 6.36% (lower than before). Exceptional Case – Why Yields May Rise Despite Rate Cuts RBI again cuts repo rate from 6% → 5%. But suppose the government announces huge borrowing (₹11.5 lakh crore). That means more bonds will be supplied in the market. Investors worry about fiscal deficit and demand higher return to hold these extra bonds. Even though RBI cut rates, bond prices may fall due to oversupply and risk concerns. Example:

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) RTE Act Category: POLITY Context:  The Supreme Court of India has called for a revisit of the blanket exemption granted to minority institutions under the RTE Act, 2009, holding that such exemption could undermine education standards. Key Bench Observations Expressed serious doubts on the 2014 Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust ruling that upheld full exemption. Warned that exemptions may be misused to evade child-centric regulations. Clarified there is no conflict between Article 21A (Right to Education) and Article 30(1) (Minority Rights); both can co-exist. Suggested that the 25% quota should also allow admission of children from outside the minority community for broader inclusiveness. Broader Context Provisions like TET and reservation for disadvantaged groups should ideally apply to all institutions, including minority ones, to maintain inclusiveness and quality. Section 12(1)(c) of the RTE Act (admission of disadvantaged groups) does not dilute minority character and should be applied. Court stressed that the 2014 ruling needs reconsideration to uphold the universalization of elementary education and protect child welfare standards. Learning Corner: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 Enactment: Came into force on 1st April 2010, operationalizing Article 21A of the Constitution (Right to Education as a Fundamental Right). Objective: To provide free and compulsory education to all children in the age group 6–14 years. Key Provisions: No child shall be denied admission for lack of documents or late admission. Prohibits physical punishment, mental harassment, screening tests, capitation fees, and private tuition by teachers. Mandates minimum infrastructure standards (student-teacher ratio, classroom, drinking water, toilets, etc.). Teacher Qualifications: Only trained and qualified teachers allowed; Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) mandated. 25% Reservation (Section 12(1)(c)): Private unaided schools must reserve 25% seats for disadvantaged and weaker section children. Emphasizes continuous and comprehensive evaluation—no detention till completion of elementary education. Coverage: Applies to government, local authority, and private unaided schools (except minority institutions, as per earlier court rulings—now under reconsideration). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Tianjin Declaration Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) leaders, through the Tianjin Declaration, unanimously condemned terrorism, referencing attacks in Pahalgam Key Points from the Declaration Opposed unilateral sanctions and supported fairness in global governance. Condemned targeting civilians in conflicts, mentioning Gaza and Afghanistan. Supported political stability in Afghanistan and endorsed China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Summit Highlights PM Modi and President Putin discussed peace, stability, and cooperation, including Ukraine. Xi Jinping stressed fairness in global leadership and warned against Cold War mentality. Laos was upgraded to SCO partner status; members backed humanitarian aid and economic development. Learning Corner: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Formation: Established in 2001 in Shanghai by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan (building on the earlier “Shanghai Five” group). Membership: Currently 9 members – China, Russia, India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Iran (joined in 2023). Several observer states and dialogue partners also participate. Headquarters: Beijing, China. Official Languages: Chinese and Russian. Objectives Promote regional peace, security, and stability. Combat terrorism, separatism, and extremism (the “three evils”). Enhance economic, cultural, and connectivity cooperation. Encourage multipolarity and fairness in global governance. Key Features Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS): Based in Tashkent, focuses on intelligence-sharing and counter-terrorism. Annual Summits & Declarations: Used to align on political, security, and economic issues. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Endorsed by SCO, though India remains opposed. Expanding outreach with observer states, dialogue partners, and partner status (e.g., Belarus in process of joining, Laos as partner). Source:  THE HINDU CEREBO Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: CEREBO is an indigenously developed, portable, non-invasive diagnostic tool for traumatic brain injuries (TBI). It can detect intracranial bleeding and edema within a minute, is radiation-free, safe for infants and pregnant women, and can be used even by paramedics or unskilled personnel where CT/MRI scans are unavailable. Importance & Usage Provides colour-coded, cost-effective, quick results for TBI detection. Useful in ambulances, trauma centres, rural clinics, and disaster zones. Improves outcomes through early diagnosis and triage without specialized infrastructure. Clinical trials have shown accuracy and integration into emergency pathways, with potential for global adoption. Context: Traumatic Brain Injuries TBIs are a major health burden in India, with 1.5–2 million cases annually, largely from road accidents. Many remain undiagnosed due to mild or hidden symptoms, leading to long-term impairments. CEREBO helps bridge gaps in rural and emergency TBI care, offering rapid, objective assessment. Source: THE HINDU Multithread and Single thread Rivers Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: Geographers at the University of California Santa Barbara have uncovered why some rivers split into multiple channels (multi-threaded) while others remain single-threaded Physical Mechanism Single-thread rivers maintain equilibrium between bank erosion and bar accretion—what erodes from one bank matches what is deposited on the opposite side, keeping the river stable. Multi-threaded rivers erode banks more quickly than they deposit material, resulting in channel widening and eventual splitting due to this persistent imbalance. Broader Implications The distinction between river types affects flood risks, erosion hazards, and ecosystem services; understanding these patterns is increasingly important as extreme weather events become more common. Research showed many rivers historically shifted from multi-threaded to single-channel forms after human intervention, such as damming and sand mining, underscoring the impact people have on river morphology. Technical Approach Scientists mapped river bank positions and water flows using thousands of satellite images, measuring erosion and gravel/sediment deposition to reveal cycles of instability behind channel splitting. This work highlights that river channel form is shaped not by static equilibrium but by repeated instability, informing future river management and flood prediction models. Learning Corner: Meandering Definition: Meanders are the sinuous, snake-like bends in a river channel that develop in its middle and lower courses due to lateral erosion and deposition. Formation Process: On the outer bank, fast-flowing water causes erosion (river cliff). On the inner bank, slower water leads to deposition (point bar). This continuous process accentuates the bends. Characteristics: Develops in rivers with gentle gradient, large volume of water, and fine sediments. Migration of meanders over time may lead to the formation of oxbow lakes when a bend gets

