Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) DELIMITATION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Home Minister Amit Shah asserted that delimitation will not lose any Parliamentary seat to the Southern states. The statement came after Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin Tuesday announced an all-party meeting to discuss the issue of delimitation. Background: – In Independent India’s history, delimitation has taken place four times – 1952, 1963, 1973, and 2002. Key takeaways The Election Commission defines delimitation as the process of drawing constituency boundaries for elected bodies based on the population in the most recent Census.  Article 82 of the Constitution states that after every Census is completed, the allocation of Lok Sabha seats to each state must be adjusted based on population changes. Article 81 states there can be no more than 550 members in the Lok Sabha – 530 from states and 20 from Union Territories. It also says that “the ratio between (the number of seats) and the population of the state is, so far as practicable, the same for all states”. So, each constituency across the country should ideally have the same population. The Constitution has provided for an independent Delimitation Commission to reapportion seats among states. The Commission is appointed by the President of India and comprises a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a high court, the Chief Election Commissioner, and the State Election Commissioner. The Commission examines the changes in the population to redraw the constituencies or redraw a new one where it is necessary. The draft report is published in the Gazette which is open for feedback. The final report is published after accounting for the public feedback.  Once published, the Commission’s orders are final and, as per the Delimitation Commission Act 1952 and Article 329A of the Constitution, has the “full force of law and shall not be called into question in any court”. The required amendment in the Constitution for the implementation of delimitation process includes changes to Article 81 (which defines the composition of the Lok Sabha), Article 170 (composition of Legislative Assemblies), Article 82, Article 55 (deals with the presidential election process for which value of each vote in the electoral college is decided on the population basis), Articles 330 and 332 (covering reservation of seats for the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies, respectively). Changes in the composition of Lok Sabha as a result of delimitation Delimitation has taken place four times – 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002, with the number of seats fixed and readjusted during the first three exercises. The number of seats in the Lok Sabha based on the 1951, 1961 and 1971 Census was fixed at 494, 522 and 543, when the population was 36.1, 43.9 and 54.8 crore respectively. This broadly translated to an average population of 7.3, 8.4 and 10.1 lakh per seat respectively. In 1976, the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution froze the number of Lok Sabha seats and put off delimitation for 25 years until the 2001 Census under Article 82.  The Indira Gandhi-led government said it did not want to punish states with effective population control measures, as their representation in the Lok Sabha would fall compared to states with high populations. In 2002, another amendment was made under the Vajpayee-led government. This 84th Amendment further delayed delimitation for another 25 years. Though constituency boundaries were redrawn to account for changes in population according to the 2001 Census, the total number of Lok Sabha seats and the number of seats allotted to each state remained unchanged. Source: Indian Express TIME USE SURVEY 2024 Syllabus: Prelims & Mains -CURRENT EVENT Context: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the Time Use Survey (TUS) for 2024. Background: – Time Use Survey (TUS) measures time dispositions by the population on different activities. The primary objective of the Survey is to measure the participation of men and women in paid and unpaid activities. Key takeaways During 2024, 75 percent of the males and 25 per cent of the females in the age group 15-59 years, participated in employment and related activities during the reference period of 24 hours. Such participation was 70.9 percent for males and 21.8 percent for females in the age group 15-59 years during 2019. Female participants aged 15-59 years in unpaid domestic services spent about 315 minutes during 2019 in those activities, which has come down to 305 minutes during 2024 signifying the shift from unpaid to paid activities. 41 per cent of females aged 15-59 years participated in caregiving for their household members, male participation in this age group in such caregiving was 21.4 per cent.  Also, female participants in caregiving activities spent about 140 minutes in a day, compared to 74 minutes spent by male participants aged 15-59 years. This corroborates the Indian social fabric wherein most of the caregiving responsibilities for household members are borne by the females of the household. 24.6 per cent of the rural population aged 15-59 years participated in producing goods for own final use and they spent 121 minutes a day doing such activities. 89.3 per cent of children aged 6-14 years participated in learning activities and they spent around 413 minutes in a day for such activities. People aged 6 years and above spent 11 per cent of their days’ time in culture, leisure, mass media and sports practices during 2024, compared to 9.9 per cent of the days’ time spent during 2019. 708 minutes in a day was spent on self-care and maintenance activities by persons aged 6 years and above. Females of this age group spent 706 minutes while males spent 710 minutes in such activities. Source: Indian Express SVALBARD GLOBAL SEED VAULT Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Over 14,000 new samples of food crop seeds are being added this week to a “doomsday” vault located on an island in Svalbard, Norway. Background: These seeds are part of an effort launched in 2008 to back up thousands of the planet’s essential plant species, ensuring a biodiverse future food supply.  Key takeaways The Svalbard Global Seed Vault (also known as the Doomsday Vault) is a secure seed bank located on the Svalbard archipelago, Norway. It serves as a global backup facility for

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIA-EUROPE PARTNERSHIP Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: At a time when ties between Europe and the United States are facing great pressure, a large delegation of European Commission College of Commissioners is in New Delhi for a two-day visit. Background: – The visit of the College of Commissioners marks a significant new phase in bilateral relations, as India and the EU enter the third decade of their Strategic Partnership. Key takeaways India established diplomatic relations with the European Economic Community — the first pillar of the future European Union — back in 1962. The multi-tier institutional architecture of cooperation has been presided over by the India-EU Summits, 15 of which have been held so far. The first Summit was held in Lisbon in 2000, and the bilateral relationship was upgraded to a Strategic Partnership at the 5th Summit in The Hague in 2004. The India-EU Strategic Partnership: A Roadmap to 2025, was adopted at the last India-EU Summit in 2020. Trade and investments India and the EU have been negotiating a Free Trade Agreement for the last decade and a half. The economic argument for an agreement is strong: the EU is India’s largest trading partner in goods, and bilateral trade has increased 90% over the past decade. Bilateral trade in goods was $135 billion in FY 2023-24, with Indian exports to the EU accounting for $76 billion and imports for $59 billion. Bilateral trade in services in 2023 stood at $53 billion, comprising Indian exports of $30 billion and imports of $23 billion. Cumulative Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows from the EU during the period April 2000 to September 2024 was $117.4 billion, which represented 16.6% of the total FDI equity inflow. Indian FDI outflows to the EU are valued at approximately $40.04 billion for the period April 2000 to March 2024. Technology cooperation Bilateral science and technology cooperation is carried out within the framework of the Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement of 2007.  