Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) WORLD’S MOUNTAIN RANGES AND GLOBAL WARMING Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Soaring temperatures are leading to rapid and largely irreversible changes in the mountain ranges of the world, according to a new UNESCO report. Background: – The ‘The United Nations World Water Development Report 2025 – Mountains and glaciers: Water towers’ was released to mark the first-ever World Day for Glaciers on March 21. Key takeaways Glacier Melting Glaciers are disappearing faster than ever, with the last three-year period seeing the largest glacial mass loss on record.  Scientists measure the state of a glacier by measuring how much snow falls on it and how much melt occurs every year, according to the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS). Since 1975, glaciers, which do not include the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets, have lost more than 9,000 billion tonnes of mass. Warmer temperatures are not the sole cause of glacier melting. Increased wildfires and dust storms deposit black carbon and particulates on ice, darkening surfaces and enhancing solar radiation absorption. This alters the surface energy balance, accelerating melt rates, especially in high solar radiation areas, as noted in the UNESCO report. Accelerating Permafrost Thaw Permafrost is any ground that stays frozen — 0 degrees Celsius or lower — for at least two years straight.  Rising temperatures are melting permafrost rapidly. Mountain soils with permafrost contain approximately 4.5% of the global soil organic carbon, according to the UNESCO report. As the permafrost thaws, this organic carbon is released into the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change. Moreover, permafrost in mountain regions also stabilises rock slopes, moraines (material left behind by a moving glacier), and debris-covered slopes. However, due to permafrost melting, slopes become more vulnerable to erosion, increasing the risk of landslides and other hazards. Decline In Snow Cover:  According to the UNESCO report, snow cover in nearly all mountain regions has reduced, especially in spring and summer, with an expected further decrease in the coming decades. Snow cover is the total of all the snow and ice on the ground. It includes new snow and previous snow and ice that have not melted. Erratic Snowfall Patterns:  In some regions, the elevation at which rainfall transitions to snowfall is shifting upwards due to atmospheric warming, the UNESCO report says. “Lower elevations and warmer climates are therefore undergoing greater decreases in snow cover depth and duration,” the report added. Some mountain ranges are experiencing an increase in rainfall over snowfall, shorter snow duration, earlier snowmelt, and a reduction in snow-covered areas. Why is this significant? Mountains, which cover 33 million sq km of the Earth’s surface, are crucial for sustaining life. For instance, around 2 billion people downstream depend on mountains for freshwater resources from melting glaciers. “Water flows from mountains will become more erratic, uncertain and variable. Changes in the timing and volume of peak and low flow periods, increased erosion and sediment loads will affect water resources downstream, in terms of quantity, timing and quality,” the UNESCO report said. Glacier melting and permafrost thaw also increase the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). GLOFs are sudden and catastrophic floods caused by the failure of natural dams, usually formed by glacial moraines or ice, which contain glacial lakes. According to WGMS, melted ice of glaciers accounts for 25 to 30% of the currently observed increase in global sea levels. Source: Indian Express HAWALA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT  Context: A poaching network in central India, using digital payments with “hawala funds” and multiple supply lines to Nepal and Myanmar, has taken out “100 to any number” of tigers since 2022, an investigation by The Indian Express has found. Background: – Hawala enables fund transfers without physical money movement, similar to banking transactions. However, unlike banks, it operates through informal, unregulated channels based on trust. A vast network of hawaladars facilitates these transactions, primarily in West Asia, North and East Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. How Hawala works A person ‘A’ working in Muscat wants to send money to his father ‘B’ in Lucknow through the hawala system.  To do so, ‘A’ deposits the amount with a hawaladar in Muscat, receiving a token—either a physical item (such as a banknote) or a code transmitted via phone or electronic means. ‘A’ then shares this token with ‘B,’ who presents it to a hawaladar in Lucknow to receive the equivalent amount.  Notably, no physical transfer of money occurs between Muscat and Lucknow; instead, the hawaladars at both locations settle the accounts later through their network. Despite there being no legal recourse in case of fraud, hawala transactions are popular, and see a variety of uses. Sending Remittances: Remittances are funds sent by migrant workers to their homes, to support their families. Many migrants, especially those working in West Asia, use hawala because of convenience and lack of access to formal systems.  Illegal Activities: While sending remittances using hawala may or may not be illegal, many illegal operations — from smuggling and money laundering to drug trade and terror finance — use hawala networks for the anonymity, and lack of regulation and scrutiny they offer. Source: Indian Express JNANPITH AWARD Syllabus: Prelims – ART & CULTURE Context: Vinod Kumar Shukla wins the 59th Jnanpith Award, India’s highest literary honour.  Background: The 88-year-old author of novels such as Naukar ki Kameez, about a clerk forced to submit to professional hierarchies, and Khilega Toh Dekhenge, about a teacher who arrives in a village with eccentric residents, is the 12th Hindi writer to win the award and the first from Chhattisgarh. Key takeaways The Jnanpith Award is India’s highest literary honor, awarded annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for outstanding contributions to Indian literature. Instituted in 1961, the award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English, with no posthumous conferral. Until 1982 the award was presented for a specific work; thereafter, it was given for a writer’s overall contribution to literature.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) HEAT ACTION PLANS (HAPS) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Most of the heat action plans (HAPs) put forth by multiple Indian cities lack long-term strategies to tackle the growing threat of extreme heat in the country, a new study has found. It also said that the cities having such strategies did not implement them effectively. Background: – The study, ‘Is India Ready for a Warming World? How Heat Resilience Measures Are Being Implemented for 11% of India’s Urban Population in Some of Its Most At-Risk Cities’, was carried out by the Sustainable Futures Collaborative (SFC), a New Delhi-based research organisation. Key takeaways A heat action plan is essentially an early warning system and preparedness plan for extreme heat events. The Plan presents immediate as well as longer-term actions to increase preparedness, information-sharing, and response coordination to reduce the health impacts of extreme heat on vulnerable populations. In response to a Lok Sabha question, Minister of Science and Technology and Minister of Earth Sciences had said that the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was implementing HAPs in 23 states that were prone to heatwave conditions, in collaboration with state authorities. The response also showed that between 2020 and 2022, deaths due to heat stroke had increased in the country. While the number stood at 530 in 2020, it jumped to 730 in 2022. However, in 2024, it came down to 269 suspected heatstroke deaths and 161 confirmed heatstroke deaths, according to the NDMA. How was the new study carried out? For their analysis, the researchers identified cities with populations over 1 million (based on the 2011 Census) that were expected to experience the largest increases in dangerous heat index values, which combine temperature and humidity, relative to their recent historical average. These cities were Bengaluru, Delhi, Faridabad, Gwalior, Kota, Ludhiana, Meerut, Mumbai, and Surat. The researchers conducted interviews with government officials responsible for implementing heat actions in these nine cities. They also