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Blue Dragons Category: POLITY Context:  Several beaches in Spain were closed after the arrival of blue dragons (Glaucus atlanticus) Several beaches in Spain were closed after the arrival of blue dragons (Glaucus atlanticus), small but venomous sea slugs capable of delivering extremely painful stings. These creatures float upside down on the ocean surface, feeding on venomous jellyfish and incorporating their toxins for defense. Rarely seen in the Mediterranean, their sudden presence surprised scientists and locals. Stings can cause pain, swelling, nausea, and vomiting, though not usually fatal. Their appearance is linked to shifting water currents and marine anomalies, possibly driven by climate change. Learning Corner: Blue Dragon (Glaucus atlanticus) A small but strikingly blue sea slug (nudibranch) found in warm ocean waters. Floats upside down on the water surface using a gas-filled sac in its stomach. Feeds mainly on venomous organisms like Portuguese man o’ war and jellyfish, storing their stinging cells (nematocysts) in its own tissues. This ability makes its sting extremely painful, causing swelling, nausea, and vomiting, though not usually fatal. Rarely seen in the Mediterranean; presence there is linked to shifting water currents and climate change. Considered an indicator of marine ecological anomalies. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS APK scams Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : APK scams are a fast-growing cybercrime in India where fraudsters spread fake Android Package Kit (.APK) files disguised as official apps to steal sensitive personal and financial data. Victims are lured through calls or messages about blocked bank accounts or subsidies and tricked into downloading malicious apps. Once installed, these apps capture OTPs, banking details, and contacts in real time, enabling immediate fund theft. They are traded on underground platforms, and stolen data is decoded for fraudulent transactions. These apps often self-delete after theft, making tracking difficult. Authorities are countering the menace by tracing digital trails, coordinating with banks and telecom operators, and raising public awareness, but losses remain significant due to the scams’ scale and sophistication. Different types of cybercrime: Phishing & Smishing – Fraudulent emails or SMS messages trick users into revealing personal/banking details. Malware Attacks – Malicious software (viruses, trojans, ransomware, spyware) used to steal data, disrupt systems, or extort money. Ransomware – Encrypts a victim’s files and demands ransom for decryption. Identity Theft – Stealing personal information (like Aadhaar, PAN, bank details) to commit fraud. Financial Frauds – Online banking frauds, UPI scams, fake investment schemes, and APK-based fraud apps. Cyberstalking & Online Harassment – Using digital platforms to stalk, threaten, or harass individuals. Hacking & Data Breaches – Unauthorized access to systems or databases to steal sensitive data. Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS) Attacks – Overloading a network/server to make it unavailable. Online Child Exploitation – Circulation of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) and grooming. Intellectual Property Theft – Piracy, software cracking, or stealing trade secrets. Cyber Terrorism – Attacks on critical infrastructure, government systems, or spreading extremist propaganda online. Cryptocurrency & Dark Web Crimes – Illegal trading, money laundering, and transactions through untraceable crypto wallets. Source:  THE HINDU Statehood to Jammu and Kashmir Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Supreme Court has asked the government for a status update on restoring statehood to Jammu and Kashmir. The Supreme Court has asked the government for a status update on restoring statehood to Jammu and Kashmir, emphasizing that its prolonged absence affects citizens’ rights and undermines India’s federal principles. The Constitution allows for admission, establishment, and formation of states, as seen in J&K’s reorganization in 2019. While upholding the abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A, the Court directed statehood restoration and noted that the last Assembly elections were held in October 2024. Restoring statehood is seen as crucial to uphold constitutional values, equitable resource sharing, and the federal balance. Learning Corner: Constitutional provisions of state creation in India: Article 1: India is a “Union of States.” This emphasizes indestructibility of the Union but not of individual states. Article 2: Parliament may admit new states into the Union or establish new states. Example: Sikkim admitted in 1975. Article 3: Parliament has the power to form a new state by separation of territory, uniting two or more states/UTs, or altering boundaries/names of existing states. Example: Telangana created in 2014. Procedure under Article 3: President refers the proposal to the concerned State Legislature for its views. However, the State Legislature’s opinion is not binding on Parliament. Article 4: Laws made under Articles 2 and 3 are not considered constitutional amendments under Article 368. Significance: Ensures flexibility for reorganization of states to accommodate linguistic, cultural, administrative, or political demands while maintaining the Union’s integrity. Source: THE HINDU Coral microatolls Category: POLITY Context: This can be directly asked in prelims Research on coral microatolls—sensitive to the lowest tides—provides a continuous record of sea-level changes since 1959, refining projections and highlighting the urgent need for local monitoring and adaptation strategies. These findings are crucial for protecting coral reefs, island nations, and regional stability against climate risks. Learning Corner: Coral Microatolls – Brief Note Definition: Coral microatolls are disk-shaped coral formations that grow outward rather than upward, as their vertical growth is restricted by the lowest tide levels. Unique Feature: Their flat, saucer-like tops record sea-level changes over time because they grow only within a narrow vertical range controlled by tidal variations. Scientific Importance: They act as natural tide gauges, providing long-term, continuous records of sea-level fluctuations spanning decades to centuries. Climate Studies: Used to reconstruct past sea levels and refine projections of future rise, especially critical for vulnerable low-lying islands. Conservation Relevance: Help monitor the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems, coral reef health, and coastal communities. Source: THE HINDU Ramon Magsaysay Award Category: CULTURE Context: Educate Girls, an Indian non-profit dedicated to enrolling unprivileged and out-of-school girls, has won the 2025 Ramon Magsaysay Award. Founded in Rajasthan, the organization works in rural and remote areas to address gender injustice in education, ensuring girls remain in school until they secure credentials for higher studies or employment. This is the first time an Indian organization has

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Supreme Court of India appointments Category: POLITY Context:  The Supreme Court of India has regained its full sanctioned strength of 34 judges with the swearing-in of Justices Alok Aradhe and Vipul M. Pancholi by Chief Justice B.R. Gavai. Key Appointments Their induction restored the Court to full capacity. Justice Pancholi is in line to become Chief Justice of India in 2031, retiring in May 2033. The appointments were made by a 4:1 Collegium majority, with Justice B.V. Nagarathna dissenting over seniority concerns. Background Justice Pancholi (b. 1968) started his career in Gujarat, became a Permanent Judge of Gujarat HC in 2016, and later Chief Justice of Patna HC in 2023. Justice Aradhe (b. 1964) began in Madhya Pradesh, became a Permanent Judge of MP HC, and was appointed Chief Justice of Bombay HC in 2023. Appointment Process The move ensures full strength until Chief Justice Gavai’s retirement on November 23. Despite dissent, the appointments were cleared swiftly. Learning Corner: Constitutional Provisions Article 124(2): Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India. The President consults judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts as deemed necessary. The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is appointed by convention on the basis of seniority. Retirement age: 65 years (Article 124). Evolution of Appointment Process First Judges