Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte was arrested on March 10th on a warrant issued by the International Criminal Court (ICC), which was investigating allegations that “crimes against humanity” had been committed during his so-called “war on drugs”. Background: – During his six-year term, 6,000 suspects were gunned down as part of his “war on drugs” campaign. A UN report subsequently revealed that most of the victims were young, poor urban males, and that “the police who do not need search or arrest warrants to conduct house raids, systematically forced suspects to make self-incriminating statements or risk facing lethal force,”. Key takeaways The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent international tribunal established to prosecute individuals for serious crimes like genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression. The Rome Statute, the treaty that established the ICC, was adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002 after being ratified by 60 countries. As of January 2025, 125 countries are party to the Rome Statute, including Britain, Japan, Afghanistan, and Germany. India, China, and the United States are not members. So far, 32 cases have come before the ICC, which is composed of 18 judges who are elected by the member states and serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms.  The ICC is composed of four main organs: The Presidency: Responsible for the administration of the Court, except for the Office of the Prosecutor. Judicial Divisions: Pre-Trial Division: Handles preliminary examinations, investigations, and issuance of arrest warrants. Trial Division: Conducts trials and issues verdicts. Appeals Division: Reviews appeals against decisions made by the Trial Division. Office of the Prosecutor (OTP): Responsible for conducting investigations and prosecutions. Registry: Provides administrative and operational support to the Court, including victim and witness protection, legal aid, and public outreach. The ICC has jurisdiction over the following crimes: Genocide: Acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. Crimes Against Humanity: Widespread or systematic attacks directed against civilians, including murder, enslavement, torture, and sexual violence. War Crimes: Serious violations of international humanitarian law during armed conflicts, such as targeting civilians, using child soldiers, and destroying property. Crime of Aggression: The use of armed force by a state against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of another state. Key Principles Complementarity: The ICC acts as a court of last resort, intervening only when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute. Individual Criminal Responsibility: The ICC prosecutes individuals, not states or organizations. Non-Retroactivity: The Court can only prosecute crimes committed after the Rome Statute entered into force (1 July 2002). Jurisdiction: The ICC can exercise jurisdiction if the crimes were committed by a State Party national, or in the territory of a State Party, or in a State that has accepted the jurisdiction of the Court; or the crimes were referred to the ICC Prosecutor by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Source: Indian Express THE DANDI MARCH AND BEYOND Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – HISTORY Context: Today (12 March) marks the 95th anniversary of the historic salt march led by Mahatma Gandhi from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in Gujarat. The 24-day march from  ended with the defiance of the law after he made salt at Dandi marking the inauguration of the civil disobedience movement. Background: – The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly in the manufacture and sale of salt. Even though salt was freely available on the coasts, Indians were forced to buy it from the colonisers. Gandhi decided that if there was any one product through which civil disobedience could be inaugurated, then it was salt. Key takeaways On 6 April 1930, Gandhi along with his followers defiantly broke the salt law by manufacturing salt from the sea. With this, the movement spread throughout the countryside. The British government declared the Indian National Congress as illegal. Gandhi informed the Viceroy that he was going to raid the government salt works at Dharasana. Before he could proceed, he was arrested and sent to Yeravda Central Jail. After Gandhi’s arrest, Mr. Abbas Tyabji, took over the march to Dharsana but he was also arrested. Sarojini Naidu succeeded Abbas Tyabji who led the march but was met with police brutality.  Several Colonial laws were broken along with a boycott of foreign cloth and liquor.  In Bengal, volunteers led by Satish Chandra Dasgupta walked from Sodepur Ashram to the village of Mahisbathan to make salt. K.F Nariman in Bombay led another group of marchers to Haji Ali Point where they prepared salt at a nearby park. The anti-chowkidari (village police) tax along with non-payment of rent was followed in the raiyatwadi areas. There were many violent confrontations with the police and massive tribal invasions of forests in Central Provinces, Maharashtra, and Karnataka. In the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, popularly known as the Frontier Gandhi, raised a band of non-violent volunteers known as the Khudai Khidmatgars (Red Shirts), who played an active role in the movement. In Chittagong, revolutionaries headed by Surjaya Sen launched a campaign against the British. They seized the local armoury and an Independence Proclamation was made in the name of the ‘Independent Republican Army’ and fought a pitched battle on the Jalalabad hill leading to the death of several revolutionaries. C. Rajagopalachari led the Civil Disobedience movement in Tamil Nadu. He organised a march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore coast to break the salt law in April 1930. In Malabar, Congress leader, Kelappan, organised the salt march.  Similarly, in Orissa, the Civil Disobedience movement was carried out under the leadership of Gopabandhu Chaudhary. In Bihar, leaders like Ram Briksha Benipuri, Prof Abdul Bari and Acharya Kripalani led the movement. Source: Indian Express DELHI’S AIR WORST AMONG CAPITALS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: According to the World Air Quality Report 2024 by Swiss air quality monitoring company IQAir, Delhi has been ranked as the world’s most polluted national capital for the sixth consecutive year. The report also highlights that 13 of the 20 most

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) THE STORY OF CHAGOS Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Ahead of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s two-day visit to Mauritius this week, India affirmed its support for the island country’s claim over the Chagos archipelago. Background: – Chagos has long been the subject of a dispute between Mauritius and the UK, which held on to these islands for decades after granting independence to Mauritius in 1968. Key takeaways The Chagos archipelago comprises more than 60 low-lying islands in the Indian Ocean roughly 1,600 km to the northeast of the main island of Mauritius. Diego Garcia is the largest island of the Chagos Archipelago. Chagos was uninhabited for most of its history. The Portuguese used the Chagos islands as a stopover in voyages around the Cape of Good Hope to India. But it was only in the 18th century that the first permanent settlements emerged. France became the first power to officially plant its flag on Chagos. The French had earlier set up Indian Ocean colonies in Île Bourbon (now Réunion) in 1665, Isle de France (now Mauritius) in 1715, and the Seychelles in 1744. By 1786, a number of fishing settlements and coconut plantations was established. The labour for these enterprises was supplied by slaves from Mauritius, the Seychelles, Madagascar, and East Africa. In 1814, after the fall of the Napoleonic Empire, France formally ceded Mauritius, including Chagos, and the Seychelles to Britain. After Britain abolished slavery in its colonies in 1833, indentured labour from India and Malaya was brought to the plantations. The Chagossian population today traces its origins to freed African slaves, and the Indian and Malayan labourers who arrived in the 18th and 19th centuries. Under international law, they are the indigenous people of the Chagos archipelago. British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) & Diego Garcia base Mauritius became independent on March 12, 1968. But Britain kept control of Chagos.  