Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   COMBINATION DRUGS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The government has banned 156 fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs, including popular medicines such as Cheston Cold and Foracet, used for cold and fever and pain respectively. Background: – The ban is the most sweeping crackdown on FDCs since 2018, when 328 such drugs were banned. A total 499 FDCs have been banned since 2014. About Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) drugs Definition: FDCs are medications that combine two or more active ingredients (chemical compounds in medicines that have an effect on the body) into a single pill, capsule, or injection. Purpose: Designed to simplify treatment for conditions like tuberculosis and diabetes, FDCs reduce the number of pills a patient needs, aiming to improve adherence to medication regimens. Examples: For instance, Cheston Cold combines paracetamol (for fever), cetirizine (for allergies), and phenylephrine (for nasal congestion). While this may be beneficial for allergy-related symptoms, it is unnecessary and potentially harmful for bacterial infections. Potential Risks: FDCs may include unnecessary drugs or components, leading to ineffective treatment or adverse effects. Excessive use of certain FDCs, particularly those containing antibiotics, can contribute to antibiotic resistance, making future infections harder to treat. Regulatory Actions: Reason for Ban: The ban targets irrational FDCs containing combinations that either do not work well together or are not needed. A significant concern is the misuse of antibiotics, which can lead to increased resistance. Market Impact: Despite previous bans, a 2023 study showed that the proportion of FDCs among antibiotics sold in India rose from 32.9% in 2008 to 37.3% in 2020. India has one of the highest numbers of FDCs globally, with many considered inappropriate. Pricing Issues: Companies sometimes use FDCs to bypass government price controls on essential medicines. Recent Government Action: The government is addressing irrational FDCs that were approved without comprehensive trials. Banned drugs were initially approved by various state licensing authorities without any trials for combinations because the ingredients were individually approved. New regulations from the 2019 Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules classify FDCs as new drugs, requiring approval from the central drug regulator, thereby reducing the presence of irrational combinations in the market. Source: Indian Express HIMACHAL PRADESH’S BILL RAISING WOMEN’S MINIMUM MARRIAGE AGE  Syllabus Mains GS-2 Context: The Himachal Pradesh Assembly on August 27, passed a Bill raising the minimum marriageable age for women from 18 to 21 years Background: – The Prohibition of Child Marriage (Himachal Pradesh Amendment) Bill, 2024, was passed by voice vote. It seeks to amend the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (2006 Act) to advance gender equality and encourage higher education among women. Why was the Bill passed? Commitment to Women’s Welfare: Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu stated that the Bill reflects government’s dedication to improving the welfare of women. Himachal Pradesh is the first state in India to legislate the increase of the minimum marriage age for girls to 21 years. Educational and Health Concerns: Health Minister emphasized that early marriage hinders girls’ education and career progress, negatively impacts their physical development, and leads to early pregnancies, affecting women’s health. Gender Equality and Opportunities: The Bill aims to provide gender equality and enhance opportunities for higher education by increasing the minimum marriageable age for girls. Key Provisions: Redefinition of “Child”: Section Section 2(a) of the 2006 Act defines a “child” as someone “who, if male, has not completed twenty-one years of age, and if female, has not completed eighteen years of age.” The Bill removes this gender-based distinction, redefining a “child” as a male or female who has not completed 21 years of age. Extended Petition Period: Bill extends the time period for filing a petition to annul a marriage. Under Section 3 of the 2006 Act, an individual who was a minor at the time of marriage can file for annulment within two years of attaining majority —before turning 20 for women and 23 for men. The Bill extends this period to five years, allowing both women and men to file petitions before they turn 23. Precedence of the Bill: A new provision, Section 18A, has been introduced to ensure that the Bill’s provisions take precedence over all other existing laws. This means that the new minimum marriageable age for women will apply uniformly across Himachal Pradesh, regardless of any conflicting laws or religious and cultural practices. Why will the President’s Assent Be Required? Concurrent List Conflict: The Bill deals with marriage, a subject on the Concurrent List, where both central and state governments can legislate. Potential Conflict with Central Law: since the Bill introduces a different minimum marriageable age for women, its provisions will be deemed inconsistent with the 2006 Act —a law enacted by Parliament. Article 254: Under Article 254 of the Constitution, if state legislation contradicts central law, it becomes void unless the President’s assent is obtained. With the President’s assent, the state law will override the central law within Himachal Pradesh. Expert Opinions: Child and women’s rights activists argue that raising the minimum marriage age may increase parental control over young adults, especially in a patriarchal society. Potential Misuse of Law: Activists highlight that the existing law is often misused by parents to penalize daughters who marry against their wishes, and increasing the age to 21 could exacerbate this issue, leading to further persecution of young women. Such a legislative reform could also leave a vast majority of Indian women who marry before the age of 21 years without the legal protections that the institution of marriage otherwise provides. It is also likely to endanger the life and liberty of the marginalised communities exposing them to further brutal policing. The 2008 Law Commission Report recommended setting a uniform age of marriage for both men and women at 18 years. The National Human Rights Commission in 2018 too proposed a similar reform. Source: The Hindu JUSTICE VERMA PANEL AND DEATH PENALTY FOR RAPE  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: After the brutal rape and murder of a doctor on duty at Kolkata’s R.G. Kar

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   INS ARIGHAAT  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: India bolstered its deterrence capability on Thursday with the commissioning of its second nuclear submarine, INS Arighaat, into the Navy. Background: – The discreet commissioning ceremony of the Arihant-class vessel in Visakhapatnam was attended by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh. Key takeaways INS Arighaat will join its predecessor INS Arihant strengthening the country’s nuclear triad — the ability to fire nuclear missiles from platforms in the air, land and sea. The 6,000-tonne nuclear-propelled submarine will be armed with indigenously made K-15 missiles which have a range of over 700 km, and have undergone extensive trials over the last few months. Like INS Arihant, it is powered by 83 MW pressurised light-water reactors which allows it to remain submerged for longer periods when compared to conventional submarines. INS Arihant Project The INS Arihant project was initiated over three decades ago, involving Russian assistance, private companies and the research establishment. The lead vessel of the Arihant class, INS Arihant, was laid down in 2004, launched in 2009, and commissioned into the Navy in 2016. It was the first ballistic missile submarine built by a country outside the United Nations Security Council’s five. Additional Information A robust, survivable and assured retaliatory capability is in line with India’s policy to have a credible minimum deterrence capacity to underpin its ‘no first use’ commitment. In 2003, India declared its nuclear doctrine, reserving the right of massive retaliation if it is struck with nuclear weapons. Source: Indian Express SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION (SCO)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: Pakistan on Thursday said that it has invited India