Case (S.P. Gupta v. Union of India, 1981) Held that the President had primacy in judicial appointments. “Consultation” with CJI did not mean “concurrence.” Second Judges Case (Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, 1993) Overruled the First Judges Case. Gave primacy to the CJI’s opinion, formed with the two senior-most judges → birth of the Collegium System. Third Judges Case (1998, Presidential Reference) Expanded the Collegium to CJI + 4 senior-most judges. Made collective decision binding on appointments. Fourth Judges Case (NJAC Case, 2015) Struck down the 99th Constitutional Amendment and the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) as unconstitutional. Restored the Collegium System, citing judicial independence as part of the basic structure. Current System (Collegium) CJI + 4 senior-most SC judges recommend names to the President. The Government can send back names for reconsideration once, but if re-recommended, it is binding. Source: THE HINDU Crocothemis erythraea Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : The elusive Crocothemis erythraea dragonfly has been rediscovered in the high-altitude regions of the southern Western Ghats after decades of misidentification with the widespread Crocothemis servilia. Key Points Field studies (2019–2023) confirmed that both species coexist in the Western Ghats. Earlier photographic evidence from Munnar faced scepticism, prompting detailed surveys. C. erythraea typically inhabits high elevations across Europe, Asia, and the Himalayas; its presence in southern India suggests migration during the Pleistocene Ice Age. The rediscovery underscores the Western Ghats’ role in conserving ancient insect lineages and biodiversity. Source:  THE HINDU International Monetary Fund (IMF) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Government of India has appointed Urjit Patel, former RBI Governor, as Executive Director at the IMF for a three-year term, succeeding K.V. Subramanian. Key Details Patel will represent India in the IMF Executive Board’s four-country constituency with Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan. He previously served as RBI Governor (2016–2018), Deputy Governor, and Vice President at the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. His career includes roles at the IMF, Ministry of Finance, and leading corporations. He holds advanced economics degrees from LSE, Oxford, and Yale. Learning Corner: Overview The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a specialized UN agency established in 1944 (Bretton Woods Conference) and formally came into existence in 1945. Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA. Membership: 190 countries (as of 2025). India is a founding member. Objectives Promote international monetary cooperation. Ensure exchange rate stability and orderly exchange arrangements. Facilitate balanced growth of international trade. Provide financial assistance to members facing balance of payments difficulties. Reduce global poverty through sustainable economic growth. Structure Board of Governors: One governor from each member country (usually Finance Minister or Central Bank Governor). Executive Board: 24 Directors representing countries/constituencies; oversees day-to-day operations. Managing Director: Head of the IMF, traditionally a European. Quota System: Determines a member’s financial contribution, voting power, and access to financing. Key Functions Surveillance: Monitoring global and country-level economic developments. Financial Assistance: Provides loans to members (e.g., Extended Fund Facility, Stand-By Arrangements). Capacity Development: Technical assistance and training in fiscal policy, monetary policy, and financial systems. Important Facts for Exams India is part of a constituency with Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) act as IMF’s reserve asset. Major lending tool during crises: Stand-By Arrangements (SBA), Extended Fund Facility (EFF), Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI). Source: THE HINDU State Energy Efficiency Index Category: POLITY Context: The State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2024, released by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Statewise Top Performers Maharashtra: Group 1 (>15 MToE) Andhra Pradesh: Group 2 (5–15 MToE) Assam: Group 3 (1–5 MToE) Tripura: Group 4 (<1 MToE) Index Highlights Covers 36 States/UTs, with 66 indicators across sectors like buildings, industry, transport, agriculture, DISCOMs, and municipal services. Categories: Front Runners (>60%), Achievers (50–60%), Contenders (30–50%), Aspirants (<30%). Key reforms: Energy Conservation Building Code (24 states), EV policies (31 states), solar pumps (13 states, Kerala leads with 74%). All states/UTs have Energy Efficiency Action Plans; 31 set up State-Level Steering Committees on Energy Transition. Learning Corner: State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI): Overview The State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) is released by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in collaboration with the Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE). It tracks the progress of states and Union Territories in implementing energy efficiency policies and programs. Objectives Evaluate state-level energy efficiency initiatives. Encourage peer-to-peer learning and healthy competition among states. Support India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and net-zero targets. Coverage & Indicators Covers 36 States and UTs. Uses 66 indicators across key sectors: Buildings Industry Transport Agriculture Municipal services DISCOMs Cross-sector initiatives Scoring & Categories States/UTs are scored and grouped into four categories: Front Runners: >60% Achievers: 50–60% Contenders: 30–50% Aspirants: <30% Source: PIB Nuakhai Category: CULTURE Context: Nuakhai Festival 2025 Nuakhai is a major harvest festival celebrated

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Burmese pythons Category: ENVIRONMENT Context:  Florida authorities are testing robot rabbits to help control invasive Burmese pythons, which have devastated local wildlife due to their lack of predators and strong camouflage. Python Control Efforts Since the late 20th century, pythons have decimated native species like rabbits, birds, and even alligators. Current measures include hunting contests, tracking devices, snake-catchers, and now robot rabbits that mimic real rabbits’ heat and scent. Robot Rabbit Strategy These devices simulate body heat and behavior, luring pythons out of hiding to make capture easier. Early trials show promise in overcoming camouflage challenges. Ecological Impact Unchecked pythons have caused severe ecological imbalance. In some areas, rabbit populations have dropped by more than 95% since 1997. Future Implications If successful, robot rabbits could become a key tool in restoring Florida’s ecosystem. Learning Corner: Burmese Pythons Native to Southeast Asia, Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) are among the largest snake species in the world, capable of growing over 5 meters long. They are non-venomous constrictors, killing prey by coiling and suffocation. Introduced to Florida (likely through the pet trade), they have become a highly invasive species in the Everglades. With no natural predators in the region, they feed on a wide range of animals including mammals, birds, and even alligators. Their rapid spread has caused drastic declines in native wildlife populations, making them a major ecological threat. Control methods include hunting programs, radio-tracking, trained snake catchers, and experimental tools like robot rabbits to lure them out. