Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   MERA GAON MERI DHAROHAR Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, the Government of India decided to map and document all villages under the Mera Gaon, Meri Dharohar (MGMD) Programme. Background:- A web portal on MGMD has also been launched on 27.07.2023. About Mera Gaon, Meri Dharohar (MGMD) Programme:- Launched: 27th July 2023. Ministry: Ministry of Culture. Objective: The main objective of the project is to culturally map India’s 6.5 lakh villages, spanning 29 States and 7 Union Territories, on a comprehensive virtual platform. Salient Features:- It is a pan-India initiative under the National Mission on Cultural Mapping. Under the MGMD, information is collected under seven broad categories as given below- Arts and Crafts Village Ecologically Oriented Village Scholastic Village linked with Textual and Scriptural Traditions of India Epic Village linked with Ramayana, Mahabharata, and/or Puranic legends and oral epics Historical Village linked with Local and National History Architectural Heritage Village Any other characteristic that may need highlighting such as a fishing village, horticulture village, shepherding village, etc. The Ministry of Culture is implementing a Scheme of Financial Assistance for the Promotion of Art and Culture consisting of 08 components through which cultural organizations are given financial assistance for the promotion of art and culture. The MGMD seeks to compile comprehensive information detailing the life, history, and ethos of Indian villages and to make the same available to virtual and real-time visitors. (Vibrant Villages Programme) This comprehensive portal showcases essential information about each village, including its geographical location, demographic aspects, and description of traditional dresses, ornaments, arts and crafts, temples, fairs, festivals, and much more. Benefits:- It serves as a one-stop destination for discovering, exploring, researching, and virtually visiting every village in the country.  MUST READ: ‘Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav’ drive SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements with reference to India: (2023) According to the ‘Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006’, ‘medium enterprises’ are those with investments in plant and machinery between (‘ 15 crores and ’25 crore.) All bank loans to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises qualify under the priority sector. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2020) Aadhaar metadata cannot be stored for more than three months. State cannot enter into any contract with private corporations for sharing of Aadhaar data. Aadhaar is mandatory for obtaining insurance products. Aadhaar is mandatory for getting benefits funded out of the Consolidated Fund of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 4 only 2 and 4 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 only International Energy Agency (IEA) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: The International Energy Agency (IEA)’s Renewables 2023 report was released recently. Background:- It paints a complex picture of the renewable energy sector, highlighting both progress and challenges. About the International Energy Agency (IEA):- It is an intergovernmental organization established in 1974. Headquarters:  Paris The IEA is made up of 31 member countries. Objective:  to promote reliable, affordable, and clean energy for its member countries and the rest of the world. The Agreement on an International Energy Program (IEP Agreement) established the mandates and structure of the IEA under the umbrella of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Eligibility Criteria for membership: A candidate country to the IEA must have crude oil and/or product reserves (Strategic Oil Reserves) equivalent to 90 days of the previous year’s net imports, to which the government has immediate access (even if it does not own them directly) and could be used to address disruptions to global oil supply. India became an Associate member of IEA in 2017. India inked a Strategic Partnership Agreement with the IEA to strengthen cooperation in global energy security, stability, and sustainability in 2021. India’s current strategic oil reserves equal 9.5 days of its requirement. India is not a member of the OECD but a key economic partner. IEA invited India to deepen its cooperation with IEA by becoming a full Member. Key publications of IEA : World Energy Outlook (WEO) Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) Global EV Outlook (GEVO) Oil Market Report World Energy Investment Clean Energy Transitions Programme  MUST READ: Methane Global Tracker report SOURCE: IEA  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) The Climate Group is an international non-profit organisation that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals. Some Indian companies are members of EP100. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1,2, 4 and 5 1,3 and 4 only  2,3 and 5 only 1,2, 3, 4 and 5 Q.2) The term ‘West Taxes Intermediate’, sometimes found in news to a grade of (2020) Crude oil Bullion Rare earth elements Uranium Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR) Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, the Odisha Government announced to establishment of a first of its kind in the world melanistic tiger safari near the Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR). Background:- The Similipal Tiger Reserve became the only home for melanistic tigers in the wild in the world, says the State Forest and Environment department. About Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR):- Location: Odisha. Similipal, which derives its name from the ‘Simul’(Silk Cotton) tree, is a national park and a Tiger Reserve situated in the northern part of Orissa’s Mayurbhanj district. Area: 2750 sq km. It has some beautiful waterfalls like Joranda and Barehipani. Prominent tribes: Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia and Sahara. It was declared a ‘Tiger Reserve’ in 1956. It has been included in the national conservation programme ‘Project Tiger’ since 1973. The STR, along with a ‘transitional area’ of 2250 sq. km, has been included as a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2009. Flora:

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: Recently, the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) draft report was approved by the Uttarakhand Cabinet. Background:- It was tabled in the state assembly as a bill for enactment. About Uniform Civil Code (UCC):- UCC is a generic set of governing laws for every citizen without taking into consideration religion. The Constitution in Article 44 requires the State to strive to secure for its citizens a Uniform Civil Code(UCC) throughout India. (Uniform Civil Code) Article 44:According to this article, “The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India”. Historical Background:- The Supreme Court for the first time directed the Parliament to frame a UCC in the case of Mohammad Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum in the year 1985. In this case, Shah Bano claimed maintenance from her husband under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure after she was given triple talaq by him. However, the government overturned the Shah Bano case decision by way of the Muslim Women (Right to Protection on Divorce) Act, 1986 which curtailed the right of a Muslim woman to maintenance under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Need of UCC:- Gender Justice:– It is commonly observed that personal laws of almost all religions are discriminatory towards women. Men are usually granted upper preferential status in matters of succession and inheritance. Muslim men are allowed to marry multiple wives, but women are forbidden from having multiple husbands. Even after the 2005 amendment to the Hindu Succession Act, women are still considered part of their husband’s families after marriage. So, in case