Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EVOLUTION OF THE WOMAN’S QUESTION IN INDIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: A number of recent incidents, including the rape and murder of a young woman at R G Kar Medical College and Hospital last week, brought renewed attention to women’s rights issues in India. Background:- The question of women’s rights, including their right to equality, liberty and security, has been a longstanding issue. British Interest in the ‘Woman’s Question’ in India The British were driven by a mix of Western morality, political strategy, and reformist zeal in addressing the ‘woman’s question’ in India. The 1881 Indian census, under Lord Ripon, highlighted a skewed sex ratio due to female foeticide and infanticide. The exploitation and sexualisation of Indian women by the ruling classes of the British through a series of Cantonment Acts for regulating prostitution in the British military bases, exploitation of domestic servants through long hours of work with no/low wages and with no kind of legal protection needs to be taken into account. They perpetrated forced imprisonment and stigmatisation of women in prostitution through the Contagious Diseases Acts (1864-1869), to fight venereal disease in soldiers stationed in territories under British occupation. These laws developed a legacy that had a psychosocial impact on women’s rights, social justice, and the objectification of women’s bodies even today. Social Reforms in India The Bengal Renaissance (late 18th to early 20th century) emerged with the decline of Mughal rule and the East India Company’s rise. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, known as the father of the ‘Indian Renaissance,’ was pivotal in abolishing the practice of Sati in 1829. Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875, advocating for a revival of Vedic values. Activists like Begum Roquiah Sakhawat Hossain and Rukhmabai Raut campaigned against sati and child marriage. Women reformers depended upon their male allies; a fact that has to be closely examined.One can consider in this context the Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act of 1856, which was carried through by Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, with the help of many women reformers who had no chance of influencing the formative process of legislation. Child Marriage Restraint Act (1929) also known as the Sarda Act, the legislation raised the marriage age to 18 for boys and 14 for girls. Political Representation While several global movements were raising demand for universal adult franchise in the Western countries, Nehru proposed to engage women in the political process, including in franchisee, at the Indian National Congress (INC) meeting in Lucknow in 1937. Of the 299 members of the Constituent Assembly, there were only 15 women, including Sarojini Naidu, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Hansa Jivraj Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Renuka Ray, Leela Roy. Dakshayani Velayudhan was the first and only Dalit woman and Begum Aizaz Rasul was the only Muslim representative. Later, in the first Lok Sabha, during 1952-1957, only 4.4 percent of the members were women. As of today, only 14% of Lok Sabha seats and about 11% of Rajya Sabha seats are held by women. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1993): Provided for 33% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions, increasing grassroots representation. Women’s Reservation Bill: This bill proposes reserving 33% of seats for women in state legislatures and Parliament but faces criticism as mere ‘tokenism.’ Economic Challenges Labour Participation: Women’s Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is about 25% (2022), with a significant gap compared to men. Income Disparity: Women earn about 25-30% less than men, with underrepresentation in high-paid jobs and overrepresentation in low-paid work. Farmer Identity: The definition of a ‘farmer’ often excludes women, and male land ownership dominates. Mental Health: 30% of suicides in India are of women, highlighting the need for better mental health support and data representation. Trends in Education and Skill Gaps Higher Education: Women constitute about 50% of higher education students, but regional disparities exist. Tribal Women Literacy: Literacy among tribal women (59.6% as of 2011) lags behind the general female population (75.6%). Challenges in Schooling: High dropout rates among girls at primary and secondary levels persist, despite schemes like the Mid-Day Meal and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao. Socio-Cultural Issues Caste and Class Discrimination: Even with Untouchability Offences Act, 1955, and the provisions of Articles 15 and 17, besides the SC & ST Prevention of Atrocities Act, the subtle power of caste and class discrimination that works against women has not ended. An example is that of the Devadasi system, where women were institutionalised as a religious and social entity to worship deities in temples. In this regard, the marginalisation and sexual exploitation of devadasis by priests, patrons, and others led to the passing of Devadasi Abolition Act in 1988. Nevertheless, according to data from the National Commission for Women, there were 48,358 devadasis in India in the year 2011. Disability and Marginalisation: About 11.8 million women with disabilities face severe discrimination and marginalization. Sexual Violence: Rape remains a significant issue, with a case reported every 16 minutes (NCRB). Legal frameworks like the Nirbhaya Act (2013) and POCSO Act (2012) exist but stigma and underreporting persist. Workplace Harassment: The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act (2013) mandates Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs), but issues around implementation and ethics persist. Source: Indian Express FOREVER CHEMICALS  Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: In a major breakthrough aimed at managing the long-term environmental impact of anthropogenic activity, American researchers have found a method to be able to trace the origin and the destination of forever chemicals. Background: The researchers opted for a technology known as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. About Forever Chemicals Forever chemicals, also known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), are a group of over 9,000 synthetic (man made) chemicals that have been used in various industries since the 1940s. They are called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in the environment or in the human body, leading to their persistence over time. They include a wide range of chemicals, but the most well-known and studied are: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   TRAFFIC AND AIR POLLUTION  Syllabus Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The recent World Air Quality Report stated that India is home to 83 of the 100 most polluted cities in the world. Another report from the British Medical Journal estimated that air pollution led to the deaths of 2.1 million people in India, the second largest numbers after China. Background:- Air pollution, considered the most significant environmental peril to human well-being, is the reason behind one out of every nine global fatalities, approximately. Severity of Air Pollution CO2 Emissions from Road Transport: 12% of India’s CO2 emissions come from road transport. 