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Exercise Bright Star 2025 Category: DEFENCE Context : Over 700 Indian Armed Forces personnel are set to take part in Exercise Bright Star 2025, a major multinational drill in Egypt from August 28 to September 10, 2025 Overview Bright Star, co-hosted by Egypt and the US since 1980, is one of the largest military exercises in the Middle East. The 2025 edition will see participation from 43 nations—13 with active contingents and 30 as observers. Indian Participation India’s Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel will engage in live firing, command post exercises, and modern warfare training. Expert exchanges will cover cyber warfare, logistics, and strategic communication. Significance With over 7,900 troops expected, the exercise enhances interoperability, regional security, and defence diplomacy. For India, it strengthens tri-service synergy and international military cooperation, supporting its role in peace, stability, and coalition operations. Learning Corner: Exercise Name Participants Domain Varuna India–France Naval Komodo India + multiple regional navies Naval SIMBEX India–Singapore Naval La Perouse Indo-Pacific navies Naval Sea Dragon Quad/allied navies Naval Malabar Quad (India, U.S., Japan, Australia) Naval Aikeyme India + African navies Naval India–Africa Maritime India + African nations Naval India–Philippines Drill India–Philippines Naval Talisman Sabre India + Australia, U.S., others Multi-domain Dharma Guardian India–Japan Land (Army) Cyclone India–Egypt Special Forces Shakti India–France Army Land (Army) Yudh Abhyas India–USA Land (Army) Ekuverin India–Maldives Land Khanjar India–Kyrgyzstan Land (Army) Bongosagar India–Bangladesh Naval Source:  PIB Starship Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: SpaceX’s Starship successfully completed a critical test flight, marking a major step toward Moon and Mars missions. Test Flight Highlights The 10th flight launched from Starbase, Texas, after three failed attempts. The Super Heavy booster made a controlled splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico, while Starship splashed down in the Indian Ocean after deploying eight mock Starlink satellites. Key milestones included in-orbit engine re-ignition and a reusable heat shield stress test. Features Height: 120 m – taller than Saturn V. Engines: 33 Raptor engines with ~74 meganewtons thrust, nearly twice Saturn V. Payload: 100–150 tons to LEO; up to 100 astronauts in crew configuration. Fuel: Liquid methane + oxygen. Design: Fully reusable two-stage system with largest payload volume in history. Significance The success restores confidence in Starship for NASA’s Artemis Moon mission and future Mars plans. It demonstrates reusability, massive payload capacity, and cost-effectiveness—potentially revolutionizing space access and exploration. Learning Corner: SpaceX’s Starship World’s largest rocket: At 120 meters tall, Starship is bigger than the Saturn V and designed for deep-space missions. Structure: Two-stage system — Super Heavy booster and the Starship spacecraft. Power: Powered by 33 Raptor engines using liquid methane and liquid oxygen, generating ~74 meganewtons of thrust. Capacity: Can carry 100–150 tons to low Earth orbit and up to 100 astronauts in crew configuration — the largest payload capacity ever. Reusability: Both stages are fully reusable, aiming to drastically cut launch costs and enable frequent missions. Heat shield: Equipped with a reusable heat shield to withstand re-entry from the Moon or Mars. Purpose: Developed to support NASA’s Artemis missions, future Mars colonization, and revolutionize space access through cost-effective, high-capacity launches. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Mahatma Ayyankali Category: HISTORY Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Mahatma Ayyankali on his Jayanti, honoring his legacy as a pioneering social reformer who fought caste-based discrimination and worked for the upliftment of marginalized communities in Kerala. Legacy of Ayyankali Born in 1863, he led movements like the Villuvandi (cart) journey and Kallumala struggle, challenging social inequalities. Advocated education, access to public spaces, and basic rights for Dalits, reshaping Kerala’s social fabric. His reforms laid the foundation for greater equality and continue to inspire struggles for social justice in India. Learning Corner: Mahatma Ayyankali (1863–1941) Ayyankali was a prominent social reformer from Kerala, known for challenging caste oppression and working for the upliftment of Dalits. He fought for education rights, access to public spaces, and basic dignity for oppressed communities. His famous struggles include the Villuvandi (bullock cart) movement, asserting the right of Dalits to use public roads, and the Kallumala agitation, demanding social equality and dignity for Dalit women. He also organized agricultural labourers to fight for better wages and working conditions. Ayyankali’s efforts laid the foundation for Kerala’s later progress in social justice and equality, earning him the title Mahatma. Source: PIB Amoebic Encephalitis Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Kerala has reported another case of amoebic encephalitis, a rare and often fatal brain infection, bringing the total cases this year to 42. About the Disease Caused mainly by

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Adi Karmayogi Initiative Category: POLITY Context:  Train 20 lakh tribal “change leaders” through activities like role-play, cognitive tasks, and fish bowl exercises to build problem-solving and motivation. Objectives Part of the Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan to strengthen last-mile scheme delivery. Implementation 240 State-level master trainers, 2,750 district trainers, and 15,000+ block trainers will conduct sessions across 324 districts. Each village session will involve 15 volunteers, focusing on participatory development. Key Activities “Lighting the candle” (positivity), “fish bowl” (group interaction), and role-play (community issue solving). Vision & Delivery Villagers will draft “Vision 2030” documents, visualized through public murals as governance blueprints. Adi Seva Kendras will act as single-window centers for scheme saturation. Impact Aims to foster sustainable, community-driven solutions and improve government scheme delivery in tribal regions. Learning Corner: Adi Karmayogi Initiative A government programme under Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan to strengthen last-mile delivery of schemes in tribal areas. Seeks to train 20 lakh tribal “change leaders” through participatory methods like role-play, candle-lighting, cognitive tasks, and fish bowl exercises. Multi-tier trainer structure: 240 State-level, 2,750 district-level, and 15,000+ block-level trainers covering 324 districts. Each village session involves 15 volunteers to build problem-solving and community leadership. Villagers prepare “Vision 2030” documents, visualized through public murals as aspirational governance blueprints. Adi Seva Kendras will serve as single-window centers for scheme saturation. Focus: community-driven development, participatory governance, and improved scheme utilization in tribal regions. Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan A flagship tribal welfare programme launched by the Government of India. Aims to ensure last-mile delivery and saturation of government schemes in tribal villages. Works on participatory governance by involving tribal communities in identifying local challenges and solutions. Includes the Adi Karmayogi initiative, which trains tribal “change leaders” at the village level to drive development. Encourages preparation of “Village Vision 2030” documents and community murals to guide planning and governance. Establishes Adi Seva Kendras as single-window service centres for welfare schemes. Overall focus: empowerment, capacity building, and inclusive development of tribal communities. Source: THE HINDU INS Udaygiri & INS Himgiri Commissioned Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Defence Minister Rajnath Singh commissioned two multirole stealth frigates — INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri — at Visakhapatnam Key Points Defence Minister Rajnath Singh commissioned two multirole stealth frigates — INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri — at Visakhapatnam. Part of Project 17A, with 75% indigenous components, reflecting Make in India and Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Equipped with advanced weapons, sensors, and propulsion systems; designed by the Navy’s Warship Design Bureau. Built with contributions from 200+ MSMEs, generating thousands of jobs. Strategic Impact Enhances