a Hindu widow dies without any heirs or will, her property will automatically go to her husband’s family. Men (fathers) are also treated as ‘natural guardians’ and are given preference under the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act. A uniform civil code will establish gender justice by bringing both men and women to par. Promote national unity: A unified personal law irrespective of gender, caste, creed, etc. will boost national unity and solidarity. Simplification of laws: It will eliminate the overlapping of laws. Different personal laws (Codified and Uncodified) practised in India:- Hindu Personal Law Hindu personal law is codified in four bills: the Hindu Marriage Act, Hindu Succession Act, Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, and Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act. The term ‘Hindu’ also includes Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists for the purpose of these laws. It was codified by the Parliament in 1956. Muslim personal laws A 1939 Act enacted by the British said that their personal Law (ie, the Shariat) would govern Muslims. The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Act, 1937 is a short statute with five provisions. It covers provisions of marriage, divorce, children’s custody or inheritance Intestate succession, dissolution of marriage etc. Secular’ laws:- These laws disregard religion altogether. These include: Special Marriage Act: for Inter-religion marriages and Guardians and Wards Act: establishes the rights and duties of guardians. Other laws:- In the Northeast, there are more than 200 tribes with their own varied customary laws. Apart from it, different personal laws also govern Christians and Jews. Thus, a UCC will simplify these laws into one standard.  MUST READ: Debate over Uniform Civil Code SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In essence, what does ‘Due Process of Law’ mean? (2023) The principle of natural justice The procedure established by law Fair application of law Equality before law Q.2) In India, which one of the following (2023) Constitutional Amendments were widely believed to be enacted to overcome the judicial interpretations of Fundamental Rights. 1st Amendment 42nd Amendment 44th Amendment 86th Amendment Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) scheme Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, the Karnataka government suspended five officers for dereliction of duty in the implementation of the Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) scheme. Background:- An FIR has been registered against 56 officials of the department and 22 NGOs. About Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) scheme:- Launched: Ministry: Ministry of Education. Objective: To enable all students with disabilities, to pursue further four years of secondary schooling after completing eight years of elementary schooling in an inclusive and enabling environment. Historical Background:- The Scheme of Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) replaces the earlier scheme of Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) and provides assistance for the inclusive education of disabled children in classes IX-XII. This scheme is now subsumed under Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) from 2013. The States/UTs are also in the process of subsuming under RMSA as RMSA subsumed Scheme. Salient Features:- The scheme covers all children studying at the secondary stage in Government, local body and Government-aided schools, with one or more disabilities as defined under the Persons with Disabilities Act (1995) and the National Trust Act (1999) in class IX to XII, namely blindness, low vision, leprosy cured, hearing impairment, locomotory disabilities, mental retardation, mental illness, autism, and cerebral palsy and may eventually cover speech impairment, learning disabilities, etc. Girls with disabilities receive special focus to help them gain access to secondary schools, as well as to information and guidance for developing their potential. Setting up of Model inclusive schools in every State is envisaged under the scheme. Components:- Student-oriented components, such as medical and educational assessment, books and stationery, uniforms, transport allowance, reader allowance, stipend for girls, support services, assistive devices, boarding the lodging facility, therapeutic services, teaching-learning materials, etc. Other components include the appointment of special education teachers, allowances for general teachers for teaching such children, teacher training, the orientation of school administrators, establishment of resource room, providing barrier-free environment, etc. Implementing Agency:- The School Education Department of the State Governments/Union Territory (UT) Administrations are the implementing agencies. They may involve NGOs having experience in the field of education of the disabled in the implementation of the scheme. Financial Assistance:- Central assistance for all items covered in the scheme is on a 100 per cent basis. The State governments are only required to make provisions for scholarships of Rs. 600/- per disabled child per annum.  MUST READ:  SVANidhi se Samriddhi program SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CURATIVE PETITION Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: Supreme Court closes curative petition against its 2013 judgement on section 377 Background:- A 5-judge bench of the Supreme Court on Thursday held that the curative petition filed against the 2013 judgment, which upheld Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (which criminalised homosexuality), has become infructuous in the light of the 2018 judgment which decriminalised homosexuality. About Curative Petition:-   The Curative Petition is the last chance available in the court after the review petition is dismissed or has been exhausted. It is a concept evolved by the Supreme Court of India in the matter of Rupa Ashok Hurra vs. Ashok Hurra and Anr. in which the question was whether an aggrieved person is entitled to any relief against the final judgement or order of the Supreme Court after the dismissal of a review petition. It’s objectives are twofolds- avoid miscarriage of justice and to prevent abuse of process. The concept of the curative petition is supported by Article 137 of the Indian Constitution. Conditions laid by SC for curative petition: The petitioner must establish that the principles of natural justice were violated, and he has been adversely affected by the judgment. The petition shall state specifically that the grounds mentioned had been taken in the review petition and that it was dismissed by circulation. A curative petition must be first circulated to a bench of the three senior-most judges of the Supreme Court and the judges who had passed the concerned judgment, if available. If the majority of the judges conclude that the matter needs hearing, then it is listed before the same Bench. The Bench at any stage of the curative petition can ask a senior counsel to assist it as amicus curiae (friend of the court). A curative petition is usually decided by judges in the chamber unless a specific request for an open-court hearing is allowed. MUST READ: https://www.scobserver.in/journal/court-in-review-curative-petitions/ SOURCE: Indian Express FREE MOVEMENT REGIME Syllabus Prelims-Current event of national importance  Context: Home Ministry recommends immediate suspension of free movement regime which allows people residing close to India and Myanmar border to venture 16 km into each other’s territory. Background: The main reasons for this decision are to limit the spill-over effects of the conflict in Myanmar since the military coup in February 2021, and to reduce the risk of illegal migration, human and drug trafficking and ensure internal security. About free movement regime: The Free Movement Regime (FMR) is a pact between India and Myanmar that allows tribes living along the border on either side to travel up to 16 km inside