interviewed representatives from disaster management, health, city planning, labour departments, as well as city and district administrators. What did the study find? The analysis found that although all the nine cities had short-term emergency measures — such as access to drinking water and changing work schedules — long-term actions were either entirely absent or poorly implemented. Long-term measures such as “making household or occupational cooling available to the most heat-exposed, developing insurance cover for lost work, expanding fire management services for heat waves, and electricity grid retrofits to improve transmission reliability and distribution safety” were missing in all the cities, the study said. The cities implemented actions like the expansion of urban shade and green cover and the creation of open spaces that dissipate without focusing on populations and areas that experience the greatest heat risk, according to the analysis. It also noted that the long-term strategies being implemented focus largely on the health system, and not on the prevention. The study highlighted that there was a requirement that more funding was required to implement long-term actions. Source: Indian Express JUDICIARY’S IN-HOUSE INQUIRY AGAINST JUDGE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Chief Justice of India (CJI) Sanjiv Khanna initiated an unprecedented three-member in-house inquiry into the conduct of Delhi High Court judge Justice Yashwant Varma following allegations that wads of currency notes were found in his official residence where a fire broke out on March 14. Background: – The internal inquiry of the judiciary follows a process that is distinct from that of impeachment under the Constitution. Key takeaways The process of impeachment of a judge of the Supreme Court is laid down in Article 124(4) of the Constitution of India. Article 218 says the same provisions shall apply in relation to a judge of the High Court. Under Article 124(4), a judge can be removed by Parliament through a laid-down procedure on only two grounds: “proved misbehaviour” and “incapacity”. For an impeachment motion against an SC or HC judge to be accepted, at least two-thirds of those “present and voting” in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha must vote in favour of removing the judge — and the number of votes in favour must be more than 50% of the “total membership” of each House. If Parliament passes such a vote, the President will pass an order for the removal. In-house procedure The need for an internal mechanism was felt in 1995, after allegations of financial impropriety surfaced against then Bombay High Court Chief Justice A M Bhattacharjee. After the Bombay Bar Association moved a resolution calling for the judge’s resignation, a writ petition was filed before the Supreme Court seeking to restrain the Bar from protesting. While hearing the case, SC noted there was no process to hold a judge accountable for “bad conduct inconsistent with the high office”, when such conduct did not meet the high bar of impeachment set by Article 124 of the Constitution. To fill the gap, the SC decided to formulate an in-house procedure. SC constituted a five-member committee to devise the procedure “for taking suitable remedial action against judges, who by their acts of omission or commission, do not follow the accepted values of judicial life, including the ideals expressed by the Supreme Court in the Restatement of Values of Judicial Life”. The committee submitted its report in 1997. It was adopted with amendments in a full court meeting of the SC in 1999. Process revisited in 2014 In 2014, when a woman additional district and sessions judge from Madhya Pradesh filed a complaint of sexual harassment against a sitting judge of the High Court, the SC revisited its in-house procedure. SC summarised and explained this process through “seven steps” (Additional District and Sessions Judge ‘X’ v. Registrar General High Court of Madhya Pradesh). Essentially, this process begins when the Chief Justice of a HC, the CJI, or the President of India receives a complaint. The CJ of the HC or the President will forward the complaint to the CJI. This complaint can be dropped at any stage, if not

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) VIKRAMSHILA UNIVERSITY Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: A decade after Nalanda University came up in the foothills of Rajgir, work is on to revive another ancient centre of learning in Bihar — Vikramshila. Background: – The ASI has been developing the ancient Vikramshila University site since December to boost tourism, while the Bihar government recently allocated 202.14 acres in Antichak, Bhagalpur, for the proposed Central University. Despite the Centre’s 2015 approval and a ₹500 crore sanction, the project had stalled due to land allocation delays. Key takeaways Vikramshila University was an ancient center of learning established during the Pala Empire in medieval India. It was renowned for its focus on Buddhist education, particularly the Vajrayana sect of Mahayana Buddhism. Key Facts: Founded by: Dharmapala (c. 8th–9th century), a ruler of the Pala Dynasty. Location: Present-day Bhagalpur, Bihar. Notable Scholars: Atisha Dipankara Srijnana – A key Buddhist scholar who spread Vajrayana Buddhism to Tibet. It had a rigorous selection process for scholars and focused on Buddhist philosophy, logic, grammar, and metaphysics. Supported by Pala rulers, who were great patrons of Buddhism. Destroyed by: Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1203 CE, during the Turkish invasions, along with Nalanda and Odantapuri universities. Comparison with Nalanda While Nalanda university flourished from the Gupta Period (320-550 AD) to the 12th Century, Vikramshila thrived during the Pala Period (8th to 12th century).  While Nalanda got more international fame for teaching varied disciplines, Vikramshila was the only university that specialised in tantric and occult studies. In fact, during Dharmapala’s reign, Vikramshila reigned supreme and is known to have controlled Nalanda’s affairs as well. At its peak, subjects such as theology, philosophy, grammar, metaphysics and logic were taught at Vikramshila. But the most important branch of learning were the tantras because Vikramshila flourished in the days of tantricism, when occult sciences and magic were subjects of study both in Buddhism as well as Hinduism. While Nalanda is the older of the two universities, at one point, the two centres of learning, who had a common patron in King Dharmapala, exchanged knowledge and even teachers, who were called Acharyas. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL ORGAN AND TISSUE TRANSPLANT ORGANISATION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Union Government has expressed “serious concern” over hospitals not sharing data on organ transplantation activities with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Background: – In a communication sent to Health Secretaries of all States/Union Territories, the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO), which functions under the Directorate General of Health Services, called for urgent intervention of the competent authority to check the non-compliance of the transplant hospitals in updating the organ transplantation data which was undermining the purpose of the National Transplant Registry. Key takeaways The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) is India’s apex body responsible for overseeing organ donation, procurement, and transplantation. It functions under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). Headquarters: New Delhi Governing Law: Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994 (amended in 2011) Objectives of NOTTO: Promote organ donation awareness in India Ensure equitable distribution of organs Maintain a national registry of organ donors and recipients Coordinate organ and tissue transplant activities across India Set guidelines for organ transplantation and procurement Structure of NOTTO: – It operates at three levels: National Level – NOTTO (New Delhi) Manages the National Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplant Registry Coordinates inter-state organ allocation Promotes national policies and awareness Regional Level – ROTTOs (Regional Organ and Tissue Transplant Organizations) 5 ROTTOs covering North, South, East, West, and Northeast India Coordinate between NOTTO and SOTTOs State Level – SOTTOs (State Organ and Tissue Transplant Organizations) Implement organ donation and transplant programs at the state level Register hospitals and maintain state donor lists Types of Organ Donations Regulated by NOTTO: Living Donor Transplantation: A living person donates an organ (e.g., kidney, liver segment). Deceased Donor Transplantation: Organs retrieved from brain-dead patients. Source: The Hindu PRIORITY SECTOR LENDING Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Reserve Bank issued revised guidelines on Priority Sector Lending (PSL) to facilitate better targeting of bank credit to the priority sectors of the economy. The new guidelines will come into effect from April 1, 2025, the RBI said. Background: The major changes include the enhancement of several loan limits, including housing loans for enhanced PSL coverage, and the broadening of the purposes based on which loans may be classified under ‘renewable energy.’ There is also a revision of the overall PSL target for urban cooperative banks (UCBs) to 60% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) or Credit Equivalent of Off-Balance Sheet Exposures (CEOBSE), whichever is higher. The revised norms also expand the list of eligible borrowers under the category of Weaker Sections. Key takeaways Priority Sector Lending (PSL) is a policy initiative by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) aimed at ensuring that certain sectors of the economy receive adequate credit. These sectors are considered crucial for economic development and include agriculture, micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), education, housing, renewable energy, and weaker sections of society. Key Features of PSL Targets: Banks are required to allocate a specific percentage of their Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) or Credit Equivalent of Off-Balance Sheet Exposures (CEOBSE) to priority sectors. For example, commercial banks must allocate 40% of their ANBC to PSL. Categories: PSL covers various categories such as: Agriculture: Loans for farmers, agricultural infrastructure, and allied activities. MSMEs: Credit for small businesses and startups. Export Credit: Loans to exporters. Education: Loans for students pursuing higher education. Housing: Loans for affordable housing projects. Renewable Energy: Financing for solar, wind, and other clean energy projects. Weaker Sections: Loans for economically disadvantaged groups. Monitoring and Penalties: Banks are monitored for compliance, and penalties are imposed for failing to meet PSL targets. Source: Money Control FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE (FATF) Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Private Sector Collaborative Forum (PSCF) 2025 will be held from

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIA’S BIOECONOMY Syllabus: Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A new government report has pegged the value of India’s bioeconomy in 2024 at more than $165 billion, accounting for over 4.2% of the country’s GDP. Background: – The India BioEconomy Report, released by the Department of Biotechnology, says there is ample opportunity for this sector to grow to about $300 billion by 2030, and to $1 trillion by 2047. Key takeaways Bioeconomy refers to the industrial use of biological resources (plants, animals, and microorganisms), and the replication of natural biological processes in the production of goods and services. Bioresources like plants or microorganisms are renewable, relatively cheap, and locally available, while natural processes are more sustainable and eco-friendly. An example is the use of ethanol, produced through fermentation of crops like sugarcane or corn by microorganisms, as an alternative to fossil fuels. Modern biology offers sustainable alternatives to clothes, plastics, construction materials, medicines, and a variety of chemicals. Even in traditional areas of healthcare and agriculture, there is a push for biotechnology. Development of biomedicines, which are derived from bioresources rather than chemicals, and synthetic biology involving the growth of specially-designed microorganisms with desired traits are areas in which biotechnology is playing an increasing role. Growing footprint The report shows that the value of India’s bioeconomy nearly doubled in the last five years, from around $86 billion in 2020 to $165 billion in 2024. The number of companies operating in the bioeconomy has gone up by almost 90% in the last three years, from 5,365 in 2021 to 10,075 in 2024. This number is projected to double again by 2030, employing close to 35 million people, according to the report. Nearly half the value of the bioeconomy (roughly $78 billion) was generated in the industrial sector, for the development and use of biofuels and bioplastics, among other things. The pharma sector accounted for another 35% of the total value, with vaccines the major contributor. But the fastest growing segment in 2024 was research and IT, which includes biotech software development, clinical trials, and bioinformatics that helps in areas such as drug research. The report showed that only five states — Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh — accounted for more than two-thirds of the value generated in the bioeconomy. The entire eastern and northeastern region generated less than 6% of the total value. Maintaining the high growth rates of the past five years in the future will not be easy, the report said. While the 4.2% share in the overall GDP was comparable to figures in the United States and China, the bioeconomy of countries like Spain and Italy accounts for more than 20% of their GDP. BioE3 Policy (2024) – The BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) policy aims to: Establish India as a global bio-manufacturing hub with a focus on bio-based chemicals, enzymes, precision biotherapeutics, functional foods, and climate-resilient agriculture. Strengthen research and development through collaboration between universities, research institutions, start-ups, and industries. Promote sustainability by replacing hydrocarbon-based materials with bio-based alternatives. Encourage innovation and private sector participation in biotechnology advancements. Way Forward Regulatory Reforms – Addressing concerns over GM crops and streamlining approval processes. Regional Development – Encouraging bioeconomy growth in underdeveloped regions. Public-Private Collaboration – Boosting investment in research, production, and commercialization of bio-based products. Source: Indian Express STAR IN THE MAKING Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The Webb Space Telescope has captured a plume of gas and dust streaming from a star in the making.   Background: – The outflow is about 625 light-years from Earth in one of the closest star-forming regions of our Milky Way galaxy, according to NASA. Formation of stars The process of star formation is an extraordinary sequence of events that occurs within massive clouds of gas and dust scattered throughout galaxies, often referred to as molecular clouds or stellar nurseries. Formation of Molecular Clouds Initial Conditions: Star formation begins in regions of dense and cold interstellar gas and dust. These molecular clouds are primarily composed of hydrogen (H₂) with traces of helium and heavier elements. Triggering Mechanisms: External events like supernova explosions, galactic collisions, or shockwaves can compress the molecular cloud, initiating the process. Gravitational Collapse Instability: Regions within the cloud become denser over time, leading to local instabilities. Formation of Dense Cores: As gravity overwhelms internal pressure, parts of the cloud collapse into compact, dense clumps known as protostellar cores. Protostar Stage Heating and Rotation: During the collapse, gravitational potential energy converts into heat, increasing the core’s temperature. Conservation of angular momentum causes the core to rotate and form a rotationally flattened disk around it. Accretion Disk: Material from the surrounding envelope spirals inward onto the protostar through the accretion disk, fueling its growth. Ignition of Nuclear Fusion Core Temperature and Pressure: When the protostar’s core temperature rises to approximately 10 million Kelvin, nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium begins. This marks the birth of a star. Radiative Pressure: The energy generated from fusion creates outward radiative pressure, balancing the inward pull of gravity and halting further collapse. Main Sequence Stage Equilibrium: The star enters the main sequence phase, where it remains in hydrostatic equilibrium for millions to billions of years. During this time, it burns hydrogen in its core, producing energy. Factors Influencing Star Formation Mass of the Star: The amount of material available determines whether the star becomes a low-mass star (like the Sun) or a high-mass star (more massive stars may end their lives as black holes or supernovae). Environmental Conditions: The metallicity (presence of elements heavier than helium) and external forces influence the efficiency of star formation. End States – the lifecycle of a star depends on its initial mass: Low-Mass Stars (e.g., red dwarfs): End as white dwarfs. Medium-Mass Stars (e.g., Sun-like stars): Become red giants before shedding their outer layers as planetary nebulae, leaving behind a white dwarf. High-Mass Stars: Explode as supernovae and may form neutron stars or black holes. Source: AP