The India-EU Intent of Cooperation in High Performance Computing (HPC) was signed in 2022, and in 2023, the two sides signed a Memorandum of Understanding on semiconductor R&D cooperation. Green energy solutions Established in 2016, the EU-India Clean Energy and Climate Partnership (CECP) promotes access to and dissemination of clean energy and climate-friendly technologies. The European Investment Bank has committed to supporting Indian hydrogen projects with funding of 1 billion euros.  Indian and European companies are collaborating in the renewable and hydrogen sectors with the aim of developing a green hydrogen ecosystem in India by 2030. People-to-people ties The growing Indian diaspora in the EU contains large numbers of students, researchers, and skilled professionals. Indian professionals received the largest share — more than 20% — of EU Blue Cards issued in 2023-24. Over the last 20 years, more than 6,000 Erasmus scholarships have been awarded to Indian students. More than 2,700 Indian researchers have been funded by Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (part of the EU’s research and innovation programme Horizon Europe) since 2014 — the most in the world. Defence and space India and the EU are strengthening their defence cooperation, specially in maritime security and the Indo-Pacific region under ESIWA+ security programme. This is crucial in the context of China’s aggressive policies. The first joint naval exercises were held in 2023 in the Gulf of Guinea. The two sides have stepped up cooperation on global security, natural disasters, piracy, and counter-terrorism. Source: Indian Express ANCIENT INDIA’S CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, HISTORY Context: National Science Day is celebrated on February 28 to mark the contribution of Indian scientists to society’s development. In 1986, the India Government designated this day to commemorate the announcement of the discovery of the “Raman Effect.” CV Raman discovered the Raman effect on February 28, 1928, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1930. Background: – On the occasion of National Science Day, a look at the significant contribution of ancient India in the field of science is essential. Key takeaways The Indian origin of Zero: In the 6th and 7th Century C.E. Indian mathematician Brahmagupta was the first to clearly define zero (as what remains when a number is subtracted from itself) and explore all its properties. He also invented negative numbers as a concept. Decimal system of numerals: Decimal system was discoved by Indians. Even the Arabs themselves called mathematics “the Indian (art)” (hindisat). The atomic theory of Kanad: The sixth-century scientist of Vaisheshika School, Kanad had given his atomic theory that the material universe is made up of kanas, (anu/atom) which cannot be seen through any human organ. These cannot be further subdivided. Thus, they are indivisible and indestructible. This is similar to the modern atomic theory. Earthquake cloud theory: Varahamihira in his book Brhat Samhita has devoted a chapter on signs of earthquakes. He has tried to relate earthquakes to the influence of planets, undersea activities, underground water, unusual cloud formation, and abnormal behaviour of animals. Position of nine planets: Aryabhata was the first mathematician who discovered the position of nine planets and mentioned that they revolve around the sun. The mathematician has made a huge contribution to the place value system. Cyclic Method to solve algebraic equations: Bhaskaracharya in his book Siddanta Shiromani has introduced the Chakrawat Method or the Cyclic Method to solve algebraic equations. Medicine: Charak in his book Charak Samhita had given a description of a large number of diseases and gives methods of identifying their causes as well as the method of their treatment. He was the first who emphasise that digestion, metabolism, and immunity are important for health. Metallurgy:  The Iron Pillar of Delhi stands as evidence of ancient India’s advanced metallurgical knowledge, particularly in corrosion resistance. Wootz steel, primarily iron with a high proportion of carbon, is known for high durability and strength has originated in India. Surgery: Sushruta is often referred to as the “Father of Surgery”. His works have immensely contributed to the field of surgery, especially cosmetic surgery. His work in the book

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) THREE – LANGUAGE FORMULA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: In a strongly worded letter to the Prime Minister, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin sought the release of Rs 2,152 crore pending for the centrally-sponsored Samagra Shiksha scheme meant to support the provisions of the RTE Act. Background: – The Centre has withheld funds for the Samagra Shiksha scheme in Tamil Nadu due to the state’s refusal to implement the New Education Policy (NEP) of 2020. At the heart of the clash between the Centre and Tamil Nadu is the so-called “three-language formula” that is a part of the NEP. While the Centre maintains that this policy is meant to ensure that youth get employment across regions, Tamil Nadu has long viewed it as an attempt to impose Hindi on the state. Key takeaways Tamil Nadu has an almost century-old history of anti-Hindi agitations. Unlike most other states — including southern states such as Kerala and Karnataka — it follows a two-language formula in which students are taught only Tamil and English In the past, Centre has maintained that education is in the Concurrent List of the Constitution, and that the implementation of the three-language formula is the responsibility of the states. However, now, the Ministry of Education has linked the release of Samagra Shiksha funds to the implementation of the NEP. Evolution of 3 language policy The debate over language policy in education — regarding both the medium of instruction and teaching of languages — has existed since Independence. The University Education Commission of 1948-49, chaired by Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who went on to become the second President of India, examined this topic in detail. The Radhakrishnan Commission favoured Hindi (Hindustani) as India’s federal language, to be used for all federal activities — administrative, educational and cultural — while regional languages would serve the provinces. At the same time, the Commission recognised that immediately abandoning English would be impractical. It stated that English would have to continue as “the medium for Federal business” till such time that all provinces are ready for the change, having “spread the Federal language adequately”. It was this Commission that first proposed what would later become the three-language formula for school education. This proposal was accepted by the National Education Commission of 1964-66 (Kothari Commission), and was incorporated into the National Policy on Education, 1968 passed by the Indira Gandhi government. For secondary education, the formula proposed that students learn “a modern Indian language, preferably one of the southern languages, apart from Hindi and English in the Hindi-speaking States” and “Hindi along with the regional language and English in the non-Hindi speaking States.” The National Policy on Education of 1986, passed by the Rajiv Gandhi government, and the latest NEP of 2020, too retained this formula. Source: Indian Express PHILANTHROPY IN INDIA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Over the next five years, private funding in India’s social sector is expected to see a 10%–12% annual growth, largely driven by family philanthropy from high-net-worth individuals (HNIs), according to a new report. Background: – Generally, the share of private funds allocated towards philanthropy in India has been low compared to other major economies. Key takeaways As of FY24, the total size of the country’s social sector funding – on education, healthcare, gender equality, etc. – is around Rs 25 lakh crore ($300 billion). Public spending accounted for 95% of total funding at Rs 23 lakh crore, including schemes such as MGNREGS and the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. On the other hand, private spending stood at around Rs 1.3 lakh crore, according to the India Philanthropy Report (IPR) 2025 from venture philanthropy firm Dasra and management consultancy Bain & Co. Currently, family giving accounts for approximately 40% of philanthropy, including personal giving and corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives from family-owned/run businesses.  