In 1965, the UK had created a new administrative entity — the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) — which included the Chagos islands from Mauritius, and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches from the Seychelles (these were restored to the Seychelles when the country received its independence in 1976). In 1966, the UK and the US signed a secret agreement to establish a military base in Diego Garcia. In 1971, when the US began to construct the Diego Garcia base, islanders were forcibly deported to Mauritius and the Seychelles. The roughly 2,000-strong native population was expelled. The 2024 agreement In 2017, the UN General Assembly voted to ask the International Court of Justice to examine the legal status of the archipelago. The ICJ concluded that the UK is under an obligation to bring to an end its administration of the Chagos Archipelago. A deal was struck between the UK and Mauritius in 2024. Britain recognised Mauritius’ claim over all of Chagos, including Diego Garcia — however, the deal said that the UK would, for a 99-year initial period, exercise “the sovereign rights [over Diego Garcia] and authorities of Mauritius are required to ensure the continued operation of the base well into the next century”. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL BOARD FOR WILDLIFE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: More than 10 years after assuming office, Prime Minister Narendra Modi chaired his first-ever meeting of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) last week. Background: – The last full-body NBWL meeting was held on September 5, 2012, chaired by then PM Manmohan Singh. The PM is the ex officio chairman of the NBWL. Key takeaways The present-day National Board for Wildlife was created in 2003 after amending The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. The NBWL is the country’s apex body on matters of framing wildlife policy, conservation of wildlife and forests, and on giving recommendations to set up new national parks and sanctuaries. The NBWL consists of 47 members with the Prime Minister as its chairperson and the Union environment minister its vice-chairperson. The NBWL has a standing committee, to which are delegated key tasks such as appraising projects situated on forest lands inside and around national parks and sanctuaries as well as projects within 10-km of protected areas.  The standing committee’s decisions are recommendatory, which the environment ministry can overrule. Why has the board recently faced criticism? Over the past decade, the NBWL has cleared several controversial projects in and around wildlife habitats. These include the Ken Betwa river linking project’s Daudhan Dam, which will submerge nearly 100 sqkm of Panna Tiger Reserve, and an oil exploration project of Vedanta in the eco-sensitive zone of the Hollongapar Gibbon sanctuary, home to the endangered Hoolock Gibbon, India’s only ape species. Also, in 2021, the Galathea Bay Sanctuary in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a nesting site of leatherback sea turtles, was denotified. After the BJP came to power in 2014, the NBWL was reconstituted. The move faced allegations of dilution of powers, as only three non-governmental members were appointed. The last standing committee of the UPA era had seven members not linked to the government — four conservation experts, and three representing non-governmental organisations. Source: Indian Express RECESSION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: US stocks have plunged, the constant talk of tariffs has caused uncertainty, and a survey has shown that mood among American consumers is pessimistic, even as an economic adviser to President Donald Trump has dismissed talks of a recession in the US economy. Background: At its simplest, in any economy, a recessionary phase is the counterpart of an expansionary phase. Key takeaways When the overall output of goods and services — typically measured by the GDP — increases from one quarter (or month) to another, the economy is said to be in an expansionary phase. And when the GDP contracts from one quarter to another, the economy is said to be in a recessionary phase. Together, these two phases create what is called a “business cycle” in any economy. A full business cycle could last anywhere between one year and a decade. When a recessionary phase sustains for long enough, it

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) POLICIES OF DONALD TRUMP Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: During his campaign, Donald Trump promised a new era of prosperity. Now, two months into his presidency, he cautions that lowering prices will be challenging and warns of short-term disruptions before restoring wealth to the U.S. Background: – A chorus of economic analysts have warned in recent days that the risks of recession due to Trump’s policies are rising. Key takeaways Threatening/imposing import tariffs Trump has threatened import tariffs on all countries. Tariffs will most likely raise prices that US consumers pay. This will both raise inflation (the rate at which the general price level rises over the past year) and hit affordability (which takes into account the cumulative effect of all past inflations). Tariffs will also hit US firms as their import costs will go up, meaning they will not be able to produce in a cost-effective manner. Canada, the European Union, and China all are retaliating with their own tariffs. This will also hit the demand for US goods, and thus ultimately harm US producers. Threatening to expand us territory Trump has repeatedly threatened to expand American territory by including sovereign countries as new “states” in the union. For example, Canada and Greenland. Such rhetoric has made all countries aware of an imperialist US. This extinguishes co-operation and trust built over decades, and blows away the US reputation as the global protector of national sovereignty and democratic values. Backtracking on security guarantees The White House’s backtracking on US security guarantees to allies — through NATO and other ways — has alarmed many. Trump’s treatment of Ukraine President and his decision to withhold military intelligence in the middle of a war with Russia was unprecedented. The bottom line is that Trump’s stance has made the United States’ long-standing allies reconsider if Washington can be trusted anymore. Cutting government spending Trump aims to reduce the federal workforce and cut government spending by eliminating programs and even entire departments. A big reason for American exceptionalism, especially after the Global Crisis of 2008 and the Covid, has been the big spending by US governments, fuelled by a loose monetary policy where the US printed money to fuel demand. (The US could do so because the US dollar is trusted and used the world over.) The government used this money to expand its welfare programmes. Thus, a sudden and sharp cut in government spending could take away the impetus it was providing to domestic demand and growth. Deporting illegal immigrants Donald Trump has amped up action against illegal immigrants, deporting thousands. If millions are pulled out of the workforce over a short period, it can raise labour constraints. US producers may find that wages costs have risen far in excess of their ability to pass on the cost to their buyers. Cutting taxes, initiating deregulation Trump is in favour of cutting taxes, as well initiating massive deregulation. The fact is that the fiscal room for providing tax relief can only happen when the existing spending comes down sharply, otherwise the deficit will continue to balloon. Over the decades, the US had built up regulations that aimed at providing safeguards for consumers and establishing guardrails against corporate malfeasance. Deregulation can then also lead to adverse impacts on the average consumer. Source: Indian Express GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND PROJECT Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: During the ongoing Rajya Sabha session Union Tribal Affairs Minister Jual Oram said that the government has not received any information about objections to the Great Nicobar Infrastructure project. Background: – The Great Nicobar Island (GNI) infrastructure project was conceived by NITI Aayog and launched in 2021. Key takeaways The Great Nicobar Island Development Project is a significant infrastructure initiative by the Government of India, aiming to transform the southern tip of Great Nicobar Island into a strategic hub for commerce, tourism, and defense. Key plans in the project include the construction of an International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT), a greenfield international airport with a peak hour capacity to handle 4,000 passengers, a township, and a gas and solar-based power plant. The project is being implemented by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO).  