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NATIONAL TECHNICAL TEXTILES MISSION Syllabus: Prelims  & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: National Technical Textiles Mission completes 5 years. Background: – With a view to boost technical textiles sector in the country, National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM) was launched for a period from 2020-21 to 2025-26 with an outlay of Rs.1,480 crores. Key takeaways The National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM) is a flagship initiative by the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, aimed at transforming and modernizing the country’s technical textiles sector.  Technical textiles differ from traditional textiles in that they are developed to meet high-performance and specialized requirements across sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, construction, automotive, and defense. The mission was conceived with the key objective of positioning India as a global leader in technical textiles, leveraging its robust textile industry to create new economic opportunities, increase export potential, and drive technological innovation across diverse sectors. Key Components of the Mission The NTTM is structured around four primary components, each targeting a crucial aspect of the sector’s growth: Research, Innovation, and Development (R&D) Objective: Stimulate innovation by supporting research projects that develop new materials, processes, and technologies. Initiatives: Funding for R&D projects which, to date, have reached a cumulative value of around ₹509 crores spread over 168 projects. Outcome: This drives the creation of advanced, high-performance textile products that meet demanding industry standards. Promotion and Market Development Objective: Enhance the market penetration of technical textiles both within India and internationally. Initiatives: Promotion campaigns, infrastructure development, and measures to create awareness among industrial users and consumers. Outcome: Increased adoption of technical textiles in key sectors, strengthening domestic use and global market recognition. Export Promotion Objective: Boost the export potential of India’s technical textiles by developing dedicated export strategies. Initiatives: Formation of an export council, participation in international trade fairs, and creating export-oriented policies tailored for this subsector. Outcome: Enhanced competitiveness and broader global reach for Indian manufacturers. Education, Training, and Skill Development Objective: Build a robust talent pool equipped with the specialized skills required for the technical textiles industry. Initiatives: Establishing training programs, internships, and academic programs in collaboration with top institutes and industries. Outcome: Empowering up to 50,000 individuals, ensuring that the workforce is ready to drive and sustain innovation in the field. Source: PIB PARLIAMENTARY PANEL ON CBI Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A Parliamentary standing committee has recommended that a separate or a new law be enacted to grant CBI the power to investigate cases without needing consent from the state governments. Background: – The department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice in its demand for grants report noted that eight states have withdrawn general consent for CBI investigation. Key takeaways The Committee notes that eight states have withdrawn general consent for CBI investigations limiting severely its ability to investigate corruption and organized crime.  To address this problem, the Committee feels a separate/new law granting CBI wider investigative powers without state consent for cases affecting national security and integrity may be enacted by taking views also from State Governments.  The eight states are Kerala, Punjab, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Telangana, Meghalaya, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. All of them are ruled by parties that are not part of the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance.  Under Section 6 of the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) act , CBI needs the permission of state governments to investigate cases within those provinces, except in cases where orders are issued from the Supreme Court, high courts or Lokpal. The Parliamentary committee has also asked DOPT to introduced lateral entry for different units within CBI, after the agency informed about not receiving sufficient and suitable nominations of officers from state police, forces which has traditionally been a major source of induction.  The committee said that shortage of suitable nominations for deputation to CBI was a serious concern ,as it affected the operational efficiency. About CBI The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is India’s premier investigative agency, functioning under the jurisdiction of the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. Established: 1941 as the Special Police Establishment (SPE). Renamed as CBI: 1963 by a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Legal Framework: Works under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946. Director: Appointed by a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Chief Justice of India, and Leader of Opposition (LoP). The process of appointment was established by the Supreme Court’s Vineet Narain judgement (1997), and the changes made to The Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946 by The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. Functions of CBI: Anti-Corruption Cases: Investigates corruption cases involving central government employees and PSUs. Economic Offenses: Handles bank frauds, financial scams, money laundering, cybercrime, etc. Special Crimes: Investigates serious crimes such as terrorism, organized crime, and drug trafficking. Suo Moto Jurisdiction: Can investigate only within Union Territories. In states, it requires the consent of the concerned State Government. High-Profile Cases: Can take over cases at the request of states or by Supreme Court/High Courts’ directives. Source: Hindustan Times GREEN GRABBING Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Asian Development Bank (ADB) funded Solar park in Assam is accused of green grabbing. Background: On March 26, the protestors belonging to various political formulations representing tribal bodies rallied against the Assam government’s plans to divert 18,000 bighas (2,396.5 ha) of tribal land to a solar power project supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Key takeaways Green Grabbing is a term used to describe the appropriation of land and natural resources by external entities—be they governments, corporations, or NGOs—in the name of environmental protection, conservation, or sustainable development.  While environmental policies and projects are essential for stewarding natural resources, the process of green grabbing often masks deeper issues of power imbalance and the disenfranchisement of local communities. Green grabbing is essentially a subset of the broader phenomenon of land grabbing. However, unlike traditional land grabs driven mainly by agricultural or industrial interests, green grabbing is justified

