Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Purple Revolution Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY/AGRICULTURE Context: Recently, CSIR’s Republic Day Tableau highlights the Purple Revolution through Lavender Cultivation in Jammu & Kashmir. Background:- Under the Viksit Bharat theme, Tableau highlights the Lab-to-Market success story of CSIR. About Lavender Cultivation:- The Ministry of Science and Technology initiated the Purple Revolution or Lavender Revolution in 2016. The Aroma Mission of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research led the Purple Revolution. Objectives:– To promote the cultivation of aromatic crops for essential oils. To enable Indian farmers and the aroma industry to become global leaders. To provide benefits to the farmers in achieving higher profits, utilization of waste lands and protection of their crops from wild and grazing animals. Provided employment to women farmers Under this, the government aims to promote lavender crops by incentivising farmers to shift to the indigenous aromatic crop from other foreign alternatives. The nodal laboratory for the Aroma Mission is the CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Farmers who produced lavender for the first time were provided free lavender seedlings as part of the goal. Those who had sown the crop before were paid 5-6 by the government per plant. Significance:- It is expected to enable Indian farmers and the aroma industry. Lavender cultivation has employed about 5,000 farmers and young entrepreneurs in geographically remote areas of J&K. It will promote the cultivation of aromatic crops for essential oils that are in great demand by the aroma industry. This will help in the production of an additional 700 tonnes of essential oil for perfumery, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. MUST READ: Accelerating the Green Revolution SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) The Government of India provides Minimum Support Price for niger (Guizotia aoyssinica) seeds. Niger is cultivated as a Kharif crop. Some tribal people in India use niger seed oil for cooking. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Which of the following factors/policies were affecting the price of rice in India in the recent past? (2020) Minimum Support Price Government’s trading Government’s stockpiling Consumer subsidies Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, and 4 only 1, 3, and 4 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 India and France Relations Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, the President of India received the President of the French Republic at Rashtrapati Bhavan. Background:- Welcoming President Macron at Rashtrapati Bhavan, the President said that the leaders of two countries being guests of honour in each other’s successive National Day parade and celebrations is a historic moment, and a symbol of the depth of our friendship and the strength of our partnership. About India and France Relations:- India and France are long-standing strategic partners in the Indo-Pacific. The diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1947. The relations upgraded to the strategic level in 1998. Defence:- France is one of India’s key partners in the development of a self-reliant defence industrial and technological base. India and France are committed to cooperating in the co-development and co-production of advanced defence technologies, including for the benefit of third countries. An agreement for building six Scorpène submarines in India with French help was signed in 2005. The government-to-government agreement for 36 Rafale aircraft has taken place. Economic:- Bilateral trade of over USD 12 billion in 2021-22. France is the 11th largest foreign investor in India. Science and Technology:- For the first time, the two countries concluded a Joint Vision for Space Cooperation in 2018. As for nuclear energy, the two leaders must review progress in the joint construction of the world’s largest nuclear park in Jaitapur, Maharashtra. An agreement was signed about a decade ago for building six EPR (European Pressurized Reactors) nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of 9.6 GW for which negotiations have been on-going between the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) and Areva. Environment:- The International Solar Alliance is set in motion jointly by India and France. France offered an extra $861.5 million by 2022 for solar projects in developing countries. Bilateral military exercises:- Exercise Shakti (Army) Exercise Varuna (Navy) Exercise Garuda (Air Force) IMEX 22 MUST READ: Exercise ‘Varuna’ 2023 SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries have been suffering from decades of civil strife and food shortages and was in the news in the recent past for its very severe famine? (2023) Angola Costa Rica Ecuador Somalia Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2023) The ‘Stability and Growth Pact’ of the European Union is a treaty that Limits the levels of the budgetary deficit of the countries of the European Union. makes the countries of the European Union share their infrastructure facilities enables the countries of the European Union to share their technologies How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only· two All three None Tax-GDP ratio Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, Direct tax-GDP ratio rose to 15-year high in FY-2023. Background:- Direct tax-to-GDP ratio, rose to a 15-year high of 6.11 per cent in the financial year 2022-23, time-series data released by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) under the Ministry of Finance. About tax-GDP ratio:- Tax to GDP ratio measures how much tax is collected in relation to the country’s GDP. It reflects the share of taxes in the overall output generated in the country. The tax-GDP ratio is used to determine how well the government controls a country’s economic resources. The tax-to-GDP ratio measures the size of a country’s tax revenue compared to its GDP. The higher the tax-to-GDP ratio, the better the country’s financial position. The direct tax-to-GDP ratio is the ratio of direct tax collected compared to national gross domestic product (GDP). Direct Tax is a tax levied directly on a taxpayer’s income, profit or revenue who pays it to the Government and cannot pass it on to someone else. Implications of increase in direct tax-GDP ratio:-

