Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   INDIA GENERATES HIGHEST PLASTIC POLLUTION IN WORLD  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: India contributes to a fifth of global plastic pollution according to a study published in the journal Nature recently. Background: – The study was carried out by researchers  from University of Leeds. Key takeaways from the study Plastic Waste in India: India burns roughly 5.8 million tonnes (mt) of plastic each year, and releases another 3.5 mt of plastics into the environment (land, air, water) as debris. Total contribution to global plastic pollution: 9.3 mt per year, surpassing Nigeria (3.5 mt), Indonesia (3.4 mt), and China (2.8 mt). Global Plastic Waste Production: The world produces 251 mt of plastic waste annually. Around 52.1 mt (20%) of this waste is unmanaged, i.e., released into the environment. Managed vs Unmanaged Waste: Managed waste is collected and either recycled or sent to landfills. Unmanaged waste includes burnt plastic releasing toxic gases like carbon monoxide and unburned debris (polluting both land and water bodies globally). Unmanaged Plastic Statistics: 43% (22.2 mt) of unmanaged waste is unburned debris. The remaining 29.9 mt is burned in open fires or dumpsites, causing significant air pollution. Global North-South Divide: 69% of plastic pollution comes from 20 countries in Southern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. High-income countries (HICs) in the Global North produce more plastic waste but have better waste management, resulting in less pollution. Plastic Pollution in the Global South: Open burning is the dominant form of pollution due to poor waste management infrastructure. The Global South lacks the resources to implement robust waste management systems, contributing to more uncontrolled debris and burning. International Treaty on Plastic Pollution: Negotiations for a legally binding international treaty on plastic pollution began in 2022. In 2022, the UN Environmental Assembly agreed to develop such a treaty — which experts say might be the most important environmental accord since the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2015 — by the end of 2024. Debates around the Treaty: Fossil-fuel producing countries and industry groups, view plastics pollution as a “waste management problem”, and want to focus on waste management instead of curbing production through treaty. Critics on the other hand argue that viewing plastic pollution as a “waste management problem” ignores the need for upstream solutions like reducing production. Managing plastic waste alone may not be enough, as increasing production leads directly to more pollution. Source: Indian Express SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FIRST CLEAR IMAGES OF MERCURY’S SOUTH POLE  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: On Thursday, the BepiColombo spacecraft, operated by the European Space Agency and Japan, made its closest approach to Mercury, capturing sharp images of the planet’s south pole and craters at sunrise. Background: – A joint mission between the European and Japanese space agencies, BepiColombo was launched in 2018. It will go into orbit around Mercury in 2026. Significance of the BepiColombo Mission Studying Mercury: Mercury is the least-studied rocky planet in the solar system. BepiColombo’s two orbiters will study the planet’s composition, geology, and magnetic field, offering insights into its origins and evolution. Challenging Mission: Reaching Mercury is difficult because spacecraft accelerate when approaching the sun. A series of flybys of Earth, Venus and Mercury are helping to slow down BepiColombo, which will eventually maneuver the mission into orbit around Mercury. Thursday’s flyby was the fourth of six planned, bringing the spacecraft just 103 miles above Mercury’s surface. Key Areas of Interest: BepiColombo captured images of 2 peak ring basins (Vivaldi & Stoddart), which could provide clues about ancient volcanic activity. Mercury’s south pole was imaged, offering a preview of better data to come. BepiColombo is expected to collect better data of the southern hemisphere than NASA’s Messenger spacecraft, which the agency crashed into the planet in 2015 after an 11-year mission. Unique Characteristics of Mercury: Mercury has a core that is oversized compared with the rocky shell surrounding it. Water ice exists on its surface, despite scorching exposure to the sun without an atmosphere to protect it. The planet has an unexpected magnetic field and is rich in volatiles — elements like chlorine, sulfur and potassium — thought to readily evaporate on planets with high temperatures. These traits suggest Mercury may have formed farther from the sun than its current location. Next Steps: After the remaining flybys in December and January, BepiColombo will spend nearly two years circling the sun.It is expected to enter orbit around Mercury by end of 2026. Source: Indian Express FINANCIALISATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains : ECONOMY Context: Chief Economic Adviser (CEA) V. Anantha Nageswaran cautioned that financialisation might distort macroeconomic outcomes. Background: India’s stock market capitalisation was about 140% of the GDP, the Indian financial sector is seeing high profitability all pointing towards the surge of finanacialisation. About Financialisation Financialisation refers to the increasing dominance of financial motives, financial markets, financial actors, and financial institutions in the economy. Key Aspects of Financialisation Growth of the Financial Sector: Financialization involves the expansion of financial services, such as banking, insurance, and investment, relative to the overall economy. Securitization: This is the process of turning assets into financial instruments, which can be traded in markets. It has led to a massive increase in the variety and volume of financial products. Shift from Industrial to Financial Capitalism: Economies have moved from being driven by industrial production to being driven by financial activities. Influence on Corporate Governance: Companies increasingly focus on maximizing shareholder value, often prioritizing short-term financial gains over long-term investments. Impacts of Financialization Economic Policy and Corporate Behavior: Financial markets and institutions have a significant influence on economic policies and corporate strategies. Income Inequality: Financialization has contributed to increasing income inequality, as the financial sector often sees higher income growth compared to other sectors. Wage Stagnation: There has been a transfer of income from the real sector (goods and services) to the financial sector, leading to wage stagnation in non-financial industries. Decline in Manufacturing: In some countries, like the U.S., financialization has been linked

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST) COUNCIL  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council meeting held recently broadly agreed on the need to reduce the tax rate for health and life insurance premiums from 18 per cent but the specific proposal has now been referred to the Group of Ministers (GoM) for further discussion. Background: – The GST regime came into force after the Constitutional (122nd Amendment) Bill was passed by both Houses of Parliament in 2016. More than 15 Indian states then ratified it in their state Assemblies, after which then-President Pranab Mukherjee gave his assent. Key takeaways The GST Council is a constitutional body in India responsible for making recommendations to the Union and State governments on issues related to Goods and Services Tax (GST). It was established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution. Composition of the GST Council: Chairperson: The Union Finance Minister Members: The Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance. The Minister In-charge of finance or taxation or any other Minister nominated by each State Government. Decision-Making Process of the GST Council: Meetings: The Council meets periodically to discuss issues related to GST, including tax rates, exemptions, the threshold for tax