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIA’S DEEP SEA CAPABILITIES Syllabus: Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Recently, India completed wet testing of its Matsya-6000 submersible, capable of diving up to 6 km below the surface to look for underwater minerals off the coast. Background: – Globally, deep-sea technology is critical for economic development, resource exploitation, and national security. Key takeaways Importance of Deep Sea Exploration for India Economic Potential Marine resources: The oceans hold vast reserves of minerals, hydrocarbons, and biodiversity. Hydrocarbons & Gas Hydrates: Essential for India’s energy security and economic growth. Fisheries & Nutraceuticals: Expansion of deep-sea fishing can enhance India’s Blue Economy. Undersea Mining: Exploration of polymetallic nodules for rare earth elements (REEs). Strategic and Security Imperatives Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA): Critical for monitoring deep-sea activities and securing maritime interests. China’s Deep-Sea Capabilities: Largest fleet of submersibles and development of undersea infrastructure and cable-cutting technology. Communication & Infrastructure Undersea Cables carry over 95% of global internet traffic and are crucial for digital economy, financial transactions, and secure communications. India must develop cable-laying and maintenance capabilities. Undersea Pipelines & Mining Equipment – Infrastructure is required for resource exploitation and there is need for robust technology to maintain and protect these assets. Challenges in Deep-Sea Exploration Extreme Pressure Conditions. Lack of indigenous deep-sea vehicles and submersibles and dependence on foreign technology for underwater research and exploration. Deep-sea technology development is capital-intensive. Limited Human Capital & Research Base: Need for specialized training in oceanography, marine engineering, and underwater robotics. Way Forward Institutional & Policy Reforms Upgrading the Department of Ocean Development to a full-fledged Ministry of Ocean Affairs. A dedicated policy framework with clear funding, targets, and mission-mode execution. Establishing a National Deep-Sea Research Institute for technological development. Technological Advancements Hydrographic Research: Developing precision oceanographic mapping tools. Deep-Sea Sensors & Security Systems: Countering undersea cyber and military threats. Strategic Collaboration & Investments Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Encouraging investment in deep-sea exploration. International Cooperation: Collaborating with leading maritime nations for deep-sea technology exchange. Source: Indian Express WHY TIGERS MATTER Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: A poaching network marked by an unusual coalition of groups from tribal communities in central India, using digital payments with “hawala funds” and separate supply lines to Nepal and Myanmar, has taken out “100 to any number” of tigers since 2022 from various parts of India, an investigation by The Indian Express has found. Background: – As per the 2022-23 tiger census, India has 3,681 tigers occupying 89,000 sq km across five landscapes: Shivalik Hills & Gangetic Plains, Central Indian Highlands & Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, North Eastern Hills & Brahmaputra floodplains, Sundarbans. Key takeaways Tigers as an Umbrella Species and their Ecological Role Tigers are apex predators and an umbrella species, meaning their conservation indirectly benefits the entire ecosystem by maintaining ecological balance. They regulate herbivore populations (e.g., deer), preventing overgrazing and habitat degradation. Tiger landscapes support critical ecosystems that provide freshwater to over 800 million people in Asia. These landscapes store significant carbon, making tiger conservation vital for mitigating climate change. Cultural Significance of Tigers in India Hindu Mythology: The tiger is depicted as the mount (vahana) of Goddess Durga, symbolizing power and valor. Harappan Civilization: Seals from the Indus Valley, including the Pashupati seal, depict tigers, showing their early cultural significance. Rock Paintings: Bhimbetka cave paintings feature tigers alongside other animals, reflecting their historical importance. Folk Traditions: Pulikali (Kerala): A tiger dance performed during Onam, symbolizing the deep connection between humans and nature. Puli Vesham (Andhra Pradesh): A traditional tiger dance performed during festivals like Dussehra and Muharram. Economic Contribution of Tiger Conservation Eco-tourism: Tiger reserves attract tourists, generating local employment and reducing reliance on unsustainable practices. Ecosystem Services: Healthy tiger habitats protect agricultural lands, fish nurseries, and water resources. Livelihood Support: Conservation projects provide alternative income sources to forest-dependent communities, reducing poaching and deforestation. Status of Tiger Population in India – Largest Tiger Populations (2022): States: Madhya Pradesh (785), Karnataka (563), Uttarakhand (560), Maharashtra (444). Reserves: Corbett (260), Bandipur (150), Nagarhole (141), Bandhavgarh (135). Key Government Initiatives for Tiger Conservation Project Tiger (1973) Launched under Indira Gandhi, it is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) to ensure tiger conservation and habitat protection. Initially started in nine tiger reserves, now expanded to 53 reserves covering 75,000 sq km. National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) (2006) Statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC). Conducts All India Tiger Estimation every four years. Also oversees implementation of Project Tiger and manages funds for tiger reserves. M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers: Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) – A technology-based surveillance system for tracking tigers, ensuring effective patrolling, and mitigating human-wildlife conflict. Transboundary Conservation Initiatives India-Bangladesh Collaboration: Joint efforts for tiger conservation in the Sundarbans. International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA) (2023): Initiative to protect seven big cat species (tiger, leopard, snow leopard, lion, cheetah, puma, and jaguar) through global cooperation. Source: Indian Express GAIA MISSION Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The European Space Agency (ESA) shut down its space observatory mission, Gaia on March 27. Background: ESA announced that the spacecraft had been “successfully passivated”, meaning it had been drained of any internal energy sources and will not reboot again. Shortly before, Gaia used its thrusters for the final time to slowly drift into its “retirement orbit” around the Sun. Key takeaways GAIA (Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics) is a space observatory launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) on December 19, 2013. Its primary goal is to create the most precise 3D map of the Milky Way, tracking over 1.8 billion stars. Gaia was positioned in the Lagrange point 2 (L2), around 1.5 million kilometres ‘behind’ the Earth, when viewed from the Sun. This effectively allowed the spacecraft to view the larger cosmos unhindered by the planet, the Sun and the Moon. Contributions of GAIA Gaia has transformed the way the Milky Way galaxy is viewed. Its data allowed scientists to recreate not just a 3-D map of the galaxy, but also how it will change over

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) SAHYOG PORTAL Syllabus: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The Centre informed the Karnataka High Court that Elon Musk-owned X’s description of the government’s Sahyog portal as a “censorship portal” is “unfortunate” and “condemnable”. Decoding the context: The HC is currently hearing a challenge by X against the government’s use of Section 79(3)(b) of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) to moderate and order the removal of content on social media. Learning Corner: The Sahyog Portal is an initiative by India’s Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), developed under the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) to streamline the process of issuing notices to intermediaries for the removal or disabling of access to unlawful online content.  