and Prime Minister Modi to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’s Council of Heads of Government meeting to be held in October. Background: Pakistan holds the rotating chairmanship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Council of Heads of Government (CHG) and in that capacity, will host the two-day in-person SCO Heads of Governments Meeting in October. About Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)  The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a significant permanent intergovernmental organization that focuses on political, economic, and security-related cooperation across Eurasia. Formation and Evolution Origins: The SCO evolved from the “Shanghai Five” group, which was established in 1996 by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. With the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 into 15 independent countries, there were concerns in the region about extremist religious groups and ethnic tensions. It was to manage these issues, the group was created. Establishment: The SCO was officially founded on June 15, 2001, in Shanghai, China, with the addition of Uzbekistan. Expansion: India and Pakistan joined as full members in 2017, Iran in 2023, and Belarus in 2024. Member States and Structure Members: The SCO currently includes China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan, Iran, and Belarus. Observers and Dialogue Partners: The organization also has several observer states and dialogue partners, including Afghanistan, Mongolia, and Turkey. Headquarters: The SCO Secretariat is based in Beijing, China. The goals of the SCO are: to strengthen mutual trust, friendship and good-neighborliness between the Member States; to encourage the effective cooperation between the Member States in such spheres as politics, trade, economy, science and technology, culture, education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection, etc; to jointly ensure and maintain peace, security and stability in the region; and to promote a new democratic, fair and rational international political and economic international order. Key Initiatives and Activities Annual Summits: The Heads of State Council (HSC) is the supreme decision-making body of the SCO, meeting annually to discuss and decide on major issues. The SCO council of heads of government level is the second-highest body in the grouping. Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS): This body coordinates efforts to combat terrorism, separatism, and extremism within the member states. RATS is headquartered in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Economic Projects: The SCO has initiated various projects to enhance regional connectivity, including the Digital Silk Road and infrastructure development programs. Significance and Impact Geopolitical Influence: The SCO is the world’s largest regional organization in terms of geographic scope and population, covering approximately 80% of Eurasia and 40% of the world’s population. Strategic Balance: The organization plays a crucial role in maintaining regional stability and fostering a multipolar world order. Source: Hindu NORTHERN BALD IBIS  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: After being extinct in Central Europe for 300 years, the northern bald ibis has made a comeback. Now, scientists acting as “foster parents” are guiding the birds to relearn their long-lost migration routes, leading them aboard a tiny plane. Background: Thirty-six of these endangered birds are now following an ultralight aircraft on a 2,800 km journey from Austria to Spain, a trip that could take up to 50 days. During the flight, human foster parents sit at the back of the microlight, waving and shouting encouragement to the birds as they fly. About Northern Bald Ibis  The Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita), also known as the Hermit Ibis or Waldrapp, is an endangered bird species. Description Appearance: The Northern Bald Ibis is a large bird, measuring about 70–80 cm in length with a wingspan of 125–135 cm. It has glossy black plumage with bronze-green and violet iridescence. One of its most distinctive features is its unfeathered red face and head, along with a long, curved red bill. Behavior: Unlike many other ibises, the Northern Bald Ibis is non-wading and prefers open areas such as grasslands, rocky mountains, and semi-deserts. Habitat and Distribution Historical Range: Historically, this species was widespread across the Middle East, northern Africa, and southern and central Europe. Current Range: Today, the majority of the remaining wild population is found in southern Morocco, with smaller numbers in Syria and Turkey. Breeding: The Northern Bald Ibis breeds colonially on coastal or mountain cliff ledges, where it typically lays two to three eggs in a stick nest. Conservation Status Threats: The species has faced significant threats from hunting, habitat loss, and slow reproduction rates. Conservation Efforts: Thanks to international reintroduction programs and natural population growth in Morocco, the Northern Bald Ibis was downlisted from Critically Endangered to Endangered on the IUCN

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NAMIBIA PLANS TO KILL HUNDREDS WILD ANIMALS FOR MEAT  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Namibia plans to cull hundreds of wild animals, including dozens of elephants and hippopotamuses, to provide meat for its 1.4 million people  who are reeling under the worst drought in a century. Background: – Namibia, located in drought-prone southern Africa, frequently experiences severe droughts, having declared national emergencies in 2013, 2016, and 2019. Key takeaways The drought, which began in Botswana in October 2023, has spread and intensified across Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Namibia, affecting most of southern Africa. The severity of the situation is largely attributed to El Niño. Numerous studies have shown that rising global temperatures due to climate change are making extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, more frequent and intense. Food availability in Namibia, typically low from July through September, has been further strained by the drought. Staple crops like maize have withered, large numbers of livestock have perished, and nearly 84% of the country’s food reserves are depleted. As food stocks dwindle, prices have soared, severely limiting access to food for many people. The Namibian government is considering culling wild animals, not just for meat, but to prevent them from migrating in search of food and water, which could lead to conflicts with humans. Namibia is home to a significant number of wild animals, including approximately 24,000 elephants, one of the largest populations in the world. About Namibia: Namibia is located on the southwestern coast of Africa. Geography Bordered by Angola to the north, Zambia to the northeast, Botswana to the east, South Africa to the southeast and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Known for its diverse landscapes, including the Namib Desert along the coast, the Kalahari Desert in the east, and savannas and mountains. Climate: Mostly arid to semi-arid, with the coastal areas being cooler due to the Benguela Current. Additional Information Colonial Era: Formerly known as South West Africa, it was colonized by Germany in the late 19th century and later administered by South Africa after World War . Independence: Gained independence from South Africa on March 21, 1990. Government Type: Republic with a semi-presidential system. Capital: Windhoek. Main Industries: Mining (diamonds, uranium, gold), agriculture, and tourism2. Source: Down To Earth ASEAN  Syllabus Prelims : Polity Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi set out Tuesday on a three-day visit to Brunei Darussalam and Singapore in a bid to boost ties and celebrate diplomatic milestones. The Prime Minister’s visit aims to strengthen these relationships and expand India’s engagement with the broader ASEAN region. Background: – ASEAN is central to India’s Act East policy, which focuses on the extended neighbourhood in the Asia-Pacific region. About ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten Southeast Asian countries. Formation and Purpose Established: August 8, 1967, with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Purpose: To promote economic growth, social progress, cultural development, regional peace, and stability. Its  official motto is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”. Member States ASEAN currently has ten member states: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. Structure and Leadership Secretariat: Located in Jakarta, Indonesia. Chairmanship: Rotates annually among member states. Laos holds the chairmanship for 2024. Key Pillars ASEAN operates through three main pillars: Political-Security Community: Aims to ensure regional peace and stability. Economic Community: Focuses on creating a single market and production base, enhancing economic integration. Socio-Cultural Community: Promotes social development and cultural exchange. Economic Impact Population: Over 683 million people. GDP: Combined GDP (PPP) of approximately $12 trillion in 2024. Trade: ASEAN is a significant global trading bloc, engaging in numerous free trade agreements with countries and regions worldwide. Initiatives and Partnerships ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Established to increase ASEAN’s competitive edge as a production base in the global market. ASEAN Plus Three: Includes China, Japan, and South Korea, focusing on East Asian cooperation. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): A platform for security dialogue in the Asia-Pacific region. Source: Indian Express CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY  Syllabus Prelims: POLITY Context: The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) recently approved an important proposal to procure 240 aero-engines for the Su-30 MKI aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF) at a cost of over Rs 26,000 crore. Background: The engines will be sourced from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), furthering the nation’s self-reliance in military technology. About Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) is led by the Prime Minister and includes the Ministers for Finance, Defence, Home Affairs, and External Affairs. The CCS is tasked with making major decisions regarding national security, significant appointments in security bodies, and defence expenditure. In addition to defence matters, the CCS addresses issues related to law and order, internal security, and security-related foreign policy matters. It also considers matters concerning atomic energy. About Cabinet committees After the Union Cabinet is sworn in and ministerial portfolios are allocated, the Prime Minister forms various high-profile Cabinet committees with selected Cabinet members, assigning specific functions to each. The Prime Minister has the authority to create, modify, or dissolve committees and adjust their functions. Membership typically ranges from three to eight members, predominantly Cabinet ministers, though non-Cabinet ministers or special invitees may also be included. When the Prime Minister is a member of a committee, he serves as the committee’s head. These committees resolve issues, propose solutions for Cabinet consideration, and make decisions on assigned matters, with the Cabinet having the power to review these decisions. During the Manmohan Singh government, there were 12 Cabinet committees, in addition to numerous Groups of Ministers (GoMs) and Empowered Groups of Ministers (EGoMs). Currently, there are eight Cabinet committees: Appointments Committee of the Cabinet Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth Cabinet Committee on Security Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs Cabinet Committee on Employment & Skill Development Cabinet Committee on Accommodation The Modi government introduced the Cabinet Committee on Investment

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   VANDE BHARAT TRAINS  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Prime Minister flags off 3 Vande Bharat trains. Background: – The trains flagged off by PM through video conferencing connect Meerut with Lucknow, Madurai with Bengaluru, and Chennai with Nagercoil, taking the number of Vande Bharat trains above 100. Key takeaways The Vande Bharat Express, also known as Train 18, is a significant project by Indian Railways aimed at modernizing and speeding up rail travel in India. Launch: The first Vande Bharat Express was launched in 2019. Purpose: It is designed to provide a high-speed, comfortable, and efficient travel experience. Features Speed: The train can reach speeds up to 180 km/h, although it typically operates at around 130 km/h due to track conditions. Design: It features a sleek, aerodynamic design with fully air-conditioned chair car coaches. Vande Bharat sleeper coaches will be available soon. The Integral Coach Factory (ICF) in Chennai, designs and manufactures the Vande Bharat Express trainsets. The ICF is the largest rail coach manufacturer in the world and is owned and operated by the Indian Railways. Comfort: The train offers modern amenities such as onboard Wi-Fi, GPS-based passenger information systems, and bio-vacuum toilets. Self-Propelled: Unlike traditional trains, the Vande Bharat Express is self-propelled, meaning it doesn’t require a separate locomotive. This is called a distributed traction power system. Distributed power gives the train higher acceleration and deceleration compared to loco-hauled trains, which take a much longer time to reach top speed or to gradually come to a halt. Energy Efficiency: It is equipped with regenerative braking systems that save energy by converting kinetic energy into electrical energy during braking. Source: Indian Express CENSOR BOARD YET TO CLEAR KANGANA’S FILM  Syllabus Prelims : Polity Context: The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) has not yet given certification to the film Emergency, starring actor and Lok Sabha member Kangana Ranaut. Additional Solicitor General (ASG) stated that the Board will consider the feelings of all communities, including the Sikh community, when making its decision. Background: – ASG represented the Union Government and the CBFC before the Punjab and Haryana High Court, during a hearing on a petition filed by Mohali residents challenging the certification of the film. The ASG informed the court that the certification process is still ongoing and that anyone with concerns can submit their views to the Board. About Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC), commonly known as the Censor Board, is a statutory body under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in India. It was established under the Cinematograph Act of 19521. Key Functions and Responsibilities: Film Certification: The CBFC certifies films, trailers, documentaries, and advertisements for public exhibition. Films can only be publicly exhibited in India after receiving certification from the CBFC. Categories of Certification: U (Universal): Suitable for all age groups. UA (Parental Guidance): Suitable for children above 12, but parental guidance is advised for those under 12. A (Adult): Restricted to adult audiences (18 years and above). S (Special): Restricted to specialized audiences, such as doctors or scientists. Legal Framework: The CBFC operates under the Cinematograph Act, 1952, which outlines the guidelines for film certification. The Act allows for reasonable restrictions on the freedom of speech and expression in films, in the interests of sovereignty, integrity, security of the state, public order, decency, or morality. Certification process When a filmmaker applies for certification, the Regional Officer appoints an Examining Committee. For short films, the committee includes an advisory panel member and an examining officer, with at least one being a woman. For other films, the committee has four members from the advisory panel and an examiningofficer, with at least two women. The Regional Officer decides the film’s certification—U, U/A, A, or S—based on the Examining Committee’s unanimous or majority report. If the committee is divided, the chairperson makes the final decision. If a filmmaker is dissatisfied with the certification, they can request a second viewing by a Revising Committee. This committee must exclude members from the initial review and must include at least one Board member, whose involvement is mandatory only at this stage. A Board member can participate in the initial review, but their presence is required only during the revising stage. Recent Initiatives: Accessibility Standards: The CBFC has introduced guidelines to make films accessible to persons with hearing and visual impairments. Digital Transformation: The CBFC has launched a revamped website and a mobile app (e-cine app) to streamline the certification process. Source: Indian Express