HNIs and philanthropy The India Philanthropy Report 2022 found that “Relative contributions (giving as a percentage of wealth) among Indian UHNIs (Ultra-high-net-worth individuals) range from 0.1% to 0.15% compared with 1.2% to 2.5% in the United States, 0.5% to 1.8% in the UK, and 0.5% to 1.4% in China.” As defined in the 2025 report, UHNIs refer to ultra-high-net-worth individuals (UHNIs) with a net worth of Rs 1,000 crore and more. HNIs have a net worth of Rs 200 to 1,000 crore, while the “Affluent” category includes those ranging between Rs 7 to 200 crore. In comparison, a tradition of philanthropy has long existed in the US. According to a 2024 analysis from Forbes, American billionaires such as Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, Melinda French Gates, and MacKenzie Scott have donated at least 20% of their wealth. What do projections say about philanthropy in India? One reason behind the projected rise in the share of private spending in the next five years is the high growth in HNIs and the affluent givers segment. CSR growth is also expected to grow by 10-12%, driven by an uptick in compliance by firms.  It is mandated that any firm with a net worth of at least Rs 500 crore or annual turnover surpassing Rs 1,000 crore or net profits exceeding Rs 5 crore must spend a minimum of 2% of their average net profit of preceding three financial years on CSR activities. The report also noted the growth in family offices, which are firms that manage HNIs and their families’ assets and wealth. It said that tapping into family offices and developing structured services for channelling funds towards the nonprofit ecosystem can help the larger cause of Indian philanthropy. Source: Indian Express OCELOT Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Amazon Web Services (AWS) announced Ocelot, its first-generation quantum computing chip, as it enters the race against fellow tech giants in harnessing the experimental technology. Background: Quantum research is seen as a critical emerging field, and both the United States and China have been investing heavily in the area, with Washington also placing restrictions on exports of the sensitive technology. Key takeaways Ocelot is a nine-qubit

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) DRAMATIC PERFORMANCES ACT, 1876 Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently asked why a colonial law, Dramatic Performances Act, 1876, continued to exist even 75 years after independence.  He was speaking of  government’s efforts to repeal archaic and obsolete laws. Background: – The repeal of obsolete laws has been a flagship exercise by the Modi government. Since 2014, it has repealed more than 2,000 such laws. Obsolete laws, by definition, are laws which are no longer in use. Key takeaways Under the Dramatic Performances Act, “any play, pantomime or other drama performed or about to be performed in a public place” could be banned if the government was of the “opinion” that the play was “of a scandalous or defamatory nature”, was “likely to excite feelings of disaffection to the Government established by law”, or “to deprave and corrupt persons present at the performance”. This law was among those enacted by the British to clamp down on the budding Indian nationalist sentiment following the visit of the Prince of Wales, Albert Edward, to India from 1875 to 1876. Other laws enacted during this period were the draconian Vernacular Press Act, 1878, and the sedition law of 1870. The law was formally repealed in 2018 as part of the Modi government’s exercise to weed out obsolete laws. However, the Dramatic Performance Act had not been a “valid law” since at least 1956. In a ruling in 1956, the Allahabad High Court ruled that the law was inconsistent with the Constitution of India. Why  India continue to have  colonial laws? Article 372 of the Constitution states that laws in operation at the time of Independence would continue to be in operation. However, colonial laws do not enjoy the presumption of constitutionality – which means that when a colonial law is challenged, the government must defend the law for it to be valid. Other laws – those enacted by the Parliament of independent India – are deemed constitutional unless declared otherwise, which means that when challenged in court, the onus is on the petitioner to prove that the legislation violates the Constitution. Source: Indian Express OFFSHORE MINING Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The coastal communities in Kerala are currently caught in a wave of unrest following the Centre’s plans for offshore mining, which they believe will ravage the fragile marine ecosystem and bring an end to their traditional way of life. Background: – Strong opposition erupted when proceedings to auction offshore mineral blocks began after an amendment to the Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act, 2002. Key takeaways The 2023 amendment to the Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Bill introduced reforms allowing private sector participation in offshore mining. This includes granting production leases and composite licences through competitive auctions. Surveys conducted by the Geological Survey of India revealed lime mud within the Exclusive Economic Zone off the Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts, construction-grade sand off Kerala coast, heavy mineral placers in the inner-shelf and mid-shelf off Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra, as well as polymetallic ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) nodules and crusts in the Andaman Sea and Lakshadweep Sea.  At present, bids have been invited for 13 offshore areas under Tranche 1, including three blocks of lime mud off the Gujarat coast, three blocks of construction sand off the Kerala coast, and seven blocks of polymetallic nodules and crusts off the coast of Great Nicobar Island.  The three blocks selected for mining off the Kerala coast are located in ‘Kollam Parappu’ also known as Quilon Bank, one of the richest fishing zones in the southwest coast. The fishing hub is frequented by mechanised vessels, mesh gill net boats, and fishers using hook and line from both Kerala and Tamil Nadu.  An ongoing study by the University of Kerala’s Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries warns that mining operations can cause catastrophic damage to ecosystems, harming the livelihood of fishers.  Study observes that the diversity of solitary and soft corals in the Kollam region will be threatened by sand mining, as the extraction process will cause sediment plumes, increasing turbidity and impacting the composition of the water column. This means declining water quality, disruption of food webs, and deterioration of spawning grounds.  Apart from this, there is the need to evaluate the economic costs associated with using freshwater to wash extracted sand. Source: The Hindu AVALANCHE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Four more bodies were found on Sunday at the site of the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) project in Uttarakhand’s Chamoli district, which was struck by an avalanche on Friday. This takes the death toll in the avalanche to eight. Background: There were 54 workers at the project site when the avalanche buried the containers that the workers were using as living quarters. Forty-six of them were safely rescued. Key takeaways An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, ice, and debris down a mountain slope. It is typically triggered by natural or human-induced factors and can cause widespread destruction in mountainous regions. Types of Avalanches: Loose Snow Avalanche – Begins at a single point and gathers mass as it moves down. Slab Avalanche – A large chunk of snow breaks away from the slope, making it the most dangerous type. Powder Snow Avalanche – A mix of loose snow and air, moving at high speeds. Wet Snow Avalanche – Occurs due to melting snow and is slower but destructive. Causes of Avalanches: Natural Causes: Heavy snowfall – Increases the weight of snow layers. Temperature variations – Weakens the snow structure. Rainfall or melting snow – Reduces the binding strength of snow layers. Earthquakes or volcanic eruptions – Triggers movement in snowpacks. Human-Induced Causes: Deforestation and land-use changes – Destabilize mountain slopes. Vibrations from construction, mining, or explosives – Can trigger avalanches. Adventure tourism and skiing – Disturbs snow layers in avalanche-prone regions. Impacts of Avalanches: Loss of Life & Infrastructure – High-risk areas include Himalayan regions (Jammu