5 Emissions: Heavy vehicles are the primary contributors to PM2.5 emissions, which can penetrate deep into the lungs, enter the bloodstream, and cause respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions: Heavy vehicles significantly contribute to NOx emissions, leading to ground-level ozone formation and worsening air quality. Measures Taken to Combat Air Pollution from vehicles: Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Norms: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is developing CAFE III and IV norms to reduce CO2 emissions from cars by lowering fuel consumption (or improving fuel efficiency) of vehicles. The timelines proposed to implement CAFE III from 2027-2032 and CAFE IV from 2032-2037 are practical. The proposed emissions target for CAFE III based on the WLTP at 91.7g CO2/km and for CAFE IV at 70g CO2/km is achievable. The commitment to shift from the Modified India Driving Cycle (MIDC) to the World Light Duty Vehicle Testing Procedure (WLTP) from March 31, 2027, is excellent because the WLTP offers a more accurate and globally harmonised measure of a vehicle’s actual fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The CAFE norms however exclude emissions by heavy vehicles such as trucks, lorries, and other freight vehicles. Vehicle Scrappage Policy (2022): The government introduced a vehicle scrappage policy to phase out old and polluting vehicles, including heavy vehicles in 2022. It mandates that passenger vehicles older than 20 years and commercial vehicles older than 15 years must pass a fitness and emissions test. If vehicles fail the mandatory tests, they are categorised as end-of-life vehicles, and will lose their registration certificate, and are recommended to be scrapped. Additional Recommendations Expand Vehicle Scrappage Policy: Address implementation challenges, such as the limited number of scrapyards and the voluntary nature of the policy. Stringent Implementation of Existing Policies: Ensure strict enforcement of vehicle emissions testing, bans on open garbage burning, and regulation of industrial emissions. Promote Mass Transit: Mass transit should be prioritized as a sustainable solution to reduce air pollution in India. Source: Hindu HIMALAYAN TOWNS AND NEED FOR A DIFFERENT KIND OF DEVELOPMENT  Syllabus Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: The Indian Himalayan Range (IHR), comprising 11 States and two Union Territories, had a decadal urban growth rate of more than 40% from 2011 to 2021. Towns have expanded, and more urban settlements are developing. Disasters are following. Background: Himalaya’s towns urgently need carrying capacity-based development plans. Challenges in IHR Towns Civic Issues: Most Himalayan towns, including state capitals like Srinagar, Guwahati, Shillong, and Shimla, struggle with managing sanitation, solid and liquid waste, and water. Inadequate Planning: Planning institutions often use models copied from the plains, which are ineffective in the Himalayan context. Additionally, city governments face a 75% shortage of human resources. Urban Expansion: Cities like Srinagar and Guwahati are expanding into peripheries, leading to encroachment on open spaces, forests, and watersheds. For example, in Srinagar, land use changes between 2000 and 2020 showed a 75.58% increase, with a significant loss of water bodies. Environmental Impact: Nearly 90% of liquid waste enters water bodies untreated, exacerbating pollution and environmental degradation. Causes of the Challenges Urbanization and Tourism Pressure: The IHR faces growing pressure from urbanization, high-intensity tourism, unsustainable infrastructure development, and resource overuse, compounded by climate change. Environmental Degradation: These pressures lead to water scarcity, deforestation, land degradation, biodiversity loss, and increased pollution. Tourism Growth: Tourism in the IHR has expanded with an anticipated average annual growth rate of 7.9% from 2013 to 2023, often replacing eco-friendly infrastructure with inappropriate and unsustainable developments. Recommendations for Improvement Localized Planning: Towns need to be mapped for geological and hydrological vulnerabilities, with urban planning guided by climate resilience and local input. Bottom-up Approach: Planning should involve locals and move away from consultant-driven processes to ensure relevance and sustainability. Financial Support: None of the cities in the IHR can generate capital for their infrastructure needs. The Finance Commission must include a separate chapter on urban financing for the IHR. Current intergovernmental transfers from the centre to urban local bodies constitute a mere 0.5% of GDP; this should be increased to at least 1%. Focus on Sustainability: Engage in broader discussions on sustainability, emphasizing eco-centric planning and public participation for urban development in the IHR. Source: Hindu KURDS AND CONFLICTS IN WEST ASIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Turkiye and Iraq agreed on a military cooperation pact recently that will see joint training and command centres against Kurdish separatists. Background: Kurds are one of the Middle East’s largest ethnic groups of between 25 and 35 million people but without a state. Although Kurdish nationalism is a century-old phenomenon, compared to world attention on Palestine, the conflict-prone zone in the Middle East disallowed it to become a global concern. Brief History of the Kurdish Question Term “Kurdistan”: First used in the 12th century by the Saljuqs as a geographical term. Kurds are mainly followers of Sunni Islam but they have a strong ethnic identity and therefore certain cultural identity supersedes the political project of religious nationalism. Population Distribution: Turkey has the largest Kurdish population (43%), followed by Iran (31%), Iraq (18%), Syria (6%), and former Soviet states which includes Armenia and Azerbaijan (2%). The particularity of Kurdish nationalism or Kurdish nationalist movement, which was a direct consequence of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century, is that it is not the product of an independence war against the occupation, nor

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PM MODI PROPOSES GLOBAL COMPACT  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: PM Narendra Modi proposed a human-centric “Global Development Compact,”  during the Voice of the Global South Summit. Background:- Global Development Compact will be inspired by the development priorities set by the countries of the Global South. Key takeaways PM Narendra Modi, in his opening remarks at the virtually held India-hosted third summit, emphasized that global governance and financial institutions established in the last century have failed to address the challenges of the current century. Global Development Compact: Debt-Free Development: PM Modi stated that under this new Compact, needy countries will not be burdened with debt in the name of development finance. Instead, the Compact will draw on India’s own development journey and its experiences in development partnerships. Focus Areas: The Compact will prioritize trade for development, capacity building for sustainable growth, technology sharing, project-specific concessional finance, and grants. To support trade promotion activities, India will initiate a special fund of USD 2.5 million, with an additional USD 1 million allocated to this cause. The prime minister said the compact will help in a balanced and sustainable development of the partner countries. Closing the Global North-South Gap: Call for Unity: PM Modi urged the Global South to unite, speak with one voice, and strengthen one another by learning from each other’s experiences. He suggested that the upcoming Summit of the Future at the UN next month could be a significant milestone in this effort. Understanding Global North and Global South: Global South: Refers to the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania, where 88% of the world’s population lives. These countries often have a history of colonialism and have historically lagged in industrialization and development. Global North: Comprises the developed countries of North America and Europe, which have historically pursued imperial policies and are characterized by higher levels of development. Distinctions: The Global South typically exhibits lower development levels, higher income inequality, rapid population growth, agrarian economies, lower quality of life, shorter life expectancy, and significant external dependence. However, the term is more about political, geopolitical, and economic similarities than strict geographical location. For example, despite being in Asia, countries like Israel, South Korea, and Japan are considered part of the Global North due to their higher levels of development. In the last few years, India has been positioning itself as a leading voice, flagging concerns, challenges and aspirations of the Global South Source: Indian Express UPSC ADVERTISES 45 LATERAL ENTRY POSTS  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: The Union Service Public Commission recently sought applications for lateral entry for 45 posts of Joint Secretary, Director and Deputy Secretary across 24 Central ministries. Background: Appointment to the posts will be on a contract basis for a period of three years, extendable to five years depending upon performance, and central government employees are not eligible for the posts as per advertisement. Key takeaways Lateral entry into bureaucracy is a practice that involves recruiting individuals from outside the traditional government service cadres to fill mid and senior-level positions. Lateral entry into bureaucracy was formally introduced during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s tenure, with the first set of vacancies announced in 2018. The aim is to address complex governance and policy implementation challenges by tapping into external expertise. The concept of lateral entry has historical precedence. It