liability, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Voting: Decisions in the GST Council are made based on a voting structure. The Union Government has 1/3rd of the total votes. All the State Governments together have 2/3rd of the total votes. Weighted Voting: Every decision requires a three-fourths majority of the weighted votes of members present. This structure ensures a balance between the Centre and the States, allowing them to work collaboratively on GST-related matters. Consensus: In practice, most decisions of the GST Council are taken by consensus rather than formal voting, promoting a cooperative federalism approach. Role of the GST Council: Tax Rates and Slabs: It decides GST rates for different goods and services, and can modify them periodically based on economic needs. Exemptions and Thresholds: It determines which goods or services should be exempt from GST and sets the threshold for GST registration. Dispute Resolution: The Council can recommend mechanisms to resolve disputes between the Centre and States regarding GST implementation. The GST Council plays a crucial role in harmonizing tax policies across the country, avoiding cascading taxes, and ensuring that GST functions efficiently as a unified tax system. Source: Indian Express NATURAL FARMING  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Finannce Ministry has shot down a proposal from the Agriculture Ministry to provide a one-time incentive of Rs 20,000 per hectare to farmers who adopt natural farming, saying it was much higher than what was earlier approved. Background: – The Agriculture Ministry had circulated a Cabinet note in July last week seeking the Finance Ministry’s approval for the incentives to be provided to farmers under the proposed National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF). Key takeaways The Agriculture Ministry defines natural farming as a “chemical-free” farming system that uses only inputs produced using livestock and plant resources. Natural farming works with the natural biodiversity, encouraging the soil’s biological activity and managing the complexity of living organisms, both plant and animal to thrive along with food production system. Important practices, essential for adoption of natural farming includes: No external inputs Local seeds (use of local varieties), On-farm produced microbial formulation for seed treatment (such as bijamrita), On-farm made microbial inoculants (Jivamrita) for soil enrichment, Cover crops and mulching with green and dry organic matter for nutrient recycling and for creating a suitable micro-climate for maximum beneficial microbial activity in soil. Mixed cropping, Managing diversity on farm through integration of trees Management of pests through diversity and local on-farm made botanical concoctions (such as neemastra, agniastra, neem ark, dashparni ark etc); Integration of livestock, especially of native breed for cow dung and cow urine as essential inputs for several practices and Water and moisture conservation Additional Information The Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming (APCNF), a State government’s initiative launched through Rythu Sadhikara Samstha (RySS) seven years ago, has won the 2024 Gulbenkian Prize. APCNF is recognized as the world’s largest agroecology programme, benefiting over a million smallholder farmers across 5,00,000 hectares in Andhra Pradesh.The APCNF programme empowers small farmers by enabling them to switch to natural farming methods. Source: Indian Express SWACHH BHARAT MISSION AND ITS ACHIEVEMENTS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The recent release of the scientific report in the Nature journal on the Swachh Bharat Mission’s (SBM) impact on the reduction in infant and child mortality broadly coincides with the 10-year anniversary of the programme. Background: Announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his Independence Day speech to the nation from the Red Fort on August 15, 2014, it was formally launched on October 2 of the same year. About Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) India grappled with sanitation challenges, particularly in rural areas, affecting millions. In 2014, only 39% sanitation coverage was achieved, impacting vulnerable demographics, notably women and children. Responding to the imperative for comprehensive sanitation coverage, the Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on October 2, 2014. Main goal: Eliminate open defecation by October 2, 2019, targeting the construction of over 100 million household toilets for 550 million Indians. Behavioral Change: The SBM was a Jan Andolan (mass movement) involving community-led initiatives to achieve Open Defecation Free (ODF) status. Focus on inspiring pride in villages through Gaurav Yatras (pride tours) upon achieving ODF status. Friendly competition among villages, districts, and states helped boost implementation. Phase II of SBM: After October 2, 2019, when all Indian states declared themselves ODF, SBM entered its second phase. SBM Phase II was launched with the objective of achieving Sampoorn Swachhata, i.e., sustaining the ODF status and managing solid and liquid waste by 2024-25 and transforming all the villages from ODF to ODF Plus Model. Health Impact: The Nature journal report (2024) validated SBM’s significant health outcomes, stating that the mission saved 60,000–70,000 lives of infants and

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE SYSTEM  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The opposition parties in India are complaining about the delay in constituting Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees (DRSCs). Background: – Intense negotiations have been going on between the government and Opposition for control over important committees for nearly three months since the election of the 18th Lok Sabha. Origins and Universal Nature: Committees are central to the functioning of parliaments worldwide. In India, the modern committee system was inherited from the British Parliament. The first committee in India was the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in 1921, under the Government of India Act, 1919. Post-independence, PAC and the Estimates Committee (established in 1950) came under the direct control of the Lok Sabha Speaker. Business Advisory Committee (chaired by the Speaker) and Committee on Government Assurance were the Indian innovations in parliamentary democracy. Another major landmark was the creation of the Committee on Public Undertakings during the third Lok Sabha. Significant expansion occurred in the 1990s with the establishment of Departmental Standing Committees (DRSCs) to enhance parliamentary oversight.By 1993, India had 17 DRSCs, each with 45 members. The expansion aimed to make parliamentary activity effective, enhance the accountability of the executive, and utilise the availability of expertise and public opinion. It may be noted here that the creation of DRSCs coincided with the rise of coalition politics, increasing disruptions in Houses, declining parliamentary oversight, and the ‘guillotine’ of legislation. Structure and Authority: Committees are categorized as standing (permanent) and ad hoc (temporary for specific tasks). Ad hoc committees are created for some specific purposes and they cease to exist after finishing the tasks assigned. The select and joint committees on bills are principal ad hoc committees. In addition, Parliament has standing committees that are permanent (constituted every year) and work on a continuous basis. Committees are composed of MPs appointed or elected by the House or nominated by the Speaker. They derive authority from Article 105 (MP privileges) and Article 118 (Parliament’s authority to regulate its procedure). Significance of Committees: They address the complexities of modern administration, allowing for detailed scrutiny of government activities. Committees involve experts and stakeholders in decision-making, helping MPs from different parties reach consensus. They also foster collaboration between the two houses of Parliament. These committees also accommodate the MPs who could not find a place in the Cabinet of coalition governments. They