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) CITIES COALITION FOR CIRCULARITY (C-3) Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: India launched the Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3) at the 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific, held in Jaipur. Background: – Prime Minister Modi, in a special written message to delegates at the launch, said India follows and strongly advocates the P (Pro-Planet People) approach and highlighted the role of 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) and circular economy principles in ensuring sustainable urban development and resource efficiency. Key takeaways The Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3) is a multinational alliance established to promote city-to-city collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and partnerships with the private sector, focusing on advancing circular economy principles. Key Objectives of C-3: City-to-City Collaboration: Facilitate cooperation among cities globally to share best practices and strategies for implementing circular economy models. Knowledge Sharing: Create a platform for exchanging technical expertise, innovative solutions, and successful case studies related to resource efficiency and waste management. Private Sector Partnerships: Engage businesses and industries in developing and adopting sustainable practices that contribute to a low-carbon economy. About Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific The Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific is an annual platform established in 2009 by the United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD) to promote the principles of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3R) and advance circular economy initiatives across the Asia-Pacific region. The Forum serves as a collaborative space for policymakers, industry leaders, researchers, and development partners to discuss and implement sustainable solutions for waste management and resource efficiency. The 12th edition of the Forum was inaugurated on March 3, 2025, in Jaipur, India, focusing on the theme “Realizing Circular Societies Towards Achieving SDGs and Carbon Neutrality in Asia-Pacific.” Source: The Hindu GANGETIC DOLPHINS Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: The first estimate of Gangetic dolphins, the only riverine dolphins in India, has found 6,327 of them in the Ganga and its tributaries. Background: – For the survey, researchers travelled by boat at a constant speed using acoustic hydrophones — essentially underwater microphones — that pick up sounds emitted by the dolphins. The animals are blind and rely on echolocation to communicate and move. Key takeaways The Gangetic Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is a freshwater dolphin species endemic to the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems of India and Bangladesh, and the Sapta Koshi and Karnali Rivers in Nepal. It is India’s National Aquatic Animal and plays a crucial role in the river ecosystem. Conservation Status –  IUCN Red List: Endangered Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I (Highest protection) CITES: Appendix I (Strict trade restrictions) CMS (Bonn Convention): Appendix II Characteristics Blind due to poorly developed eyes; relies on echolocation for navigation and hunting. Can only survive in freshwater and requires deep, slow-flowing rivers. Indicator species for healthy river ecosystems. Threats Habitat Degradation: Dams, barrages, and pollution (industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste) disrupt their natural habitat. Poaching: Hunted for oil and meat. Accidental Catch: Often gets entangled in fishing nets. Water Pollution: High levels of toxic metals, pesticides, and industrial effluents impact their survival. Conservation Efforts in India Project Dolphin (2020): Launched under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) to protect river and marine dolphins. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (Bihar): India’s only dolphin sanctuary. Source: The Hindu VIRTUAL DIGITAL ASSETS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: For the first time in India, the Income Tax Bill, 2025 explicitly treats Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) as property and capital assets. Background: The bill categorically states that VDAs, which include crypto assets, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and similar digital assets, should be considered property. This move aligns India with global practices, where digital assets are either classified as securities (like in the U.S.) or property (like in the U.K., Australia, and New Zealand). Key takeaways VDAs are classified as capital assets. This means that any gains arising from their sale, transfer, or exchange will be taxed under capital gains provisions, similar to real estate, stocks, and bonds.  For example, if an individual purchases Bitcoin at ₹10 lakh and sells it for ₹20 lakh, the ₹10 lakh profit will be subject to capital gains tax — either short-term or long-term, depending on the holding period.  By treating VDAs as capital assets, the government ensures that transactions are subject to standard asset taxation principles, preventing their misuse as unregulated financial instruments. Continuing the precedent set in 2022, the bill imposes a 30% tax on income from VDA transfers. Unlike traditional capital assets, no deductions (other than the cost of acquisition) are allowed. This means that expenses related to mining, transaction fees, platform commissions, and gas fees cannot be deducted when calculating taxable income. For instance, if an investor buys Ethereum for ₹5 lakh and sells it for ₹7 lakh, the ₹2 lakh profit is taxed at a flat 30% — with no relief for transaction costs.  Another crucial provision is the inclusion of VDAs in undisclosed income taxation and asset seizure regulations. If an individual fails to report VDA holdings in their tax filings, they can be classified as undisclosed income and taxed accordingly.  Furthermore, Bill allows tax authorities to seize VDAs during investigations or tax raids, similar to how cash, gold, or real estate is confiscated in cases of tax evasion. As per the bill, any entity dealing in crypto assets — including exchanges, wallet providers, and even individual traders — is required to report transactions in a prescribed format. Source: The Hindu WORLD WILDLIFE DAY & CITES : THINGS TO KNOW Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: March 3 is observed each year as World Wildlife Day to highlight the importance of conserving flora and fauna.  Background: – In 2013, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) proclaimed March 3 as the UN World Wildlife Day to celebrate and raise awareness of protecting the world’s wild animals and plants. This was as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) GANDHI AND BHAGAT SINGH Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – HISTORY Context: Among the various criticisms levelled at the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, signed on March 5, 1931, is that it failed to secure the commutation of Bhagat Singh’s death sentence. Background: – Some argue that it is unfair to claim that the Mahatma was indifferent to Bhagat Singh, as he had repeatedly appealed to Irwin on behalf of the revolutionaries. This assertion is not entirely incorrect. Key takeaways Bhagat Singh was arrested for bombing the Central Assembly in Delhi on April 8, 1929. But it was the Lahore Conspiracy Case for which he would eventually be sentenced to death by a Special Tribunal set up by Viceroy Lord Irwin. The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), led by Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Azad, had killed British police officer John P Saunders on December 17, 1928 to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. Three HSRA members — Bhagat Singh, Shivram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar — were sentenced to death on October 7, 1930 after a controversial trial. Because of the way the Tribunal was set up, little legal recourse was available after the sentencing. A political settlement was the only plausible way to save Bhagat Singh from the gallows. Gandhi, Irwin, and a pact to end Civil Disobedience In 1930, Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement with his 24-day march to Dandi. After he broke the salt laws, protests erupted across the country. Police launched a crackdown, and thousands of freedom fighters including Gandhi were arrested. On January 25, 1931, Viceroy Irwin announced the unconditional release of Gandhi and other leaders to facilitate negotiations. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was followed by the release of all political prisoners who were not convicted of violence, remission of fines, and return of some confiscated lands. Government employees who had resigned from service were treated leniently. The Congress agreed to end the Civil Disobedience Movement and take part in the Second Round Table Conference later that year. Bhagat Singh: A glaring omission in Gandhi-Irwin Pact Gandhi’s talks with Irwin began less than a week after Bhagat Singh’s final appeal was rejected. As the negotiations progressed, there was expectation that Gandhi would ensure that the young revolutionary did not hang. In his autobiography Sinhavalokan (1951-55), Bhagat Singh’s comrade Yashpal wrote: “Gandhi considered it moral to put government pressure on the people for prohibition [of alcohol] but he considered it immoral to put people’s pressure on a foreign government to commute the sentence of Bhagat Singh.” Gandhi and Bhagat Singh Gandhi described the bombing of the Central Assembly in Delhi as the “criminal act of two mad youth”. At the Congress’ Karachi session, held three days after Bhagat Singh’s execution on March 23, 1931, Gandhi spoke of the revolutionary’s “error”. Gandhi and Irwin discussed Bhagat Singh on multiple occasions. As early as May 4, 1930, Gandhi had objected to the creation of the Special Tribunal. During the negotiations for the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, he brought up the case of Bhagat Singh on February 18, 1931, although he did not take a particularly strong position.But Gandhi never officially asked for commutation, and the Viceroy refused to suspend the execution. On the morning of March 23, the day of Bhagat Singh’s execution, Gandhi once again wrote to the Viceroy asking for a suspension of the sentence. But his pleas were rejected. Source: Indian Express EUTELSAT Syllabus: Prelims  – CURRENT EVENT Context: Suggestions that Ukraine could lose access to Elon Musk’s Starlink satellite Internet system, which has been vital in maintaining its military communications, have focused investor interest on Starlink’s smaller European rival Eutelsat. Background: – The stock price of Eutelsat, a Franco-British company, has more than quadrupled since the February 28 public showdown between Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and US President Donald Trump. Key takeaways Starlink users access the Internet for data or voice communication by using a small satellite dish to bounce signals off a constellation of satellites overhead. Ukraine’s fixed-line and mobile networks have been badly damaged by bombing since Russia invaded in February 2022, and Starlink has helped Kyiv fill the void by sending tens of thousands of its dishes with terminals. Some are made available to civilians, but most are used by Ukraine’s armed forces. Ukrainian units often talk to each other via Starlink, and its services have become virtually indispensable for battlefield command and control. Initially, SpaceX helped to fund the provision of Starlink to Ukraine. The US government then took over, though last month Poland said it had been paying Ukraine’s Starlink subscription and would continue to do so. Eutelsat and Starlink Eutelsat already supports government and institutional communications in Ukraine, and can provide an alternative for certain government and defence applications, according to the company. Since its merger in 2023 with Britain’s OneWeb, Eutelsat controls the only operational global-coverage constellation, besides Starlink, of satellites in low earth orbit (LEO). Starlink’s more than 7,000 LEO satellites, suited to real-time communication, allow it to reach more users around the world and offer higher data speeds. But Eutelsat says that even with only 630 LEO satellites, backed up by 35 linked satellites in higher, geostationary orbit, it offers the same capabilities as Starlink in Europe. Starlink promises broadband at up to 200 megabits per second, Eutelsat 150. OneWeb terminals, however, cost as much as $10,000, plus a monthly subscription. Starlink charges Ukrainian users a one-time payment of $589 in addition to a monthly subscription of $95-$440, depending on the usage. Source: Indian Express PRADHAN MANTRI SHRAM YOGI MAANDHAN YOJANA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana (PM-SYM) completes six years. Background: The scheme is a tribute to the workers in the Unorganized sectors who contribute around 50 per cent of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Key takeaways Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan (PM-SYM), is a voluntary and contributory pension scheme launched by the Government of India to provide social security to unorganised workers. The scheme is administered by the Ministry of Labour and Employment in collaboration with Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and Common Service

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) RATNA STATUS Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Centre approved the upgradation of Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) and Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) as the country’s 25th and 26th Navratna companies respectively. Background: – All seven listed Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) of the Indian Railways now have Navratna status. The Indian Railways have a total 12 CPSEs. Key takeaways The Government of India classifies Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) into Maharatna, Navratna, and Miniratna categories to grant them varying degrees of financial and operational autonomy. This classification aims to enhance efficiency, competitiveness, and decision-making powers in India’s public sector enterprises. Criteria for grant of Maharatna status to CPSEs The CPSEs meeting the following criteria are eligible to be considered for grant of Maharatna status. Having Navratna status Listed on Indian stock exchange with minimum prescribed public shareholding under SEBI regulations An average annual turnover of more than Rs. 25,000 crore during the last 3 years An average annual net worth of more than Rs. 15,000 crore during the last 3 years An average annual net profit after tax of more than Rs. 5,000 crore during the last 3 years Should have significant global presence/international operations. Criteria for grant of Navratna status to CPSEs Navratnas are the second category of the central government-owned ‘Ratna’ companies, placed between the Maharatnas and the Miniratnas. The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) of the Ministry of Finance picks the CPSEs for Navratna status. Six indicators are considered: (i) ratio of net profit to net worth, (ii) ratio of manpower cost to total cost of production or services, (iii) ratio of profit before depreciation, interest, and tax (PBDIT) to capital employed or return on capital employed, (iv) ratio of profit before interest and taxes (PBIT) to turnover, (v) earning per share, and (vi) inter-sectoral performance of the company. The six indicators carry weights from 10 (for earning per share) to 25 (for ratio of net profit to net worth). If a CPSE has a composite score of 60 or higher for all six indicators, and has obtained an Excellent or Very Good MOU rating in three of the last five years, it is eligible to be considered for Navratna status. Criteria for grant of Miniratna status to CPSE  Miniratna Category-I status: – The CPSEs which have made profit in the last three years continuously, pre-tax profit is Rs.30 crores or more in at least one of the three years and have a positive net worth are eligible to be considered for grant of Miniratna-I status. Miniratna Category-II status: – The CPSEs which have made profit for the last three years continuously and have a positive net worth are eligible to be considered for grant of Miniratna-II status. Miniratna CPSEs should have not defaulted in the repayment of loans/interest payment on any loans due to the Government. Miniratna CPSEs shall not depend upon budgetary support or Government guarantees. Source: Indian Express AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE FUND (AIF) SCHEME Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – AGRICULTURE Context: Punjab has utilised 100% of the Rs 4,713 crore allocated to it by the Centre under the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme. Background: – As of February 28, with 21,740 projects, Punjab is at the No.1 position in the country for the highest number of sanctioned projects, said the state government. Key takeaways The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) is a central sector scheme, started in 2020 with an aim to provide medium to long-term financing for agriculture infrastructure projects at the post-harvest stage. When the scheme was started, it was meant for post-harvest management and processing at the primary level, but now, integrated processing at the secondary level has also been included.  