Launched in 2024, the portal aims to create a safer cyberspace by automating and expediting content takedown requests under Clause (b) of Sub-section (3) of Section 79 of the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000. Section 79 protects platforms (like x or instagram) from liability for the content that a third party (users) posts on their service. Part (3)(b) of Section 79 states that platforms can lose this protection if they fail to remove unlawful content after the Government or its agencies notify it about said content. Key Features of the Sahyog Portal: Centralized Platform: Brings together authorized government agencies and IT intermediaries, facilitating coordinated action against unlawful online information. Automated Notices: Enables authorized agencies to issue takedown notices directly to intermediaries, ensuring timely removal of content used to commit unlawful acts. Dashboard Monitoring: Provides stakeholders with a national dashboard to monitor the status of requests, including the number of notices issued, actions taken, and pending requests. Operational Process: Issuance of Notices: Authorized agencies, including central ministries, state police, and law enforcement agencies, can flag objectionable content and raise requests for its removal through the portal. Intermediary Action: Upon receiving a notice, intermediaries are expected to act promptly to remove or disable access to the specified content. They can also seek additional information or provide reasons for non-compliance if applicable. Monitoring and Compliance: The portal allows for tracking the status of each request, ensuring transparency and accountability in the content removal process. Controversies and Legal Challenges: The Sahyog Portal has faced criticism from some quarters, notably from X Corp (formerly Twitter), which referred to it as a “censorship portal.” X Corp challenged the government’s use of Section 79(3)(b) of the IT Act, arguing that it leads to a parallel and unlawful content censorship regime.  The Indian government has defended the portal, stating that it provides a structured mechanism for coordination between intermediaries and law enforcement agencies to address unlawful online content. Source : Indian Express SARHUL FESTIVAL Syllabus: ART & CULTURE Context: Adivasis in Jharkhand and the larger Chhotanagpur region will welcome the new year and the spring season with the Sarhul festival on Tuesday (1st April) . Decoding the context: While the festival is widely known as Sarhul among the Nagpuri-speaking populations, different tribes have their own names and particular ways of celebrating it. For instance, the Santal community calls it Baha Parab, whereas among the Ho and Munda peoples it is often referred to as Baa Parab. Learning Corner: The Sarhul Festival is a spring celebration observed predominantly by the tribal communities of Jharkhand and the broader Chhotanagpur region, which also extends to parts of Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and even regions beyond mainland India.  Sarhul not only marks the onset of spring and the new year for these communities but also stands as a symbolic celebration of the union between the Sun and the Earth. Historical and Cultural Significance Nature Worship and Renewal: Sarhul—literally means “worship of the Sal tree” in the Nagpuri language. The Sal tree (Shorea robusta) holds a sacred status among Adivasi communities because it is believed to be the abode of Sarna Maa, the village deity who safeguards natural and social harmony. New Year and Agricultural Cycle: Sarhul is closely linked to agricultural activities. The ceremonies serve as precursor to the ploughing of fields and the sowing of crops, marking the transition from the winter dormancy to the vibrant period of growth. The three day festival centers around sacred groves, known as Sarna Sthals, where key rituals are performed. Day 1: The village pahan (priest) who observes a rigorous fast, fetches water for the ceremonies, houses and Sarna Sthals are cleaned, and Sal flowers gathered for rituals. Day 2: The rituals include offering Sal flowers to the deity, sacrificing a rooster, and seeking prosperity, safety, and good harvest. Holy water is sprinkled across the village, with performances of traditional songs and dances such as Jadur, Gena and Por Jadur. Young men engage in ceremonial fishing and crab-catching for the feast. Day 3: A community feast is held with handia (rice beer) and local delicacies. The festival concludes with the pahan’s blessings and prayers for the community. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, when tribes such as the Munda, Oraon, and Santal were sent to faraway places as indentured labour, Sarhul traveled with them. Today, the festival is celebrated in locations ranging from the tea gardens of Assam to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan. Source : Indian Express MYANMAR EARTHQUAKE Syllabus: GEOGRAPHY Context: A powerful earthquake of magnitude 7.7 and at least six aftershocks struck central Myanmar, bringing buildings down in the country’s second-largest city, Mandalay, and killing at least 1,600 people. Decoding the context: Neighbouring Thailand was also affected. Parts of Northeast India also felt the shake, although no casualties or significant damage to property has been reported. Learning Corner: Earth’s lithosphere consists of moving tectonic plates whose interactions shape the planet’s geology. Earthquakes occur when these plates suddenly slip, releasing stored elastic strain energy as seismic waves that shake the ground. Myanmar is positioned in a region where several tectonic plates meet. It lies at the confluence of the Indian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Sunda Plate, and the smaller Burma Microplate. This junction makes the region naturally predisposed to seismic activity. Myanmar

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) HYPERSONIC MISSILES Syllabus:     SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Russian President Vladimir Putin launched Perm, a nuclear-powered submarine with hypersonic Zircon missiles. Perm is the first of its kind to be equipped with Zircon (also spelled Tsirkon) missiles as a standard feature. Decoding the context: According to the Russian news agency TASS, Putin described its launch as a “milestone event” for the Russian navy. Learning Corner: Hypersonic missiles are advanced weapons that travel at speeds of Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound) or higher (≥ 6,174 km/h). They are designed for high-speed, maneuverability, and rapid strike capability. Advantages of Hypersonic missiles The main feature of a hypersonic missile is its maneuvrability, meaning its trajectory can be altered according to the intended target. These are generally slower than intercontinental ballistic missiles. Hypersonic weapons can potentially evade missile shields and early warning systems. Ground-based radars or terrestrial radars cannot detect hypersonic missiles until late in the flight of the weapon. This makes it difficult for the responders to the missile attack to try to intercept the missile. Hypersonic weapons can enable responsive, long-range strike options against distant, defended or time-critical threats (such as road-mobile missiles) when other forces are unavailable, denied access or not preferred. Conventional hypersonic weapons use only kinetic energy, energy derived from motion, to destroy unhardened targets or even underground facilities. The two types of hypersonic weapons systems are Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGVs) and Hypersonic Cruise Missiles (HCMs).  HGVs are launched from a rocket before gliding to the intended target, while HCMs are powered by air-breathing high-speed engines or ‘scramjets’ after acquiring their target. What to know about ZIRCON According to Russia, the Zircon can reach eight times the speed of sound, has a range of 625 miles and can carry a 660-pound warhead. If this is accurate, Zircon would be one of the fastest in the world, “making it nearly impossible to defend against due to its speed alone.” Source : Indian Express INDIA’S THREE-STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME Syllabus:             SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: A fiery exchange erupted in Rajya Sabha when Congress MP Jairam Ramesh questioned the progress of phase 2 of the nuclear programme of India, the status of the fast breeder reactor in Kalpakkam, and the plans for setting up thorium reactors for Phase 3. Decoding the context: India’s nuclear journey began shortly after Independence with the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948. In 1956, Asia’s first research reactor, Apsara, was commissioned at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Trombay. India was the second Asian nation to build a nuclear power plant in 1969 at Tarapur, just after Japan and long before China.  