was initially recommended by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) established in 2005 during the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The ARC, chaired by Veerappa Moily, advocated for lateral entry to fill roles requiring specialised knowledge unavailable within traditional civil services. These recommendations emphasised recruiting professionals from the private sector, academia and PSUs to improve policy implementation and governance. Criticism Lack of Reservation: One of the primary criticisms is the absence of reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) in these positions. Ambiguity in Recruitment Process: There are concerns about the transparency and clarity of the recruitment process. Critics point out that there is no clear policy on determining vacancies, shortlisting candidates, and evaluating their suitability. Political Allegations: Critics have accused the government of using lateral entry to appoint individuals loyal to specific political ideologies, thereby undermining the neutrality of the civil service. Impact on Career Civil Servants: Large-scale lateral induction may demotivate existing civil servants who have progressed through the traditional career path. It could potentially discourage talented officers from continuing in the service. Potential for Bias: There are fears that the selection process might be biased towards candidates from certain backgrounds or sectors, which could affect the diversity and inclusiveness of the bureaucracy Source: Indian Express IMD RAIN FORECASTS FOR MUMBAI WRONG BY 42% IN JULY  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: In July, the IMD’s forecasts for Mumbai were off nearly by 42 per cent. Also on at least four days in July, the IMD had changed its forecast and warnings twice within a 24-hour window. Background: The IMD issues its daily forecast at 1 pm, for a 24-hour period starting 8.30 am that day to 8.30 am the following day. There are five-, two- and three-day advance forecasts as well, but the 24-hour forecasts are considered the most accurate. Key takeaways On July 8, Mumbai woke up to severe flooding after 200 mm of rain overnight, far exceeding the India Meteorological Department’s (IMD) prediction. The IMD had issued a yellow alert, forecasting up to 115 mm of rain in 24 hours, but the city received 267 mm instead. Mumbai’s advanced Weather Radar Systems: Mumbai houses two sophisticated Doppler weather radars: an S-band radar at IMD’s Colaba observatory and a C-band radar in Veravali. Apart from tracking cyclones, radars are also useful for tracking other weather developments like thunderstorm activities. For thunderstorms, the radars undertake scanning every 10 minutes. Through the regular scans, the radars help in providing localised forecasts depending on the cloud developments and other factors. The metropolitan region also benefits from over 140 automatic weather stations operated

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GOOGLE MONOPOLY JUDGEMENT AND LESSONS FOR INDIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Recently, a US judge ruled that Google violated antitrust law, spending billions of dollars to create an illegal monopoly and become the world’s default search engine. Background:- Judgement noted that Google had paid $26.3 billion in 2021 alone to ensure that its search engine is the default on smartphones and browsers, and to keep its dominant market share. The Evolution and Current Challenges of Big Tech Apple vs. IBM in the 1980s: 1984: Apple, a rising company, positioned itself against IBM, the industry giant, with an iconic advertisement highlighting the struggle between the upstart and the established player. Microsoft and Google in the Late 1990s: 1999: A landmark antitrust ruling against Microsoft curtailed its dominance, paving the way for emerging companies like Google to grow, particularly in web search. Apple and Google Today: Apple and Google have transitioned from upstarts to dominant forces in the tech industry, often referred to as “Big Tech.” These companies now face scrutiny over their market dominance, similar to the challenges IBM and Microsoft faced in the past. S. Antitrust Ruling Against Google: Recent Development: A U.S. federal judge ruled that Google acted illegally to maintain its monopoly in online search, a significant ruling that could reshape the digital business landscape. Implications: This ruling may lead to proposals to break up Google’s business units, impacting the broader tech industry. Antitrust Concerns and Reforms in India: Challenges in India: Google faces criticism in India over its app store billing policies and its dominance in online advertising, which are seen as stifling competition. Digital Competition Bill, 2024: Proposed Law: India’s draft Digital Competition Bill aims to prevent anti-competitive practices by big tech companies, similar to the EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA). The law will stop tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Amazon from self-preferencing their own services, or using data gathered from one company to benefit another group company. It also has provisions to set presumptive norms to curb anti-competitive practices before they actually take place, and promises to impose heavy penalties — which could amount to billions of dollars — for violations. Innovation and Market Barriers: Government believe that Big Tech’s dominance has confined much of the recent innovation within a few large companies, creating high entry barriers for new competitors. There is a growing push for a global consensus on regulations to protect consumers while encouraging innovation, preventing the concentration of power within a few dominant players. India’s Regulatory Push: India’s Competition Commission (CCI) fined Google for anti-competitive practices in the Android ecosystem. The Digital Competition Bill, if passed, could require major tech companies to make significant changes to their platforms, ensuring a more competitive digital landscape. Source: Indian Express SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: During the 32nd International Conference of Agricultural Economists held recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi presented India’s sustainable farming as a model for others. Background: The transition from conventional farming to sustainable farming happens against the backdrop of growing concerns over changing climate patterns, environmental sustainability and a steadily expanding population. Sustainable Agriculture: Sustainable agriculture aims to meet current production demands without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their needs, focusing on ecological stability, economic viability, and socio-cultural continuity. The global agricultural sector is transitioning from an intensification-based approach to sustainable and environment-friendly methods. Principles and Objectives of Sustainable Agriculture: Increasing Productivity: Enhance agricultural productivity while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Also emphasize water- and energy-efficient production systems alongside higher yields. Protecting Natural Resources: Sustainable agriculture prioritizes soil fertility, water management, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Agricultural production depends directly on natural resources and therefore the sustainability of production depends on the sustainability of the resources themselves. Improving livelihoods and fostering inclusive economic growth: Increasing agricultural incomes is key to reducing poverty and food insecurity in rural areas. Agricultural sustainability can only be achieved if it provides decent employment conditions. Enhancing the resilience of people, communities and ecosystems: Build resilience against extreme weather events and market volatility to ensure stable productivity and better market economics. Increased focus on making the various agri-stakeholders resilient to threats, both natural and man-made, would contribute to sustainability. Alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Sustainable agriculture supports multiple SDGs, including SDG1 (No Poverty), SDG2 (Zero Hunger), SDG6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG13 (Climate Action), and SDG15 (Life on Land). Methods of Sustainable Agriculture: Organic Farming: Focuses on ecological balance using natural inputs, promoting soil health, and reducing pollution. While yields may be lower, long-term benefits include improved soil fertility and reduced environmental impact. Crop Rotation: Alternating crops on the same land enhances soil fertility, breaks pest cycles, and reduces chemical input reliance. Agroforestry: Integrating trees with crops or livestock promotes biodiversity, supplements farmer income, and creates a resilient farming system. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Minimizes pesticide use through biological control, habitat modification, and cultural practices, maintaining ecosystem balance. Zero Tillage: Preserves soil structure and enhances fertility by avoiding traditional tillage, reducing erosion, and improving water retention. Hydroponics and Aquaponics: Hydroponics uses nutrient-enriched water to grow plants without soil, conserving water and reducing land degradation. Aquaponics combines hydroponics with fish farming, creating a symbiotic system where plants and fish support each other. Challenges to Sustainable Agriculture: Climate Change: Rainfed agriculture in India is vulnerable to climate variability, affecting crop yields and food security. Population Pressure: Growing populations increase stress on agricultural systems, making the shift to sustainable methods more challenging. Lack of Knowledge: Awareness and adoption of new sustainable practices are limited, requiring enhanced education and outreach. High Capital Costs: The initial investment in sustainable agriculture is often high, especially for small and marginal farmers lacking credit access. Market Access and Post-Harvest Losses: Inadequate infrastructure and market access lead to post-harvest losses, reducing profitability and hindering sustainable practice adoption. Source: Indian Express AS ARCTIC THAWS, NEW EVIDENCE OF LOOMING ‘MERCURY BOMB’  Syllabus Prelims & Mains –

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   AKSHAY URJA DAY 2024  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Every year on August 20, Akshay Urja Day is celebrated to underscore the significance of renewable energy sources and to highlight the strides India has made in advancing the same. Background:- Launched in 2004 by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, this observance highlights India’s commitment to renewable energy, aiming for 500 GW of non-fossil fuel electricity capacity by 2030. It also commemorates the birth anniversary of former PM Rajiv Gandhi. Key takeaways “Akshay” means “eternal” or “indestructible” in Sanskrit. Hence Akshay Urja stands for “eternal energy”,symbolizing the endless and sustainable nature of renewable energy. Rapid industrialization and population growth have increased energy demand, leading to heavy reliance on finite fossil fuels, which harm the environment. Solar, hydro, and wind power are vital for sustainable development, reducing fossil fuel dependence, and combating climate change. Transitioning to renewable energy will create sustainable jobs and reduce long-term energy costs. Akshay Urja Day Objectives: Highlight the importance of renewable energy in India’s energy planning. Raise awareness of renewable energy’s benefits in reducing fossil fuel dependency. Promote renewable energy as a solution to combat climate change. Types of Renewable Energy: Solar Energy: Harnessed from the sun’s radiation. China, the US, India and Japan are among the world’s leading producers. Wind Energy: Generated by converting the kinetic energy of wind into electricity using wind turbines, significant in countries like China and the US. Hydropower: Derived from flowing water, extensively used worldwide.China, Brazil, and Canada are the largest consumers of hydropower across the globe. Biomass Energy: Produced from organic materials such as plant residues, animal waste, and wood. It can be heated or converted to liquid or gaseous fuels for consumption. It is considered renewable because the materials used can be regrown or replenished. Geothermal Energy: Sourced from Earth’s internal heat, with leading producers being the US, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Tidal and Wave Energy: Harnesses ocean movement, prominent in South Korea, France, and the UK. Progress of India in Akshay Urja On October 2, 2015, India submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC as part of the Paris Agreement. The initial goals were to reduce GDP emissions intensity by 33-35% from 2005 levels by 2030 and achieve 40% of total installed electric power from non-fossil fuels by 2030. In August 2022, India updated these targets, aiming to reduce emissions intensity by 45% and increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 50% by 2030. In addition, India targets 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030 and 1 TW by 2035 and aims for net-zero emissions by 2070. As of May 2024, India has installed 191 GW of renewable energy. This capacity includes solar power (around 85 GW), wind power (around 46 GW), large hydropower (around 45 GW), Biomass (around 10 GW), small hydropower (around 4.5 GW), and Waste-to-Energy (0.5 GW). Key Schemes to Achieve Renewable Energy Targets: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan scheme (PM-KUSUM) : Promotes the installation of small grid-connected solar power plants, standalone solar pumps, and solarisation of existing grid-connected pumps. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Solar PV Modules: Aims to boost domestic production of high-efficiency solar panels. Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Program (Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana) : Facilitates rooftop solar installations, allowing surplus power to be exported to the grid. Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects: Provides infrastructure for rapid solar project development. Green Energy Corridor Scheme: Series of infrastructure projects under the scheme is aimed at synchronising the power generated from renewable energy sources with the national grid of India. National Green Hydrogen Mission: Targets 5 million tonnes of Green Hydrogen production by 2030. This in turn will support an addition of about 125 GW of renewable energy capacity in our country. National Bioenergy Programme: Use of bioenergy is promoted. It aims to enhance the energy security through the Waste to Energy Programme, Biomass Programme, and Biogas Programme. FDI in Renewable Energy: Allows up to 100% Foreign Direct Investment under the automatic route, encouraging foreign investments. Source: Indian Express CHANGE IN INDIA’S POWER EXPORT RULES  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Reuters reported that India amended its power export rules recently, allowing exporters to reroute electricity to Indian grids if partner countries delay payments. The change is intended to mitigate risks especially in the context of Bangladesh. Background: Adani Power’s plant in Godda (Jharkhand) supplies its entire generated power to Bangladesh. The Godda Project Overview: The Godda project, operated by Adani Power’s Jharkhand subsidiary, supplies 1,496 MW of power to Bangladesh from an ultra super-critical thermal power plant. This is under a 25-year Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) signed with the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) in November 2017. This project is India’s first transnational power project, where all generated power is exported to another country. The electricity from Godda is expected to positively impact Bangladesh by replacing expensive liquid fuel power, thereby lowering the average cost of electricity. The total installed generation capacity of Babladesh was 24,911 MW in June 2023. Of this, 2,656 MW was imported from India (more than 10% of overall) with the Godda plant contributing 1,496 MW (about 6% of overall). Criticisms: The project has faced criticism due to the use of imported coal from Australia’s Carmichael mine, which raises costs. The Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) argued that the PPA allows Adani Power to pass on  high cost of importing and transporting coal into India, plus the cost of transmitting the electricity across the border onto Bangladesh. Critics expressed concerns over the quoted coal price of $400/MT, which they considers excessive compared to other thermal plants, where coal costs less than $250/MT. Additional concerns include high capacity and maintenance charges, which apply even when no electricity is generated. Bangladesh’s Need for Power Imports: Bangladesh has expanded electricity access, especially in rural areas, but still faces fuel and gas supply constraints, leading to underutilization of its