It aligns with India’s Maritime Vision 2030 and is one of the key projects under the Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.  It also gives an opportunity to leverage the strategic location of the island, which is roughly equidistant from Colombo in Sri Lanka to the southwest and Port Klang (Malaysia) and Singapore to the southeast. Additional Information – About Andaman & Nicobar The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a cluster of 836 islands, split into two groups — the Andaman Islands to the north and the Nicobar Islands to the south — by the 150-km wide Ten Degree Channel. Great Nicobar is the southernmost and largest of the Nicobar Islands, a sparsely inhabited 910-sq-km patch of mainly tropical rainforest in the southeastern Bay of Bengal. Indira Point on the island, India’s southernmost point, is only 90 nautical miles (less than 170 km) from Sabang at the northern tip of Sumatra, the largest island of the Indonesian archipelago. Great Nicobar has two national parks (Campbell Bay National Park and Galathea National Park), a biosphere reserve (Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve ), small populations of the Shompen and Nicobarese tribal peoples, and a few thousand non-tribal settlers. Source: Indian Express INDIAS CHOICE BETWEEN PROGRESS AND PAROCHIALISM Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: India stands at a critical juncture, caught between the anvil of technological disruption and the hammer of cultural nationalism. While the Union government champions economic independence and global technological leadership – its linguistic policies risk undermining these ambitions. Background: The call by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) chief recently to reject English, western attire, and customs – echoed by Maharashtra’s push for Marathi use/promotion to be mandatory in government offices – reveals a deepening crisis. Key takeaways English, one of India’s official languages, and also the de-facto medium of higher education, remains accessible to just 10% of Indians. This staggering disparity is not incidental but also a product of political choices,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) LAWS GOVERNING IMPORT OF GOLD Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A Special Court of Economic Offences in Bengaluru rejected the bail plea of Kannada actor Ranya Rao, who was arrested for allegedly smuggling over 14 kilograms of gold on a flight from Dubai to Bengaluru. Background: – Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) officials called it one of the biggest seizures of gold at Bengaluru airport in recent times. Key takeaways Until its repeal in 1990, the Gold (Control) Act, 1968, curbed gold imports and placed heavy restrictions on the acquisition, possession, and disposal of gold in India. However, with liberalisation in 1990s, the government modified its approach, imposing an import duty on gold. Now, gold imports are largely governed under the Customs Act, 1962, and by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC).  The customs duty for gold may differ depending on the amount of gold carried by a passenger and the duration spent abroad before traveling back to India, as per the Baggage Rules, 2016 (issued under the Customs Act). Under these rules, a man residing abroad for over a year may carry up to 20 grams of jewellery duty free (with a value cap of Rs 50,000) and a woman may similarly carry up to 40 grams (with a cap of Rs 1 lakh).  The CBIC also has specific guidelines for Indian passengers returning from Dubai after residing there for over six months, allowing them to carry up to 1 kg of gold as long as the applicable customs duty is paid. In 2003, the Supreme Court held that any article imported without complying with the relevant conditions or restrictions must be considered a “prohibited good”. Such goods are liable to be confiscated under Section 111 and punished under Section 112 of the Customs Act.  The punishment may include a fine of up to the value of the goods. Section 135 provides a punishment of up to 7 years imprisonment if the market price of the smuggled goods exceeds Rs. 1 lakh. Smuggling is also punishable under Section 111 (Organised Crime) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, which punishes “trafficking in illicit goods” with imprisonment of at least five years, extendable to life imprisonment.  The UAPA also carries the same punishment for smuggling as a “terrorist act” under Section 15 if it causes “damage to the monetary stability of India”. Source: Indian Express DIFFERENT TYPES OF BONDS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrBs) in India has received a luke response. The two new SGrBs worth Rs 10,000 crore auctioned in November and January faced muted response as bonds valued at Rs 7,443 crore remained unsold. This came despite a rule change allowing NRIs and foreign portfolio investors to participate without restrictions. Background: – The government’s inability to raise adequate proceeds through bonds increases fiscal constraints. Key takeaways A bond is an instrument to borrow money. A bond could be floated/issued by a country’s government or by a company to raise funds.  Since government bonds (referred to as G-secs in India, Treasury in the US, and Gilts in the UK) come with the sovereign’s guarantee, they are considered one of the safest investments. As a result, they also give the lowest returns on investment (or yield). The yield of a bond is the effective rate of return that it earns. But the rate of return is not fixed — it changes with the price of the bond. Sovereign Green Bonds Sovereign green bonds (SGrBs) are those that are issued by sovereign entities, like the Government of India, which formulated a framework for issuing such bonds in 2022.  The framework defines “green projects” as those that encourage energy efficiency in resource utilisation, reduce carbon emissions, promote climate resilience, and improve natural ecosystems. Masala Bonds Masala Bonds are rupee-denominated bonds i.e. the funds would be raised from the overseas market in Indian rupees.  According to RBI, any corporate, body corporate, and Indian bank is eligible to issue rupee-denominated bonds overseas. Advantages of Masala Bonds : Lower Cost of Borrowing: Interest rates may be lower compared to domestic borrowing. Diversification of Funding Sources: Enables Indian companies to access global capital markets. Boosts Rupee Internationalization: Encourages wider acceptance of the Indian rupee in global finance. Foreign Investors Bear Currency Risk: If the rupee depreciates, investors receive fewer dollars upon conversion, making it riskier for them. Social Impact Bonds Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) are innovative financial instruments designed to fund social programs through a results-based approach.  