RETIRED SPORTSPERSON EMPOWERMENT TRAINING (RESET) PROGRAMME  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Union Minister of Youth Affairs & Sports and Labour & Employment, Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya launched “Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training” (RESET) Programme recently. Background: RESET Programme represents a significant step towards recognizing and utilizing the invaluable experience and expertise of our retired athletes. About Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training (RESET) Programme The Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training (RESET) Programme is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports in India to support retired athletes. Launch Date: August 29, 2024, on National Sports Day. Objective: To empower retired sportspersons with career skills and knowledge, enhancing their employability and enabling them to contribute to the sports ecosystem. Eligibility Criteria Age: Retired athletes aged between 20 and 50 years. Achievements: Winners of an International Medal/participants in international events or have been National medallists/State medallists/participants in competitions recognized by National Sports Federations/Indian Olympic Association/Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports are eligible to apply for courses under RESET Programme. Initially, the programmes will be of two levels based on educational qualifications viz., Class 12th and above and Class 11th and below. Mode of Learning: Hybrid mode, combining self-paced online learning with on-ground training. Lead Institute: Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE) is the lead institute for implementing the programme. Support and Opportunities Placement Assistance: Guidance and support for job placements. Entrepreneurial Guidance: Support for starting entrepreneurial ventures. Internships: Opportunities for internships in sports organizations, competitions, training camps, and leagues. Implementation and Benefits Self-Paced Learning: Participants can learn at their own pace through a dedicated online portal. On-Ground Training:

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   JUDICIAL DELAY  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Flagging the culture of adjournment in deciding cases, President Droupadi Murmu recently said that the poor from the villages are still anxious to approach courts as they feel that fighting for justice will make their lives even more difficult, and termed it the ‘Black Coat Syndrome’. Background: – According to information available on the National Judicial Data Grid, over five crore cases are pending across different levels of the system Case Pendency Statistics: Over five crore cases are pending across various courts in India. Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of pending cases, exceeding 1.18 crore in subordinate courts. Pending cases are distributed as follows: Supreme Court: 84,045 cases High Courts: 60,11,678 cases District and subordinate courts: 4,53,51,913 cases Factors Contributing to Case Pendency: Infrastructure and Staffing: Inadequate physical infrastructure and court staff. Case Complexity: Complexity of facts, nature of evidence, and cooperation of stakeholders including the bar, investigation agencies, witnesses and litigants. lack of prescribed time frame by courts for disposal of various kinds of cases, frequent adjournments and lack of adequate arrangement to monitor, track and bunch cases for hearing Judge Shortage: India has 15 judges per 10 lakh people, significantly below the 50 judges per 10 lakh recommended by the Law Commission’s 120th report in 1987. Recent Case Highlights: Ajmer Case: On August 20, a POCSO court convicted six individuals to life imprisonment, 32 years after a blackmail and sexual abuse case involving hundreds of girls was exposed. Delhi High Court: On August 29, a complainant was allowed to withdraw a case due to “litigation fatigue” caused by frequent court appearances impacting her work. These two cases, in two different courts, illustrate the problem that President Droupadi Murmu sought to highlight in her address at the National Conference of the District Judiciary — “Black Coat Syndrome”. Reform Needs: Long-term Planning: A comprehensive plan is needed to address systemic issues causing prolonged case pendency. Balancing Act: Reforms should aim to speed up case resolution while ensuring due process and maintaining judicial integrity. Source: Indian Express WINDFALL TAX  Syllabus Prelims : ECONOMY Context: The Centre has cut windfall tax on domestically produced crude oil to one thousand 850 rupees per tonne from two thousand 100 rupees per tonne. Background: – Windfall tax, a relatively new taxation policy, was introduced in India in 2022 About Windfall tax Windfall tax is a special tax imposed by the government on companies that experience unexpected and above-average profits due to external events. In India, this tax was introduced in 2022, primarily targeting the oil and gas sector, which saw significant profit increases due to global events like the Russia-Ukraine war. Key Points About Windfall Tax in India: Purpose: The main aim is to redistribute unexpected profits that companies gain due to external factors, ensuring that these profits benefit society as a whole. How It Works: Windfall tax is levied as an additional tax over the regular corporate tax. It is typically calculated as a percentage of the excess profits that exceed a certain threshold. Impact on Industries: Oil and Gas: Companies like ONGC, Oil India, and GAIL have been significantly affected. The tax aims to curb excessive profits and ensure fair distribution. Other Sectors: While primarily focused on oil and gas, the windfall tax can also apply to other sectors like mining and telecommunications if they experience similar profit surges. Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages: Increased government revenue, fair distribution of wealth, and contribution to sustainable development. Disadvantages: Market uncertainty, reduced business profits, and potential deterrence for investors. Source: News on AIR PM MODI IN BRUNEI  Syllabus Mains : GS 2 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi landed in Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital of Brunei Darussalam, on Tuesday (September 3) for his official visit to the country. Background: Narendra Modi is the first Indian PM to visit the Southeast Asian nation. His trip also marks 40 years since India and Brunei officially established diplomatic ties. Brunei’s population and Indian diaspora As of 2023, Brunei has an estimated population of 450,500. Brunei citizens make up approximately 76% of the population, while the rest are permanent or temporary residents. Ethnically, over 80% of the population is Malay or Chinese. Indian migration to Brunei began in the 1920s, coinciding with the discovery of oil. Currently, around 14,000 Indians reside in Brunei. The significant contributions of Indian doctors and teachers to the development of Brunei’s healthcare and education sectors have been widely recognized. Strategic Importance of Brunei Brunei holds strategic significance within India’s ‘Act East’ Policy and Indo-Pacific Vision. The ‘Act East’ Policy evolved from the ‘Look East’ Policy, which was initiated in the 1990s. In the post-Cold War era, following the dissolution of the USSR — India sought to deepen its relationships with countries in Southeast Asia. The northeastern states of India, due to their geographic proximity, were envisioned as key players in this engagement. In 2014, the policy was revitalized as ‘Act East,’ emphasizing more proactive efforts to strengthen these connections. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has identified ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) as the “central pillar” of this policy, with Brunei being one of the ASEAN members. Economic growth in Southeast Asia over the past few decades has made commerce a central focus of India’s ties with the region. Brunei, as one of the largest oil and gas producers in Southeast Asia, plays a significant role in this economic engagement. The emphasis on Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific also gains importance in light of China’s rising global influence. Under President Xi Jinping, China has adopted a more authoritarian stance, and while its economic power enables it to finance numerous projects and provide loans to other countries, its actions—such as its conduct in the South China Sea—have caused friction in the region. India’s engagement in Southeast Asia, including its relationship with Brunei, serves as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence. Source: Indian Express Digital Agriculture Mission  Syllabus Prelims & Mains: ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Union