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   VACCINE-DERIVED POLIO  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A two-year-old child in Meghalaya has been infected with vaccine-derived polio. Background:- Polioviruses are enteroviruses that are transmitted primarily by the faecal-oral route. Vaccine-Derived Polio (VDPV): Vaccine-derived polio is a rare condition that occurs when the weakened (also called attenuated) strain of poliovirus used in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) mutates and regains the ability to cause paralysis. Mechanism: OPV contains a live, attenuated virus that is used for immunisation against the disease. This weakened virus triggers an immune response when administered, thus protecting people from the disease. The attenuated virus replicates in the intestines for a limited period and is excreted in the stool. In rare cases, the virus can mutate enough to cause the disease again, and circulate in areas where either immunisation is low, or where immunocompromised persons reside, or regions with poor sanitation and hygiene. Poliovirus Types: Three types – wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), wild poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) and wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3). About polio vaccines The first successful polio vaccine for poliovirus was made by Jonas Salk, in the early 1950s. Salk inactivated the virus using formaldehyde and injected it into the muscles of test subjects. This inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) induced systemic immunity in the subjects. After Salk, Albert Sabin developed another vaccine that contained live polio strains, weakened by growing them serially in macaque cells, making them unfit for human infection. Since this vaccine contained the live virus, it had to be administered through its natural mode of infection – in this case, oral. This is what we today know as the OPV. OPV is usually preferred over IPV because of its ease of administration & is inexpensive. However, the weakened virus in OPV can occasionally revert, causing the disease it is meant to prevent. IPV, on the other hand, is a less potent vaccine, but contains inactivated virus particles and hence no risk of causing vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) – a rare, adverse reaction to OPV. IPV is comparatively tougher to manufacture too. Vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) or vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) are similar but different phenomena. On World Polio Day, October 24, 2019, the WHO declared that WPV3 has been eradicated worldwide. WPV2 was officially declared eradicated in 2015. However, more than 90% of vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks are due to the type 2 virus present in oral polio vaccines. VAPP constitutes 40% of cases caused by the type 2 oral polio vaccine. Many cases of VAPP from type 3 virus too occur in countries using OPV. The Indian government does not count VAPP as polio since these cases are sporadic and pose little or no threat to others. Even after the global switch from trivalent (containing all three variants) to bivalent (type 1 and type 3) oral polio vaccines in 2016 to prevent any more type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus, the number of vaccine-derived type 2 poliovirus outbreaks have only increased sharply. Source: Hindu INDIA AND JAPAN  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: India and Japan recently stated that they reaffirmed their commitment to maintaining and strengthening rules-based international order founded on the principles of the UN Charter, respect for national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and peaceful settlement of disputes. Background: This was stated in a joint statement released by both countries following the third Japan-India 2+2 Foreign and Defence Ministerial Meeting in New Delhi. Takeaways from the third Japan-India 2+2 Foreign and Defence Ministerial Meeting The India-Japan partnership is set against a larger context of a free, open and rules-based Indo-Pacific amid China’s increasing military muscle-flexing in the region. Both countries agreed to explore discussions for coordination and cooperation in the field of defence and security assistance to third countries for peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. The ministers welcomed the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force and Indian Naval Force exploring future cooperation in the area of ship maintenance in India. They reiterated support for ASEAN’s unity and centrality and their full support for the ‘ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP)’ which upholds the principles such as openness, transparency, inclusivity, a rules-based framework and respect for international law. They agreed to continue working together on Security Council reform with a view to strengthening the UN. Ministers took note of the first air visit by Japanese fighters and their participation at Tarang Shakti—which is the first multilateral exercise hosted by the Indian Air Force. They also welcomed the conduct of the inaugural edition of the bilateral fighter exercise ‘Veer Guardian 2023’ between the Japan Air Self Defence Force (JASDF) and Indian Air Force (IAF) and conduct of the bilateral exercises of all the three services in one calendar year for the first time in 2023. Countries agreed to deepen bilateral cooperation in fields of space and cyber and reaffirmed the importance of multilateral defence cooperation and exchanges in the Indo-Pacific region, while expressing their commitment to continuing bilateral and multilateral exercises including Dharma Guardian, JIMEX and Malabar. The “2+2” dialogue with Japan was initiated to further deepen bilateral security and defence cooperation and bring greater depth to the special strategic and global partnership between the two countries. India has the “2+2” Ministerial format of dialogue with very few countries, including the United States, Australia, and Russia. Source: Indian Express WHEN THE LAW FAILS WOMEN  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 AND GS 4 Context: Ever since the infamous gang rape that rocked the country in December 2012 (Nirbhaya), much has been done to strengthen the laws on rape. But brutal incidents of rape continuing unabated should prompt us to ask several questions regarding existing laws. Background: It is no surprise that the first accused apprehended in the Kolkata rape and murder case had a history of violent assault of his wife. Yet, there was no appropriate legal response at the time despite two complaints. Where lies the malaise & Why is the law failing to act as a sufficient deterrent? One answer is

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CHANDRAYAAN-3 MISSION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Today, India is celebrating its first National Space Day. This day commemorates the groundbreaking success of the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which achieved the safe landing of the Vikram Lander on the lunar surface on August 23, 2023. Background:- With Chandrayaan-3 mission achievement, India became the fourth country to successfully land on the moon, making history as the first to land near the southern polar region. Chandrayaan-3 Mission Mission Type: India’s third lunar mission and second attempt at a soft lunar landing. Launch Vehicle: Launch Vehicle Mark-III (LVM3). Primary Objectives: Demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface. Demonstrate a rover roving on the Moon. Conduct in-situ scientific experiments. Chandrayaan-3 Components: Lander Module (LM) Rover Propulsion Module (PM) Lander Payloads and Objectives Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE): Measures the thermal properties of the lunar surface near the polar region. Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA): Measures seismic activity around the landing site and analyzes the lunar crust and mantle structure. Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA): Estimates plasma density and its variations. Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA): A passive experiment to understand the dynamics of the Moon’s system. Rover Payloads and Objectives Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS): Determines the elemental composition of lunar soil and rocks. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS): Analyzes elemental composition in the vicinity of the landing site. Propulsion Module Payload Propulsion Module Payload: Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) for studying Earth’s spectral and polarimetric measurements from lunar orbit. SHAPE will aid in the study of exoplanets to assess their potential habitability. Significance of Chandrayaan-3 International Standing: Positions India as a serious player in planetary exploration and space technology. Cost Efficiency: Demonstrates ISRO’s ability to achieve space missions cost-effectively (Mission cost: Rs 615 crore). Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s role in international space policy and resource extraction discussions. Technological Leadership: Establishes India among the few nations with the capability for planetary exploration, contributing to space-related decision-making. Source: Indian Express CONFLICTS IN WEST ASIA: ISRAEL-IRAN  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Israeli security forces suspect Iran and Hezbollah’s role in the suicide bombing in Tel Aviv on Sunday. Background: Israel believe that the terror attack could be Iran and its proxy’s bid to avenge the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh (leader of Hamas) in Tehran last month. Iran’s opposition to Israel is rooted in religious, ideological, and geopolitical factors, including its support for Palestine and its anti-American stance. Israel-Iran Conflict Overview The formation of Israel in 1948 was a watershed moment in the history of the Middle East. It triggered an Arab-Israeli war and the long Israeli-Arab and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts. Iran, although opposed to the formation of Israel and voted against the Partition Plan (1947) and Israel’s admission into the United Nations (1949), was the second Muslim-majority country after Türkiye to recognize Israel in 1950. The friendly relations between the two states were not always reflected among the wider population in Iran who were sympathetic to the plight of the Palestinians and their struggle for a state. The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran Israel and Iran have been in conflict since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, which led to a break in diplomatic relations. Post-revolution, Iran labeled Israel as the “Little Satan” and ceased all diplomatic and economic ties. Religious and Ideological Differences: Iran opposes Israel’s control over Jerusalem, which is considered holy in Islam. The ideological basis of Iranian opposition to Israel emanates from anti-imperialist and anti-Americanism rooted in the 1979 revolution. Besides Islam, these form the most important component of the revolutionary zeal of Khomeini (Irans supreme leader), who considered Israel as an American and imperial outpost in the Middle East. Geopolitical Tensions: Since the revolution, Iran has called for the expulsion of all external forces from the region and to form a regional security architecture through collaboration among the regional states. Iran, therefore, is considered a revisionist power that wants to replace the US-led regional order with an Iran-led order. Iran’s regional activities of creating, arming and supporting non-state actors, especially in the vicinity of Israel and its pursuit of nuclear energy, are viewed as a part of the Iranian plan to encircle Israel militarily and a preparation for a future war against Israel. Recent Escalations: Before the current state of affairs, Iran and Israel had been engaged in a proxy war but had avoided attacking each other directly. The Israel-Hamas war has, however, started a new phase in the Israel-Iran war, with the two gradually moving to a direct confrontation. The Israeli attack on the Iranian diplomatic complex in Syria and killing of IRGC commanders and officers, its constant targeting of Hezbollah commanders in Lebanon and the killing of Haniyeh in Tehran are part of the pattern. Iran, too, is no longer satisfied with showing restraint and issuing verbal threats, as was visible during the 13 April rocket, missile and drone attacks. For Iran, the killing of Haniyeh was a serious provocation as it was a direct challenge to Iranian sovereignty and also to its military capacity and deterrence. Tehran nonetheless faces the dilemma because any reckless action can lead to an all-out war and might force the US to join Israel, which Iran would like to avoid at this point. Implications for India India, with significant investments in the Middle East, is concerned about potential disruptions in hydrocarbon supplies and the impact on its diplomatic relations in the region. A peaceful Middle East is crucial for India’s strategic interests, but ongoing conflicts pose challenges to its diplomatic balancing act. Source: Indian Express ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) on Wednesday halted the announcement of results for the ongoing recruitments in Haryana till assembly poll process is over. Background: Election Commission of India (ECI) plays a crucial role in ensuring transparent, free and fair elections. Election Commission of India (ECI) Overview Purpose: A permanent,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CASH TRANSFER SCHEMES FOR WOMEN  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Mahrashtra government launched the Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana recently. The scheme offer ₹1,500 per month to women with an annual family income of less than ₹2.5 lakh. Background:- Maharashtra is one of seven States where direct benefit transfer (DBT) schemes aimed at women have been launched. West Bengal, Delhi, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh have all rolled out similar schemes while Telangana and Punjab are yet to fulfill their pre-poll promise of monthly cash transfers to women. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes for women Maharashtra: Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana (Launched on August 17, 2024) Targets 1 crore eligible women (ages 21-65) with an annual family income below ₹2.5 lakh. Monthly cash transfer of ₹1,500, starting from July 2024; Expected annual cost: ₹46,000 crore; Delhi: Mukhyamantri Mahila Samman Yojana (Announced on March 5, 2024) Targets 50 lakh women (ages 18+) with ₹1,000 monthly cash transfer. Outlay: ₹2,000 crore; Implementation delayed due to CM Kejriwal’s arrest. Madhya Pradesh: Mukhyamantri Ladli Behna Yojana (Launched before March 2023 elections) Targets married women (ages 21-60) with an annual family income below ₹2.5 lakh. Monthly cash transfer started at ₹1,000, increased to ₹1,250, with plans to reach ₹3,000; 1.29 crore women enrolled; Budget: ₹18,984 crore for 2024-25. West Bengal: Lakshmir Bhandar Scheme (Launched in 2021) Targets women (ages 25-60): Monthly cash transfer: ₹1,200 for SC/ST, ₹1,000 for others. 2023-24 expenditure: ₹10,101.87 crore; 2024-25 budget: ₹12,000 crore. 55% of beneficiaries report increased financial decision-making power. Jharkhand: Mukhyamantri Maiya Samman Yojana (August 18, 2024) Targets women (ages 21-50) with an annual family income below ₹3 lakh. Monthly cash transfer of ₹1,000 via DBT; 48 lakh women targeted; budget not disclosed. Karnataka: Gruha Lakshmi Scheme (Launched after Congress election victory in 2023) Targets women heads of families (BPL, APL, AAY cardholders); Monthly cash transfer: ₹2,000. 33 crore enrolled; 2023-24 expenditure: ₹11,726 crore; 2024-25 budget: ₹28,608 crore. Tamil Nadu: Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam (Launched on September 15, 2023) Targets women heads of families (annual income below ₹2.5 lakh). Monthly cash transfer: ₹1,200; 1.06 crore eligible women; budget: ₹12,000 crore annually. Effectiveness of Cash Transfer Schemes As per a study by Observer Research Foundation (ORF), the DBT facility, which was first launched in 2013 for women bank account holders, has seen ₹16.8 lakh crores transfered from inception till 2022. Of this, 33% was transferred during during COVID-19 lockdown. DBT has benefited women’s decision-making within households and helped boost their education and job opportunities. The PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), which is the Centre’s financial inclusion scheme to open a savings bank account, has allowed the Centre to easily identify female beneficiaries for DBT. This has helped the Centre to transfer ₹500 for three months to women during the COVID-19 national lockdown. Despite such DBT schemes, more than 32% of women-owned bank accounts in India are inactive, according to the Findex survey 2021.A large number merely use the account for withdrawal, availing government benefits and emergencies. Digital literacy is also an issue which hampers women – 60% of those between ages 15 and 49 own a mobile phone but only 30% can read texts or use the internet, as per the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5). These schemes have boosted women’s decision-making in financial matters, but issues such as low digital and financial literacy, restrictive social norms, and insufficient assets for collateral are hindering India’s attempts to close the gender gap. Source: Hindu PRIME MINISTER NARENDRA MODI’S VISIT TO UKRAINE  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi is holding talks with Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv. Background: Modi will be the first Indian prime minister to visit Ukraine after diplomatic relations were established in 1992. On July 6, Modi met Russia’s President Vladimir Putin in Moscow — a visit that both Zelenskyy and the United States had criticised. Shift in India’s Policy Toward Ukraine Prime Minister Modi’s visit signals a significant change in India’s traditional foreign policy regarding Ukraine. Historically, India maintained close ties with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, but this affinity didn’t extend to Ukraine post-independence in 1991. India’s relationship with Ukraine has been lukewarm, similar to its approach to Poland after the Cold War. Poland’s case During the Cold War, three Indian Prime Ministers visited Poland when it was a Warsaw Pact member. After the Warsaw Pact’s dissolution and Poland’s shift towards the West, India’s engagement with the country diminished. Both Poland and Ukraine are important countries in Europe, but India’s bias towards Russia, in retrospect, likely prevented New Delhi from full engagement with central and eastern Europe. Modi’s visits to Poland and then to Kyiv mark a significant departure from past policies and indicate a broader engagement with Central and Eastern Europe. Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War The Russia-Ukraine war, which began in February 2022, strained India-Ukraine relations, with bilateral trade dropping from $3.39 billion in 2021-22 to around $0.7 billion in subsequent years. Despite maintaining a balanced stance on the conflict, India has used this period to re-engage with Ukraine at the highest levels. Strengthening Bilateral Relations Over the past year, Modi has met with Ukrainian President Zelenskyy at various forums, including the G-7 summit. Indian leaders, including External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, have maintained regular contact with their Ukrainian counterparts. Modi’s visit is a part of a broader effort to strengthen ties with Ukraine, with potential opportunities in post-war reconstruction, defence cooperation, and agriculture. Impact on India-Russia Relations Modi’s visit is unlikely to negatively impact India-Russia relations, as India’s engagement with Ukraine is independent of its ties with Russia. India remains a key partner for Russia, helping it navigate Western sanctions and continuing defence cooperation. Just as Russia’s relationship with China does not undermine its ties with India, India’s engagement with Ukraine will not alter its relationship with Russia. Evolving Foreign Policy If India aims to play a peacemaking role, it must engage with all

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   THE ROAD TO 2047 FOR INDIAN AGRICULTURE  Syllabus Mains: GS-3 Context: India’s goal of becoming a developed nation by 2047 hinges on transforming its agricultural sector through sustainable practices, technological innovations, and strategic government initiatives. Background: – A key factor in achieving the goal of developed nation status by 2047 is a sixfold increase in per capita Gross National Income (GNI). What is agriculture? Agriculture is the science, art, and practice of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising animals to produce food, fiber, and other products essential for human life. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including: Crop Cultivation, Animal Husbandry, Horticulture, Agroforestry, Aquaculture. Agriculture sector of India: India is one of the major players in the agriculture sector worldwide and it is the primary source of livelihood for ~43% of India’s population. India has the world’s largest cattle herd (buffaloes), the largest area planted for wheat, rice, and cotton, and is the largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices in the world. It is the second-largest producer of fruit, vegetables, tea, farmed fish, cotton, sugarcane, wheat, rice, cotton, and sugar. Contribution of Agriculral Sector to Indian Economy (Data from the Economic Survey 2023-24) : GDP Contribution: The agriculture sector contributed approximately 7% to India’s Gross Value Added (GVA) at current prices in FY 2024. Growth Rate: The sector recorded an average annual growth rate of 18% over the past five years. However, in FY 2024, the growth rate slowed to 1.4% due to delayed and poor monsoons. Employment: Agriculture provides livelihood support to about 3% of the population. Exports: India recorded agricultural exports worth $50.2 billion, marking a 20% increase from the previous year. Challenges Facing Indian Agriculture: Fragmented Landholdings: Around 89.4% of agricultural households own less than two hectares of land, leading to inefficiencies and low productivity. Climate Change: Erratic monsoon patterns and rising temperatures disrupt crop yields and farming schedules. Water Scarcity: Over-exploitation of groundwater and inadequate irrigation infrastructure limit productivity. Market Inefficiencies: Lack of access to well-developed markets and fair pricing affects farmers. Middlemen and complex supply chains lead to price gaps. Inadequate Storage and Transportation: Poor storage infrastructure and transportation networks result in significant post-harvest losses. Limited Access to Credit and Insurance: Small farmers struggle to access affordable credit and crop insurance. Soil Degradation: Overuse of chemical fertilizers and inadequate soil conservation practices lead to soil degradation. Government Initiatives: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Provides financial assistance to farmers in case of crop loss due to natural calamities. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): Offers direct income support to farmers, providing ₹6,000 annually to over 11.8 crore farmers. Soil Health Card (SHC) Scheme: Aims to improve soil health by providing farmers with information on nutrient status and recommendations for soil amendments. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund: Supports the development of infrastructure for post-harvest management. Electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM): Integrates markets through an electronic platform, enhancing market access for farmers. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Focuses on enhancing agricultural productivity, especially in rainfed areas, through integrated farming, water use efficiency, and soil health management. Source: National Council of Applied Economic Research BIOE3 POLICY (BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT, AND EMPLOYMENT)  Syllabus Mains: GS-3 Context: The Union Cabinet has recently approved the BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) to boost biotechnology manufacturing in India. Background: – The BioE3 Policy aims to address critical societal challenges and seize opportunities in the biotechnology sector. This initiative aims to revolutionize the biotech sector, similar to the IT boom of the 1990s. BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) The BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) is a transformative initiative by the Indian government aimed at leveraging biotechnology to drive economic growth, environmental sustainability, and job creation. Key Features: High-Performance Biomanufacturing: Focuses on producing products through advanced biotechnological processes, including medicines, materials, and bio-based products for agriculture and industry. Strategic Thematic Sectors: The policy covers six thematic areas: Bio-based chemicals, biopolymers, and enzymes Smart proteins and functional foods Precision biotherapeutics Climate-resilient agriculture Carbon capture and utilization Marine and space research Innovation and R&D: Promotes innovation-driven research and development (R&D) and entrepreneurship across these sectors. Capacity Building: Supports the creation of internships for students and fellowships for graduate and post-graduate research. Sustainable Growth: Prioritizes regenerative bioeconomy models of green growth, promoting a circular bioeconomy to address climate change and environmental sustainability. Expected Impacts: Economic Growth: By fostering innovation in biotechnology, the policy aims to drive economic growth through the development of new products, technologies, and processes that can be commercialized. Job Creation: Establishing biomanufacturing and bio-AI hubs is expected to create substantial employment opportunities. Environmental Benefits: The focus on sustainable practices and the circular bioeconomy will help mitigate climate change and promote environmental conservation. Global Competitiveness: The policy aims to position India as a global leader in biotechnology, enhancing its competitiveness in the international market. Health and