ensures executive accountability to Parliament and helps to function the system of checks and balances. Challenges: Short tenure of committees limits specialisation and delays in reconstitution disrupt functioning. Political partisanship, absenteeism, and a decline in bills referred to committees have undermined effectiveness. Issues like inadequate resources, staff, and expert advisers were highlighted by the Venkatachaliah Commission (2000). Source: Indian Express PresVu  Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Mumbai-based Entod Pharmaceuticals announced that the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI), the nation’s top drug regulatory authority, has approved its innovative eye drops designed specifically to reduce the need for reading glasses in individuals with presbyopia. Background: – According to the company, the eye drop PresVu is the first of its kind in India, and Entod has applied for a patent for this invention in terms of its formulation and the process. Key takeaways Presbyopia is an age-related disorder in which the eyes gradually lose their capacity to concentrate on adjacent objects. Cause: Presbyopia occurs due to the gradual stiffening of the lens inside the eye. The lens becomes less flexible, reducing its ability to change shape and focus light on the retina for close-up tasks. This condition typically becomes noticeable in individuals around the age of 40 and continues to progress with age. Doctors believe that spectacles are one of the most efficient strategies to manage the illness. About PresVu The active ingredient — chemical compounds in medicines that have an effect on the body — in PresVu is pilocarpine. The compound contracts the iris muscles, which control the size of the pupil and help humans see things clearly, thereby enabling one’s eyes to focus better on nearby objects, according to Entod Pharmaceuticals. PresVu also claims to employ “advanced dynamic buffer technology” — effectively, a base solution — to adapt to the pH level of tears. This guarantees that the eye drop has consistent efficacy and safety for extended use, keeping in mind that such drops will be used for years at a stretch. PresVu is a prescription-only medication, and experts say its effects are unlikely to endure more than four to six hours. Additional Information Although Entod’s claims suggest that PresVu is a new therapy, pilocarpine, the key ingredient in the eye drop, has been available in India for decades. In 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a pilocarpine eye drop to treat presbyopia. Source: Indian Express ENEMY PROPERTY  Syllabus Prelims – POLITY Context: A parcel of land in Uttar Pradesh, previously belonging to the family of former Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf, is set to be auctioned under The Enemy Property Act. Background: The Union Home Affairs Ministry said in a notice erected on the plot that around 13 bighas of land in the Kotana Bangar village in Baghpat district has been directed for sale through e-auction until September 12. Enemy Property and the Enemy Property Act Enemy Property refers to the properties left behind by individuals who migrated to Pakistan or China following the India-Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971, and the Sino-Indian War of 1962. These properties were classified as “enemy property” under Indian law, as the people who left India acquired the nationality of an enemy country. The Indian government took control of these properties and vested them in the Custodian of Enemy Property for India, a government-appointed authority, under the Defence of India Rules (formulated under the Defence of India Act, 1962). The Enemy Property Act, enacted in 1968, provided for the continuous vesting of enemy property in the Custodian of Enemy Property for India. The Tashkent Declaration of January 10, 1966, featured

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Ahead of the September 26 UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on antimicrobial resistance, the World Health Organization last week published its first-ever guidance on antibiotic pollution from manufacturing. Background: – AMR — and consequently, the creation of “superbugs” — affects healthcare everywhere, but has especially poor outcomes in patients suffering from multiple diseases. Key takeaways Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health threat that occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. This resistance makes infections harder to treat, leading to prolonged illness, higher medical costs, and increased mortality. Causes of AMR: Misuse and Overuse of antimicrobials: The primary drivers of AMR are the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and agriculture. For example, using antibiotics for viral infections or not completing prescribed antibiotic courses can contribute to resistance. Excessive use of antimicrobial drugs can lead to the creation of resistant or extremely resistant superbugs, which can circulate in hospitals, through drinking water, or sewers. Infections caused by these pathogens will not respond to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Poor Infection Control: Inadequate infection prevention and control practices in healthcare settings can also accelerate the spread of resistant microorganisms. Impact on Health: Treatment Challenges: AMR makes common infections harder to treat and increases the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. It also complicates medical procedures like surgeries and cancer treatments, which rely on effective antimicrobials to prevent infections. Economic Burden: The economic impact of AMR is substantial, with significant healthcare costs and potential losses in global GDP. Preventive Measures: Infection Prevention: Enhancing infection prevention and control measures in healthcare settings and communities. Vaccination: Promoting vaccination to reduce the need for antimicrobials by preventing infections. Global Collaboration: International cooperation is essential to tackle AMR effectively, as resistant pathogens do not respect borders. Source: Indian Express CYBER SECURITY  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT, GS 3 Context: Recently, Home minister Shah inaugurated four Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) platforms — Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC), the ‘Samanvaya’ platform, a Cyber Commandos programme and a Suspect Registry. Background: – Cyber security is no longer limited to the digital world and has become an important aspect of national security. Key takeaways The changing geo-political and economic shifts have compelled the Indian government to take active steps to evolve in cyberspace. This includes strengthening internal safety and security under the Ministry of Home Affairs, investment in defence infrastructure, and having bilateral agreements with countries across the globe, to remain coordinated and have defensive-offensive strategies for the interest of the nation, its citizens, and the industry. The I4C, established in 2018, is a department under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) tasked with establishing a national-level coordination centre to address cybercrime-related issues. Home minister Shah inaugurated four I4C platforms — Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC), the ‘Samanvaya’ platform, a Cyber Commandos programme and a Suspect Registry. Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) The Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) has been established at the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) in New Delhi. It involves representatives from major banks, financial intermediaries, payment aggregators, telecom service providers, IT intermediaries, and law enforcement agencies from various states and union territories. The primary goal of CFMC is to facilitate immediate action and seamless cooperation to tackle online financial crimes. This initiative exemplifies “Cooperative Federalism” in law enforcement. Samanvaya Platform (Joint Cybercrime Investigation Facilitation System) The Samanvaya Platform is a web-based module designed to act as a one-stop portal for cybercrime data repository, data sharing, crime mapping, data analytics, and cooperation among law enforcement agencies across the country. It aims to streamline the process of cybercrime investigation and enhance coordination among various agencies. Cyber Commandos Programme The Cyber Commandos Programme involves the creation of a special wing of trained “Cyber Commandos” within states, union territories, and central police organizations. These commandos are trained to counter cyber security threats and assist in securing the digital space. The programme aims to bolster the cyber defense capabilities of the country. Suspect Registry In the Suspect Registry system, the I4C will share a list of all the repeat offenders in their server, which can be accessed by police personnel of any state and also by the bank officials before opening bank accounts. Source: PIB NATIONAL BOARD FOR WILDLIFE (NBWL)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The standing committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL) has cleared multiple projects – a transmission line in Little Rann of Kutch, a controversial transmission line project in Goa’s Mollem national park as well as a clutch of infrastructure projects in tiger corridors of central India, among others. Background: The NBWL is primarily responsible for promotion and conservation of wildlife. About National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is a statutory organization under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. It was constituted in 2003, replacing the Indian Board for Wildlife, which was formed in 1952. Chaired by the Prime Minister of India, it serves as the top advisory body on matters concerning wildlife conservation and protection. Key Functions: Policy and Planning: The NBWL is responsible for formulating policies and plans for the conservation of wildlife and forests in India. Approval of Projects: It evaluates projects like construction, mining, or development activities in or around protected areas such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. No project can be carried out in such areas without NBWL’s clearance. Advisory Role: It advises the central and state governments on wildlife-related issues, including the creation and management of protected areas. Conservation of Endangered Species: The NBWL plays a significant role in identifying and protecting endangered species. It helps in creating programs and laws to ensure their protection. Monitoring Protected Areas: It oversees the functioning of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves, ensuring their proper management. Safeguarding Biodiversity: The board promotes measures for the conservation of biodiversity, aligning with international treaties like the Convention

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context:  The Union Cabinet cleared the expansion of the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to all senior citizens aged 70 years and above irrespective of their income. Background: – Ayushman Bharat was launched as recommended by the National Health Policy 2017, to achieve the vision of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). About Ayushman Bharat Ayushman Bharat adopts a continuum of care approach, comprising of two inter-related components, which are – Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) About AB PM – JAY: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) is a flagship health insurance scheme launched by the Government of India in 2018 under the broader Ayushman Bharat Mission. It aims to provide financial protection to economically vulnerable families by offering free healthcare services through a health insurance model. Key Features AB PM-JAY is the largest publicly funded health insurance scheme globally, aiming to cover over 12 crores poor and vulnerable families (approximately 55 crore beneficiaries) that form the bottom 40% of the Indian population. PM-JAY is fully funded by the Government and cost of implementation is shared between the Central and State Governments. Insurance Coverage: Each eligible family receives annual health insurance coverage of up to ₹5 lakh for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. Cashless and Paperless Access: The scheme provides cashless treatment at public and empaneled private hospitals, covering over 1,500 procedures, including critical illnesses like cancer, heart disease, and kidney ailments. It covers up to 3 days of pre-hospitalization and 15 days post-hospitalization expenses such as diagnostics and medicines. There is no restriction on the family size, age or gender. Nationwide Implementation: The scheme is implemented across all states and union territories, with both urban and rural poor beneficiaries identified based on the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) 2011 data. Empanelment of Hospitals: Public and private hospitals are empaneled to deliver services, making quality healthcare accessible even in remote areas. Benefits of the scheme are portable across the country i.e. a beneficiary can visit any empanelled public or private hospital in India to avail cashless treatment. Public hospitals are reimbursed for the healthcare services at par with the private hospitals. Objectives Reduce Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE): AB PM-JAY is designed to reduce the financial burden on poor families by covering expensive treatments that often push households into poverty. Access to Quality Healthcare: By empaneling private hospitals and offering treatment for a wide range of diseases, the scheme aims to ensure access to quality healthcare for all beneficiaries. Strengthen Health Infrastructure: The scheme incentivizes investment in healthcare infrastructure, especially in underserved areas, by promoting the empanelment of private hospitals. Universal Health Coverage (UHC): It is a step towards achieving UHC by ensuring financial protection for healthcare services, in line with the global Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Source: Indian Express FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Effectuation of fundamental duties is and will always be a continuing task, calling for duty-specific legislations, schemes and supervision, Attorney General R Venkataramani told the Supreme Court recently. Background: – The top court was hearing a plea filed by lawyer Durga Dutt which sought direction to the Centre for enacting well defined laws/rules to ensure adherence to the fundamental duties as enshrined in the Constitution. Key takeaways The Fundamental Duties were introduced into the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee. They are enshrined in Part IV-A of the Constitution under Article 51A. These duties are a set of moral obligations that every citizen is expected to follow. Key Features: Not Justiciable: Unlike Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law and cannot be claimed or defended in a court of law. However, Parliament has the authority to enact laws to enforce specific duties. Moral Obligations: They represent a set of guidelines that aim to remind citizens of their moral and civic duties toward the nation. Inspiration: The concept of Fundamental Duties in India is inspired by the Constitution of the former Soviet Union. As per Article 51A, it shall be the duty of every citizen of India: To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform. To safeguard public property and abjure violence. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement. (Added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002): To provide opportunities for education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years and ensure that they receive education. Examples of laws that effectuate Fundamental Duties: Duty to Abide by the Constitution and Respect National Symbols (Article 51A(a)): Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971: This law ensures respect for the National Flag, National Anthem, and the Constitution. It penalizes acts of disrespect, such as burning or defacing the National Flag or disrupting the National Anthem. Duty to Uphold and Protect Sovereignty, Unity, and Integrity of India (Article 51A(c)): Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA): UAPA is aimed at preventing unlawful activities and associations that threaten the sovereignty