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The World bank  projected a decline in investments in Indian economy as captured by Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF). Background: – According to the World Bank, GFCF growth is expected to reduce to 7.8 per cent in FY25, down from 9.0 per cent in FY24. The GFCF growth rate stood at 6.6 per cent in FY23, the data showed. About Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) refers to the net investment by an economy in fixed assets such as buildings, machinery, equipment, and infrastructure during a specific period, typically a year. It is an important indicator of a country’s economic growth and development as it reflects the level of long-term investments made to improve production capacity. Definition: GFCF represents the total value of a country’s investments in fixed assets minus the depreciation (wear and tear) of existing assets. It includes spending on physical assets like factories, roads, bridges, machinery, and technology that are used in the production process. Components of GFCF: Business Investments: Spending by companies on things like buildings, factories, machinery, and technology. Government Investments: Government spending on infrastructure such as roads, schools, hospitals, and public utilities. Household Investments: Spending by households on durable goods like homes (real estate investments). Why is GFCF Important? Economic Growth: Higher GFCF generally indicates that an economy is investing in future production capacity, which can lead to increased economic output (GDP) over time. Productivity and Employment: Investments in new machinery and infrastructure often lead to more efficient production processes, which can improve productivity and create more jobs. Improving Living Standards: Investments in infrastructure like roads, power plants, and schools help improve the overall quality of life for people. GFCF vs. GDP: GFCF is a component of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) under the expenditure method, which calculates GDP as the sum of consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. While GDP measures the total economic output, GFCF specifically focuses on the portion of that output dedicated to building long-term assets. Types of Fixed Assets: Tangible Assets: These include physical things like buildings, machinery, and equipment. Intangible Assets: Although less common in GFCF, it may also include investments in non-physical assets like patents, software, and research and development. Source: Swarajya UNFCCC LOSS AND DAMAGE FUND  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Following the recent devastating landslides in Kerala’s Wayanad district, a critical discussion has arisen about whether subnational entities, like states, can seek compensation through the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Background: – While the demand for access to LDF by states is justifiable, accessing climate funds is far more complex than it appears. Loss and Damage Fund (LDF) Established: At the 2022 UNFCCC Conference (COP27) in Egypt. Purpose: To provide financial support for economic and non-economic losses caused by climate change (e.g., extreme weather events, rising sea levels). Oversight: Managed by a Governing Board, with the World Bank serving as the interim trustee. Access Mechanisms: Currently being developed, including direct access, small grants, and rapid disbursement options. Challenges: Concerns that funds may be slow to disburse, especially for subnational entities and local communities. India’s Role Damage Costs: India incurred over $56 billion in damages from weather-related disasters between 2019 and 2023. Focus on Mitigation: India’s National Climate Action Policy prioritizes mitigation over adaptation, leading to limited engagement in Loss and Damage dialogues at COP meetings. Need for Legal Framework: A clear legal and policy framework is required to streamline climate finance, especially for adaptation and loss and damage. Climate Finance Taxonomy: Introduced in Union Budget 2024, raising hopes for more international climate finance. Advocacy: India should push for decentralised fund disbursement methods from the LDF to ensure better access for vulnerable communities. State-Level Interventions State governments often bear the burden of disaster recovery, as seen in Kerala’s Rebuild Kerala Development Programme after the 2018 floods, funded by loans from international institutions. International Climate Finance: Plays a critical role in rebuilding infrastructure (e.g., roads, bridges) post-disaster. Assessment Gaps: India lacks a standardised method for assessing slow-onset disaster-related damages, which could hinder access to LDF in the future. Conclusion Policy Need: India needs a stronger domestic framework focused on locally led adaptation and clearer guidelines for accessing loss and damage funds to protect vulnerable communities from climate change impacts. Source: Hindu AFRICA AND INDIA’S CRITICAL MINERAL MISSION  Syllabus Mains : GS 2 Context: In the Union Budget 2024-25, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the establishment of a Critical Mineral Mission. In August, the Ministry of Mines held a seminar to outline the mission’s objectives. The government is actively pursuing various strategies to ensure critical mineral security. Background: India have to collaborate with countries which has a significant amount of the world’s known critical mineral reserves. Indias efforts in critical mineral front The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2023 amended the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, with the aim of strengthening the exploration and extraction of critical minerals. The amendment removed 6 minerals from the list of 12 atomic minerals limited to exploration by State agencies (i.e., lithium, beryllium, niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium). This opens up opportunities for private sector involvement in their exploration and mining. Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL): To engage with mineral-rich countries overseas with a mandate to secure supply of critical minerals, a joint venture of three public sector undertakings, Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL), was founded in 2019. Lithium Agreement: In January 2024, KABIL signed its first major agreement for lithium exploration and mining, accessing five blocks in Catamarca province, Argentina. Africa in India’s Supply Chain African Mineral Reserves: Africa holds 30% of the world’s known critical mineral reserves, crucial for India’s Critical Mineral Mission. India-Africa Relations: Strong political, economic, and historic ties, including a 3-million-strong Indian diaspora, offer a foundation for collaboration. Trade and Investments: In 2022-23, India-Africa bilateral trade

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CRIME AGAINST WOMEN  Syllabus Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently emphasised that atrocities committed against women and the safety of children are a serious concern in society. Background: – The United Nations defines violence against women as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life”. Status of Crimes Against Women in India as per NCRB Data (2022): Total cases: 4,45,256 (4% increase from 2021). Main categories: The majority of cases under crime against women were registered under ‘cruelty by husband or his relatives’ at 31.4 per cent followed by kidnapping and abduction of women at 19.2 per cent assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty at 18.7 per cent and rape at 7.1 per cent. Cyber crimes against women – cyber pornography/ hosting/ publishing obscene sexual material – accounted for 14,409 cases (21.8 per cent). The crime rate registered per lakh women population was 66.4 in 2022 compared to 64.5 in 2021. There are various types of violence faced by women, such as: Femicide: It is the deliberate killing of a woman or a girl simply because she is female. Gender-based violence can also encompass honor killings, which involve the murder of a family member due to the belief that the