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ‘K-shaped’ recovery Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: Recently, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman challenged the narrative that India’s economy has seen a ‘K-shaped’ recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic. Background:- Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman recently said that a narrative is being built that the Indian economy is not in good shape. About’K-shaped’ recovery:- A K-shaped recovery occurs when, following a recession, different parts of the economy recover at different rates, times, or magnitudes. This is in contrast to an even, uniform recovery across sectors, industries, or groups of people. Economic Recovery is the business cycle stage following a recession that is characterized by a sustained period of improving business activity. Economic recovery can take many forms, which is depicted using alphabetic notations. For example, a Z-shaped recovery, V-shaped recovery, U-shaped recovery, elongated U-shaped recovery, W-shaped recovery, L-shaped recovery and K-shaped recovery. A K-shaped recovery leads to changes in the structure of the economy or the broader society as economic outcomes and relations are fundamentally changed before and after the recession. This type of recovery is called K-shaped because the path of different parts of the economy when charted together may diverge, resembling the two arms of the Roman letter “K.” MUST READ: Expected Economic Recovery SOURCE: INDIA TODAY PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks in developing strategies and capital-raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2021) The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest. The Governor of the RBI draws his power from the RBI Act. Which of the above statements is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Sagarmala Program Syllabus Prelims – GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) during the 75th Republic Day parade proudly unveiled its Tableaux, a visual representation of the visionary Sagarmala Program. Background:- This flagship program has significantly reduced turnaround times, enhancing cargo handling efficiency across ports. About Sagarmala Program:- Launched: The concept of Sagarmala was approved by the Union Cabinet on 25th March 2015. Ministry: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW). Objective: to promote port-led development in the country. Historical Background:- As part of the program, a National Perspective Plan (NPP) for the comprehensive development of India’s coastline and maritime sector has been prepared which was released by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, on 14th April 2016 at the Maritime India Summit 2016. Salient Features:- The vision of the Sagarmala Program is to reduce logistics costs for EXIM and domestic trade with minimal infrastructure investment. This includes: Reducing the cost of transporting domestic cargo through optimizing modal mix Lowering logistics cost of bulk commodities by locating future industrial capacities near the coast Improving export competitiveness by developing port proximate discrete manufacturing clusters Optimizing time/cost of EXIM container movement. It aims to develop access to new development regions with intermodal solutions and promotion of the optimum modal split, enhanced connectivity with main economic centres and beyond through expansion of rail, inland water, coastal and road services. Components:- The Sagarmala Program broadly consists of 5 components which are: Port Modernization & New Port Development Port Connectivity Enhancement Port-linked Industrialization Coastal Community Development Promotion of Coastal Shipping & Inland Waterways in India. Benefits:- It will create jobs and bridge skill gaps in ports and the maritime sector.( Shipping Industry in India) MUST READ: Sagarmala Seaplane Services (SSPS) SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following in respect of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017) Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime cooperation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) What is the aim of the programme ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’?