India’s maritime strength in the Indian Ocean. Useful for maritime security, disaster relief, and humanitarian missions. Represents a leap in stealth, design, and indigenous shipbuilding capacity. Technical Highlights Combined diesel/gas propulsion, modern management systems, and high indigenous technology. Follow-on to Project 17 Shivalik-class frigates, with major improvements in stealth and combat capability. Learning Corner: Frigates Definition: Frigates are medium-sized, multi-role warships, smaller than destroyers but larger than corvettes. Role: Primarily designed for escorting naval fleets, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-air warfare (AAW), and surface warfare. Features: Equipped with modern radar, sonar, surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), anti-ship missiles, and torpedoes. Some carry helicopters for extended ASW capability. Advantages: Cost-effective compared to destroyers; versatile in both offensive and defensive naval operations. In India: The Indian Navy operates classes such as Shivalik-class (stealth frigates), Talwar-class, and is building advanced Nilgiri-class frigates under Project 17A. Global context: Frigates are a key component in modern navies due to their balance of firepower, agility, and affordability. Indian Defence Projects  Project 15A – Kolkata-class Destroyers (INS Kolkata, Kochi, Chennai) Project 15B – Visakhapatnam-class Destroyers (INS Visakhapatnam, Mormugao, Imphal, Surat – ongoing) Project 17 – Shivalik-class Stealth Frigates Project 17A – Nilgiri-class Stealth Frigates (under construction) Project 28 – Kamorta-class Anti-Submarine Warfare Corvettes Project 75 – Kalvari-class Scorpene Submarines (diesel-electric) Project 75I – Next-generation conventional submarines (future, under planning) IAC-1 – INS Vikrant (Indigenous Aircraft Carrier) IAC-2 (proposed) – Vishal-class Aircraft Carrier Source:  THE HINDU Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-1) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: To test the parachute-based deceleration system for safe crew module landing. Purpose & Method An IAF helicopter dropped a 5-tonne dummy crew capsule from 3 km altitude; parachutes deployed in sequence for splashdown simulation. Agencies Involved Supported by Indian Air Force, DRDO, and Coast Guard for materials, safety systems, and recovery. Importance Multiple tests will validate parachute safety, crew escape systems, and subsystems for human certification. Future trials will simulate ascent, descent, and on-orbit operations. Long-term Goals Gaganyaan is the foundation for India’s human spaceflight roadmap. Targets: Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035 and crewed lunar landing by 2040. Learning Corner: Gaganyaan Mission India’s first crewed spaceflight programme, led by ISRO. Objective: Send a 3-member Indian crew to low-Earth orbit (~400 km) for 3 days and return safely. Crew module designed with parachute-based deceleration, life-support, and safety systems. Supported by IAF (astronaut training), DRDO (life-support & materials), Coast Guard/Navy (recovery ops). Multiple tests include: Integrated Air Drop Tests (IADT), Pad Abort Tests, Crew Escape System trials, Uncrewed flights. Roadmap: Human spaceflight (Gaganyaan) – foundation stage. Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035. Crewed lunar landing by 2040. Significance: Boosts Aatmanirbhar Bharat in space technology, human-rating of launch vehicles, and positions India among elite spacefaring nations. Source: THE HINDU Kuttiyadi Coconut Category: ECONOMICS Context: Kuttiyadi Coconut gets GI tag Unique Qualities High-yielding: Starts fruiting in 5 years; over 150 nuts per year. Long lifespan: Productive for 100+ years. Strong trunk: Pest- and drought-resistant. Large fruits: 600–800 g (without husk), thicker kernels, high oil content. Aromatic oil: Up to 70% yield, more fragrant than other varieties. Learning Corner: Geographical Indication (GI) Tag A Geographical Indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation, or characteristics essentially linked to that location. In India, GI tags are governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, effective from 2003. It provides legal protection against unauthorized use, helps preserve traditional

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Greenfield Airports Context: The Andhra Pradesh government has drawn up plans to develop greenfield airports at Srikakulam, Bhogapuram, Tuni–Annavaram, Tadepalligudem, Ongole, Dagadarthi, Kuppam and Nagarjuna Sagar. About Greenfield Projects: A greenfield airport is a new aviation facility built from scratch on previously undeveloped land. India’s first Greenfield airport built in the northeastern region is Pakyong Airport, located in Sikkim. The development of Greenfield airports is regulated by the Greenfield Airports (GFA) Policy, 2008. As per the Policy, a State Government or an Airport Developer, willing to establish an airport is required to send a proposal to the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) for 2-stage approval i.e. ‘Site-Clearance’ followed by ‘In-Principle’ approval. Advantages of Greenfield Projects: Engineers do not have to spend time tearing down old buildings, making the construction process faster and more efficient. Enhances regional and international air travel. Helps decongest existing airports in urban areas. Encourages investment and trade in surrounding regions. Can be planned with eco-friendly measures like green energy and sustainable construction. Source: THE HINDU Collegium System Context: The Supreme Court Collegium headed by Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai on Monday recommended the elevation of the Chief Justices of the Bombay and Patna High Courts, Justices Alok Aradhe and Vipul Manubhai Pancholi, respectively, as top court judges. Appointment of judges in HCs and SC: The Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Constitution. Judges of the higher judiciary are appointed through the collegium system. The term “collegium” is not mentioned in the Indian Constitution but has been established through judicial pronouncements. Salaries, allowances, privileges, leave, and pension of Supreme Court judges are determined by Parliament. The Salaries, Pension, and Allowances of the Supreme Court Judges are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India. After retirement, a judge of the Supreme Court is prohibited from practicing law in any court in India or pleading before any government authority. Evolution of Collegium System: First Judges Case (1981): It declared that the “primacy” of the CJI’s (Chief Justice of India) recommendation on judicial appointments and transfers can be refused for “cogent reasons.” Second Judges Case (1993): It introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant “concurrence”. It added that it was not the CJI’s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the Supreme Court. Third Judges Case (1998): SC on the President’s reference (Article 143) expanded the Collegium to a five-member body, comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues. Source: THE HINDU Salwa Judum Context: A group of 18 retired judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts have penned a joint statement against Home Minister Amit Shah’s remarks on the Supreme Court’s Salwa Judum judgment, saying that such “prejudicial misinterpretation” will have a “chilling effect on the judges of the Supreme Court, shaking the independence of the judiciary”. About Salwa Judum: Meaning “Peace March” or “Purification Hunt” in the language of the Gonds, the Salwa Judum was a militia specifically mobilised with the intention of countering the Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) or naxalism in the Chhattisgarh region. It consisted of local tribal youth mobilized for resistance against outlawed armed naxalites. The group was reportedly backed by government machinery in Chhattisgarh. There were reports that Salwa Judum forcibly recruited minor boys for its armed forces. According to a survey by the Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy (FFDA), over 12,000 minors were being used by the Salwa Judum in the southern district