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EXTRADITION TREATY BETWEEN INDIA AND BANGLADESH  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context:  The chief prosecutor of Bangladesh’s International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) has announced plans to seek the extradition of ousted leader Sheikh Hasina from neighbouring India. Background: – Hasina sought refuge in India in August after a mass uprising compelled her to step down. Since her departure, numerous criminal cases have been lodged against her and her aides, encompassing charges of murder, torture, abduction, crimes against humanity, and genocide. Key takeaways India and Bangladesh have a bilateral extradition treaty in place that could allow for sheikh Hasina’s return to face trial. 2013 Extradition Treaty (Amended in 2016): Originally aimed to address insurgency and terrorism along shared borders. Facilitated extradition of fugitives like two convicts in Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s assassination and ULFA leader Anup Chetia. Conditions for Extradition: Crimes must carry a minimum sentence of one year. Dual criminality required, meaning the offence must be punishable in both countries. Since the charges against Ms. Hasina are prosecutable in India, and the penalties for her alleged crimes are also substantial, she qualifies for extradition on these grounds. 2016 amendment eased extradition by only requiring an arrest warrant issued by a competent court in the requesting country for initiation of extradition process. Grounds for Refusal: Political Nature: Extradition can be refused for politically motivated offences, but crimes like murder and terrorism are excluded from this exemption. Good Faith Clause (Article 8): Extradition can be denied if the accusation is not in good faith or involves military offences not considered general crimes. India could potentially refuse extradition on the ground that the charges against Ms. Hasina have not been levelled in good faith and there is a possibility of her being subjected to political persecution or an unfair trial upon her return to Bangladesh. Implications: Extradition is not guaranteed and will depend on diplomatic negotiations. Denial of the request may only cause minor political tension without significantly impacting bilateral relations as per experts. Bangladesh is India’s largest trade partner in South Asia, with bilateral trade valued at $15.9 billion in FY 2022-23. India has pledged continued support to Bangladesh under the new interim government, despite the regime change. Source: The Hindu CHALLENGES TO ROAD SAFETY IN INDIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: The “India Status Report on Road Safety 2024,” prepared by the TRIP Centre at IIT Delhi, highlights India’s slow progress in meeting goal of reducing road accident fatalities. Background: – The report analyses road safety in India, using data from First Information Reports (FIRs) from six States and audits of State compliance with Supreme Court directives on road safety governance. Key takeaways from the report India is lagging in reducing road accident fatalities and is unlikely to meet the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety goal of halving traffic deaths by 2030. Public Health Challenge: Road traffic injuries were the 13th leading cause of death and the 12th leading cause of health loss in India in 2021. In some States (Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh), road injuries rank among the top 10 causes of health loss. Need for Crash Surveillance: India’s national road safety data systems are insufficient for guiding public policy. Currently, there is no national crash-level database. Road safety statistics at both State and national levels are compiled from individual police station records, which are aggregated at district, State, and national levels before being published. These tables allow only the most basic analyses, preventing effective intervention or program evaluation. Significant variance in road safety across States: Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Chhattisgarh recorded the highest death rates, at 21.9, 19.2, and 17.6 per 1,00,000 people, respectively. In contrast, West Bengal and Bihar had the lowest rates, at 5.9 per 1,00,000 in 2021 Six States – Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu – account for nearly half of all traffic fatalities. Pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists are the most affected; trucks are the leading impacting vehicles. Traffic Safety Gaps: Helmet usage is low in rural areas, especially among motorcyclists. Only eight States have audited more than half of their National Highway lengths, and very few States have done the same for their State Highways. Basic traffic safety measures, including traffic calming, markings, and signage, are still lacking in most States. Global Comparison: India fares poorly in comparison to developed nations, with road fatalities much higher in 2021 compared to 1990, indicating worsening road safety conditions. The report questions whether better-equipped vehicles with more advanced safety features are the solution, given that two-wheeler riders, cyclists, and motorcyclists represent the majority of road fatalities. Way Forward: Central and State governments need to scale up road safety interventions. Establish a national fatal crash database with public access to improve risk understanding and intervention effectiveness. Tailored strategies are essential to address the diverse road safety challenges across different States. Source: The Hindu CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDIA’S TRANSPORT SECTOR  Syllabus Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context:  Carbon dioxide emissions from India’s transport sector could be reduced up to 71 per cent by 2050 if high-ambition strategies are adopted on few parameters, said a new study by World Resources Institute (WRI) India. Background: The study noted that following a high emission reduction target in the transport sector would also be pivotal in achieving India’s net-zero target by 2070. Key takeaways Emission Reduction Potential: India’s transport sector CO2 emissions could be reduced by up to 71% by 2050 with high-ambition strategies on: Electrification of vehicles. Improved fuel economy standards. Shifting to cleaner modes of transport. Current Emissions: India’s transport sector accounted for 14% of total energy-related CO2 emissions in 2020. 90% of these emissions came from road transport, with major contributors being: Two-wheelers: 16%, Cars: 25%, Buses: 9%, Freight LDVs: 8%, Freight HDVs: 45%. The study, using the energy policy simulator, found that simultaneously implementing fuel economy, electrification, and modal shift strategies at their highest levels can lead to a 71% reduction in CO2 emissions by