Unlike traditional bonds, SIBs do not provide fixed returns to investors. Instead, returns are linked to the achievement of predefined social outcomes (e.g., reducing unemployment, improving public health, or enhancing education). How SIBs Work? Government/Authority Identifies a Social Issue: A government or public sector entity defines a social problem that needs intervention. Investors Provide Upfront Capital: Private investors or philanthropic organizations fund the project. Service Providers Implement the Program: Non-profits or social enterprises execute interventions to achieve the desired impact. Independent Evaluation: Third-party assessors measure the project’s success based on pre-agreed metrics. Outcome-Based Repayment: If the project meets its goals, the government repays investors with a return. If the project fails, investors may lose part or all of their investment. Key Features Pay-for-Success Model: Government pays only if the intervention achieves measurable results. Risk Transfer: Shifts financial risk from the public sector to private investors. Encourages Innovation: Service providers have flexibility in implementing evidence-based solutions. Examples of Social Impact Bonds : India’s Educate Girls Development Impact Bond (2015): Focused on improving girls’ education in Rajasthan. Source: Indian Express CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS (CMES) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have reported observations of a flareless coronal mass ejection (CME) from the solar atmosphere with the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) instrument onboard Aditya-L1 mission. Background: The Aditya-L1 mission is India’s first scientific mission dedicated to studying the sun. Key takeaways Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are massive bursts of solar plasma and

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) HEATWAVE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), there is a high probability of heatwave conditions in isolated places in Odisha during March 13-17; Jharkhand during March 14-17, and Gangetic West Bengal on March 15-17. Background: – A heatwave is basically a period of unusually high temperatures over a place. Thus, the threshold to declare a heatwave depends on the temperatures normally seen in that area in that time of the year. So what is considered a heatwave in Kerala will not be called that in Odisha. Key takeaways The India Meteorological Department (IMD) declares a heat wave based on the following temperature thresholds and deviations: Based on Absolute Temperature (Plains & Hilly Areas) Heat Wave: When the maximum temperature reaches ≥ 40°C in the plains or ≥ 30°C in hilly areas. Severe Heat Wave: When the maximum temperature reaches ≥ 47°C in the plains. Based on Temperature Departure from Normal Heat Wave: If the maximum temperature is 4.5°C to 6.4°C above the normal temperature for a given location. Severe Heat Wave: If the maximum temperature is ≥ 6.5°C above normal. For Coastal Regions A heat wave is declared when the maximum temperature reaches ≥ 37°C and is 4.5°C or more above normal. Duration Requirement : A location must experience these criteria for at least two consecutive days for IMD to declare a heat wave. Heatwaves in India occur mainly from March to June and in some cases, July. Source: Indian Express ASSAM RIFLES Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: In a development towards addressing a long-standing issue, a ceremonial transfer of land between Assam Rifles and Mizoram government took place to mark the relocation of paramilitary force from areas in the heart of Aizawl to Zokhawsang, 15 km away from the city. Background: – Assam Rifles will give 106.853 acres of land in Aizawl, while the Mizoram government has given 1305.15 acres on lease to the Assam Rifles in Zokhawsang. Mizoram CM said the transfer, “will greatly facilitate the process, freeing up valuable space and resources, that can be redirected towards the development of our city and improving the quality of life for our citizens”. Key takeaways The Assam Rifles (AR) is one of the six central armed police forces (CAPFs). The AR is tasked with maintaining law and order in the Northeast along with the Indian Army. It also guards the Indo-Myanmar border. It is the only paramilitary force with a dual control structure. While the administrative control of the force is with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), its operational control is with the Indian Army, which is under the Ministry of Defence (MoD). Due to the dual control structure, salaries and infrastructure for the force is provided by the MHA, but the deployment, posting, transfer and deputation of the personnel is decided by the Army. All its senior ranks, from DG to IG and sector headquarters, are manned by officers from the Army. The Force is commanded by an officer of the rank of Lieutenant General of the Army. The highest HQ of the force known as the HQ Directorate General of Assam Rifles is located at Shillong.  Assam Rifles is a region specific force with its operational role in the North East and therefore the HQ DGAR is also located in the East. The HQs of all other Central Para Military Forces are located at Delhi. Its recruitment, perks, promotion of its personnel and retirement policies are governed according to the rules framed by the MHA for CAPFs. Historical Evolution According to the official website of Assam Rifles, the AR came into being in 1835, as a militia called the ‘Cachar Levy’. This Force was formed to primarily protect British Tea estates and their settlements against tribal raids. 1917 – Renamed Assam Rifles in recognition of its role in World War I. World War II – Played a critical role against the Japanese advance. The post-independence role of the Assam Rifles continued to evolve, ranging from a conventional combat role during the Sino-India War in 1962, operating in foreign land as part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka in 1987 (Op Pawan), to a peacekeeping role in the northeastern areas of India. It remains the most awarded paramilitary force in both pre- and post-Independence India, having won a very large number of Shaurya Chakras, Kirti Chakras, Vir Chakras, Ashok Chakras, and Sena Medals. Source: Indian Express CAR T-CELL THERAPY Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The clinical trial results of India’s first CAR T-cell therapy, published in The Lancet, show that it worked for nearly 73 per cent of patients. These results come from the Phase I and II trials of the therapy, where researchers assess its safety and effectiveness against a given condition.  Background: This is the first clinical trial of a CAR T-cell therapy from India to be published in an international journal. The treatment developed in India is meant for patients with two types of blood cancers that affect the B cells — acute lymphoblastic leukemia and large B cell lymphomas. Key takeaways  CAR T-cell therapy, or chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, trains the body’s own immune cells to identify and destroy cancer cells. This treatment is designed for specific types of blood cancer and is given to patients whose cancer has either relapsed or not responded to first-line treatment. India’s drug regulator had granted approval for this therapy in 2023. It is now available at several hospitals across India, including Apollo, Fortis, Amrita and Max, among others. Given that the treatment is novel and intended for cancer patients with no other options, the regulator allowed the company — a start-up incubated in IIT Bombay called ImmunoAct — to forgo a large Phase III clinical trial to demonstrate its efficacy in a broader population. However, the company must follow up with all patients who receive the therapy for 15 years. While the response rate was