Learning Corner: India owes the vision of the three-phase programme of nuclear power to ensure energy security to Dr Homi J Bhabha, the father of India’s nuclear programme, and Dr Vikram Sarabhai, who recognised the need for developing Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR). Three-stage nuclear programme Stage I: Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) Fuel and Operating Principle: In the first stage, India relies on Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors that use natural uranium as fuel. Key Characteristics: These reactors utilize heavy water (deuterium oxide) as both a moderator and coolant, allowing them to efficiently sustain the nuclear chain reaction with low-enriched fuel. Outcome: A byproduct of this stage is the production of plutonium-239 in the spent fuel, which is essential for the next phase of the programme. Stage II: Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) Role of Plutonium: Stage II capitalizes on the plutonium produced in Stage I. Fast Breeder Reactors use a mix of plutonium and natural uranium in a process known as “breeding.” Breeding Process: These reactors are designed to generate more fissile material than they consume. Fast neutrons (without slowing by a moderator) convert the fertile uranium-238 into additional plutonium, thereby increasing the fissile inventory. Objective: The goal is to build up a significant stock of fissile material that will bridge the gap between the limited uranium resources and the future utilization of thorium. Implementation Status: The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam is a critical milestone in this stage, although its progress has faced delays. Stage III: Thorium-Based Reactors Rationale for Thorium: India possesses one of the world’s largest reserves of thorium (approximately 25% of the global share), but only limited uranium resources. Thorium-232, which is not fissile in its natural state, needs to be converted (or “bred”) into uranium-233 through neutron irradiation. Reactor Development: The final stage envisions advanced thermal breeder reactors—such as Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWRs) and other concepts like molten salt reactors—that utilize a thorium–uranium-233 fuel cycle. Long-Term Vision: Once the necessary fissile material has been accumulated in Stage II and the technology for breeding uranium-233 from thorium is perfected, India aims to achieve sustained nuclear power generation that relies primarily on its abundant thorium resources. Impact: This stage is expected to drastically reduce dependence on imported uranium and pave the way for a self-reliant nuclear energy programme lasting for centuries. Source : Indian Express BAY OF BENGAL INITIATIVE FOR MULTI-SECTORAL TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION (BIMSTEC) Syllabus:           INTERNATIONAL Context: External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar emphasized that BIMSTEC should adopt a more ambitious approach amid the ongoing global churn that is creating a new world order which is more regional and agenda-specific. Decoding the context: Addressing a meeting of foreign ministers of the BIMSTEC in Bangkok, Jaishankar emphasised the central role of India, especially its landlocked northeastern region, in forging transport and connectivity linkages. The meeting was part of the preparations for the Bimstec Summit, and was held hours after US President unveiled his reciprocal tariffs. Learning Corner: BIMSTEC is a regional organization comprising countries around the Bay of Bengal that aims to foster economic and technical cooperation. The organization bridges South Asia and Southeast Asia. BIMSTEC comprises seven member states: South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka Southeast Asia: Myanmar, Thailand It was established on June 6, 1997, through the Bangkok Declaration. Initially known as BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) GREEN CREDIT PROGRAMME Syllabus:       GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: The Green Credit Programme (GCP) rolled out by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change was flagged by the Ministry of Law and Justice before its rollout, over legality of the business model built into it. Decoding the context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the President of the UAE, officially unveiled the GCP on December 1, 2023, during the annual United Nations climate conference in Dubai. It was dubbed as a mechanism to incentivise “pro-planet” actions in response to climate change, and one which would promote the Centre’s Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Sustainable Environment). Learning Corner: At its core, the GCP seeks voluntary participation (read investments) of individuals, companies, industries, and other entities across seven different activities — such as tree plantation, waste management, and water conservation — that will lead to improvements in the environment.  This participation will be incentivised by generating “green credits”, which can then be traded on a domestic market platform to potential buyers looking to meet sustainability targets, or existing legal obligations. For instance, could be exchanged for meeting compliance of compensatory afforestation. The credits can also be used by listed companies as part of their environmental, social and governance disclosures under SEBI’s Business Responsibility and Sustainability framework, indicating efforts taken by these companies on environmental sustainability. How will green credits be calculated? Initially piloted for tree plantation and eco-restoration, including soil moisture conservation and rainwater harvesting. The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehradun, serves as the nodal agency for GCP pilot on tree plantation and eco-restoration. Plantations will be carried out in degraded land parcels including open forest, scrubland, wasteland and catchment areas, and they must be five hectares in size or above. Forest departments identify land parcels and allocate them to registered entities, with plantations to be completed in two years. Green Credit Calculation: 1 grown tree = 1 green credit, subject to a minimum of 1,100 trees per hectare. Criticism & Concerns GCP has been criticised for incentivising forest diversion for industries, by generating tradable credits which could also be used to meet legal obligations such as compensatory afforestation.  It has also been criticised for promoting plantations on degraded lands, open forests and scrub lands, which experts have argued offer unique and important ecological services. Under the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 2023, non-forest land equivalent to forest land used for industries and development projects is mandated for compensatory afforestation. Only if non-forest land is unavailable, twice the size of degraded or unclassed forest land is used for compensatory afforestation. However, GCP mandates use of degraded forest land for plantations. It also has complementary provisions which allow exchange of credits, generated by paying money, for meeting the compensatory afforestation compliance. This translates into compensating for older forests with existing forest land, rather than adding non-forest land into the forest cover, as laid down in the Van Adhiniyam. Source : Indian Express BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION Syllabus:               INTERNATIONAL Context: Fiftieth anniversary of the entry into force of Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) was marked recently. Decoding the context: As the first multilateral disarmament treaty to ban an entire class of weapons of mass destruction, the BWC has played a crucial role in establishing the global norm that the use of disease as a weapon is unacceptable. Learning Corner: The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is a landmark international treaty that prohibits the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, and use of biological and toxin weapons. The concept of biological warfare—using disease-causing organisms or toxic substances as weapons—has troubled humanity for centuries. The BWC formally arose from the recognition that biological agents, if weaponized, could lead to devastating epidemics and widespread disruption.  Negotiated in the shadow of the Cold War, the BWC was opened for signature on April 10, 1972, in ceremonies held in London, Moscow, and Washington, D.C.  