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL (NGT)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: A plea before the National Green Tribunal (NGT) by an advocate has raised questions of propriety and potential conflict of interest against Justice Sudhir Agarwal, one of the tribunal’s six judicial members. Background: – In his plea admitted on May 22, advocate Gaurav Bansal alleged that Justice Agarwal had heard a case in which his son, Gaurav Agarwal, was appointed as an amicus by the Tribunal. About National Green Tribunal (NGT) Establishment: The National Green Tribunal was established in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. Objective: To provide effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection, conservation of forests, and other natural resources. It aims to enforce any legal right related to the environment and provide relief and compensation for damages caused to persons and property. The Tribunal has a presence in five zones- North, Central, East, South and West. The Principal Bench is situated in the North Zone, headquartered in Delhi. The Central zone bench is situated in Bhopal, East zone in Kolkata, South zone in Chennai and West zone in Pune. The Tribunal is headed by the Chairperson who sits in the Principal Bench and has at least ten but not more than twenty judicial members and at least ten but not more than twenty expert members. Key Features: Composition – The tribunal consists of: Chairperson & Judicial Members: A person shall not be qualified for appointment as the Chairperson or Judicial Member of the Tribunal unless he is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India or Chief Justice of a High Court: Provided that a person who is or has been a Judge of the High Court shall also be qualified to be appointed as a Judicial Member. Expert Members: Environmental experts with professional qualifications and experience. Jurisdiction – Any person seeking relief and compensation for environmental damage involving subjects in the legislations mentioned in Schedule I of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 may approach the Tribunal. The statutes in Schedule I are: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; The Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Principles Applied: The Tribunal is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by principles of natural justice. Polluter Pays Principle: The party responsible for pollution should bear the costs of managing and rectifying it. Precautionary Principle: Preventive action should be taken to avoid environmental harm. Sustainable Development: Balancing environmental conservation with developmental needs. Powers: The NGT has the power to order: Compensation for environmental damage. Restoration of damaged ecosystems. Imposition of fines on entities violating environmental laws. Appeals: The Tribunal has powers to review its own decisions. If this fails, the decision can be challenged before the Supreme Court within ninety days. The Supreme Court has ruled that the NGT Act, 2010 doesn’t take away the jurisdiction of the High Court.So a decision of NGT can be appealed in high court also. Additional Information : Conflict of Interest Conflict of Interest means “any interest which could significantly prejudice an individual’s objectivity in the decision-making process, thereby creating an unfair competitive advantage for the individual or the organisation he/she represents”. Source: Indian Express MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE (MSP)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: With soyabean prices in the market falling below the minimum support price (MSP), the Centre is set to procure 13 lakh metric tonnes of the oilseed from Maharashtra, which is a major producer of the crop and is scheduled to go to Assembly polls soon. Background: – A kharif season crop, soyabean is used as feed and for oil extraction. It is sown in June-July and harvested in September-October. About Minimum Support Price (MSP) Definition: The Minimum Support Price is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. It is the price at which the government purchases crops from the farmers, regardless of the market price. Objective: To protect farmers from distress sales and ensure them remunerative prices for their produce. To encourage higher investment in agriculture and ensure food security by guaranteeing price stability. Announcement and Implementation: The MSP is announced at the beginning of the sowing season by the Government of India, based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). MSP is not legally enforceable; it acts as a floor price, but the government procures only a few crops under it. Crops Covered: MSP is announced for 23 crops, including: 7 cereals (such as rice, wheat, maize) 5 pulses (like gram, arhar) 7 oilseeds (including groundnut, mustard) 4 commercial crops (cotton, sugarcane, jute, copra) Factors Considered for MSP Calculation: Cost of production (both paid-out costs and imputed costs like family labor). Supply-demand situation in the market. Price trends in domestic and international markets. Inter-crop price parity (balancing the price of crops). Farmers’ input-output price parity. Terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture sectors. Types of Costs Considered: A2 Costs:  It covers all paid-out costs directly incurred by the farmer — in cash and kind — on seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, hired labour, leased-in land, fuel, irrigation, etc. A2+FL Costs: A2 costs + the value of unpaid family labor. C2 Costs: It is a more comprehensive cost that factors in rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets, on top of A2+FL. CACP Recommendation: The CACP suggests MSP based on the A2+FL formula. However, farmers’ organizations often demand the MSP to be fixed at 1.5 times the C2 cost, in line with the recommendations of the Swaminathan Commission. Significance of MSP: Price Assurance: Ensures farmers receive a fair price, reducing the risk of exploitation by middlemen. Food

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   TYPHOON YAGI  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Millions of people in Southeast Asia continue to struggle with torrential rains, floods, and landslides triggered by Typhoon Yagi — the strongest tropical cyclone Asia has seen this year and the second most powerful storm in the world so far this year after Hurricane Beryl. Background: – While Typhoon Yagi has severely impacted multiple countries, including the Philippines, China, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand, it has hit Vietnam the hardest, where the death toll stands at around 233. Key takeaways Tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters near the equator. When the warm, moist air from the ocean surface rises upward, a lower air pressure area is formed below. Air from surrounding areas with higher air pressure rushes into this low pressure area, eventually rising, after it also becomes warm and moist. As warm, moist air rises, it cools down, and the water in the air forms clouds and thunderstorms. This whole system of clouds and winds gains strength and momentum using the ocean’s heat, and the water that evaporates from its surface. Typhoon Yagi started as a tropical storm in the western Philippine Sea on September 1. It made landfall in the Philippines the next day and started to weaken. However, due to unusually warm waters in the South China Sea, the storm intensified again. By September 4, it strengthened into a strong typhoon with Category 3 winds. The next day, it became a Category 5 typhoon with peak maximum sustained winds of 260 kmph. The category of a tropical cyclone is determined by its sustained wind speed, as measured by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. It is classified into five categories — Category 1 to Category 5. While Category 1 tropical cyclones bring winds of 119 to 153 kmph, Category 5 tropical cyclones, which are the strongest, have winds of 252 kmph or higher. Storms that reach Category 3 and higher are considered major tropical cyclones due to their potential to inflict significant damage. Additional information: What is the difference between a hurricane and a typhoon? Hurricanes and typhoons are the same weather phenomenon: tropical cyclones. A tropical cyclone is a generic term used by meteorologists to describe a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical waters and has closed, low-level circulation. The weakest tropical cyclones are called tropical depressions. If a depression intensifies such that its maximum sustained winds reach 63 kmph, the tropical cyclone becomes a tropical storm.  