the other country without a visa. The FMR was implemented in 2018 as part of the government’s Act East policy at a time when diplomatic relations between India and Myanmar were on the upswing. However, the FMR has been suspended by India since September 2022 due to the conflict in Myanmar following the military coup in February 2021. The India-Myanmar border extends for approximately 1,643 kilometers (1,021 miles), running from the tripoint with China in the north to the tripoint with Bangladesh in the south. The India-Myanmar border passes through the States of Arunachal Pradesh (520 km), Nagaland (215 km), Manipur (398 km), and Mizoram (510 km). UNIFORM CIVIL CODE Syllabus Prelim and Mains-Polity Context: Recently the Uttarakhand Assembly passed the State’s Uniform Civil Code. Background: With the passing of UCC bill Uttarakhand Assembly had become the first legislature in independent India to pass a Bill that imposes common rules for all communities — except Scheduled Tribes — on marriage, divorce, inheritances, and live-in relationships. About UCC: Uniform Civil Code (UCC) is a proposal in India to formulate and implement personal laws of citizens which apply on all citizens equally regardless of their religion, gender and sexual orientation. They cover areas like- Marriage, divorce, maintenance, inheritance, adoption and succession of the property. In India, currently personal laws of various communities are governed by their religious scriptures. UCC is mentioned in Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, which is one of the Directive Principles of State Policy. It says, “The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. Uttarakhand is the first state to implement a law on Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India. The UCC Bill encompasses various facets of personal law, but it excludes Scheduled Tribes from its purview. This exemption recognizes the unique customary practices and traditions of tribal communities. Goa Uniform Civil Code Goa Uniform Civil Code is the common name for the Goa Civil Code, which is a set of laws that govern personal matters such as marriage, divorce, succession, and property for all residents of Goa, irrespective of their religion. However, Goa UCC does not cover all aspects of personal law, such as adoption and succession, which are still governed by different laws for different communities. Goa UCC also has some special provisions for certain communities, such as allowing bigamy to Hindu men under certain conditions. Therefore, Goa UCC is not truly uniform, as it has some exceptions and variations based on religion and custom. Goa’s civil code was introduced during the Portuguese rule. Monetary Policy Committee Syllabus Prelims-Economy Context: The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on Thursday, February 8, 2024 after a detailed assessment decided to keep the policy repo rate under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) unchanged at 6.50 per cent. Background: The repo rate increase cycle was paused in April last year after six consecutive rate hikes aggregating to 250 basis points since May 2022. About MPC: Monetary policy is a set of tools used by a nation’s central bank to control the overall money supply and promote economic growth. The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a committee constituted by the Central Government and led by the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) was constituted under the Reserve Bank of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   The Great Indian Bustard (GIB) Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: The Great Indian Bustard (GIB) has not put in its annual appearance this year also at the Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary in  Andhra Pradesh. Background:- The forest officials in Andhra Pradesh have been conducting surveys regularly and couldn’t find the bird in the last two years in the State. About Great Indian Bustard:-   The Great Indian Bustard (GIB), is one of the heaviest flying birds, and is found mainly in the Indian subcontinent. Less than 140 of these birds are estimated to be surviving now globally, its population is confined mostly to Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is designated as critically endangered on the red list of International Union for Conservation of Nature. Scientific Name: Ardeotis nigriceps. Physical description: Black crown on the forehead contrasting with the pale neck and head. They feed on grass seeds, insects like grasshoppers and beetles, and sometimes even small rodents and reptiles. Distribution: India, effectively the only home of the bustards, today, its population is confined mostly to Rajasthan and Gujarat. Small population also occur in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It is the State bird of Rajasthan. Along with chick-rearing centre for GIB in Jaisalmer, Sorsan in Rajasthan has been identified as the most conducive site for their rearing, due to availability of grasslands, access to roads and well suited climatic conditions The GIB is a flagship species of the grassland; it determines the health of the grasslands, on which many other species of birds and animals, and even the dairy industry is dependent on. Factors affecting population of GIBs: Agricultural Expansion and Urbanization resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation. Increased human activities such as grazing and disturbance due to tourism can disrupt the natural behavior of the bustards, affecting their breeding and feeding activities. Poaching remains a threat to the Great Indian Bustard. Despite legal protection, they are sometimes targeted for their meat and feathers. The birds are at risk of colliding with overhead power lines, especially in the semi-arid landscapes where they are found. This can lead to fatalities and population decline. Climate change can impact the availability of suitable habitats and affect the availability of prey species, indirectly influencing the bustard population. Low Reproductive Success:Disturbances during the nesting season can lead to low reproductive success, as the birds may abandon nests or be unable to raise chicks successfully.GIBs are slow-reproducing, laying just a few eggs, and having almost a year-long parental care of chicks. Limited Genetic Diversity:The small and isolated populations of the Great Indian Bustard may lead to reduced genetic diversity, making them more vulnerable to diseases and environmental changes. MUST READ: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/how-do-you-plan-to-save-the-great-indian-bustard-sc-asks-government/article67757330.ece SOURCE: The Hindu RAJYA SABHA ELECTION Syllabus Prelims-polity Context: The elections for 56 seats in the Rajya Sabha are set to take place on February 27. Background: Major political parties have released the list of their candidates for Rajya Sabha election.It is watched closely as it comes close to the upcoming Lok Sabha Election. About Rajya Sabha election: Rajya Sabha is a permanent House and cannot be dissolved. To ensure continuity, one-third of its members retire after every second year, under Article 83(1) of the Constitution, and “biennial elections” are held to fill these vacancies. The term of a member is six years. Out of the 245 members, 12 are nominated by the President and 233 are representatives of the States and Union territories of Delhi and Puducherry. Rajya Sabha polls: Who votes, and how? Rajya Sabha MPs are elected by MLAs through an indirect election. Article 80(4) provides that members shall be elected by the elected members of state Assemblies through a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote. The Fourth Schedule to the Constitution provides for allocation of Rajya Sabha seats to the states and Union Territories, on the basis of the population of each state. Rajya Sabha polls have an open ballot The Rajya Sabha polls have a system of open ballots, but it is a limited form of openness. As a measure to check rampant cross-voting, there is a system of each party MLA showing his or her marked ballots to the party’s authorized agent (called Whip), before they are put into the ballot box. Showing a marked ballot to anyone other than one’s own party’s authorized agent will render the vote invalid. Not showing the ballot to the authorized agent will also mean that the vote cannot be counted. Independent candidates are barred from showing their ballots to anyone. Previous Year Question: Q.)Consider the following statements : The Rajya Sabha has no power either to reject or to amend a Money Bill The Rajya Sabha cannot vote on the Demands for Grants. The Rajya Sabha cannot discuss the Annual Financial Statement. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 MUST READ: The Hindu Explains | How are elections to the Rajya Sabha held? Source: The Hindu Brumation Syllabus Prelims : Science Context: Typically observed during cold months, its  a process similar to hibernation. Background: Researchers have observed instances of brumation in various reptilian species across habitats. About Brumation: It is the name to describe a period of dormancy or slowed activity in reptiles, much like hibernation in mammals. It typically occurs during colder months, when temperatures drop and food becomes scarce. Reptiles enter a state of brumation to conserve energy and survive these adverse environmental conditions. During brumation, reptiles may retreat to underground burrows, rock crevices or other sheltered areas where temperatures are relatively more stable. Metabolism slows significantly, allowing them to go weeks or even months without eating. This period of reduced activity allows reptiles to conserve energy and minimise their resource requirements. Species which exhibit brumation include box turtles and painted turtles, which burrow into the mud at the bottom of ponds or lakes. Snakes may seek refuge in underground dens or caves while lizards may

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Dr.M S Swaminathan conferred Bharat Ratna Syllabus Prelims – current events of national importance Context: Conferring of Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour of the country on late agricultural scientist, Dr M S Swaminathan. Background:- This year’s tally of five Bharat Ratna awards is the highest that has ever been announced in a single year, one more than the four announced in 1999. The winners of the award are L.K Advani, Karpoori Thakur, M S Swaminathan, Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh. About M.S.Swaminathan:-   Born on August 7, 1925 in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, Dr Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan is hailed as the father of India’s green revolution. Witnessing the Bengal famine of 1942-43 deeply impacted Dr Swaminathan. He served as an Independent Chairman of the Food and Agricultural Organisation Council (1981-85) He was the President of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1984-90) He was also the President of the World Wide Fund for Nature (India) from 1989-96 He served as the Director General of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), among others. Contribution to green revolution: The Basic strategic vision underpinning the Green Revolution in India — introducing a new genetic strain or ‘plant type’ responsive to increased fertiliser and water application — came from Swaminathan. The problem with the traditional wheat and rice varieties was that they were tall and slender. These ‘lodged’ – fell flat on the ground — when they grew and their earheads were heavy with well-filled grains produced in response to high fertiliser doses Swaminathan approached Norman Borlaug, who had incorporated dwarfing genes into wheat varieties in Mexico. India started working seriously on dwarf wheat breeding programme in 1963. His efforts transformed India from a food deficient nation to one with increased wheat production – from 6 million tonnes a year in 1947 to 17 million tonnes a year between 1964 and 1968. MUST READ: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bharat-ratna-ms-swaminathan-significance-profile-9152692/ SOURCE: Indian Express Sovereign gold bond scheme Syllabus Prelims-Economy  Context: Sovereign gold bone scheme, 2023-24 will open for subscription from 12 to 16 February 2024 Background: Floated by the Indian Government in 2015, Sovereign Gold Bonds or SGBs emerged as an innovative investment strategy involving gold for interested investors. About SGBs: SGBs are provided as a substitute for physical gold to investors. The main objective of the scheme is to reduce the demand for physical gold and shift a part of the money spent for gold, which usually amounts to huge import bill into financial savings through Gold Bonds. SGBs are issued by RBI on behalf of the Government of India on payment of the required amount in rupees and are denominated in grams of gold. The Bonds are restricted for sale to resident Indian entities including individuals, HUFs, trusts, Universities, charitable institutions. Investors ineligible to participate in the SGB scheme include – Non-Resident Indians:Direct investment in SGB is not permitted for them, Foreign institutional investors (FII): investing in SGB is restricted for FIIs, minors: investment in SGB is only permissible through their guardians. The bonds are available in both in Demat and paper form. The rate for the Bonds is fixed on the basis of simple average of closing price for gold of 999 purity of the previous week published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association (IBJA). The tenor of the Bond is for a period of 8 years with exit option from 5th year onwards to be exercised on the interest payment dates. Participants in the SGB scheme are entitled to a stable interest rate of 2.50 per cent per annum, disbursed semi-annually based on the nominal value of their investment. On maturity, the investor will get the equivalent rupee value of the quantum of gold invested at the then prevailing price of gold as calculated using the simple average of the closing price of 999 purity gold over the three preceding working days. SOURCE: Livemint Previous Year Questions Q.1) What is/are the purpose/purposes of the Government’s ‘Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme’ and ‘Gold Monetization Scheme’? (2016) To bring the idle gold lying with Indian households into the economy To promote FDI in the gold and jewellery sector To reduce India’s dependence on gold imports Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE (KFD) Syllabus Prelims – General Science Context: Since January 1 this year, two people have died due to Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a viral infection, in Karnataka. Background: According to the health department, the first fatality due to monkey fever was reported in Shivamogga district on 8 January wherein an 18-year-old succumbed to the virus. The second fatality was reported at Manipal in Udupi district when a 79-year-old man died in a private hospital. About Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), also known as monkey fever, is a tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever endemic to the southwestern part of India. KFD is caused by the Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of the Flaviviridae virus family. Reservoir: Hard ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera) serve as the reservoir for KFDV. Once infected, ticks remain carriers for life. Hosts: Rodents, shrews, and monkeys become common hosts for KFDV after being bitten by an infected tick. Human Transmission: Humans can contract KFD through tick bites or contact with infected animals. Historically, KFD has been limited to the western and central districts of Karnataka State, India. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the disease was first identified in 1957 when it was isolated from a sick monkey from the Kyasanur Forest in Karnataka (formerly Mysore). There is no specific treatment for KFD, but early hospitalization and supportive therapy is important. A vaccine exists for KFD and is used in endemic areas of India MUST READ: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/kyasanur/pdf/factsheet.pdf SOURCE: Center for Disease Control and Prevention High-altitude pseudo satellite vehicle (HAPS) Syllabus Prelim – Science Context: THE NATIONAL Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) in Bengaluru has successfully completed the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   StarLink Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Science Context: Russia on Monday rejected Ukraine’s claim that Russian troops fighting on the frontline were using Starlink terminals. Background:- The Kremlin said on Monday that Elon Musk’s Starlink satellite internet system was neither certified for use in, nor officially supplied to, Russia, and therefore could not be used.Ukraine, which has used Starlink for military communications throughout its conflict with Russia, said on Sunday that Russian troops were using Starlink in parts of Ukraine they control. About Starlink:-   Starlink is a satellite constellation that comprises thousands of small satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO). SpaceX first began sending them into space in 2019. SpaceX is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company founded by Elon Musk. Currently, there are more than 3,000 of these satellites that send internet signals to designated ground receivers. Unlike traditional internet providers, Starlink doesn’t require any ground infrastructure. One just needs to have a small satellite dish or a receiver device to access high-speed internet, much like satellite TV. Significance of Starlink: Global Connectivity: Starlink aims to offer high-speed internet to users worldwide, including those living in remote and rural areas with limited or no access to traditional broadband services. Low Latency: LEO satellites offer low latency, reducing the signal delay experienced with traditional geostationary satellites, making activities like online gaming and video conferencing smoother. Reliable and Redundant: The large number of satellites in the constellation allows for redundancy, minimizing service disruptions in case of satellite failures. Emergency Connectivity: Starlink has shown its potential in providing emergency internet access during natural disasters and crises, offering communication lifelines to affected communities. Challenges Space Debris: With thousands of satellites in LEO, concerns have been raised about space debris , its impact on the space environment and other satellite operations. Astronomy Interference: Starlink satellites have been criticized for interfering with ground-based astronomical observations due to their brightness and impact on the night sky. Monopoly Concerns: As Starlink expands its dominance in the satellite internet market, concerns arise about potential monopolistic control over global internet. Regulatory and Legal Challenges: Operating a massive satellite constellation involves navigating complex international regulations, spectrum management, and coordination with other satellite operators. Russia Ukraine – Operations controlled by company: After the Russia-Ukraine war broke out in 2022, fibre network lines and cell towers were the first pieces of infrastructure to be destroyed, rendering Starlink as the lifeblood of Ukraine’s communication network. When Internet connectivity is deployed in a region, the nature of the technology is such that its operations aren’t controlled by the user, but by the company. For example, if a piece of territory had fallen into Russian hands and a few Starlink dishes or terminals had been lost – it had to call up Starlink each time. SOURCE: Reuters Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Syllabus Prelims- Science Context: Scientists have unveiled new details of a colossal black hole 53 million lightyears away first photographed by the earth-wide Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) in 2017. Background: The image of blackhole captured with the help of EHT was hailed at the time as a matter of “astonishment and wonder” for revealing “a part of the universe that was off limits”.In the image, a central dark region is encapsulated by a ring of light that looks brighter on one side.The massive galaxy, called Messier 87 or M87, is near the Virgo galaxy cluster 55 million light-years from Earth.The super-massive black hole has a mass that is 6.5 billion times that of our sun. About EHT: The EHT is not a single telescope but a worldwide network of radio telescopes that work together to study a common object in space. EHT benefit from a technique called very-long baseline interferometry, where the data each telescope collects about the object is correlated with data from the others using extremely precise clocks. The project is named for the event horizon, the proposed boundary around a black hole that represents the point of no return where no light or radiation can escape.   About black hole A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light cannot get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying. Because no light can get out, people can’t see black holes. They are invisible. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. The special tools can see how stars that are very close to black holes act differently than other stars. Size of Black hole: Smallest Black holes – Scientists think the smallest black holes are as small as just one atom. These black holes are very tiny but have the mass of a large mountain. Stellar – Its mass can be up to 20 times more than the mass of the sun. There may be many, many stellar mass black holes in Earth’s galaxy. Earth’s galaxy is called the Milky Way. Supermassive – The largest black holes are called “” These black holes have masses that are more than 1 million suns together. Scientists have found proof that every large galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A. Source: The Hindu Previous Year Question: Consider the following phenomena: (2018) Light is affected by gravity. The Universe is constantly expanding. Matter warps its surrounding space-time. Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media? 1 and 2 only 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (d) Index of industrial production (IIP) Syllabus Prelims : Economy Context: Industrial output witnessed mild recovery in December. Background: At 3.8 percent, the latest industrial growth figure as per the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is up from the November 2023 figure of 2.4 percent. About Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Publication time: monthly.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Test of proportionality Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: The Supreme Court used the test of proportionality to strike down Electoral Bonds scheme Background:- It was used in the demonetisation case, aadhar case and also the puttuswamy case among many others. About Test of proportionality Proportionality test is “ the judicial standard for resolving disputes that involve either a conflict between two rights claims or between a right and a legitimate government interest.” The test is deemed necessary to guard against arbitrary action, so that the state cannot extinguish the right entirely even in pursuance of a legitimate state interest. In Modern Dental College & Research Centre v. State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors, a five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court listed four components to be looked at in order to determine proportionality. The same was agreed to in essence by a nine-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India, in which the Court upheld privacy as a fundamental right. In the judgment authored by Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul in Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India, proportionality can be ascertained on the basis of the following: (a) the action must be sanctioned by