of Dantewada. The Salwa Judum displaced large numbers of villagers. They even killed those that refused to leave, accusing them of being naxalite collaborators. Following a number of petitions, the Supreme Court ordered the state government in 2008 to refrain from allegedly supporting and encouraging the Salwa Judum. In 2011, the Supreme Court of India in a case filed by Nandini Sundar and others declared the militia to be illegal and unconstitutional, and ordered its disbanding. However, despite the order, the Salwa Judum remains a part of the auxiliary force of the state police. Other government initiatives to control Left-Wing Extremism (LWE): SAMADHAN doctrine is the one-stop solution for the LWE problem. It encompasses the entire strategy of government from short-term policy to long-term policy formulated at different levels. SAMADHAN stands for- S- Smart Leadership A- Aggressive Strategy M- Motivation and Training A- Actionable Intelligence D- Dashboard Based KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) and KRAs (Key Result Areas) H- Harnessing Technology A- Action plan for each Theatre N- No access to Financing The national strategy to counter LWE was formed in 2015 as a multipronged approach to combat LWE. Its main aim was to ensure participatory governance and protection of the rights of local tribals, inter alia. Operation Green Hunt was started in 2009-10 and massive deployment of security forces was done in the naxal-affected areas. Source: THE HINDU Vantara Context: The Supreme Court on Monday constituted a Special Investigation Team (SIT) chaired by a former top court judge, Justice J. Chelameswar, to conduct an “independent factual appraisal” of complaints and allegations of violations raised against Vantara, a zoological rescue and rehabilitation centre conceptualised by Anant Ambani at Gujarat’s Jamnagar. About Vantara: Vantara (meaning Star of the Forest) is a private, non-commercial wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre. Developed by the Reliance Foundation, it is led by Anant Ambani as a philanthropic initiative under Reliance Industries. Located inside the Jamnagar Refinery Township, Gujarat, it spans 3,500 acres in Motikhavdi village, Jamnagar district. It was inaugurated in March 2025 and it aims to provide care, conservation, and rehabilitation for injured, abandoned, and rescued animals. It contains Greens Zoological Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre (GZRRC), which covers around 650 acres with dedicated enclosures for big cats, reptiles, birds, and herbivores. It also has a specialised Elephant Centre, which is equipped with hydrotherapy pools, imaging systems, and recovery zones. It is the first-of-its-kind in India as it is the largest privately managed facility for animal welfare and biodiversity rescue. It

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Integrated Air Defence Weapon System Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted the first flight tests of the Indigenous Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) off the coast of Odisha. Key Points Purpose: Enhances India’s multi-layered air defense against aerial threats and protects strategic facilities. Components: Includes Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles (QRSAM), Very Short-Range Air Defense System (VSHORADS), and a high-power laser-based Directed Energy Weapon, all managed via a central command system. Testing: Successfully destroyed three aerial targets—two high-speed UAVs and a drone—using QRSAM, VSHORADS, and the laser weapon. Performance: All elements including radars, missiles, communication, and command systems functioned flawlessly. Learning Corner: India’s Multi-Layered Air Defence System India has developed a multi-tiered air defence shield to neutralize threats from long-range ballistic missiles to low-flying drones. The system integrates indigenous and imported platforms under centralized command and control. Long-Range / Outer Layer S-400 Triumf (Russia) – Range up to 400 km, counters stealth aircraft, cruise and ballistic missiles. Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) Program – Includes Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) and Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptors for high and low-altitude ballistic missile interception. Medium-Range Layer MR-SAM (Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile) – Jointly by DRDO & Israel; ~70 km range; used by Air Force, Army, and Navy. Akash & Akash-NG – Indigenous, ~25–70 km; protects air bases and strategic assets. Short-Range / Tactical Layer QRSAM (Quick Reaction SAM) – 25–30 km range, mobile and radar-guided. SPYDER (Israel) – 15–35 km range, counters aircraft, UAVs, and precision-guided munitions. Very Short Range / Point Defence Igla (Russia) and Indigenous VSHORADS – Man-portable missiles for last-mile defence against low-flying targets. Anti-Drone Systems – DRDO and private-sector developed, deployed at borders and sensitive installations. Directed Energy Weapons (Emerging Layer) High-Power Laser Systems (DEW) under DRDO’s Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) – tested for drone and UAV neutralization. Integrated Command & Control Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) – Nationwide radar and sensor network linking all layers for real-time surveillance, detection, and interception. Important Air Defence Systems of the World United States Patriot PAC-3: Combat-proven, medium-to-long range system against aircraft and tactical ballistic missiles. THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense): Intercepts ballistic missiles in the upper atmosphere. Aegis Combat System (Navy): Uses SM-2/SM-3/SM-6 missiles for layered defence at sea and on Aegis Ashore sites. Iron Dome (co-developed with Israel): Short-range, highly effective against rockets and UAVs. Russia S-400 Triumf: Long-range system (up to 400 km), counters stealth aircraft and ballistic missiles. S-500 Prometey: Next-generation system with anti-ballistic and anti-satellite capability. Pantsir-S1: Short-range point defence with missiles and guns, effective against drones and low-flying aircraft. Israel Iron Dome: Famous short-range system for rockets, artillery, and drones. David’s Sling: Medium-range defence against cruise missiles and tactical ballistic missiles. Arrow-2 & Arrow-3: Long-range interceptors developed with the US to counter ballistic missiles. China HQ-9: Long-range SAM, comparable to the S-300/S-400. HQ-19: Designed for ballistic missile defence. HQ-17: Short-range, mobile SAM system. Europe / NATO ASTER Missile System (France-Italy): Used on land and naval platforms, covers short to long ranges. NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System): Medium-range, deployed in many NATO countries and the US (for Washington, D.C. defence). Sky Sabre (UK): New medium-range air defence system with high accuracy. Source: THE HINDU Invasive plants Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : A new international study shows that invasive plants and animals have caused over $2.6 trillion in global damage since 1960, with costs in India severely underreported. Key Points Global Impact: Plants, arthropods, and mammals are the most damaging groups, affecting agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and infrastructure. India’s Blind Spot: Management costs are underreported by over 1,100%, reflecting weak documentation and funding. Drivers of Costs: Losses stem from both economic damage and expenses for detection, control, and eradication. Gaps: India lacks robust data, funding, and coordinated strategies, worsening ecological and financial risks. Way Forward: Experts urge stronger policies, better data systems, and global cooperation for prevention and management. Learning Corner: Invasive Species of India Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are non-native plants, animals, or microbes introduced—intentionally or accidentally—that spread rapidly, harm native biodiversity, disrupt ecosystems, and cause economic loss. India, with its rich biodiversity, is especially vulnerable. Examples of Major Invasive Species in India Plants Lantana camara – A hardy shrub from Central/South America; invades forests, suppresses native plants. Parthenium hysterophorus (Congress Grass) – From tropical America; affects agriculture, causes skin allergies and respiratory issues. Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth) – Aquatic weed from the Amazon; clogs water bodies, reduces oxygen, harms fisheries. Prosopis juliflora (Vilayati Babool) – From South America; dominates drylands, displaces native grasses. Animals Common Carp & Tilapia – Non-native fishes that outcompete local species, affecting inland fisheries. African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) – Aggressive predator, threatens native fish diversity. Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) – Damages paddy fields and aquatic vegetation. Insects / Others Papaya Mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) – Destroys papaya and other crops. Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) – Major pest in maize, spreading rapidly in India. Impacts Ecological: Displacement of native flora and fauna, habitat degradation. Economic: Heavy losses in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Health: Allergies, poisoning, and diseases linked to some species. Management in India National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) monitor IAS. Biological control: Example – Mexican beetle introduced to control Parthenium. Awareness & Policy: Need for stronger prevention, early detection, and coordinated eradication strategies. Source:  THE HINDU Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) has declared famine in parts of Gaza Key Points What is IPC: An independent global hunger monitor working with UN bodies, NGOs, and governments to assess food insecurity. Famine Criteria: Declared when 20% of people face extreme shortages, over 30% of children are acutely malnourished, and at least 2 adults (or 4 children) per 10,000 die daily from starvation or disease. Precedents: Rare—previously declared only a few times in Africa and Sudan; this is the first for Gaza. Gaza Assessment: Around 280,000 people face catastrophic hunger, with 80% of

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Khelo India Water Sports Festival (KIWSF) Category: POLITY Context:  Dal Lake in Srinagar hosted the first-ever Khelo India Water Sports Festival (KIWSF) Over 400 athletes from across India competed for 24 gold medals in Olympic-class events like rowing, canoeing, and kayaking. Demonstration sports such as water skiing, dragon boat racing, and shikara sprints showcased both modern and local traditions. The event, featuring Olympians like Arjun Lal Jat, aimed at talent identification for future Olympics and strengthening India’s water sports ecosystem. Organized by the Sports Authority of India and the Jammu & Kashmir Sports Council, it also promoted tourism by positioning J&K as a hub for winter and water sports. With nearly equal male and female participation and strong representation from states like Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Odisha, and Kerala, the festival set a new benchmark for India’s aquatic sports ambitions. Learning Corner: Dal Lake is a famous urban lake located in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, often called the “Jewel of Srinagar.” It is the second-largest lake in the Union Territory and is renowned for its houseboats, shikaras (traditional boats), and floating gardens. Geography: Spread over nearly 22 sq. km, the lake is fed by several mountain streams and is connected to other water bodies through canals. Tourism: It is one of India’s most iconic tourist attractions, offering houseboat stays, shikara rides, and views of the surrounding Himalayas. Economy: Supports livelihoods through fishing, tourism, and horticulture (floating vegetable gardens). Culture: Has deep cultural and historical significance, often featured in Kashmiri art, poetry, and films. Sports & Events: Recently transformed into a venue for water sports, including the Khelo India Water Sports Festival 2025, boosting its profile as a sports and adventure destination. Source: THE HINDU Sustainable Power 1404 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Iran launched its first naval drill since the June 2025 war with Israel Conducted by Iran’s regular navy, the exercise showcased its strength after the 12-day conflict with Israel that damaged much of its air defence and missile infrastructure. The drill featured frigates IRIS Sabalan and IRIS Ganaveh firing Nasir and Qadir cruise missiles, supported by coastal batteries, drones, electronic warfare units, and subsurface forces. Unlike other branches, Iran’s navy had escaped major losses during the war. The exercise, following recent Iran-Russia naval drills, was aimed at signaling resilience, reassuring domestic audiences, and warning adversaries like the US and Israel of Iran’s readiness for retaliation, especially amid tensions over its suspended nuclear cooperation and the threat of renewed UN sanctions. Source:  THE HINDU Piprahwa gems Category: CULTURE Context: Uttar Pradesh, are set to return to their original site after a high-profile repatriation from Hong Kong in July 2025. The Piprahwa gems, sacred relics linked to Lord Buddha and discovered in 1898 at the Piprahwa stupa in Uttar Pradesh, were repatriated from Hong Kong to India in July 2025. These treasures include bone fragments, gem-inlaid reliquaries, gold ornaments, and ritual offerings enshrined by the Buddha’s Sakya clan. Once held by the Peppé family after colonial excavations, around 300 gem-encrusted artefacts resurfaced for auction in Hong Kong with an estimated value of $13 million before the Government of India intervened to secure their permanent return. The relics were ceremonially welcomed back, with plans to place them on public display at Piprahwa, Siddharthnagar. This repatriation is seen as a landmark in heritage diplomacy, marking the restitution of one of India’s most precious Buddhist treasures once thought lost to private collections. Learning Corner: Piprahwa Gems are sacred Buddhist relics discovered in 1898 at the Piprahwa stupa in Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh. They include bone fragments, gem-studded reliquaries, gold ornaments, and ritual offerings, believed to have been enshrined by the Sakya clan of Lord Buddha. Discovery: Unearthed by British civil officer W.C. Peppé during colonial-era excavations. Significance: Considered among the earliest archaeological evidence directly linked to Lord Buddha and his relics. Heritage Journey: While most relics were deposited in the Indian Museum, Kolkata in 1899, some gems remained with the Peppé family and later surfaced in international auctions. Important Buddhist Relics in India Vaishali (Bihar): Excavations uncovered a relic casket of Buddha from a stupa, associated with the second Buddhist Council. Rajgir (Bihar): Relics related to King Bimbisara and association with Buddha’s preaching. Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh): Famous Dhamek Stupa and Ashokan pillar, with relic caskets in surrounding stupas. Kapilvastu & Kushinagar (U.P.): Kushinagar – Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana site; stupas here yielded relic caskets of Buddha’s ashes. Piprahwa linked to distribution of relics among Shakyas. Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh): Stupas housed relics of Buddha’s chief disciples, Sariputta and Mahamoggallana. These relics were taken to England during colonial times, but later returned to India. Bodh Gaya (Bihar): No physical relics of Buddha’s body but the Mahabodhi Temple is central as the site of Enlightenment. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Direct Action Day Category: HISTORY Context: Static question. Can be directly asked in prelims The Great Calcutta Killing (August 16–19, 1946), triggered by the Muslim League’s call for Direct Action Day, witnessed one of the deadliest communal riots in India’s history, with 5,000–10,000 people killed. The violence between Hindus and Muslims engulfed Calcutta, marked by rioting, arson, and brutal reprisals. The violence exposed the deepening divide between communities, worsened by political tensions between the Muslim League and the Congress over Partition. Chief Minister H.S. Suhrawardy was widely blamed for failing to control the situation, as Calcutta effectively split along religious lines—a grim preview of the Partition bloodshed in 1947.  Learning Corner: Direct Action Day (16 August 1946) Background: Post–World War II, Britain prepared to leave India but Hindu–Muslim tensions escalated. The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) had failed, particularly due to disagreement over grouping of provinces. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demanded a separate Pakistan. The Call: Jinnah announced 16 August 1946 as “Direct Action Day” to press for Pakistan. The League urged Muslims to demonstrate peacefully, but communal propaganda sharpened divides. Events: The day sparked the Great Calcutta Killings (16–19 August 1946). Riots left around 4,000 dead and thousands injured/displaced. Violence spread to Noakhali (Bengal), Bihar,