Agriculture: Advancements in precision biotherapeutics and climate-resilient agriculture will improve healthcare outcomes and agricultural productivity. Conclusion: BioE3 Policy will further strengthen Government’s initiatives such as ‘Net Zero’ carbon economy & ‘Lifestyle for Environment’ and will steer India on the path of accelerated ‘Green Growth’ by promoting ‘Circular Bioeconomy’. Source: The Hindu PRIME MINISTER’S VISIT TO UKRAINE  Syllabus Mains: GS-2 Context: Prime Minister Modi’s recent visit to Kyiv highlights India’s strategic balancing act in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. This visit comes just six weeks after his trip to Moscow, where he met with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Background: In Kyiv, Modi held talks with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, emphasizing India’s call for diplomacy and dialogue to resolve the conflict. This move underscores India’s non-alignment policy, aiming to maintain strong relations with both Russia and Ukraine while advocating for peace and stability. India Ukraine Relations India-Ukraine relations have evolved significantly since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992. India recognized Ukraine as a sovereign nation in December 1991, shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Diplomatic relations were formally established in January

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   JAL JEEVAN MISSION (JJM)  Syllabus Mains -GS 2 Context: The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), launched in 2019, has recently completed five years. Background: – The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on August 15, 2019, with the goal of providing tap water supply to every rural household by 2024. At the time of its inception, only 3.23 crore (17%) of rural households had tap water connections. Progress Under the Jal Jeevan Mission (as of August 14, 2024): As of August 12, 2024, the Jal Jeevan Mission has successfully provided tap water connections to 11.82 crore additional rural households, bringing the total coverage to more than 15.07 crore households, which accounts for 77.98% of all rural households in India. This milestone has significantly impacted rural lives by providing reliable access to potable water at home. Household Coverage:07 crore (77.98%) of rural households have been provided with tap water connections. ‘Har Ghar Jal’ Status: Achieved in 188 districts, 1,838 blocks, 1,09,996 Gram Panchayats, and 2,33,209 villages. JE-AES Affected Regions: Over 2.35 crore households (79.21%) in Japanese Encephalitis (JE)-Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) affected districts now have access to clean tap water. States/UTs with 100% Coverage: Goa, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Dadra Nagar Haveli & Daman Diu, Haryana, Telangana, Puducherry, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh. Schools and Anganwadi Centers: 9,27,421 schools and 9,63,955 Anganwadi centers have been provided with tap water supply. The broad objectives of the Jal Jeevan Mission include: Providing Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household. Prioritizing FHTC provision in quality-affected areas, drought-prone regions, desert areas, and Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) villages. Ensuring functional tap connections in schools, Anganwadi centers, gram panchayat buildings, health and wellness centers, and community buildings. Monitoring the functionality of tap connections. Promoting voluntary ownership among the local community through contributions in cash, kind, or labor (shramdaan). Ensuring the sustainability of water supply systems, including water sources, infrastructure, and funding for regular operations and maintenance. Empowering and developing human resources in the water sector, covering construction, plumbing, electrical work, water quality management, water treatment, catchment protection, and more. Raising awareness about the significance of safe drinking water and involving stakeholders to make water everyone’s responsibility. Components supported under JJM: Development of in-village piped water supply infrastructure to provide tap water connections to every rural household. Development and augmentation of reliable drinking water sources to ensure long-term sustainability. Bulk water transfer, treatment plants, and distribution networks where necessary. Technological interventions for contaminant removal in areas with water quality issues. Retrofitting of ongoing and completed schemes to provide FHTCs at a minimum service level of 55 liters per capita per day (lpcd). Greywater management. Support activities such as Information, Education, and Communication (IEC), Human Resource Development (HRD), training, utility development, water quality laboratories, research and development, capacity building of communities, etc. Addressing unforeseen challenges due to natural disasters or calamities, as per Ministry of Finance guidelines on Flexi Funds. Impact of JJM: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that achieving JJM’s goals will save over 5.5 crore hours daily, primarily for women, otherwise spent collecting water. WHO projects that ensuring safely managed drinking water for all households in India could prevent nearly 400,000 deaths from diarrheal diseases, saving approximately 14 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Nobel laureate Prof. Michael Kremer’s research suggests that safe water coverage could reduce mortality among children under five by nearly 30%, potentially saving 136,000 lives annually. The Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, in partnership with the International Labour Organization (ILO), estimates that JJM will generate 59.9 lakh person-years of direct and 2.2 crore person-years of indirect employment during its capital expenditure phase. Additionally, the operation and maintenance phase could generate 13.3 lakh person-years of direct employment. Source: PIB NEED TO PROHIBIT USE OF PESTICIDES  Syllabus Mains GS-3 Context: To address the concerns over the usage of pesticides, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has proposed the formation of an inter-ministerial committee. Background: – The proposal was discussed by the FSSAI’s 44th meeting of the Central Advisory Committee (CAC) between 22 and 23 August. The initiative is aimed at ensuring that agricultural practices remain safe and sustainable, thereby protecting consumers from potential health risks associated with pesticide residues in food. Pesticides: Pesticides are substances used to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests. They include various chemicals such as herbicides (for weeds), insecticides (for insects), fungicides (for fungi), and rodenticides (for rodents). Why Indian Farmers Use Pesticides? Crop Protection: To protect crops from pests and diseases, ensuring higher yields and better-quality produce. Economic Stability: Reducing crop losses helps in maintaining the economic stability of farmers. Increased Productivity: Pesticides help in achieving higher productivity per hectare, which is crucial for meeting the food demands of a growing population. Benefits of Pesticides: Higher Crop Yields: Protecting crops from pests leads to increased agricultural productivity. Disease Control: Reducing the population of disease-carrying pests helps in controlling outbreaks. Economic Benefits: Higher yields and reduced crop losses contribute to economic stability for farmers. Challenges: Environmental Impact: Pesticides can contaminate soil, water, and non-target species, leading to biodiversity loss. Health Risks: Exposure to pesticides can cause acute and chronic health issues in humans. Resistance: Overuse of pesticides can lead to pests developing resistance, making them harder to control. Government Initiatives: Regulation and Monitoring: The government sets regulations to control the use of pesticides and monitors their impact on health and the environment. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The government promotes Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, which combine biological, cultural, and chemical methods to manage pests sustainably. This approach reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides and encourages the use of biopesticide National Pest Surveillance System: An Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based platform, the National Pest Surveillance System, has been introduced to monitor pest populations and predict outbreaks. This helps in timely and targeted application of pesticides, reducing overall usage. Promotion of Organic Farming: Several states in India have policies and schemes to promote organic