(2017) Achieving 100% literacy by promoting collaboration between voluntary organizations and the government’s education system and local communities. Connecting institutions of higher education with local communities to address development challenges through appropriate technologies. Strengthening India’s scientific research institutions in order to make India a scientific and technological power. Developing human capital by allocating special funds for health care and education of rural and urban poor, and organizing skill development programmes and vocational training for them. World Trade Organization (WTO) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the US blocked a fresh proposal to restart the dispute settlement mechanism at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Background:- This is the 73rd occasion when a proposal moved by Guatemala, a Central American country, on behalf of 130 members was not able to launch the selection processes. The US has been blocking the appointment of new judges to the WTO’s seven-member appellate court since 2017 on grounds of judicial activism at the WTO and concerns over US sovereignty. About World Trade Organization (WTO):- Established: 1995. HQ: Geneva, Switzerland. Members: 164 members. India is a member of WTO. (China’s Developing Status at WTO) The WTO operates the global system of trade rules. It helps developing countries build their trade capacity. It also provides a forum for its members to negotiate trade agreementsand resolve the trade problems they face with each other. Historical Background:- It was established following the Marrakesh Agreementwhich was ratified on April 15, 1994. The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade was substituted by the Marrakesh Agreement. The GATT was only a set of rules and multilateral agreements and lacked institutional structure. The GATT 1947 was terminated

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   International Monetary Fund (IMF) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has increased its GDP growth estimate for India to 6.7 per cent for the current financial year. Background:- It is 40 basis points higher than its previous forecast of 6.3 per cent. About the International Monetary Fund (IMF):- It is an international organizationthat works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its member countries. Established in 1944 HQ:Washington, D.C. (United States of America) Members: 190 India is a member. Any other state, whether or not a member of the UN, may become a member of the IMF. Structure:– At the top of its organization is the Board of Governors. The day-to-day workof the IMF is overseen by its 24-member Executive Board. The Managing Directoris the head of the IMF staff and Chair of the Executive Board. S/he is assisted by four Deputy Managing Directors. Funding:the IMF’s resources mainly come from the money that countries pay as their capital subscription (quotas) when they become Objectives of IMF:- Foster global monetary cooperation. Secure financial stability. Facilitate international trade. Promote high employment and sustainable economic growth. Reduce povertyaround the world. ( Role of IMF) Macroeconomic growth. Policy advice & financingfor developing countries. Promotion of exchange rate stability, and an international payment system. Functions:- Lending The IMF provides loans including emergency loansto member countries experiencing actual or potential balance of payments problems. The aim is to help them rebuild their international reserves, stabilize their currencies, continue paying for imports, and restore conditions for strong economic growth while correcting underlying problems. Surveillance The IMF monitors the international monetary systemand global economic developments. It identifies risks and recommends policiesfor growth and financial stability. Capacity Development The IMF provides technical assistance and training to governments, including central banks, finance ministries, revenue administrations, and financial sector supervisory agencies. FLAGSHIP PUBLICATIONS:- World Economic Outlook Global Financial Stability Report Fiscal Monitor MUST READ: IMF and World Economic Outlook SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) “Rapid Financing Instrument” and “Rapid Credit Facility” are related to the provisions of lending by which of the following: (2022) Asian Development Bank International Monetary Fund United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative World Bank Q.2) With reference to the “G20 Common Framework”, consider the following statements: (2022) It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club. It is an initiative to support Low-Income Countries with unsustainable debt. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, a national exhibition and programme of environment-friendly activities on the LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) themes is being organized on 9th & 10th February 2024, at India Gate, Delhi. Background:- The event will highlight how the youth can inspire behavioural change that leads to individual and collective action towards an environmentally conscious lifestyle. About LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment):- LiFE is an India-led global movement to nudge individuals to take simple yet effective environment-friendly actions in their daily lives. Aim: to bring individual behaviours to the forefront of the global climate action LiFE envisions replacing the prevalent ‘use-and-dispose’ economy with a circular economy, which would be defined by mindful and deliberate utilisation. Approach:- Focus on Individual Behaviours: Make Life a mass movement (Jan Andolan) by focusing on behaviours and attitudes of individuals and communities. Co-create Globally: Crowdsource empirical and scalable ideas from the best minds of the world, through top universities, think tanks and international organisations. Leverage Local Cultures: Leverage climate-friendly social norms, beliefs and daily household practices of different cultures worldwide to drive the campaign. Objectives :- It aims to promote an environmentally conscious lifestyle that focuses on ‘mindful and deliberate utilization’ instead of ‘mindless and wasteful consumption’. It aims to utilise the power of collective action. It aims to nudge individuals across the world to undertake simple climate-friendly actions in their daily lives. It aims to create and nurture a global network of individuals, namely ‘Pro-Planet People’ (P3). Pro-Planet People’ (P3): to have a shared commitment to adopt and promote environmentally friendly lifestyles. It seeks to leverage the strength of social networks to influence social norms surrounding climate. MUST READ: National Clean Air Programme SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1)The “Common Carbon Metric” supported by UNEP, has been developed for (2021) Assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world. Enabling commercial farming entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading. Enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries. Assessing the overall carbon footprint caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world in a unit of time. Q.2) “R2 Code of Practices” constitute a tool available for promoting the adoption of (2021) Environmentally responsible practices in the electronics recycling industry. Ecological management of ‘’Wetlands of International Importance” under the Ramsar Convention. Sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands. ‘’Environmental Impact Assessment’’ in the exploitation of natural resources. Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, PFRDA has invited bids for the selection of a System Integrator (SI) for the design, development, implementation and maintenance of PFRDA-TRACE (Tracking Reporting Analytics & Compliance E-Platform). Background:- PFRDA-TRACE will serve as a comprehensive tool for submitting regulatory and supervisory compliance reports by intermediaries. About Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA):- The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) is a statutory regulatory body established under the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 2013. It was established to oversee the National Pension System (NPS) and regulate India’s pensions sector. Functions:- The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) is a legislative body created by Parliament to regulate, promote, and maintain the orderly expansion of the National Pension System (NPS) and pension schemes covered by this Act. It is a central autonomous body that functions as a quasi-government organisation with executive, legislative, and judicial powers similar to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA), and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI). PFRDA

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Antyodya Anna Yojna (AAY) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet approved an extension of the scheme of sugar subsidy for Antyodya Anna Yojna (AAY) families. Background:- The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Shri Narender Modi approved the extension of scheme for two more years i.e. 31 March 2026. About Antyodya Anna Yojna (AAY):- Launched: December, 2000. Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution. Objective: to provide food grains at a highly subsidized rate under TPDS (Targeted Public Distribution System). Salient Features:- All beneficiaries under the AAY scheme will get food and other important commodities for daily needs in a subsidized process. Distribution of food grains to beneficiaries will be done through the public distribution system. Under the AAY scheme wheat will be provided for Rs.3 per Kg and Rice will be given for Rs.2 per Kg. Eligible families will get 35 Kg of rice per month. AAY families can buy 1 kg of sugar at a rate of Rs.18.50 per Kg via ration shop. Identification of beneficiaries:- Central and State Governments of India will identify the beneficiaries for AAY scheme. Once the Government is identified, the AAY family will be provided with different colour of ration card. Eligibility for Antyodaya Anna Yojana:- Family members falling under the poverty line can apply for this scheme. Annual income of Rs.15000 below families are eligible. Disabled persons can apply for this scheme. Widows and senior citizens of 60 years who heading a family can apply. Tribal Families in rural and mountain areas are eligible for this scheme. Allocation of Food Grains:- Monthly allocation of food grains under Antyodaya Anna Yojana is around 8.51 lakh tones per month. MUST READ: Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PM-GKAY) SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: (2023) It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents and pregnant women. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana: (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Laughing gull Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, in a first in the country, a laughing gull from North America was spotted at Chittari estuary in Kasaragod. Background:- The bird is known for its unique laughter-like calls and has travelled thousands of kilometres to reach the southern State. About Laughing Gull:- These are coastal species and are only occasionally seen very far inland. These birds are mainly found on the Atlantic coast of North America, the Caribbean, and northern South America. Medium-sized gull, with a length of around 16 to 18 inches. During the breeding season, adults have a black head, dark grey wings, and a reddish bill. Non-breeding adults and juveniles have a mottled brownish-grey appearance. Black or dark hood during breeding, and a long, slender, slightly drooping bill.