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) 6G Technology Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Roadmap to 6G Bharat 6G Vision Launched in March 2023. Goal: Position India as a global leader in 6G by 2030. Principles: Affordability, sustainability, ubiquity. Builds on India’s strong 5G foundation. Phased Implementation Phase Timeline Focus Areas Phase 1 2023–2025 Explorative R&D, proof-of-concept tests, use-case identification Phase 2 2025–2030 IP creation, testbeds, commercialization, field trials An apex council oversees spectrum, standards, ecosystem creation, and R&D funding. Key Initiatives Bharat 6G Alliance: Collaboration among academia, startups, industry, and government. 100 5G Labs: Training and capacity building for 6G skills. R&D Support: 100+ projects funded under government schemes. International Partnerships Collaborations with Japan, Finland, South Korea, Germany, US, Brazil, and UK for research and standard-setting. Global Alignment Aligned with ITU’s IMT-2030 framework. Target: At least 10% of global 6G intellectual property. Key Features of 6G Ultra-high data speeds, very low latency. Communication + sensing integration. Terrestrial and non-terrestrial seamless coverage. AI-native, energy-efficient networks. Upcoming Milestones WRC 2027: Final spectrum decisions. Commercial launch target: 2030, with domestic trials and global contributions in 2025–2030. Learning Corner: Technical Details of 6G Frequency Bands: Operates in sub-THz (100 GHz – 1 THz) and mmWave spectrum, enabling ultra-high capacity. Speed & Latency: Expected peak data rates up to 1 Tbps with latency as low as ~1 microsecond (compared to 1 ms in 5G). Network Architecture: AI-native networks for self-optimization, resource allocation, and predictive maintenance. Terrestrial + Non-Terrestrial Integration: Seamless connectivity through satellites, drones, HAPS (High Altitude Platform Stations). Cell-less Architecture: Users connect dynamically to multiple nodes instead of fixed base stations. New Features: Joint Communication & Sensing (JCAS): Networks can sense environment while transmitting data (useful for autonomous mobility, disaster management). Holographic Beamforming: Advanced antenna technologies for high-directional, energy-efficient transmission. Quantum Communication & Security: Quantum key distribution for ultra-secure links. Energy Efficiency: Designed to be 100x more energy-efficient than 5G, using intelligent sleep modes and green hardware. Applications: Holographic telepresence, immersive XR (extended reality), autonomous transport, precision healthcare, smart industries. Source: PIB Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Progress update on Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor Location: Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu Capacity: 500 MWe Agency: BHAVINI, under Department of Atomic Energy At an advanced stage of commissioning; fuel loading began in March 2024. Regulatory approvals for integrated commissioning were obtained in July 2024. First criticality expected by March 2026; full power generation by September 2026. Delays due to first-of-its-kind technological challenges are being addressed with close coordination between designers and regulators. Strategic Role Forms the second stage of India’s three-stage nuclear power programme. Uses MOX fuel (plutonium + uranium) and liquid sodium coolant. Designed to generate more plutonium than it consumes, ensuring a sustainable fuel cycle. Enables recycling of spent fuel from PHWRs and supports future thorium-based reactors. Makes India the second country after Russia to commission a commercial fast breeder reactor. Learning Corner: Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Definition: A nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it consumes, through the process of “breeding.” Fuel: Typically uses Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel — a blend of plutonium and uranium. Coolant: Commonly employs liquid sodium (due to excellent heat transfer and neutron economy). Breeding Process: Converts fertile isotopes like Uranium-238 or Thorium-232 into fissile isotopes such as Plutonium-239 or Uranium-233. Importance Enhances fuel efficiency by recycling spent nuclear fuel. Reduces nuclear waste by reusing plutonium. Supports India’s three-stage nuclear programme, particularly the transition towards thorium-based reactors in stage three. Global Context Commercial FBRs are rare; Russia operates them, and India is commissioning the 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam. Source:  PIB National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: NTCA Limits Tiger Corridors to 2014 “Least Cost” Pathways The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has restricted the recognized tiger corridors mainly to the 32 “least cost pathways” mapped in 2014. This move narrows statutory protection, making approvals for mining, infrastructure, and other development projects in tiger habitats easier. Earlier, NTCA had assured that all scientific data—such as telemetry studies, tiger conservation plans, and wildlife movement models—would be considered, but the new stance reduces scope. Conservationists warn this undermines landscape connectivity vital for tiger movement, gene flow, and survival. NTCA’s own earlier reports had stressed that least-cost routes were only the bare minimum, while broader corridors also required attention. The change benefits several pending projects but raises concerns about long-term tiger conservation and habitat security. Learning Corner: National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Establishment: 2005, under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force. Status: A statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Composition Headed by the Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Chairperson). Includes experts, NGOs, and representatives from states with tiger reserves. Functions Implement the Project Tiger scheme across India. Approve tiger conservation plans prepared by states. Lay down standards for tiger reserve management including tourism, infrastructure, and anti-poaching. Provide funding and technical support to tiger reserves. Ensure tiger corridors and habitat connectivity are maintained for long-term survival. Conduct monitoring using technologies like M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status). Importance Central authority for India’s tiger conservation strategy. Plays a key role in balancing conservation with developmental pressures in tiger landscapes. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) Category: POLITY Context: The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has directed that priority be given to women patients and relatives of deceased donors NOTTO’s Stand on Organ Donations to Women The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has directed that priority be given to women patients and relatives of deceased donors in organ allocation to address gender disparity. Between 2019 and 2023, women made up 63.8% of living organ donors, yet men received 69.8% of donated organs. Out of 56,509 donations, only 17,041 went to women. This imbalance shows that while women donate more, they receive fewer organs in return. The Transplantation of Human Organs Act (1994) and its 2011 amendment govern