Once a tropical cyclone reaches maximum sustained winds of 119 kmph or higher, it is then classified as a hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone, depending upon where the storm originates in the world. In the North Atlantic, central North Pacific, and eastern North Pacific, the term hurricane is used. The same type of disturbance in the Northwest Pacific is called a typhoon. Meanwhile, in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, the generic term tropical cyclone is used, regardless of the strength of the wind associated with the weather system. Source: Indian Express COMMONS AND TRAGEDY OF COMMONS  Syllabus Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Delhi recently hosted a first-of-its-kind dialogue on the conservation, restoration and governance of common resources such as forests, community lands, and water bodies like lakes or rivers, all usually referred to just as Commons. Background: – Nearly one-fourth of India’s landmass, about 205 million acres, is estimated to be Commons. Key takeaways Commons is a term used to refer to resources that are not owned by any individual or group or the government, but belong to, and are shared by, the community as a whole. Forests, local ponds, grazing lands, rivers, sacred sites, parks and lakes are all Commons. Commons could be intangible too. Language, folk art or dance, local customs, and traditional knowledge are all shared resources, and thus are Commons. In the digital age, most Internet and open-source software are Commons. Digital resources with creative commons licences are meant to be used freely by everyone. At the international level, the polar regions, the Arctic and Antarctica, are considered global Commons. No country is allowed to take ownership of these areas, even though everyone can use them for certain activities. Outer space, the Moon, and other planetary bodies are also global Commons. Commons are critical for several reasons. They provide a variety of ecological and other services that are beneficial for the entire community. As these resources are accessible to all, they face a greater threat of over-exploitation and damage. Since no one owns Commons, the responsibility of maintenance and upkeep often becomes a problem. Commons have also come under increased stress due to climate change. Different kinds of governance mechanisms have evolved to manage Commons depending on the context. There are international agreements, for instance, for the use and management of polar regions, outer space, and high seas. In India, the 2006 Forest Rights Act (FRA) is considered a good template for managing common forest resources. Additional mInformation: what is the tragedy of the commons? The tragedy of the commons refers to a situation in which individuals with access to a public resource—also called a common—act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource. This economic theory was conceptualized in 1833 by British writer William Forster Lloyd. In 1968, the term “tragedy of the commons” was used for the first time by Garret Hardin in Science Magazine. This theory explains individuals’ tendency to make decisions based on their personal needs, regardless of the negative impact it may have on others. In some cases, an individual’s belief that others won’t act in the best interest of the group can lead them to justify selfish behavior. Source: Indian Express EMERGENCY PROVISIONS AND THE IMPACT ON CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context:  The recent spate of renewed violence in Manipur has once again triggered the discussion around Centre-State relations and the use of emergency provisions by the Centre. Background: Large-scale violence against innocent civilians, women and children; looting of ammunition from police armoury; drone

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PRECISION FARMING  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The Centre is contemplating to earmark Rs 6,000 crore to promote precision farming. Background: – Apart from offering financial support, the Centre is also considering collaborating with the Netherlands and Israel, where tech-based modern farming solutions are being used, through Centres of Excellences (CoEs) Key takeaways Precision Farming (also called Precision Agriculture) refers to the use of technology to manage farming inputs (like water, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides) more accurately and efficiently. It involves technologies like Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing, drones, soil sensors, and data analytics to monitor crops, manage variability in the field, and optimize resource use. Benefits of Precision Farming: Increased Productivity: By applying inputs more accurately, farmers can improve crop yields and quality. Cost Reduction: It reduces the amount of fertilizers, water, and pesticides used, lowering costs for farmers. Environmental Sustainability: Reduces overuse of chemicals, promotes soil health, and limits environmental degradation. Efficient Resource Use: Optimizes the use of water, seeds, and other inputs, leading to better resource management. Impact on Sustainable Agriculture: Precision farming supports the goals of sustainable agriculture by minimizing resource wastage, reducing chemical inputs, improving soil health, and mitigating environmental damage. It helps address key challenges like climate change, water scarcity, and soil degradation by enabling better resource management and adaptive farming techniques. Source: Indian Express GST STRUCTURE — COMPLICATIONS AND THE WAY AHEAD  Syllabus Mains – ECONOMY Context: Recently, a restaurant owners complaint to Union Finance Minister regarding absurdity in get structure has gone viral. Background: – During the meeting with Finance Minister, the chairperson of a popular restaurant chain in Tamil Nadu, flagged the challenges faced by restaurateurs due to the varying GST rates on food items. Key takeaways Simplification of GST Structure: A less-complex GST structure essentially would imply a reduction in the number of tax slabs, minimal carve outs and exemptions, easier compliance mechanism and rates at a level at which both states and the Centre are able to safeguard their revenue streams. Multiplicities in Tax Rates: Issues raised over different GST rates for similar items (e.g., buns vs. cream buns). Classification (to different tax slabs) disputes often lead to legal challenges. Revenue Stability and Challenges: GST collections have stabilized around Rs 1.8 lakh crore monthly. Merging tax slabs (e.g., 12% and 18%) risks revenue loss. Around 70 per cent of the GST revenue is coming from 18 per cent tax slab. Even a 1% reduction in the 18% slab could reduce revenue by 3.5%. Concerns of States and Central Government: Any indication of a deceleration in revenue growth due to any tinkering of the GST rates, at a time when many southern states are already asking for a greater share of revenues under the Finance Commission mechanism, is not going to be easily agreeable to states. Revenue neutrality is crucial, preventing a slowdown in revenue growth. Potential Solutions for Rate Simplification: Flat rates with no exemptions (similar to Singapore/New Zealand) were considered but rejected for India’s diverse market. Standard Rate Proposal: In 2018, former F M Arun Jaitley suggested that as revenue grows, a standard GST rate between 12% and 18% should be fixed, with exemptions for luxury and sin goods. The country should eventually aim for GST slabs of zero, 5%, and a standard rate. Simplifying B2C Items: Experts suggest revisiting GST rates for simple B2C items, especially those sold by smaller manufacturers. A rejig of rates could provide relief without significant revenue loss. The equivalence principle need to be applied to similar B2C items.For eg: bakery items could be clubbed together with a valuation threshold for the premium segment products. Source: Indian Express FESTIVAL OF KARMA OR KARAM PARV  Syllabus Prelims – ART & CULTURE Context: Tribal populations in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Assam, and Odisha celebrated the harvest festival of Karma or Karam Parv last week. Background: At the heart of the Karma festival is the Karam tree — traditionally seen as a symbol of Karam Devta or Karamsani, the god of strength, youth, and vitality, and the object from which the festival takes its name. Key takeaways The Karam Parv, also known as the Karma Festival, is a harvest festival celebrated primarily in the Indian states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Odisha, and even in Bangladesh. This festival is dedicated to the worship of Karam-Devta, the god of power, youth, and youthfulness. The festival is popular especially among the Munda, Ho, Oraon, Baiga, Kharia, and