law;(b) the proposed action must be necessary in a democratic society for a legitimate aim;(c) the extent of such interference must be proportionate to the need for such interference; (d) There must be procedural guarantees against abuse of such interference. Must Read: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/electoral-bonds-verdict-how-the-proportionality-test-was-applied-in-the-case-9164082/ Source: Deccan Herald STATE OF THE WORLD’S MIGRATORY SPECIES REPORT Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: First-ever State of the World’s Migratory Species report, launched recently by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Background: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), CMS is an intergovernmental treaty under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). About Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS): The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species throughout their ranges. CMS was signed in Bonn, Germany, on 23 June 1979, and entered into force on 1 November 1983. It provides a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory animals and their habitats. CMS currently has 133 Parties and covers 583 migratory species. India is a party to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) since 1983. India hosted the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP) to CMS in February 2020 in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The latest CMS convention, also known as the 14th Conference of the Parties (COP14) to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), was held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan from February 10 to 15, 2024. Key findings of the World’s Migratory Species report: Nearly half (44 per cent) of CMS-listed species are showing population declines, and more than one-in-five (22 per cent) are threatened with extinction. The extinction risk is growing for migratory species globally, including those not listed under CMS. The two greatest threats to both CMS-listed and all migratory species are overexploitation and habitat loss due to human activity. Half (51 per cent) of Key Biodiversity Areas identified as important for CMS-listed migratory animals do not have protected status, and 58 per cent of the monitored sites recognized as being important for CMS-listed species are experiencing unsustainable levels of human-caused pressure. Globally, 399 migratory species that are threatened or near threatened with extinction are not currently listed under CMS. The report also provides information on the main drivers of these declines, such as climate change, pollution and invasive species, and the successful actions that have been taken to conserve some migratory species. The report calls for urgent action to protect these species and their habitats, and to ensure their sustainable use for the benefit of people and nature. Source: Forbes India Classical Language Syllabus Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: West Bengal’s Chief Minister made headlines for advocating classical language status for Bangla, which is the world’s 7th most spoken language. Background: Multiple state governments and regional political parties has been demanding classical language status for their respective regional languages. About Classical language In 2006, the Government of India laid down the criteria for conferring classical language status. TheMinistry of Culture provides guidelines regarding Classical languages. They are: High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years; A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers; The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community; The classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots. Currently, six languages enjoy the‘Classical’ status in India. They are Tamil (declared in 2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), and Odia (2014). Benefits of declaring a language as a classical language: Once a language is declared classical, it getsfinancial assistance for setting up a center of excellence for the study of that language and also opens up an avenue for two major awards for scholars of eminence. Besides, theUniversity Grants Commission can be requested to create – to begin with at least in Central Universities, a certain number of professional chairs for classical languages for scholars of eminence in the language. Source: Indian Express Kotravai sculpture from Pallava period unearthed Syllabus Prelims : History Context: On February 14, 2024, a team of researchers unveiled a magnificent Kotravai sculpture in Pilrampattu village, Kallakurichi district. This awe-inspiring discovery transports us to the Pallava period, offering an invaluable glimpse into the ancient craftsmanship and spirituality of our forebears. Background: Kotṟavai also spelled Kotravai or Korravai, is the goddess of war and victory in the Tamil tradition. She is also the mother goddess and the goddess of fertility, agriculture, and hunters.She is among the earliest documented goddesses in the Tamil

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT, 2002. Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: Recently, the Odisha government has declared the Gupteswar forest in Koraput district as its fourth Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS). Background:- The Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) are declared by the state governments in consultation with local bodies under Section 37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. About Biological Diversity Act:-   The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is a law that protects the different kinds of living things in India and ensures fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use. The law was enacted to meet the requirements of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, to which India is a party. Biological Diversity Act 2002 (BD Act), is in close synergy with the Nagoya Protocol and aims to implement provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The Nagoya Protocol sought to ensure commercial and research utilisation of genetic resources led to sharing its benefits with the government and the community that conserved such resources. Features of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 It establishes a three-tier structure to regulate the access and use of biological resources, consisting of the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) at the central level, the State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) at the state level, and the Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) at the local level. It prohibits any person or organisation, whether Indian or foreign, from obtaining any biological resource occurring in India or knowledge associated with it for research or commercial purposes without the prior approval of the NBA or the SBBs. It also prohibits the transfer of the results of any research relating to any biological resource or knowledge obtained from India to any person or entity outside India without the approval of the NBA. It also prohibits the claim of any intellectual property rights on any invention based on the research made on the biological resources or knowledge obtained from India without the approval of the NBA. It provides for the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources and associated knowledge, as well as the protection and rehabilitation of threatened species and ecosystems. It provides for the declaration of certain areas as Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS), which are unique, ecologically fragile, and rich in biodiversity. The state governments can notify such areas in consultation with the local bodies and the central government. It provides for the involvement of the local communities in the conservation and management of the biological resources and associated knowledge, and ensures that they get a fair share of the benefits arising from their use. It provides for the establishment of institutions such as repositories, gene banks, and museums for the preservation and documentation of the biological resources and associated knowledge. It provides for the penalties and offences for the violation of the provisions of the Act, and empowers the National Green Tribunal (NGT) to hear any grievances or disputes arising from the implementation of the Act. Biological Diversity Act 2002 (BD Act), is in close synergy with the Nagoya Protocol and aims to implement provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The Nagoya Protocol sought to ensure that commercial and research utilisation of genetic resources lead to sharing its benefits with the government and the community that conserved such resources. Source: The Indian Express Previous Year Questions Consider the following statements: (2011) Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes. Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2 MULTILATERAL NAVAL EXERCISE (MILAN) – 2024 Syllabus Prelims- Current Event Context: The Indian Navy is all set to host the 12th edition of the Multilateral Naval Exercise – 2024 (MILAN), from Feb 19 to 27. Background: Navies from across the globe, including the US, Japan, Australia, France, Bangladesh, South Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia, are lining up for participation in this significant event off Visakhapatnam. About MILAN: The Multilateral Naval Exercise (MILAN) is a biennial naval war game hosted by the Indian Navy. The first Milan exercise was conducted in 1995 at Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It was a multilateral naval exercise hosted by the Indian Navy, involving the navies of Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The 12th edition of MILAN is scheduled to be held in Visakhapatnam, India. The aim of MILAN is to foster international maritime cooperation and showcase India’s naval prowess. Milan 2024 reflects India’s ‘Look East policy’ and emphasizes regional security cooperation. The theme of MILAN 2024 is “Cohesion, Camaraderie and Collaboration”. MILAN 2024 also expects to realise the G20 theme of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, which means “the world is one family”. INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY BOARD OF INDIA (IBBI) Syllabus Prelims : Economy Context: To ensure fairness in bankruptcy cases, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) has issued a circular instructing resolution professional (RPs) to share copies of their reports with both creditors and debtors involved in insolvency cases. Background: The circular highlights instances where resolution professional (RPs) failed to provide equal access to information to both parties, leading to a disparity in understanding. About The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI): The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) is the regulator for overseeing insolvency proceedings and entities like Insolvency Professional Agencies (IPA), Insolvency Professionals (IP) and Information Utilities (IU) in India. It was established on 1st October, 2016 under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, which is a law that aims to resolve insolvency and bankruptcy cases in a time-bound and efficient manner. The IBBI also regulates the profession of valuers in India under the Companies (Registered Valuers and Valuation Rules), 2017. It has a three-tier structure, consisting of a chairperson, three ex-officio members from the central government, one ex-officio member from the RBI, and five other members nominated by the central government. Some of the key functions

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   OpenAI launches Sora Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: OpenAI, the creator of the revolutionary chatbot ChatGPT, has unveiled a new generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) model that can convert a text prompt into video called Sora. Background:- Generative artificial intelligence (AI) describes algorithms (such as ChatGPT) that can be used to create new content, including audio, code, images, text, simulations, and videos.The recent buzz around generative AI has been driven by the simplicity of new user interfaces for creating high-quality text, graphics and videos in a matter of seconds. About Sora:- Sora is a generative AI model designed by Open AI (makers of chatGPT) that can convert a text prompt into video. Sora can generate videos up to a minute long while maintaining visual quality and adherence to the user’s prompt. While generation of images and textual responses to prompts on GenAI platforms have become significantly better in the last few years, text-to-video was an area that had largely lagged, owing to its added complexity of analysing moving objects in a three-dimensional space. Other companies apart from Open AI too have ventured into the text-to-video space. Google’s Lumiere, which was announced last month, can create five-second videos on a given prompt, both text- and image-based. Other companies like Runway and Pika have also shown impressive text-to-video models of their own. Open AI has said that it will take some “safety steps” ahead of making Sora available in OpenAI’s products, and will work with red teamers — domain experts in areas like misinformation, hateful content, and bias — who will be “adversarially” testing the model. Source: Indian Express Farmers demand legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price Syllabus Mains – GS3 Context: Thousands of farmers amassed at the Punjab and Haryana border are protesting for  legal guarantee to minimum support prices Background: The farmer’s unions assert that the Centre has failed to fulfill its promise of providing a legal guarantee for MSP, as agreed upon at the conclusion of the massive protests in 2021. About MSP: MSP is the minimum rate at which the government procurement agencies purchase agricultural commodities from farmers. It serves as a safety net for farmers, ensuring them a minimum income for their produce, particularly during times of market fluctuations or distress. The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) is tasked with recommending MSPs for various crops. Operating as an attached office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, the CACP has been functioning since January 1965. How is the MSP Calculated? When determining the MSP, farmers’ incurred costs, both implicit and explicit, are carefully considered. Implicit costs, such as family labour and rent paid by farmers, are factored into the calculation alongside explicit costs. These variables are represented by A2, FL, and C2. A2: This includes expenses incurred by farmers for purchasing chemicals, fertilisers, seeds, and hiring labour for crop growth, production, and maintenance. A2 + FL: This includes actual costs along with implicit costs in the form of family labour. C2: This includes A2 + FL along with fixed capital assets and rent paid by farmers. Additionally, the CACP considers several other factors when deciding the MSP like market prices of concerned crops and any fluctuations, information on produce supply, including area, yield, production, imports, exports, and stocks with public agencies or industries, demand information across regions, including total and per capita consumption, processing industry trends, and capacity etc Once the CACP submits its recommendations, the final decision regarding the MSP levels is taken by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by Prime Minister of India. Key Benefits of the MSP for farmers Income Security: MSP gives farmers with a guaranteed minimum price for their crops, ensuring a stable and predictable income, especially during times of market volatility. Price Stability: By setting a floor price for agricultural commodities, MSP helps stabilise market prices, preventing sharp fluctuations that could negatively impact both farmers and consumers. Boosts Production: MSP serves as an incentive for farmers to raise production of crops covered