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) BODO ACCORD Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah said the Union and state governments had implemented “82%” of the conditions in the 2020 Bodo Accord and would implement the remainder in the next two years. Background: – The Bodo issue in Assam is rooted in the ethnic and political aspirations of the Bodo community, demanding a separate state called Bodoland. The movement has witnessed violent insurgency, peace accords, and formation of autonomous councils. The 2020 Bodo Accord is the third such agreement aimed at resolving the Bodo issue. Key takeaways Who are the Bodos? Bodos are the largest tribal community in Assam, constituting about 5-6% of the state’s population. Historically, Bodos ruled vast parts of Assam before losing their dominance. Timeline of the Bodo Movement Phase 1: Initial Demand for Separate State (1966-67) The demand for Bodoland was first raised by the Plains Tribals Council of Assam (PTCA). PTCA demanded a separate state for Bodos and other plains tribals. Phase 2: Rise of ABSU & Armed Struggle (1987) In 1987, the All Bodo Students’ Union (ABSU) renewed the demand, raising the slogan, “Divide Assam Fifty-Fifty”. Rise of armed insurgency groups, mainly the Bodo Liberation Tigers (BLT) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB). Phase 3: First Bodo Accord (1993) Signed between the Government of India, Government of Assam, and ABSU. Led to the creation of the Bodoland Autonomous Council (BAC). However, BAC failed due to lack of constitutional protection and administrative powers. Phase 4: Second Bodo Accord (2003) Signed between the Government of India, Government of Assam, and Bodo Liberation Tigers Force (BLTF). Led to the creation of the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. BTC governed four districts – Kokrajhar, Baksa, Chirang, Udalguri (Bodoland Territorial Area Districts – BTAD). However, factions of NDFB continued insurgency, demanding full statehood. Phase 5: Third Bodo Accord (2020) – Signed between Government of India, Assam Government, and four factions of NDFB. Key Provisions: BTAD will be renamed as Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR). No separate state but more autonomy to BTC with increased legislative, administrative, and financial powers. Withdrawal of cases against Bodo militants and rehabilitation of cadres. Establishment of Bodo-Kachari Welfare Council The Government of Assam will notify Bodo language in Devanagri script as the associate official language in the state. Source: Indian Express MENHIR Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Mudumal megalithic menhirs in Telangana’s Narayanpet district will soon be the second UNESCO World Heritage Site in the state, after being one of the six Indian sites to be added to the tentative list by the World Heritage Centre in 2025. Background: – The menhir’s in Mudumal, dated to roughly 3,500 to 4,000 before present (BP), are the oldest known menhirs in India. Key takeaways A menhir is a standing or an upright stone, which is usually tapered at the top. It is man-made, in that it is sculpted and placed by humans, and usually quite large. How old are menhirs? Why were they erected? The ones in Europe were originally associated with the Beaker culture who lived during the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age — roughly 4,800 to 3,800 before present (BP). But the oldest European menhirs are today dated to as early as 7,000 BP. Menhirs can either be found alone, or as a part of a larger complex of prehistoric megaliths, simply, large stone structures.  While the exact purpose is debated, they likely served ceremonial functions. Some were markers of graves, while others might have served some astronomical purposes. The Mudumal site has been described as a “megalithic astronomical observatory” by the UNESCO dossier. “Some menhirs are aligned with the rising and setting sun during the summer and winter solstices, suggesting their use as an ancient observatory,” the dossier says. Today, the Mudumal menhirs are closely associated with local legend, with “one particular menhir being worshipped as Goddess Yellamma”. Why Menhirs deserve UNESCO recognition? First, they give us insight into the ingenuity of early humans. Not only do these tonnes-heavy stones need a solid understanding of physics to be sculpted and move to precise locations, the precision of their placement itself tells us how much our ancestors knew about astronomy and solstices. Second, they give us insight into how the cultures who built them saw and understood the world. The effort taken to build these megalithic structures tells us that they were undoubtedly meaningful to the people who built them. This in turn can help us better understand these cultures who have left no written material for the historical record. Source: Indian Express COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Supreme Court decided to examine a plea challenging the sole prerogative of the Centre, acting through the President, to appoint the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Background: The petitioner, Centre for Public Interest Litigation, referred to recent “deviations” in the CAG’s work, including reports on the “pause” in Maharashtra audits, a steady decline on audits on the Union government, the shelving of the performance audit on ‘debt sustainability’, allegations of corruption in recruitment to several vacancies in the CAG, among others. Key takeaways The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is the supreme audit authority of the country. CAG acts as the guardian of public finances and ensures transparency in government spending. It is an independent constitutional authority, established under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution. Appointment & Tenure Appointed by the President of India. Holds office for 6 years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier. Removal process similar to that of a Supreme Court judge (cannot be removed except on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity, requiring a special majority in Parliament). The CAG performs the following key functions: Auditing Audit of Union Government: Examines the accounts of the central government. Audit of State Governments: Audits the accounts of state governments. Audit of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs): Reviews the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIA AND NEW ZEALAND SIGN DEFENCE PACT Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: India signed a defence cooperation pact with New Zealand and agreed to step up dialogue to enhance maritime safety after Prime Minister Narendra Modi met the visiting Prime Minister of New Zealand, Christopher Luxon. Background: – The recent developments mark a new phase in India-New Zealand relations, characterized by stronger defence partnerships, economic cooperation, and strategic alignment in the Indo-Pacific. Key takeaways Defence and Security Cooperation India and New Zealand signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for Defence Cooperation, aiming to institutionalize and strengthen defence and security collaboration. Both sides emphasized maritime security and the safety of sea lanes of communication, given the strategic significance of the Indo-Pacific. India raised concerns about pro-Khalistan activities in New Zealand, with assurances of cooperation from the New Zealand government. Geopolitical Outlook Prime Minister Modi stated that India believes in development, not expansionism, indirectly addressing China’s assertive regional policies. PM Luxon emphasized New Zealand’s cooperation with like-minded countries in countering regional threats but clarified that New Zealand has no intention of joining the Quad (India, US, Australia, Japan). Economic and Trade Relations India and New Zealand agreed to launch negotiations on a mutually beneficial Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Total bilateral trade stood at US$ 1.75 billion in 2023-24, with India importing wool, iron & steel, fruits, and aluminium while exporting pharmaceuticals, machinery, textiles, and precious stones. Both countries aim to increase investment and cooperation in dairy, food processing, and pharmaceuticals. People-to-People Ties and Diplomatic Expansion New Zealand announced a 60% increase in its diplomatic presence in India, signaling stronger engagement. The Indian community is the third-largest ethnic group in New Zealand, contributing significantly to the country’s workforce, especially in skilled migration and education. In 2026, India and New Zealand will celebrate 100 years of sporting relations, recognizing the significance of cricket and other sports in fostering cultural ties. Source: The Hindu IUCN GREEN LIST Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: The IUCN Green List is seeing growth with the addition of four new listings from West Asia, marking a positive trend toward effective and equitable area-based conservation. Background: – Four new sites included are Sharaan Nature Reserve and King Abdulaziz Royal Nature Reserve of Saudi Arabia, Aqaba Marine Reserve of Jordan and Sir Bu Nair Protected Area from UAE. Key takeaways The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas is a global initiative aimed at recognizing and promoting effective, equitable, and successful management of protected and conserved areas worldwide.  