Santhal peoples. Timing: The festival is observed on the Ekadashi tithi (eleventh day) of the lunar fortnight in the month of Bhado (August-September). Rituals: Planting Seeds: Unmarried girls plant and nurture nine types of seeds (like rice, wheat, and corn) for 7-9 days. Karam Tree Worship: On the festival day, villagers go to the forest to collect branches of the Karam tree, which are then worshipped and planted in the village center. Singing and Dancing: The festival is marked by traditional songs and dances, creating a lively atmosphere. Cultural Significance: The festival symbolizes the community’s connection to nature and their prayers for a good harvest and overall well-being. Source: Indian Express WORLD OZONE DAY  Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: September 16 is observed as the international day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. Background: – The theme for world ozone day 2024 is “Montreal Protocol: Advancing Climate Actions,” which underscores the Montreal protoco’ls vital role in both ozone layer protection and broader climate action efforts. Key takeaways World Ozone Day, officially known as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, is observed every year on September 16th. This day was designated by the United Nations General Assembly in 1994 to commemorate the signing of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. About ozone layer The ozone layer, also known as the ozone shield, is a region of Earth’s stratosphere that contains a relatively high concentration of ozone (O₃)

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   COP29 IN AZERBAIJAN: FOCUS TO BE ON CLIMATE FINANCE AGREEMENT  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: While countries are still struggling to come to an agreement over the quantum of finance that developed nations must mobilise in the coming years to fight climate change, Azerbaijan, the host of this year’s climate conference, has decided to launch a new fund to finance climate action. Background: – Climate finance refers to the investments that are needed to tackle climate change by way of either preventive steps to reduce emissions, known as mitigation or preparatory steps to tackle its impacts, known as adaptation. Key takeaways The Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF) would seek “voluntary” contributions from fossil-fuel producing countries and companies, with Azerbaijan, itself a petroleum economy, making the initial contribution. The CFAF is part of a large package of proposals that Azerbaijan has prepared for inclusion in the final outcome of COP29 (29th edition of the Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change), which is to be held in the country’s capital, Baku, in November. The main agenda of COP29 is to finalise an agreement on climate finance, including the amount of money that developed countries must raise in the post-2025 period to help the developing world fight climate change. The rich and industrialised countries have been under an obligation to mobilise at least $100 billion every year from 2020. The 2015 Paris Agreement, however, mandates that this sum must be scaled up after 2025 and every five years thereafter. Negotiations on the contours of this finance agreement have been going on throughout this year, but little progress has been made. The plan for the CFAF was revealed a few months ago by Azerbaijan, the president of COP29, and now it has been formally included in the COP29 Action Agenda. Other proposals include a pledge to increase the global energy storage capacity by six times by 2030, a declaration on working towards a global market on green hydrogen, and an agreement to ensure the emissions footprint from the growth of digitisation and data centres is kept to a minimum. The CFAF would be the latest addition to the long list of existing climate funds, almost all of which are short on money. Source: Indian Express REAPING THE SILVER DIVIDEND  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: The Centre’s decision, last week, to extend the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) with a Rs 5 lakh top-up for all older adults aged above 70 years, not covered by other public health insurance schemes, is a step in the right direction. Background: – The demographic transition will change India’s age structure, disease profile, and social security needs. Promoting healthy and active ageing is essential to leverage the “silver dividend,” the economic contributions of an ageing population. Key takeaways Increasing Ageing Population & Low Health Insurance Coverage: India, now the world’s most populous country, is also among the fastest ageing nations. Life expectancy is 70 years, but the healthy life years are only 63.5. Rising burden of non-communicable diseases, disabilities, and bedridden elderly, particularly in the 70–80 and 80+ age groups. Only 1 in 5 people above 60 is covered by health insurance. High Out-of-Pocket (OOP) Expenditure & Inadequate Social Security: 92% of India’s workforce is in informal labour, making them vulnerable to financial shocks from healthcare costs. Elderly face double the OOP expenses for inpatient care compared to younger populations. Nearly half of households seeking hospitalisation or outpatient care encounter catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), leading to impoverishment for 15% of these households. India’s social security system for older adults is weak, leaving them financially vulnerable. The government’s extension of AB-PMJAY health insurance aims to support the elderly, especially in times of rising economic dependency and care poverty. Challenges with the AB-PMJAY Extension: Insufficient Budget:The government has allocated ₹3,437 crore for the extension of AB-PMJAY. Estimates show ₹14,282 crore is required to cover all eligible beneficiaries, meaning current funding is four times less than needed. Limited Coverage of Healthcare Needs: AB-PMJAY and most private schemes only cover secondary and tertiary care, excluding outpatient services (which account for 46% of health spending). Exclusion of outpatient care impacts preventive healthcare and does not address long-term care needs like palliative care for the elderly. Structural Issues in India’s Healthcare System: Low Public Health Spending: Public healthcare spending has stagnated at 0.9 to 1.35% of GDP for over seven decades. Expanding insurance coverage without increasing public health infrastructure will not solve the healthcare crisis. Need for Comprehensive Reforms: India’s healthcare system needs more integrated reforms, combining primary, secondary, and tertiary care to address the continuous needs of the ageing population. Public health spending, infrastructure, and healthcare workforce must expand in tandem with insurance schemes. International Models and Warnings: Less Effective Models: India seems to be following a US-style insurance-based system, which can inflate healthcare costs. Effective Models: Countries like Canada, Europe, and Australia view healthcare as a public service and treat health as a form of human capital. Source: Indian Express POLARIS DAWN MISSION  Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: After conducting the first-ever commercial spacewalk and traveling farther from Earth than anyone in more than half a century, the astronauts of the Polaris Dawn mission returned to Earth safely early Sunday. Background: Launched on September 10 aboard SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft, Polaris Dawn ascended to an impressive altitude of 870 miles, surpassing previous records and venturing farther from Earth than any humans have traveled on a non-lunar mission. Key takeaways The Polaris Dawn mission is a groundbreaking private spaceflight initiative led by Jared Isaacman in collaboration with Elon Musk’s SpaceX. This mission is part of the Polaris Program, which aims to push the boundaries of human spaceflight and pave the way for future missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. Objectives & Achievements First Commercial Spacewalk In a historic moment, mission commander Jared Isaacman and SpaceX engineer Sarah Gillis