under the MSP regime, as they are assured of receiving a remunerative price for their efforts. Food Security: MSP plays a vital role in ensuring food security by incentivising farmers to cultivate essential food crops. This helps maintain a steady supply of food grains in the market, cutting the dependence on imports and enhancing domestic food security. Source: Money Control ANTI-DUMPING DUTY Syllabus Prelims : Economy Context: India initiates anti-dumping probe into imports of solar glass from China, Vietnam. Background: Solar glass is used to make solar panels and modules for renewable energy generation. India is one of the largest markets for solar power, and has set a target of installing 450 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030. About Anti Dumping Duty: Anti-dumping duty is a tariff imposed by a government on imported goods that are sold at a price lower than their normal value in the exporting country. The purpose of anti-dumping duty is to protect the domestic industry from unfair competition and trade distortion caused by dumping. The World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates dumping practices through the Anti-Dumping Agreement, which sets forth the rules and procedures for the investigation, determination, and application of anti-dumping measures by WTO members. According to the Anti-Dumping Agreement, a WTO member can impose anti-dumping measures if it can prove that: The imports are being sold at a price below their normal value in the exporting country. The dumping is causing material injury to the domestic industry producing similar goods. There is a causal link between the two. Authority to impose anti- dumping duty in India The Ministry of Finance has the final authority to impose anti-dumping duty on the imports that are found to be dumped and causing injury to the domestic industry. The Ministry of Finance acts on the basis of the recommendations of the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR), which conducts the investigation and determines the existence and extent of dumping and injury. The Directorate General of Trade Remedies

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   International Court of Justice(ICJ) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Palestine accuses Israel of apartheid at ICJ Background:- The International Court of Justice is holding hearings on the legal implications of occupation of territories by Israel. About International Court of Justice :- The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946. The court is the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was brought into being through, and by, the League of Nations, 1922. Like the PCIJ, the ICJ is based at the Peace Palace in The Hague. It is the only one of the six principal organs of the UN that is not located in New York City. (The other five organs are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the Secretariat.) According to the ICJ’s own description, its role is “to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies”. The court “as a whole must represent the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world”. English and French are the ICJ’s official languages. All members of the UN are automatically parties to the ICJ statute, but this does not automatically give the ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them. The ICJ gets jurisdiction only if both parties consent to it. The judgment of the ICJ is final and technically binding on the parties to a case. There is no provision of appeal; it can at the most, be subject to interpretation or, upon the discovery of a new fact, revision. However, the ICJ has no way to ensure compliance of its orders, and its authority is derived from the willingness of countries to abide by them. The ICJ has 15 judges who are elected to nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and Security Council, which vote simultaneously but separately. To be elected, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes in both bodies. A third of the court is elected every three years. Four Indians have been members of the ICJ so far. Source: The Guardian Climate change increasing the probability of extreme weather events Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: The year 2023 has been confirmed as the hottest year in global temperature records going back to 1850 triggering debates about extreme weather events in the near future. Background: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1 degree Celsius since 1850, primarily due to human activities that have released unprecedented levels of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.The spike in the temperatures has resulted in more frequent and more intense extreme weather events across the world. These events include heat waves, droughts, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires. About the interconnection between climate change and extreme weather events: Extreme heat creates conditions more prone to wildfire and a longer wildfire season by evaporating more moisture from land. According to a 2023 report by Weather Attribution (WWA), climate change more than doubled the likelihood of extreme “fire weather” conditions in Eastern Canada. Warmer air can suck moisture out of the soil, amplifying droughts. Higher temperatures cause evaporation of water not only from land but also oceans and other water bodies, meaning a warmer atmosphere holds more moisture. For every 1 degree Celsius rise in average temperature, the atmosphere can hold about 7% more moisture. This makes storms more dangerous as it leads to an increase in precipitation intensity, duration and/or frequency, which ultimately can cause severe flooding. Oceans have absorbed 90% of the additional heat generated by the greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. Due to this, global mean sea surface temperature has gone up by close to 0.9 degree Celsius since 1850. Higher sea surface temperatures cause marine heat waves, an extreme weather event, which, in turn, makes storms like hurricanes and tropical cyclones more intense. When storms travel across hot oceans, they gather more water vapour and heat. This results in stronger winds, heavier rainfall, and more flooding when storms reach the land. Source: The Indian Express Chenab bridge Syllabus Prelims -Current Event Context: Prime Minister Modi will inaugurate the  Chenab Bridge, the worlds highest single arch railway Bridge. Background: Approved in 2003 and contracted in 2008, after much worries over its safety and stability, the single-arch bridge over River Chenab in J&K passed all its mandatory tests and is set to mark India on the railroad history after two decades of waiting. About Chenab bridge The Bridge spans the Chenab River and has a total length of 1315 m The arch bridge runs between Bakkal and Kauri in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, and forms a crucial link from Katra to Banihal. It stands at the height of 1,178 feet above the riverbed, making it 35 metres taller than Paris’ tourist icon, the Eiffel Tower. The bridge is part of the Rs 35000 crore Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Railway Link (USBRL) project which aims to boost connectivity in Jammu and Kashmir by providing connectivity in complex topography and weather conditions. The bridge is expected to have a shelf life of around 120 years. It will also be able to withstand winds with speeds up to 260 km/per hour. Source: The Indian Express BUXA TIGER RESERVE Syllabus Prelims- Environment Context: An adult male tiger was recently recorded on a camera trap in Buxa Tiger Reserve in north Bengal after 23 years. Background: There was no direct evidence confirming tiger presence in the reserve since 1998. Ecosystem restoration activities in the Buxa Tiger Reserve, including grassland management, helped bring the tiger back to the protected area, experts say. About Buxa Tiger Reserve: Tiger reserves are protected areas in India that are dedicated to the conservation of tigers and their