It serves as a benchmark for quality in nature conservation, ensuring that these areas deliver tangible benefits for both people and nature. Objectives of the IUCN Green List: Enhance Conservation Outcomes: Increase the number of protected and conserved areas that achieve successful conservation results through effective management and governance.  Provide a Global Benchmark: Offer a globally consistent standard to measure and improve the performance of protected and conserved areas.  The IUCN Green List Standard is structured around four key components, each encompassing specific criteria: Good Governance: Ensures that the area is managed transparently, inclusively, and accountably, respecting the rights of stakeholders and indigenous communities.  Sound Design and Planning: Focuses on clear, long-term conservation goals based on a comprehensive understanding of the area’s natural, cultural, and socio-economic values.  Effective Management: Involves implementing strategies and actions that are efficient, adaptive, and based on the best available knowledge to maintain or enhance the area’s values.  Successful Conservation Outcomes: Measures the achievement of tangible and positive results in conserving the area’s values, contributing to biodiversity and ecosystem health.  The path to Green List certification involves several stages: Application Phase: Protected areas submit an application and provide initial documentation demonstrating commitment to the Green List indicators.  Candidate Phase: Upon acceptance, the site undergoes a thorough evaluation against all criteria, including stakeholder consultations and site visits.  Green List Phase: Successful sites are awarded Green List status, recognized for their excellence in conservation, and are subject to periodic reviews to ensure ongoing compliance.  There are no Indian sites listed on the IUCN Green List Source: IUCN FIVE EYES ALLIANCE Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: In a major step for cooperation on global security, intelligence chiefs and national security advisers of several countries including three members of the Five Eyes alliance have gathered in New Delhi. Besides key meetings, the intel chiefs will attend The Raisina Dialogue – a multilateral conference organised by the Observer Research Foundation and India’s Ministry of External Affairs. Background: Once a covert intelligence-sharing network, Five Eyes has evolved into an expansive global surveillance apparatus, operating with little accountability. While some nations have challenged its overreach, the dominance of the US and UK has ensured that, in most cases, its actions remain shielded from meaningful consequences. Key takeaways The Five Eyes (FVEY) is an intelligence-sharing alliance comprising five English-speaking countries: United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Origins and Evolution The alliance originated during World War II with the UKUSA Agreement (1946) between the United States and the United Kingdom, later expanding to include Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It was initially focused on signals intelligence (SIGINT), particularly intercepting Soviet communications during the Cold War. Over time, the alliance has expanded its scope to counterterrorism, cyber threats, and geopolitical intelligence sharing. Significance and Role The Five Eyes countries share classified intelligence, gathered through various means, including electronic surveillance, cybersecurity monitoring, and human intelligence. It is one of the most comprehensive intelligence alliances in the world, with vast capabilities in surveillance, counterespionage, and cybersecurity. The alliance also cooperates on emerging threats like China’s growing technological influence, Russian cyber activities, and terrorism networks. Source: Indian Express WHITE HYDROGEN Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: France has discovered a massive 46-million-ton white hydrogen reserve in the Moselle region, valued at $92 trillion. Background: – Hydrogen is considered the future of clean energy. Unlike solar or wind energy, it produces only water when burned. 

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) DARA SHIKOH Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: Dara Shikoh is often invoked as the nemesis of Aurangzeb. March 20th marks the birth anniversary of Dara Shikoh, who was born in 1615. Background: – Dara Shikoh was the eldest son of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan and was engaged in an intense battle of succession. Key takeaways Dara Shikoh strove to develop cordial relationships between people by finding commonalities between Hinduism and Islam.  His most important works, Majma-ul-Bahrain (Mingling of Two Oceans) and Sirr-i-Akbar (Great Mystery), are devoted to the cause of establishing connections between Hinduism and Islam. Dara Shikoh concluded that the “hidden book” mentioned in the Quran was none other than the Upanishads and believed that to understand the Quran, one needed to study the Hindu text. With the help of pandits, he translated 52 volumes of the Upanishads from Sanskrit to Persian into a tome called Sirr-e-Akbar (The Greatest Secret). He even drew an equation between Adam and Brahma — a view which, according to historians, led to him being branded a heretic and to his execution. However, he was defeated by his brother Aurangzeb in the War of Succession following Shah Jahan’s illness. Thus he was executed on the orders of Aurangzeb under a fatwa issued by his clerics stating that he had apostatised from Islam. War of Succession The Mughals did not believe in the rule of primogeniture, where the eldest son inherited his father’s estate. They followed the custom of coparcenary inheritance or a division of the inheritance amongst all the sons. This became the ground for the war of succession during the Mughal Empire. The war of succession broke out in 1657 after Shah Jahan fell ill. Though all four brothers — Dara, Aurangzeb, Murad and Shuja — were locked in a bitter war, the first two were the serious contenders. Aurangzeb battled fiercely with his brothers, eventually sentencing all three to death and confining his father to a gilded prison for the last seven years of his life. Source: Indian Express TELANGANA ASSEMBLY PASSES SC SUB-CATEGORISATION BILL Syllabus: Mains – GS 2  Context: The Telangana Legislative Assembly passed the Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservation) Bill, 2025, paving the way for SC sub-categorisation in reservation. Background: – This legislation follows a Supreme Court verdict supporting SC sub-categorization and affirming states’ rights to enact necessary legislation in this regard. Key takeaways As per the Bill, the Scheduled Castes will be divided into three categories – Group I will get 1% reservation within the 15% quota for SCs; Group II will get 9% reservation; and Group III will get 5% reservation. The Bill has divided 59 SC communities in the state into three groups for implementation of the 15 percent reservation for SCs. It provided one per cent reservation to 15 SC communities categorised as most socially, economically, and educationally disadvantaged/overlooked which formed 3.288 percent of the total SC population in the state. Group-II, with 18 communities and comprising 62.748 per cent of the SC population, will be provided 9 per cent reservation and the third category comprising 26 significantly benefitted scheduled castes forming 33.963 per cent of the SC population will be given 5 per cent reservation. Additional Information In 1975, the Punjab issued a notification dividing its 25% SC reservation at that time into two categories. In the first category, seats were reserved solely for the Balmiki and Mazhbi Sikh communities, which were the most backward communities in the state. As a result, they were to be given first preference for any reservations in education and public employment. The second category consisted of the rest of the SC communities, which didn’t get this preferential treatment. It was one of the first instances of existing reservations being ‘sub-classified’ by a state to provide benefits to certain communities beyond what was already being offered to scheduled caste communities as a whole. While the notification remained in force for nearly 30 years, it ran into legal hurdles when in 2004, a five-judge constitution bench struck down a similar law introduced by Andhra Pradesh in 2000.  