( Atapaka Bird Sanctuary) Conservation Status:- IUCN: Least Concern  MUST READ: Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs (2022) Wetland/Lake:                              Location Hokera Wetland                    Punjab Renuka Wetland                    Himachal Pradesh Rudrasagar Lake                    Tripura Sasthamkotta                        Tamil Nadu How many pairs given above are correctly matched? Only one pair Only two pairs Only three pairs All four pairs Q.2) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022) Golden Mahseer Indian Nightjar Spoonbill White Ibis Enforcement Directorate (ED) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) officials have arrested a sitting Chief Minister Hemant Soren from Jharkhand. Background:- Although, Hemant Soren has tendered his resignation as Chief Minister of Jharkhand to Governor CP Radhakrishnan. About Enforcement Directorate (ED):- The Enforcement Directorate is a multi-disciplinary organizationfounded in 1956. It is a law enforcement organization tasked with enforcing economic laws and combating economic crime in India, such as money laundering and foreign exchange irregularities. It works under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. Headquarters:New Delhi. The functions of the Directorate include the enforcement of the following Acts:- The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) ( CBI and ED Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002) The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA): A civil law under which ED conducts an investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations. (Foreign Exchange Management Act) The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1973 Sponsoring Organizations under the 1974 Foreign Exchange Conservation and Smuggling Activity Prevention Act The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA): A law whereby the Directorate is mandated to attach the properties of the fugitive economic offenders who have escaped from India warranting arrest and providing for the confiscation of their properties to the Central Government. (UPSC CSE: Fugitive Economic Offenders) Director of Enforcement:- Appointed by the central governmenton the recommendation of a committee chaired by the Central Vigilance Commissioner and members comprising of Vigilance Commissioners, Home Secretary, Secretary DOPT and Revenue Secretary. Tenure:up to 5 years. Recruitment of other officers:- Other officers may be recruited directly from other investigative agenciesor indirectly. It is made up of representatives from the police, excise, customs, and income tax departmentsof the Indian Revenue Services (IRS), the Indian Police Services (IPS), and the Indian Administrative Services (IAS).  MUST READ: CBI and ED SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Motion of Thanks Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: Recently, both Houses of Parliament took up a discussion on the Motion of Thanks on President Murmu’s address. Background:- The President had addressed the joint sitting of both the Houses. About Motion of Thanks:- As per constitutional provisions, at the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year, the President shall address both Houses of Parliament assembled together and inform Parliament of the causes of its summons. The Address contains a review of various activities and achievements of the Government during the previous year and sets out the policies, projects and programmes which the Government of the day wishes to pursue with regard to important national and international issues. The President’s speech essentially highlights the government’s policy priorities and plans for the upcoming year. The address provides a broad framework of the government’s agenda and direction. After the address, each House of Parliament discusses the Motion of Thanks, and the Prime Minister responds. At the end of the discussion, the motion is put to vote. Constitutional Provisions:- Article 86 confers a right on the President to address either House of Parliament or both Houses assembled together, and for that purpose requires the attendance of members. Article 87 deals with Special Address by the President and provides that the President shall address both Houses of Parliament assembled together at the commencement of the first session after each general election to the Lok Sabha and at the commencement of the first session of each year and inform Parliament of the causes of its summons Significance:- The Motion of Thanks must be passed in the House, Otherwise, it amounts to the defeat of the government. It is one of the ways through which the Lok Sabha can also express a lack of confidence in the government. MUST READ: Privilege Motion SOURCE: PIB  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) A bill amending the Constitution requires a prior recommendation of the President of India. When a Constitution Amendment Bill is presented to the President of India, it is obligatory for the President of India to give his/her assent. A Constitution Amendment Bill must be passed by both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha by a special majority and there is no provision for joint sitting. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q2) Consider the following statements: (2017) The Election Commission of India is a five-member body. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 3 only Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT INIIATIVES Context: Recently, Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat) Portal surpassed 1.45 Crore Youth registrations in three months. Background:- This has been possible due to the user-friendly interface that allows registration to be completed within a few minutes. About Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat):- Establishment: 2023. Ministry: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. Objective: The primary objective of Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat) is to make it a whole of Government platform for youth development. Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat) is an autonomous body. It will serve as an overarching enabling mechanism powered by technology for youth development and youth-led development. Under the new arrangement, with access to resources & connection to opportunities, youth would become community change agents and nation builders allowing them to act as the Yuva Setu between the Government and the citizens. It seeks to harness the immense youth energy for nation-building. It will benefit the youth in the age group of 15-29 years, in line with the definition of ‘Youth’ in the National Youth Policy. In the case of programme components specifically meant for adolescents, the beneficiaries will be in the age group of 10-19 years. It will provide equitable access to youth to actualize their aspirations and build Viksit Bharat across the entire spectrum of the Government. Advantages:- Better alignment between youth aspirations and community needs. Act as a one-stop shop for young people and Ministries. Create a centralized youth database. (‘Responsible Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Youth’ program launched) Ensuring accessibility by creating a physical ecosystem. Significance: – It will help ensure accessibility by creating a physical ecosystem.  It will help to increase the Youth outreach efforts of the Department of Youth Affairs. MUST READ: (National Youth Festival) SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: The official motto for this Olympics is ‘A New World’. Sport Climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate and Baseball are included in this Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (2021) 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the ICC World Test Championship: The finalists were decided by the number of matches they won. New Zealand was ranked ahead of England because it won more matches than England. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (2021) 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Prime Minister’s Awards for Excellence in Public Administration 2023 Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNANCE Context: Recently, the last Date for submission of nominations for Prime Minister’s Awards for Excellence in Public Administration 2023 was extended to February 12, 2024. Background:- The registration and submission of nominations under the Prime Minister’s Awards for Excellence in Public Administration, 2023 was commenced on January 3, 2024. About Prime Minister’s Awards for Excellence in Public Administration 2023:- Launched by: Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances. The Award Scheme has been redesigned to spotlight the District Collector’s performance by targeting individual beneficiaries and employing a saturation approach in implementation. This year, the Award Scheme is restructured to highlight the performance of District Collectors, emphasizing individual beneficiaries and implementation with

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Interim Budget Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: Recently, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi hailed the Interim Budget as “not merely an interim budget but an inclusive and innovative budget.” Background:- The Prime Minister further said, “This budget will empower all pillars of developed India – the youth, the poor, women, and farmers.” About Interim Budget:- The Union Budget is the annual financial statement with the estimated costs and expenses of the government for the following financial year. During an election year, the incumbent government cannot present a full budget owing to which the finance ministers present an interim Budget that covers the government’s expenses and revenues for a short period. This is till a new government is elected and takes charge. After the Lok Sabha elections, the new government presents a full budget. The presentation of an interim budget follows the same schedule as the Union budget would in a regular financial year. The interim Budget includes estimates for the government’s expenditure, revenue, fiscal deficit, financial performance and projections for just a few months. No major policy announcements that can burden the next government can be presented in the interim Budget. There is no constitutional provision for an interim budget. However, it has become a common practice for outgoing governments ahead of polls. Vote-on-account: The Parliament passes a vote-on-account through the interim Budget which allows the government to obtain Parliamentary approval for essential government spending such as salaries and ongoing expenses.  MUST READ: Major Bills in the Budget Session of Parliament SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to anti-defection law in India, consider the following statements: (2022) The law specifies that a nominated legislator cannot join any political party within six months of being appointed to the House. The law does not provide any time-frame within which the presiding officer has to decide a defection case. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Along with the Budget, the Finance Minister also places other documents before the Parliament which include ‘The Macro Economic Framework Statement’. The aforesaid document is presented because this is mandated by (2020) Long standing parliamentary convention Article 112 and Article 110(1) of the Constitution of India Article 113 of the Constitution of India Provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 Highlights of Interim Budget 2024-25 Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, Interim Budget 2024-25 was presented. About Highlights of Interim Budget 2024-25:- Government will launch a scheme to help deserving sections of the middle class “living in rented houses, or slums, or chawls and unauthorized colonies” to buy or build their own houses. Rooftop solarization — one crore households will be enabled to obtain up to 300 units of free electricity every month. PM Awas Yojana (Grameen)– Two crore more houses will be taken up in the next five years to meet the requirement arising from an increase in the number of families. Vaccination for girls in the age group of 9 to 14 years for prevention of cervical cancer. Upgradation of Anganwadi centres under “Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0” will be expedited. U-WIN platform for managing immunization and intensified efforts of Mission Indradhanush will be rolled out expeditiously. Extension of healthcare cover under Ayushman Bharat scheme to all ASHA workers, Anganwadi Workers and Helpers. Application of Nano DAP on various crops will be expanded in all agro-climatic zones. A strategy will be formulated to achieve ‘atmanirbharta’ for oil seeds. A comprehensive programme for supporting dairy farmers will be formulated. Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). The government aims to enhance the target for Lakhpati Didi from 2 crore to 3 crore. A corpus of rupees one lakh crore will be established with fifty-year interest free loan. A new scheme will be launched for strengthening deep-tech technologies for defence purposes and expediting ‘atmanirbharta’. Three major economic railway corridor programmes will be implemented. Expansion of Metro and NaMO Bharat will be supported in large cities focusing on transit-oriented development. Viability gap funding will be provided for harnessing offshore wind energy potential. Coal gasification and liquefaction capacity of 100 MT will be set up by 2030. A scheme for restoration and adaptation measures, and coastal aquaculture and mariculture with integrated and multi-sectoral approach will be launched. States will be encouraged to take up comprehensive development of iconic tourist centres, branding and marketing them at global scale. Under the new tax scheme, there is now no tax liability for tax payers with income up to Rs. 7 lakh, up from Rs. 2.2 lakh in the financial year 2013-14. Corporate tax rate was decreased from 30 per cent to 22 per cent for existing domestic companies and to 15 per cent for certain new manufacturing companies  MUST READ: Economic Survey Summary 2022-23 SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: Tight monetary policy of US Federal Reserve could lead to capital flight. Capital flight may increase the interest cost of firms with existing External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs). Devaluation of domestic currency decreases the currency risk associated with ECBS. Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022) 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements are correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends for the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks in developing strategies and capital raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 202 Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT REPORTS Context: Recently, the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2023 has been released. About Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2023:- Published by: Transparency International. It is an international non -governmental organisation founded in 1993 based in Berlin, Germany The Corruption Perception

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Commonwealth Legal Education Association (CLEA) Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT ORGANIZATIONS Context: Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the Commonwealth Legal Education Association (CLEA) – Commonwealth Attorneys and Solicitors General Conference in New Delhi. Background:- The theme of the conference is Cross-Border Challenges in Justice Delivery. About Commonwealth Legal Education Association (CLEA):- It was founded in 1971. HQ: London, UK. The Commonwealth Legal Education Association (CLEA) is dedicated to promoting and sustaining high standards of legal education in the Commonwealth. It is a Commonwealth-wide body with regional Chapters and Committees in Asia, Southern Africa, West Africa, the Caribbean and Europe. The goal of the Association is to raise standards in legal education so that it better serves the public and the legal community. Objectives:- The goal of the Association is to make legal education socially relevant and professionally useful, particularly through: the development of law curricula and teaching methodologies; assisting law schools to prepare themselves for the demands of the profession in the context of the information revolution and other global challenges; and supporting continuing legal education and distance learning programmes. Whilst this goal may be relevant to all jurisdictions across the world, the Association’s focus is on the Nations belonging to the Commonwealth, legal systems based or drawn from the Anglo-American tradition, or the Common law. The Association’s Programme of Action is based on the need to make legal education socially relevant and professionally useful. CLEA