individual has brought shame upon the family. Sexual Violence: According to UN Women, Sexual violence is any sort of harmful or unwanted sexual behaviour that is imposed on someone. It includes acts of abusive sexual contact, forced engagement in sexual acts, attempted or completed sexual acts with a woman without her consent, sexual harassment, verbal abuse, threats, exposure, unwanted touching, incest, and others. Sexual violence can include sexual harassment, rape, corrective rape, and other forms of sexual assault. Domestic Violence: Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (DV Act), defines domestic violence as any act, omission, commission or conduct of the respondent that harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse. Technology-facilitated Violence: Cyberbullying, doxing, non-consensual sexting, image-based abuse. Child Marriage: Early marriage leading to health risks and reduced decision-making power for girls. Legal Frameworks for Women’s Safety in India Constitutional Provisions: Article 14: Equal rights and opportunities. Article 15: Prohibits gender-based discrimination. Article 15(3): Special provisions for women. Article 16: Equal job opportunities. Article 39(c): Equal pay for equal work. Article 42: Just and humane working conditions, maternity relief. Article 51(A)(e): Renounce practices derogatory to women’s dignity. Key Acts: PoSH Act, 2013: Sexual harassment prevention at workplaces. Domestic Violence Act, 2005: Protection from abuse by partners/family members. POCSO Act, 2012: Protection of children from sexual offences. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: Criminalizes dowry demands. Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1976: Raises legal marriage age (18 for girls, 21 for boys). National Commission for Women Act, 1990: Established NCW to safeguard women’s rights. Source: Indian Express CENTER, TRIPURA SIGN PEACE PACT WITH TWO INSURGENT GROUP  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: Over 328 cadres of the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) and the All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) will give up arms after the banned insurgent outfits signed a memorandum of settlement with the Central and Tripura Governments. Background: – Tripura has experienced prolonged insurgency driven by ethnic tensions, political instability, and socio-economic challenges. Key takeaways The roots of the conflict date back to the early 20th century, but insurgency in its organized form began in the 1960s and escalated in the 1980s. The main cause of insurgency was the demographic change in Tripura caused by the large-scale migration of Bengalis from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) after the Partition in 1947. This migration led to the indigenous tribal population feeling politically marginalized and economically dispossessed. Major Insurgent Groups Sengkrak: The first insurgent group in Tripura, Sengkrak, was formed in 1967. Though it did not last long, it laid the foundation for future insurgent movements by voicing the concerns of the indigenous tribal people. Tripura National Volunteers (TNV) (1978): The TNV accused the Indian government of neglecting tribal rights and opposed the influx of Bengali migrants. The TNV signed a peace accord with the government in 1988, which led to its disbandment. National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) (1989): One of the most notorious insurgent groups in Tripura, the NLFT was formed with the goal of establishing an independent Tripuri state. It operated from sanctuaries in Bangladesh. All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) :Formed in 1990, the ATTF aimed to expel Bengali migrants from Tripura and restore tribal rights. Like the NLFT, it also operated from bases in Bangladesh. By the late 2000s, it had become largely inactive due to internal splits, desertions, and counter-insurgency operations. Key Phases of the Insurgency Early Insurgency (1960s–1970s): The insurgency began with the formation of groups like Sengkrak, which focused on protecting tribal identity and opposing the influx of Bengali settlers. This phase was characterized by sporadic violence and political movements aimed at protecting tribal land rights. Escalation in the 1980s–1990s: The late 1980s and early 1990s saw a sharp rise in insurgent activity, as groups like the NLFT and ATTF became more organized and militant. Insurgents launched attacks on security forces, carried out kidnappings, and imposed “taxes” on civilians. This period was the most violent. Counter-Insurgency Efforts and Decline (Late 1990s–2000s): The Indian government responded to the insurgency with a combination of military action and peace initiatives. The Tripura State Rifles (TSR), a specialized paramilitary force, played a key role in counter-insurgency operations. The Left Front government, led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist), adopted a mix of force and incentives to reduce insurgent violence. Several insurgent leaders surrendered in exchange for economic rehabilitation packages, which

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   FORUM FOR CHINA-AFRICA COOPERATION (FOCAC)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: At last week’s Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) summit in Beijing, China stopped short of providing the debt relief sought by many African countries. Background: – The Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) launched in 2000 took on an enhanced role after the 2013 inception of President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). About Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) is a multilateral platform established to foster cooperation and partnership between China and African countries. Member Countries: FOCAC involves China and 53 African countries (all African nations except Eswatini, which recognizes Taiwan). It also includes the African Union (AU). Objectives: Economic Cooperation: Enhancing trade, investment, and infrastructure development. Aid and Development: China provides loans, aid, and development assistance to African countries. Political Cooperation: FOCAC promotes multilateral cooperation on global governance issues. Cultural and Educational Exchanges: Fostering mutual understanding through student exchanges, training programs, and cultural exchanges between China and Africa. Peace and Security: Supporting African efforts to maintain peace and security, with China providing assistance in conflict zones, UN peacekeeping, and military cooperation. Criticisms and Challenges: China has sought to use FOCAC to counter growing competition in Africa from the United States, the European Union, Japan and others. Debt Trap Diplomacy: Critics argue that Chinese loans to African nations may lead to debt dependency, with concerns that some African countries might struggle to repay Chinese debts, resulting in loss of control over key assets. Labor and Environmental Concerns: There have been concerns about the use of Chinese labor for construction projects instead of hiring local African workers, as well as issues related to the environmental impact of certain Chinese-led projects. Lack of Transparency: Some observers have criticized the lack of transparency in the terms of Chinese loans and agreements, raising concerns about governance and accountability in FOCAC-related projects. Source: Reuters PRADHAN MANTRI SCHOOLS FOR RISING INDIA (PM-SHRI)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: After Punjab, the AAP government in Delhi has also relented under financial pressure and agreed to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Centre to implement the Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India (PM-SHRI) scheme in the Capital. Background: – The Education Ministry had stopped funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), the flagship school education programme, to three Opposition-ruled states — Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal — due to their reluctance to participate in the PM-SHRI scheme. About PM- SHRI Scheme The PM SHRI is a centrally sponsored scheme initiated by the Government of India. Its objective is to establish over 14,500 PM SHRI Schools, overseen by the Central Government, State/UT Governments, local bodies, as well as Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS) and Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS). These schools aim to create an inclusive and welcoming atmosphere for every