In ‘E.V. Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh’, the Supreme Court struck down the Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2000 for being violative of the right to equality. The law contained an expansive list of scheduled caste communities identified in the state and the quota of reservation benefits provided to each of them. On August 1, 2024, In a landmark 6-1 majority ruling, a seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court held that Scheduled Castes do not constitute a socially homogeneous class and can be sub-classified by States for the purpose of providing reservation to the less privileged among them. Source: The News Minute MARITIME DIPLOMACY Syllabus: Mains – GS 2ains – GS 2 Context: Apart from its “soft power” and humanitarian aspects, maritime diplomacy can help contain, resolve and prevent conflict. Background: Maritime diplomacy is a flexible instrument that can be used to convey messages and influence events by offering a choice of naval actions, ranging from peaceful cooperation at one end to compellence and deterrence at the other.  Key takeaways Unlike other regions, the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has historically lacked strong institutions for security and cooperative dialogue. There has never been a security architecture in the IOR, because diversity, combined with self-interest, has prevented the formation of functional, effective regional institutions. Past attempts have created fragmented initiatives like IORA, SAARC, BIMSTEC, IPOI, CSC, and IONS, with limited success. India’s Role in the IOR – Maritime Diplomacy Indian Navy as a “First Responder” Led Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) efforts during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and other crises. Conducts sea-lift operations to evacuate people from disaster zones. Security Assistance & Surveillance India has enhanced Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA), sharing real-time surveillance data with Seychelles, Mauritius, Maldives, and Sri Lanka. Helps protect Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of island nations. Naval Diplomacy Indian Navy supports foreign policy through warship deployments, joint exercises, and deterrence measures. Balances soft power (cooperation, assistance) with hard

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) LIFE UNDER ANTARCTIC ICE SHELF Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: A team of scientists may have discovered dozens of new species, including giant sea spiders, octopi, and corals on the newly exposed seafloor left behind by the enormous A-84 iceberg that broke away from the George VI Ice Shelf on January 13. Background: – The break-away of the 510-sq-km iceberg gave access to an underwater world that was previously beyond human reach. A remotely-operated submersible got to the seafloor on January 25, where it captured photos and videos, and collected specimens. Key takeaways The mission was part of Challenger 150, a UNESCO-endorsed global initiative for deep-sea research. Using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), scientists explored the seafloor for eight days, and found flourishing ecosystems at depths of up to 1,300 metres. The reason scientists were surprised to find diverse ecosystems under the ice shelf is that deep-sea communities typically depend on photosynthesising organisms to rain down nutrients from the surface to the seafloor. However, Antarctic ecosystems have been covered by 150-metre-thick ice for centuries, completely cut off from surface nutrients. Scientists have hypothesised that ocean currents, glacial meltwater or something else could be transporting essential nutrients, sustaining life beneath the ice shelf. The precise mechanism fueling these ecosystems is yet to be understood. Challenger 150 Mission The Challenger 150 is a global scientific initiative, endorsed by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC/UNESCO), aimed at enhancing our understanding of deep-sea ecosystems. Launched in alignment with the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030), its mission is to map life in the deep ocean and provide the scientific foundation necessary for sustainable management of these vast environments. Source: Indian Express IT ACT AND CONTENT BLOCKING Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Elon Musk-owned X (formerly Twitter) has challenged the government’s use of Section 79(3)(b) of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) to moderate and order the removal of content on social media. Background: – X has asked the court to direct the government that orders to block content can only be issued under Section 69A of the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000, and not by invoking Section 79(3)(b) of the Act.  Key takeaways In Shreya Singhal v Union of India (2015), the Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of the IT Act which criminally punished, among other things, sending false information “for the purpose of causing annoyance or inconvenience”. SC said the provision was vague, giving the government unchecked powers to restrict the freedom of speech. After this decision, Section 69A of the IT Act became the primary law governing the matter. This section allows the Centre to issue orders blocking “any information generated, transmitted, received, stored or hosted in any computer resource”, but unlike 66A, it contains safeguards against misuse. For blocking content under Section 69A, the Centre must deem it “necessary”. This “necessity”, however, is only justifiable under grounds provided in Article 19(2) of the Constitution which “imposes reasonable restrictions” on the freedom of speech “in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with Foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence”. The Centre must record its reasons in the blocking order so that it can be challenged in court. Govt’s use of Section 79 The SC in Shreya Singhal also clarified the application of another provision — Section 79 of the IT Act. The provision is a “safe harbour” measure that exempts an “intermediary” (such as X) from liability for information published on the platform by a “third party”, that is, users of the platform. But Section 79(3)(b) states that the intermediary could be held liable if it does not immediately remove such unlawful information “upon receiving actual knowledge, or on being notified by the appropriate Government or its agency”. The apex court limited the scope of this provision, ruling that the requirement under Section 79(3)(b) will only kick in once a court order has been passed to that effect, or the government issues a notification stating that the content in question is related to grounds provided in Article 19(2). But in 2023, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) issued a directive to all ministries, state governments, and the police saying that information blocking orders could be issued under Section 79(3)(b). A year later in 2024, MeitY launched a portal called “Sahyog” where the aforementioned authorities could issue and upload blocking orders. X’s challenge argues that MeitY’s orders are an attempt to “bypass the multiple procedural safeguards” provided under Section 69A. The petition relies upon the SC’s ruling in Shreya Singhal, and says that content can only be censored though the process given under Section 69A or through a court order. Source: Indian Express COLLEGIUM Syllabus: Mains & Mains – POLITY Context: After meeting on March 20, the Supreme Court collegium unanimously decided to transfer Delhi High Court judge Justice Yashwant Varma back to the Allahabad High Court, where he originally came from. Background: This came after a large sum of cash was allegedly recovered from Justice Varma’s residence after a fire. About Collegium It is the system by which judges of the higher judiciary in India — the Supreme Court and High Courts — are appointed and transferred.  