It entered into force on March 26, 1975, after the requisite number of states had ratified the treaty. The negotiations built upon earlier disarmament efforts, notably the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which had prohibited the use—but not the possession or development—of biological weapons. Key Provisions The treaty is relatively concise in its text—even though it addresses an entire class of weapons, it consists of just 15 articles that set out clear prohibitions and obligations. The main provisions include: Prohibition on Development and Production: States Parties undertake not to develop, produce, or acquire biological agents or toxins that have no justification for prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purposes. Stockpiling and Retention: The treaty prohibits the stockpiling, transfer, or possession of such agents and toxins, ensuring that no country can build secret arsenals of biological weapons. Obligations to Destroy Existing Stockpiles: States are required to eliminate or destroy any existing weapons, facilities, or stockpiles that could be used for biological warfare. Peaceful Use of Biotechnology: The convention underscores that scientific advances in biology and biotechnology must serve only peaceful and beneficial purposes. Despite its clear prohibitions, the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) lacks formal verification measures, a significant shortcoming. Unlike nuclear and chemical weapons treaties, which have stringent verification regimes, the BWC relies solely on transparency and mutual trust among states, making enforcement challenging. Membership: As of now, 188 countries are parties to the treaty. India signed the BWC on January 15, 1973 and ratified it on July 15, 1974. Source : UN NAINI LAKE Syllabus:             GEOGRAPHY Context: The Naini Lake, one of Nainital’s key attractions, has recorded a water level of 4.7 feet — marking a five-year low. Decoding the context: Nainital Lake in Nainital Town of the Nainital district, often called the Lake District of India, is one of the four important lakes of Kumaon; the other three are Sattal Lake, Bhimtal Lake and Naukuchiyatal Lake. Learning Corner: Naini Lake, also known as Nainital Lake, is a natural freshwater lake located in the picturesque hill town of Nainital in the Kumaon region

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) TIPITAKA Syllabus: ART & CULTURE Context: Prime Minister Modi who is on a state visit to Thailand was gifted the holy scripture of ‘World Tipitaka” by his Thailand counterpart Paetongtarn Shinawatra. Decoding the context: The Tipitaka, also known as the Tripitaka in Sanskrit, is a revered compilation of Lord Buddha’s teachings and serves as the principal Buddhist scripture. Learning Corner: The Tripitaka, also known as the Pali Canon, is the earliest and most authoritative collection of Buddhist scriptures. The term Tripitaka (Sanskrit: त्रिपिटक) or Tipitaka (Pali: तिपिटक) translates to “Three Baskets,” referring to the three main divisions of Buddhist scriptures: Vinaya Pitaka (Basket of Discipline) Deals with monastic rules and discipline for monks (bhikkhus) and nuns (bhikkhunis). Contains over 220 rules for monastics. Also includes stories and justifications for the rules (origin stories). Significance: Establishes the Sangha’s code of conduct, promoting harmony and discipline. Sutta Pitaka (Basket of Discourses) Contains the teachings and sermons of Gautama Buddha. Divided into 5 Nikayas (collections): Digha Nikaya – Long Discourses Majjhima Nikaya – Middle Length Discourses Samyutta Nikaya – Connected Discourses Anguttara Nikaya – Numerical Discourses Khuddaka Nikaya – Minor Collection (includes Dhammapada, Jataka tales, etc.) Significance: The main source of Buddhist philosophy and ethical teachings. Abhidhamma Pitaka (Basket of Higher Doctrine) Contains philosophical and psychological analysis of Buddhist doctrine. More abstract and systematic. Deals with classification of mind, matter, mental states, etc. Significance: Basis for later Buddhist metaphysics and psychology The Tripitaka was originally transmitted orally by Buddhist monks before being written down in various languages, including Pali, Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan. The Theravāda school preserves the only complete Tripitaka in Pali, while other Buddhist traditions have their own versions, such as the Sarvāstivāda Tripitaka in Sanskrit. The texts were compiled and finalized during early Buddhist councils, particularly the First Buddhist Council, held shortly after the Buddha’s death. Source : CNBC ZERO HOUR Syllabus:           POLITY Context: Lok Sabha on Thursday (April 3, 2025) made a record when the Zero Hour lasted for more than five hours and a whopping 202 MPs spoke. Decoding the context: Fulfilling the promise made in the Business Advisory Committee (BAC) meeting, Speaker Om Birla ensured the extension of Zero Hour. Learning Corner: Zero Hour is an important parliamentary device in India that allows Members of Parliament (MPs) to raise urgent matters without prior notice. It is an informal practice that takes place immediately after Question Hour, typically starting at 12 noon—hence the name “Zero Hour.” Key Features of Zero Hour The concept of Zero Hour originated in India, not borrowed from any foreign parliamentary system. Not Mentioned in Rules of Procedure: Unlike Question Hour, Zero Hour is not formally listed in parliamentary rules but has evolved as a convention. Raising Urgent Issues: MPs can bring up matters of public importance that require immediate attention. Notice Requirement: MPs must submit their requests before 10 AM on the day of the session to the Speaker (Lok Sabha) or Chairman (Rajya Sabha). Note: Here, same day request is sufficient unlike other devices like question hour where prior notice is required. Discretion of Presiding Officers: The Speaker or Chairman decides whether to allow the issue to be raised. Source : The Hindu INDIA’S COAL BOOM Syllabus:       ECONOMY Context: India achieved a historic milestone by surpassing one billion tonnes (BT) of coal production on 20 March 2025, in FY 2024-25—11 days ahead of last year’s 997.83 million tonnes (MT). Decoding the context: The coal sector’s success is attributed to the tireless efforts of Coal Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), private players, and the dedicated workforce of around 5 lakh mine workers across more than 350 coal mines.  Learning Corner: India’s coal production has reached 1047.57 MT (Provisional) in FY 2024-25, compared to 997.83 MT in FY 2023-24, marking a 4.99% growth. Coal imports fell 8.4% to 183.42 MT in April-December 2024 from 200.19 MT in the same period of FY 2023-24, saving $5.43 billion (₹42,315.7 crore) in foreign exchange.  Government initiatives like Commercial Coal Mining and Mission Coking Coal boosted domestic coal output by 6.11% during this period, reducing import dependence. Economic significance of the coal sector:  With the fifth-largest coal reserves and as the second-largest consumer, coal remains crucial, contributing 55% to the national energy mix and fuelling over 74% of total power generation. Despite renewable energy growth, coal-based thermal power will remain essential, with its share projected at 55% by 2030 and 27% by 2047. Railways & revenue: Coal stands as the single largest contributor to railway freight, with an average share of nearly 49% of total freight income amounting to Rs. 82,275 Crore in the fiscal year 2022-23 alone. This revenue contribution has surpassed 33% of total railway earnings. Government earnings: The coal sector contributes over Rs. 70,000 Crore annually to the central and state governments through royalties, GST, and other levies. Employment: The sector provides jobs to over 239,000 workers in Coal India Ltd and thousands more in contractual and transport roles. Economic growth: Substantial investments in capital expenditure, averaging Rs. 18,255 Crore annually over the past five years, have facilitated infrastructure development and resource optimization within coal sector PSUs. Source : PIB SENTENELESE Syllabus:           NATIONAL Context: A man was arrested in Andaman and Nicobar Islands for allegedly entering the prohibited tribal reserve area of the North Sentinel Island, home to the indigenous Sentinelese people, one of the last uncontacted tribes in the world. Decoding the context: According to the police, Mykhailo Viktorovych Polyakov is a 24-year-old US national who arrived in Port Blair on March 26 and ventured to North Sentinel Island from the Khurmadera beach of the archipelago, police said. Learning Corner: The Sentinelese are an indigenous people who inhabit North Sentinel Island, located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India.   Along with the Great Andamanese, the Jarawas, the Onge, the Shompen, and the Nicobarese, the Sentinelese are one of the six indigenous (and often reclusive) peoples of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.  They are one of the most isolated tribes in the world and have consistently resisted contact with outsiders. Their language, known as Sentinelese, remains largely unclassified, and very little is known about its structure or relation to other Andamanese languages. They are believed to