student, ensuring their well-being and providing a secure and enriching learning environment. The goal is to offer a diverse range of learning experiences and ensure access to good physical infrastructure and appropriate resources for all students. These schools will not only focus on enhancing cognitive development but also creating holistic and well-rounded individuals equipped with key 21st-century skills. The pedagogy adopted in these schools will be more experiential, holistic, integrated, play/toy-based (particularly in the foundational years), inquiry-driven, discovery-oriented, learner-centred, discussion-based, flexible, and enjoyable. The focus will be on the learning outcomes of every child in every grade. Assessment at all levels will be based on conceptual understanding and application of knowledge to real-life situations and will be competency-based. PM SHRI Schools will help showcase the implementation of the National Education Policy 2020 and emerge as exemplar Schools over a period of time. Current issue States must confirm their participation in PM SHRI by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Education Ministry. Five states — Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal — are yet to sign the MoU. While Tamil Nadu and Kerala have indicated their willingness, Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal had earlier refused, prompting the Centre to stop their SSA funds. The AAP-ruled Punjab and Delhi had held out over the implementation of PM-SHRI saying they have their own schemes along similar lines, called Schools of Specialised Excellence in Delhi and Schools of Eminence in Punjab. Both had not received crores worth of SSA funds. Punjab was the first to end the logjam on July 26 when Punjab Education Secretary wrote to Union Education Secretary, expressing willingness to implement the scheme in the state. On September 2, Delhi also relented. Its Secretary (Education) has written saying that Delhi is interested in signing the MoU for establishing PM-SHRI schools in Delhi. With this, West Bengal is now the only state holding out on the implementation of the scheme. The state opposes prefixing ‘PM-SHRI’ to the names of its schools, especially since it bears 40% of the cost. Source: Indian Express INDIA’S STEEL SECTOR  Syllabus Mains : GS 3 Context: Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal recently asked the steel industry to target 500 million tonnes steel production by 2034. Background: The steel industry in India dates back to the early 20th century, with the establishment of Tata Steel in 1907, which was the first integrated steel plant in Asia. Post-independence, the sector grew with the establishment of public sector steel plants. Since the liberalization of the 1990s, there has been significant private sector investment. Indias Global Standing: India is the second-largest producer of steel in the world, after China. In recent years, India’s steel production has exceeded 120 million tonnes per year (2022). Structure and Capacity of the Industry: Integrated Steel Plants (ISPs): These are large steel plants that produce steel from iron ore using blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces (BOF). ISPs generally have full-scale operations from raw material processing to finished steel products. Major ISPs include SAIL, Tata Steel, JSW Steel, and JSPL. Mini Steel Plants: These are smaller plants that primarily produce steel by recycling scrap metal in electric arc furnaces (EAF) or

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   INDIA GENERATES HIGHEST PLASTIC POLLUTION IN WORLD  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: India contributes to a fifth of global plastic pollution according to a study published in the journal Nature recently. Background: – The study was carried out by researchers  from University of Leeds. Key takeaways from the study Plastic Waste in India: India burns roughly 5.8 million tonnes (mt) of plastic each year, and releases another 3.5 mt of plastics into the environment (land, air, water) as debris. Total contribution to global plastic pollution: 9.3 mt per year, surpassing Nigeria (3.5 mt), Indonesia (3.4 mt), and China (2.8 mt). Global Plastic Waste Production: The world produces 251 mt of plastic waste annually. Around 52.1 mt (20%) of this waste is unmanaged, i.e., released into the environment. Managed vs Unmanaged Waste: Managed waste is collected and either recycled or sent to landfills. Unmanaged waste includes burnt plastic releasing toxic gases like carbon monoxide and unburned debris (polluting both land and water bodies globally). Unmanaged Plastic Statistics: 43% (22.2 mt) of unmanaged waste is unburned debris. The remaining 29.9 mt is burned in open fires or dumpsites, causing significant air pollution. Global North-South Divide: 69% of plastic pollution comes from 20 countries in Southern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. High-income countries (HICs) in the Global North produce more plastic waste but have better waste management, resulting in less pollution. Plastic Pollution in the Global South: Open burning is the dominant form of pollution due to poor waste management infrastructure. The Global South lacks the resources to implement robust waste management systems, contributing to more uncontrolled debris and burning. International Treaty on Plastic Pollution: Negotiations for a legally binding international treaty on plastic pollution began in 2022. In 2022, the UN Environmental Assembly agreed to develop such a treaty — which experts say might be the most important environmental accord since the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2015 — by the end of 2024. Debates around the Treaty: Fossil-fuel producing countries and industry groups, view plastics pollution as a “waste management problem”, and want to focus on waste management instead of curbing production through treaty. Critics on the other hand argue that viewing plastic pollution as a “waste management problem” ignores the need for upstream solutions like reducing production. Managing plastic waste alone may not be enough, as increasing production leads directly to more pollution. Source: Indian Express SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FIRST CLEAR IMAGES OF MERCURY’S SOUTH POLE  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: On Thursday, the BepiColombo spacecraft, operated by the European Space Agency and Japan, made its closest approach to Mercury, capturing sharp images of the planet’s south pole and craters at sunrise. Background: – A joint mission between the European and Japanese space agencies, BepiColombo was launched in 2018. It will go into orbit around Mercury in 2026. Significance of the BepiColombo Mission Studying Mercury: Mercury is the least-studied rocky planet in the solar system. BepiColombo’s two orbiters will study the planet’s composition, geology, and magnetic field, offering insights into its origins and evolution. Challenging Mission: Reaching Mercury is difficult because spacecraft accelerate when approaching the sun. A series of flybys of Earth, Venus and Mercury are helping to slow down BepiColombo, which will eventually maneuver the mission into orbit around Mercury. Thursday’s flyby was the fourth of six planned, bringing the spacecraft just 103 miles above Mercury’s surface. Key Areas of Interest: BepiColombo captured images of 2 peak ring basins (Vivaldi & Stoddart), which could provide clues about ancient volcanic activity. Mercury’s south pole was imaged, offering a preview of better data to come. BepiColombo is expected to collect better data of the southern hemisphere than NASA’s Messenger spacecraft, which the agency crashed into the planet in 2015 after an 11-year mission. Unique Characteristics of Mercury: Mercury has a core that is oversized compared with the rocky shell surrounding it. Water ice exists on its surface, despite scorching exposure to the sun without an atmosphere to protect it. The planet has an unexpected magnetic field and is rich in volatiles — elements like chlorine, sulfur and potassium — thought to readily evaporate on planets with high temperatures. These traits suggest Mercury may have formed farther from the sun than its current location. Next Steps: After the remaining flybys in December and January, BepiColombo will spend nearly two years circling the sun.It is expected to enter orbit around Mercury by end of 2026. Source: Indian Express FINANCIALISATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains : ECONOMY Context: Chief Economic Adviser (CEA) V. Anantha Nageswaran cautioned that financialisation might distort macroeconomic outcomes. Background: India’s stock market capitalisation was about 140% of the GDP, the Indian financial sector is seeing high profitability all pointing towards the surge of finanacialisation. About Financialisation Financialisation refers to the increasing dominance of financial motives, financial markets, financial actors, and financial institutions in the economy. Key Aspects of Financialisation Growth of the Financial Sector: Financialization involves the expansion of financial services, such as banking, insurance, and investment, relative to the overall economy. Securitization: This is the process of turning assets into financial instruments, which can be traded in markets. It has led to a massive increase in the variety and volume of financial products. Shift from Industrial to Financial Capitalism: Economies have moved from being driven by industrial production to being driven by financial activities. Influence on Corporate Governance: Companies increasingly focus on maximizing shareholder value, often prioritizing short-term financial gains over long-term investments. Impacts of Financialization Economic Policy and Corporate Behavior: Financial markets and institutions have a significant influence on economic policies and corporate strategies. Income Inequality: Financialization has contributed to increasing income inequality, as the financial sector often sees higher income growth compared to other sectors. Wage Stagnation: There has been a transfer of income from the real sector (goods and services) to the financial sector, leading to wage stagnation in non-financial industries. Decline in Manufacturing: In some countries, like the U.S., financialization has been linked

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST) COUNCIL  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council meeting held recently broadly agreed on the need to reduce the tax rate for health and life insurance premiums from 18 per cent but the specific proposal has now been referred to the Group of Ministers (GoM) for further discussion. Background: – The GST regime came into force after the Constitutional (122nd Amendment) Bill was passed by both Houses of Parliament in 2016. More than 15 Indian states then ratified it in their state Assemblies, after which then-President Pranab Mukherjee gave his assent. Key takeaways The GST Council is a constitutional body in India responsible for making recommendations to the Union and State governments on issues related to Goods and Services Tax (GST). It was established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution. Composition of the GST Council: Chairperson: The Union Finance Minister Members: The Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance. The Minister In-charge of finance or taxation or any other Minister nominated by each State Government. Decision-Making Process of the GST Council: Meetings: The Council meets periodically to discuss issues related to GST, including tax rates, exemptions, the threshold for tax liability, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Voting: Decisions in the GST Council are made based on a voting structure. The Union Government has 1/3rd of the total votes. All the State Governments together have 2/3rd of the total votes. Weighted Voting: Every decision requires a three-fourths majority of the weighted votes of members present. This structure ensures a balance between the Centre and the States, allowing them to work collaboratively on GST-related matters. Consensus: In practice, most decisions of the GST Council are taken by consensus rather than formal voting, promoting a cooperative federalism approach. Role of the GST Council: Tax Rates and Slabs: It decides GST rates for different goods and services, and can modify them periodically based on economic needs. Exemptions and Thresholds: It determines which goods or services should be exempt from GST and sets the threshold for GST registration. Dispute Resolution: The Council can recommend mechanisms to resolve disputes between the Centre and States regarding GST implementation. The GST Council plays a crucial role in harmonizing tax policies across the country, avoiding cascading taxes, and ensuring that GST functions efficiently as a unified tax system. Source: Indian Express NATURAL FARMING  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Finannce Ministry has shot down a proposal from the Agriculture Ministry to provide a one-time incentive of Rs 20,000 per hectare to farmers who adopt natural farming, saying it was much higher than what was earlier approved. Background: – The Agriculture Ministry had circulated a Cabinet note in July last week seeking the Finance Ministry’s approval for the incentives to be provided to farmers under the proposed National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF). Key takeaways The Agriculture Ministry defines natural farming as a “chemical-free” farming system that uses only inputs produced using livestock and plant resources. Natural farming works with the natural biodiversity, encouraging the soil’s biological activity and managing the complexity of living organisms, both plant and animal to thrive along with food production system. Important practices, essential for adoption of natural farming includes: No external inputs Local seeds (use of local varieties), On-farm produced microbial formulation for seed treatment (such as bijamrita), On-farm made microbial inoculants (Jivamrita) for soil enrichment, Cover crops and mulching with green and dry organic matter for nutrient recycling and for creating a suitable micro-climate for maximum beneficial microbial activity in soil. Mixed cropping, Managing diversity on farm through integration of trees Management of pests through diversity and local on-farm made botanical concoctions (such as neemastra, agniastra, neem ark, dashparni ark etc); Integration of livestock, especially of native breed for cow dung and cow urine as essential inputs for several practices and Water and moisture conservation Additional Information The Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming (APCNF), a State government’s initiative launched through Rythu Sadhikara Samstha (RySS) seven years ago, has won the 2024 Gulbenkian Prize. APCNF is recognized as the world’s largest agroecology programme, benefiting over a million smallholder farmers across 5,00,000 hectares in Andhra Pradesh.The APCNF programme empowers small farmers by enabling them to switch to natural farming methods. Source: Indian Express SWACHH BHARAT MISSION AND ITS ACHIEVEMENTS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The recent release of the scientific report in the Nature journal on the Swachh Bharat Mission’s (SBM) impact on the reduction in infant and child mortality broadly coincides with the 10-year anniversary of the programme. Background: Announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his Independence Day speech to the nation from the Red Fort on August 15, 2014, it was formally launched on October 2 of the same year. About Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) India grappled with sanitation challenges, particularly in rural areas, affecting millions. In 2014, only 39% sanitation coverage was achieved, impacting vulnerable demographics, notably women and children. Responding to the imperative for comprehensive sanitation coverage, the Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on October 2, 2014. Main goal: Eliminate open defecation by October 2, 2019, targeting the construction of over 100 million household toilets for 550 million Indians. Behavioral Change: The SBM was a Jan Andolan (mass movement) involving community-led initiatives to achieve Open Defecation Free (ODF) status. Focus on inspiring pride in villages through Gaurav Yatras (pride tours) upon achieving ODF status. Friendly competition among villages, districts, and states helped boost implementation. Phase II of SBM: After October 2, 2019, when all Indian states declared themselves ODF, SBM entered its second phase. SBM Phase II was launched with the objective of achieving Sampoorn Swachhata, i.e., sustaining the ODF status and managing solid and liquid waste by 2024-25 and transforming all the villages from ODF to ODF Plus Model. Health Impact: The Nature journal report (2024) validated SBM’s significant health outcomes, stating that the mission saved 60,000–70,000 lives of infants and