For example, a kinnow farmer could earlier get funds under the scheme for grading, waxing, and packaging of the crop (primary post-harvest processes), but since 2024, can also avail money to make and sell juices, jams, etc. out of his kinnow produce (secondary level). However, the secondary level funds are available only to those involved in the primary processing too. This scheme offers credit guarantees and interest subvention. Farmers, agripreneurs, primary agriculture cooperative societies, farmers producer organisations, start-ups, state sponsored public-private partnerships, state-agencies can apply for funds under this scheme. All loans under this financing facility have interest subvention of 3% per annum up to a loan limit of ₹2 crores. This interest subvention is available for a maximum period of 7 years. In case of loans beyond ₹2 crores, interest subvention is limited up to ₹2 crores. Under the AIF, one can take benefits of other state and central subsidies as well. Credit guarantee support is through the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABSanrakshan) Scheme. Source: The Hindu RARE EARTH MINERALS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A proposal by the Trump administration to secure $500 billion worth of profits from Ukraine’s rare earth minerals as compensation for U.S. wartime assistance highlights the strategic importance of these resources. Background: World’s 5% critical raw materials are currently present in Ukraine. 19 million tonnes of proven reserves of graphite are found in Ukraine. Lithium deposits, one third of all of Europe’s, lie in Ukraine. Ukraine also had 7% of world’s titanium production which is utilised in manufacturing aeroplanes to power stations. Ukraine is also the host of significant deposits of rare earth metals. Key takeaways Rare Earth Elements (REEs) or Rare Earth Metals are a set of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table — the 15 lanthanides, plus scandium and yttrium, which tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides, and have similar chemical properties.  Despite their name, most rare earth elements are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but they are rarely found in concentrated, economically exploitable forms. REEs are classified as light RE elements (LREE) and heavy RE elements (HREE). The 17 Rare Earths are cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er),

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) POPULISM AND GOOD GOVERNANCE Syllabus: Prelims – GS 2 Context: The Vice-President of India, Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar, called for a national debate on the shift from democracy to Emocracy, saying, “National debate is required so that we take note of shift from Democracy to Emocracy. Emotion-driven policies, emotion-driven debates, discourses threaten good governance.” Background: – “Historically, populism is bad economics. And once a leader gets attached to populism it is difficult to get out of the crisis. The central factor must be the good of the people, the largest good of the people, the lasting good of the people”, V P said. Relationship between populism and good governance The relationship between populism and good governance is complex, with both positive and negative implications. Understanding Populism :A political ideology that seeks to represent the interests of the common people against a perceived elite. Characteristics: Direct appeal to the masses Charismatic leadership Anti-establishment rhetoric Simplified solutions to complex problems Types of Populism: Left-Wing Populism: Advocates wealth redistribution and state intervention (e.g., Latin American leaders like Hugo Chávez). Right-Wing Populism: Focuses on nationalism, cultural identity, and anti-immigration policies (e.g., Donald Trump, European right-wing parties). Understanding Good Governance: Governance that ensures efficient, accountable, participatory, and transparent administration. Key Features (As per UNDP): Transparency: Open decision-making and information availability. Accountability: Responsibility of public institutions towards citizens. Rule of Law: Fair legal framework enforced impartially. Inclusiveness: Equal participation of all groups in governance. Effectiveness and Efficiency: Best use of resources for public welfare. Populism vs. Good Governance: Conflict and Challenges Short-Term Popularity vs. Long-Term Institutional Strengthening: Populist leaders may focus on immediate benefits rather than sustainable policies. Erosion of Institutional Autonomy: Populists may undermine democratic institutions and weaken democratic Norms. Fiscal Populism: Excessive subsidies, loan waivers, and unsustainable welfare schemes burden the economy. Undermining Expertise and Bureaucracy: Populists often bypass expert opinions, leading to flawed policy decisions. Positive Aspects of Populism in Governance Increased Political Participation: Populist leaders mobilize the masses, bringing political awareness. Focus on Marginalized Groups: Populist movements often highlight the concerns of the underprivileged. Policy Innovation: Pressure from populist movements can lead to new welfare policies. Way Forward Institutional Checks and Balances: Strengthening judiciary and autonomous bodies to prevent executive overreach. Evidence-Based Policymaking: Ensuring policy decisions are backed by data rather than populist rhetoric. Strengthening Democratic Norms: Promoting media freedom, civil society participation, and deliberative democracy. Fiscal Responsibility: Ensuring populist welfare policies are financially sustainable. Public Awareness: Educating citizens about the long-term impacts of populist policies. Source: PIB AIKOSHA Syllabus: Prelims  – CURRENT EVENT Context: Union Minister for Electronics & Information Technology, Railways, and Information & Broadcasting, Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw marked a major milestone in India’s AI journey with the launch of several key initiatives under the IndiaAI Mission during its anniversary celebration. Key among the newly introduced initiatives is AIKosha: IndiaAI Datasets Platform. Background: – The launch of AIKosha signifies a major step in democratizing AI access, enabling research-driven innovation, and strengthening India’s global AI leadership. Key takeaways AIKosha, launched by India’s Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), is a comprehensive platform designed to streamline access to high-quality, non-personal datasets, AI models, and development tools, thereby fostering AI innovation across the nation. Key Features of AIKosha: Extensive Repository: The platform hosts over 300 datasets and more than 80 AI models from 12 organizations, providing a rich resource for model builders and developers to create India-centric AI solutions.  AI Sandbox Capabilities: AIKosha offers integrated development environments equipped with tools and tutorials, enabling users to experiment, develop, and refine AI applications effectively.  Secure and Accessible: The platform ensures data security through features like data encryption (both at rest and in motion), secure APIs, and firewalls for real-time threat filtering. It also emphasizes content discoverability and AI readiness scoring of datasets to assist users in selecting appropriate resources.  