Although not rooted in the Constitution or any specific law, it has evolved over the years through judgments of the apex court popularly known as the the “Judges Cases”. The Supreme Court collegium is a five-member body headed by the incumbent Chief Justice of India (CJI), and comprising the four other senior most judges at that time. High Court collegiums are led by the incumbent Chief Justice and the two other senior most judges of that court. How does the collegium system work? The SC collegium recommends the names of judges to be appointed to the apex court. So do HC collegiums (for their respective High Courts), although their recommendations must be approved

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) SPRING EQUINOX Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: March 20, 2025, marks the vernal or spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere. Background: – Equinoxes occur twice a year, in March and in September, and are the only times when both poles are sunlit at the same time. Key takeaways An Equinox is when the Sun is directly above the Equator, resulting in nearly equal duration of day and night across the globe. The term is derived from the Latin words “aequus” meaning “equal”, and “nox” (meaning “night”). On all other days, the Earth’s axis is tilted either towards or away from the sun. This impacts how the light and the warmth of the sun are distributed across the hemispheres. During the equinox, the Earth’s axis and orbit align just so that both hemispheres obtain an equal amount of sunlight. In the Northern Hemisphere, the vernal or spring equinox, typically occurs between March 19 and 21, while the autumnal or fall equinox occurs between September 21 and 24.  The names are switched for the Southern Hemisphere, so March 20, 2025, marks the autumnal equinox there. what are solstices? Solstices mark the days when the Earth is extremely tilted toward or away from the sun. On these days, each hemisphere gets significantly different amounts of light and warmth from the sun, with the days and nights being just as lopsided. The summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, between June 20 and 22, creates the longest day and shortest night of the year, as the upper half of the earth is tilted towards the sun. Conversely, the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, between December 20 and 23, creates the shortest day and longest night of the year, with the upper half of the earth is tilted towards the sun. Source: Indian Express STORY OF REMITTANCES Syllabus: Mains – GS 3 Context: An article ‘Changing Dynamics of India’s Remittances – Insights from the Sixth Round of India’s Remittances Survey’ published in the RBI March Bulletin captures various dimensions of inward remittances to India – country-wise source of remittances, statewise destination of remittances, transaction-wise size of remittances, prevalent modes of transmission. Background: – Share of inward remittances from advanced economies has risen, surpassing that of Gulf economies in 2023-24, reflecting a shift in migration pattern towards skilled Indian diaspora. Key takeaways India’s remittances doubled from $55.6 billion (2010-11) to $118.7 billion (2023-24). Advanced economies (AEs), such as the US, UK, Canada, Singapore, and Australia, have surpassed the Gulf economies in remittance contributions. India’s remittances finance nearly half of the trade deficit and act as a buffer against external shocks. Shift in Sources of Remittances US remains the largest contributor, with its share rising from 23.4% (2020-21) to 27.7% (2023-24). UAE remains the second-largest source, with an increase from 18% (2020-21) to 19.2% (2023-24). UK’s share increased from 6.8% to 10.8% in the same period. Migration Trends India’s international migrant population tripled from 6.6 million (1990) to 18.5 million (2024). India’s share in global migration increased from 4.3% to over 6% in this period. GCC countries still account for nearly half of Indian migrants, mainly in blue-collar jobs. AEs are now attracting more skilled professionals and students from India. State-wise Distribution of Remittances Maharashtra received the highest share (20.5%), though it declined from 35.2% (2020-21). Kerala’s share increased significantly from 10% (2020-21) to 19.7% (2023-24). Other top recipient states: Tamil Nadu (10.4%) Telangana (8.1%) Karnataka (7.7%) Significance for India Economic Impact: Reduces trade deficit, supports foreign exchange reserves. Social Impact: Enhances household incomes, improves education and healthcare spending. Geopolitical Significance: Strengthens diaspora relations and soft power influence. Source: Business Standard SQUAD ALLIANCE Syllabus: Mains & Mains – CURRENT EVENT  Context: Bearing the brunt of China’s aggressive expansionist tactics in the South China Sea, the Philippines now  wants India to join the relatively new `Squad’ strategic alliance. Background: Pointing to China’s “illegal, coercive and disruptive Grey Zone” tactics to claim territory and build militarised artificial  islands in the South China Sea region, Philippines chief of staff of armed forces said countries like India and South Korea should also be included in the squad. Key takeaways The “Squad Alliance” is an informal grouping that focuses on security in the South China Sea, aiming to counter China’s growing influence and aggressive activities in the region.  The current members include the Philippines, Japan, Australia, and the United States. The alliance emphasizes military collaboration, intelligence sharing, and joint maritime exercises within the South China Sea. The ‘Squad’ was conceptualized during the Shangri-La Dialogue in June 2023, with defense chiefs from the member countries convening to discuss collaborative security measures. The primary objectives of the ‘Squad’ include: Maritime Security: Conducting joint maritime patrols and exercises to ensure freedom of navigation and adherence to international maritime laws.  Intelligence Sharing: Enhancing information exchange among member nations to improve situational awareness and coordinated responses to regional threats. Capacity Building: Strengthening defense capabilities through collaborative training and resource sharing. Notably, in April 2024, the ‘Squad’ nations conducted cooperative maritime patrols within the Philippines’ exclusive economic zone, marking a significant development amid ongoing tensions in the South China Sea. Recognizing the evolving security dynamics, the Philippines has advocated for the inclusion of India and South Korea into the ‘Squad’ alliance. Distinction from the ‘Quad’ While the ‘Quad’ (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) comprises the United States, Japan, Australia, and India, focusing on broader strategic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific, the ‘Squad’ is more narrowly centered on traditional security and defense collaboration, particularly addressing maritime security challenges in the Western Pacific. Source: Times of India ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHE IN ZAMBIA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENET EVENT Context: Zambian officials are confronting the devastating fallout of an acid leak at a Chinese-operated mine, which has polluted a vital river and could impact millions of people. Background: – The incident occurred on February 18 when a dam storing acidic waste from a copper mine in northern Zambia collapsed. Investigators estimate that around 50 million litres of waste, containing