Objective and Impact: By providing a unified portal for seamless access to datasets, models, and tools, AIKosha aims to democratize AI development in India. It supports students, startups, researchers, academia, and government departments in building AI applications tailored to India’s diverse linguistic and cultural landscape.  This initiative is part of the broader IndiaAI Mission, which seeks to establish a comprehensive ecosystem catalyzing AI innovation through public-private partnerships. Source: PIB REAL ESTATE REGULATORY AUTHORITY (RERA) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Supreme Court criticised the functioning of the Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) and termed it as “disappointing”. Background: This isn’t the first time the court has criticised RERA’s performance. In September 2024, the Supreme Court described RERA as a “rehabilitation centre for former bureaucrats,” accusing it of undermining the Act’s purpose.  Key takeaways The Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) was established under the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 to regulate and promote transparency in the real estate sector. RERA is applicable to residential and commercial real estate projects, including plotted developments. Objectives of RERA Regulate the real estate sector and improve accountability. Ensure timely completion of projects and prevent delays. Promote transparency in property transactions. Protect buyers’ rights by setting grievance redressal mechanisms. Encourage investment by creating a reliable framework. Key Provisions of the RERA Act, 2016 Establishment of RERA States and Union Territories must establish a Real Estate Regulatory Authority for grievance redressal. Functions include project registration, dispute resolution, and policy implementation. Mandatory Project Registration : Developers must register real estate projects (above 500 sq. m. or 8 apartments) before advertising or selling. Projects without RERA registration are illegal. Escrow Account Requirement : Builders must deposit 70% of funds collected from buyers into a separate escrow account to ensure funds are used for the same project. Timely Completion & Compensation : Developers must complete projects on time, failing which they face penalties or compensation liabilities. Consumer Protection & Rights Buyers have the right to full project details, possession timeline, and compensation for delays. False advertising by developers can lead to refunds or penalties. Establishment of Real Estate Appellate Tribunal : If dissatisfied with RERA decisions,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) WOMEN’S DAY 2025 Syllabus: Prelims  & Mains – HISTORY Context: International Women’s Day (IWD) is celebrated globally on March 8 each year to recognize women’s achievements, promote gender equality, and advocate for women’s rights. Background: – The occasion offers an opportunity to recall the struggle of female revolutionaries for the cause of women’s education in India.  Pre Independence Women Activists  In the pre-independent times, several female revolutionaries struggled hard for the cause of women’s education, including Savitribai Phule, Fatima Sheikh, Pandita Ramabai, Chandraprabha Saikiani, Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, Sarala Ray, Anasuya Sarabhai, and Abala Bose.  Savitribai Phule Savitribai Phule was a Dalit woman who challenged the upper caste hegemony of education.  She opened India’s first school for girls in Vishrambag Wada, Pune, Maharashtra in 1848 along with her husband Jyotirao Phule. Her school was open to all castes.  Savitribai Phule not only promoted education for girls but also stood in opposition to existing social evils like untouchability and prohibition on widow remarriage. Fatima Sheikh and Pandita Ramabai Another notable figure, Fatima Sheikh, widely celebrated as India’s first Muslim woman educator, was an associate of Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule in Pune. Unfortunately, not a lot is known about her. Pandita Ramabai, from Mangalore (then Madras presidency but now part of Karnataka), challenged the caste system by marrying a man from the lower caste.  She was also a staunch advocate for women’s education and actively spoke out against the plight of widows, especially child widows, and child marriage.  Ramabai founded the Arya Mahila Samaj in 1882 to promote women’s education, which was seen as instrumental in eradicating child marriage.  Chandraprabha Saikiani Chandraprabha Saikiani was a social reformer and active proponent of women’s education from Assam. Saikiani demonstrated her commitment to the cause by starting a school for girls at the young age of 13, where she imparted whatever knowledge she had to other girls.  Her activism extended beyond education. At a large public gathering, she called for a ban on opium – an unusual act for a woman in that era when women speaking in public gatherings was unconventional.  In 1926, Saikiani founded the Assam Pradeshik Mahila Samiti and dedicatedly worked for women’s education. Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain and Sarala Ray Begum Rokeya, born in Pairaband, Rangpur, Bengal (part of Bangladesh now), advocated for Muslim women’s education through her visionary women-centric writings.  Her most famous short story, Sultana’s Dream, imagines a gender-reversed society where women run the world and men are confined indoors. Having never been allowed to earn a formal education, she started schools for Muslim girls in Bhagalpur (1909) and Kolkata (1911).  Sarala Ray, an educator from Bengal, founded the Gokhale Memorial Girls’ School in 1920 in Kolkata, where all girls were encouraged to learn three languages – Hindi, Bengali and English – as part of the school’s innovative curriculum.  Later, she extended her efforts towards women’s higher education and established the Gokhale Memorial Girls’ College in 1938.  Source: Indian Express WORLD SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUMMIT 2025 Syllabus: Prelims  – CURRENT EVENT Context: Union Minister for Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, Bhupender Yadav, inaugurated the World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS) 2025 in New Delhi on Wednesday.  Background: – Union Minister stressed that under the leadership of Prime Minister Modi, India has taken transformative steps with initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (ISA), the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), and Mission Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE). Key takeaways The World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS) is an annual event organized by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), serving as a global platform to discuss and advance sustainable development and climate solutions.  Established in 2001 as the Delhi Sustainable Development Summit (DSDS), it was rebranded to WSDS to reflect its broader international scope. WSDS 2025 Theme: ‘Partnerships for Accelerating Sustainable Development and Climate Solutions’ This 24th edition emphasizes the critical role of collaborations among governments, businesses, civil society, and other stakeholders in driving meaningful progress toward sustainability goals. Key Components of WSDS: Sustainable Development Leadership Award (SDLA): Since 2005, this award has honored global leaders for their contributions to sustainable development. Ministerial and High-Level Sessions: Panels featuring policymakers, business leaders, and academics discussing pressing environmental issues. Thematic Tracks: Focused discussions on specific sustainability challenges, engaging domain experts to propose actionable solutions. CEO Forum: A platform for industry leaders to brainstorm sustainable business practices. Youth Connect: Initiatives to engage young students in sustainability dialogues, fostering awareness and involvement. Source: DD News CONVENTION ON CLUSTER MUNITIONS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Lithuania quit an international convention banning cluster bombs, citing security concerns over neighbouring Russia in a move that has drawn criticism from human rights groups. Background: NATO member Lithuania has said it wants to strengthen its defences following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, fearing it could be next if Moscow succeeds. Key takeaways The Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) is an international treaty that prohibits the use, production, transfer, and stockpiling of cluster bombs, which pose severe risks to civilians. Key Features of the Convention Adoption: 30 May 2008 in Dublin, Ireland. Entry into Force: 1 August 2010 (after 30 countries ratified it). Signatories: 123 countries (as of 2023), but major powers like the USA, Russia, China, and India have not signed. Main Provisions: Total Ban on cluster munitions. Stockpile Destruction within 8 years. Clearance of Affected Areas within 10 years. Assistance to Victims (healthcare, rehabilitation, and reintegration). Why Cluster Munitions are Controversial? Wide Area Effect: Cluster bombs release multiple submunitions over large areas, causing indiscriminate damage. Failure Rate: Unexploded bomblets become de facto landmines, harming civilians for decades. Humanitarian Crisis: Countries like Laos, Vietnam, Syria, and Ukraine suffer from past cluster munition use. India’s Stand on CCM Not a Signatory: India has not signed or ratified the CCM. Reasons for Non-Signature: Believes in the legitimate defense use of cluster munitions. Calls for a balance between security and humanitarian concerns. Reluctant to accept legally binding disarmament treaties without universal participation (as major powers like the USA and Russia are not part of it). Source: The Hindu BANGUS

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIA-MAURITIUS RELATIONS Syllabus: Mains – GS2 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Mauritius (March 11-12), will be a celebration of the deep and long-standing ties between the two countries. Background: – Newly elected Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam (Labour Party) shares a historic connection with India. His father, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, led Mauritius to independence and worked with Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. Key takeaways People to people ties Nearly 70% of Mauritius population is of Indian origin, mainly descendants of indentured laborers brought by colonial rulers. About 50% trace their ancestry to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and still speak the Bhojpuri dialect.  There are smaller communities of Tamil, Telugu-, and Marathi-speaking communities. In 1976, India inaugurated the Mahatma Gandhi Institute as a premier institution for promoting Indian languages and culture.  The Indian Cultural Centre in Mauritius is the largest of anywhere in the world. The island hosts the World Hindi Secretariat that is supported by India. Economic and Trade Cooperation Bilateral trade reached $554 million in 2022-23. Mauritius serves as a business gateway to Africa, being part of the African Union. Due to a favourable Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) with India, Mauritius is also a major channel for foreign investment into India.  Mauritius has emerged as a successful international financial centre. Maritime Security Cooperation Mauritius is strategically located in the western Indian Ocean. The Colombo Security Conclave brings together India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Mauritius and Bangladesh to ensure regional maritime security.  Mauritius has a vast EEZ of 2.3 million sq. km, making surveillance vital. India has set up a chain of coastal radar stations, redeveloped the Mauritian island of Agaléga to serve as a joint surveillance facility and given Mauritius access to the Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in Gurugram, to significantly advance domain awareness in its vast EEZ.  India’s oceanographic survey ship, INS Sarvekshak, has completed the survey of 25,000 sq.km of Mauritius’ ocean territory.  At a time when China’s footprint in the Indian Ocean is expanding, India-Mauritius maritime security cooperation has assumed special importance. Source: The Hindu MADHAV NATIONAL PARK Syllabus: Prelims  – ENVIRONMENT Context: The Centre declared the Madhav National Park in Madhya Pradesh as the country’s 58th tiger reserve on Sunday (March 9, 2025). Background: – Three tigers, including two females, were introduced to the Madhav National Park in 2023 as part of the tiger reintroduction project in the State.  Madhav National Park is country’s 58th tiger reserve and also the ninth from the State of Madhya Pradesh. Notably, on December 2, 2024 India got its 57th tiger reserve in the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary of Madhya Pradesh. Key takeaways Madhav National Park is a protected area located in the Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh, India.  Established in 1959, Madhav National Park was originally a hunting ground for the erstwhile Scindia royal family. the park was named after Madho Rao Scindia, the Maharaja of Gwalior. Madhav National Park is situated in the northern part of Madhya Pradesh. It lies on the northern fringe of the Central Highlands of India, forming part of the Upper Vindhyan Hills intermixed with plateaus and valley sections. Notable lakes within the park include Sakhya Sagar and Madhav Sagar, both created by damming the Manihar River. Fauna: Madhav National Park hosts a variety of wildlife, including: Mammals: Species such as the Indian gazelle (Chinkara), Chital (Spotted deer), Nilgai (Blue bull), Sambar deer, Four-horned antelope (Chousingha), Sloth bear, Leopard, Indian wolf, Jackal, Bengal fox, Dhole (Wild dog), Wild boar, and Porcupine.  Reptiles: The park is home to reptiles like the Mugger crocodile, various turtle species, and snakes.  Birds: The lakes attract numerous migratory birds during winter, including species of geese, ducks, and waders. Historical Significance: George Castle: At the park’s highest point (484 meters), George Castle was built in 1911 by Madho Rao Scindia for an anticipated visit by King George V, although the king never stayed there. Conservation Efforts: Ramsar Site: In January 2022, a 248-hectare area around Sakhya Sagar Lake within the park was designated as a Ramsar site, recognizing its importance as a wetland of international significance.  Source: The Hindu INDIA’S SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: India is set to roll out its first domestically manufactured semiconductor chip in 2025. Background: This initiative aims to reduce India’s dependency on semiconductor imports, which have risen significantly over the past decade. Key takeaways Semicon India Programme The Semicon India Programme, launched in 2021, aims to develop the semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem. Key Initiatives: Five manufacturing facilities are under construction for the manufacturing and assembly of semiconductor chips, backed by the Semicon India Programme. Notable projects: Tata Semiconductor Assembly and Test Facility – Morigaon, Assam. Dholera Semiconductor Fabrication (Fab) Facility – Tata Electronics in collaboration with Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation. However, the actual spending under the Semicon India Programme has consistently fallen short of budgeted allocations. India’s Semiconductor Import Dependency India heavily relies on semiconductor imports, with key imports including: Monolithic Integrated Circuits (ICs) – Used in CPUs, smartphones, automobiles, medical devices, and industrial automation. Memory Chips – Includes volatile (RAM) and non-volatile (NAND flash). Amplifiers – Used in wireless communication and audio equipment. Import trends (FY16-FY24): Monolithic IC imports increased by 2,000%. Memory chip imports surged by 4,500%. Amplifier imports rose by 4,800%. Semiconductor imports now constitute a higher share of total imports, with monolithic ICs forming 2.09% of total imports in FY25, up from 0.19% in FY16. Major Semiconductor Suppliers to India Top Supplier: China (except FY19). Other key sources: Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Challenges in India’s Semiconductor Ecosystem With the new facilities, India will be able to add value in the assembly, testing, and packaging, and fab segments of the global value chain for semiconductors, but it is yet to make major strides in –  EDA (Electronic Design Automation) software – Critical for chip design. Core IP (Intellectual Property) – Patents for semiconductor technology. Wafers – Key raw material for chip fabrication.