activities:- Publications and Research Commonwealth Law Lecture Series: This is a unique series that takes place on a Commonwealth-wide basis. Lectures are given by leading legal academics and judges. Curriculum Development Strengthening Law Schools Strengthening the Harare Commonwealth Principles MUST READ: Commonwealth & Commonwealth Advantage SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) ‘Rapid Financing Instrument” and “Rapid Credit Facility” are related to the provisions of lending by which of the following:  (2022) Asian Development Bank International Monetary Fund United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative World Bank Q.2) ‘Doctors Without Borders (Medecins Sans Frontieres)’, often in the news, is: (2016) a division of World Health Organization a non-governmental international organization an inter-governmental agency sponsored by the European Union a specialized agency of the United Nations Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) and the Ministry of Women & Child Development have launched a new survey on “increasing women’s participation in the workforce”. Background:- The EPFO, which is the retirement fund body for organised sector workers under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, has reached out to its subscribers seeking details regarding the facilities available for women workers in companies across the country, including provision of flexibility in working hours for women and ‘equal pay’ for female workers. About Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO):- Ministry: Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India. Vision: An innovation-driven social security organisation aiming to extend universal coverage and ensure Nirbadh (Seamless and uninterrupted) service delivery to its stakeholders through state-of-the-art technology. It into existence with the promulgation of the Employees’ Provident Funds Ordinance on the 15th of November 1951. It was replaced by the Employees’ Provident Funds Act, of 1952. The Employees’ Provident Funds Bill was introduced in the Parliament in the year 1952 as a Bill to provide for the institution of provident funds for employees in factories and other establishments.  The Act is now referred to as the Employees’ Provident Funds & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 which extends to the whole of India. The Act and Schemes framed there under are administered by a tri-partite Board known as the Central Board of Trustees, Employees’ Provident Fund. Schemes under EPFO:- EPF Scheme 1952 It provides for the accumulation plus interest upon retirement and death. Partial withdrawals are allowed for education, marriage, illness and house construction. Pension Scheme 1995 (EPS) It provides monthly benefits for superannuation/retirement, disability, survivor, widow(er) and children. It provides a  minimum pension on disablement. It provides past service benefits to participants of the erstwhile Family Pension Scheme, 1971. Insurance Scheme 1976 (EDLI) It provides the benefit in case of the death of an employee who was a member of the scheme at the time of death. It provides the benefit amount 20 times the wages. Maximum benefit is 6 lakhs. MUST READ: EPFO’s New Facility on UMANG App started SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) In India, which one of the following is responsible for maintaining price stability by controlling inflation. (2022) Department of Consumer Affairs Expenditure Management Commission Financial Stability and Development Council Reserve Bank of India Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM), organised a two-day regional workshop. Background:- As many as 17 State Rural Livelihoods Missions (SRLMs) along with other key stakeholders deliberated on the roadmap to improve food, nutrition, health and WASH (FNHW) outcomes for more than 9.98 crore members of Self-Help Groups and their households across India. About Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM):- Launched: June 2011. Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development. Objective: to reduce poverty by enabling the poor household to access gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities resulting in sustainable and diversified livelihood options for the poor. Salient Features:- DAY-NRLM is a flagship poverty alleviation program of the Government of India. It is the world’s largest initiative to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor. Values:- Inclusion of the poorest, and meaningful role to the poorest in all the processes. Transparency and accountability of all processes and institutions Ownership and key role of the poor and their institutions in all stages – planning, implementation, and monitoring Community self-reliance and self-dependence Components of mission:- The Mission seeks to achieve its objective through investing in four core components:- Social mobilization and promotion

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Commonwealth Legal Education Association (CLEA) Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT ORGANIZATIONS Context: Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the Commonwealth Legal Education Association (CLEA) – Commonwealth Attorneys and Solicitors General Conference in New Delhi. Background:- The theme of the conference is Cross-Border Challenges in Justice Delivery. About Commonwealth Legal Education Association (CLEA):- It was founded in 1971. HQ: London, UK. The Commonwealth Legal Education Association (CLEA) is dedicated to promoting and sustaining high standards of legal education in the Commonwealth. It is a Commonwealth-wide body with regional Chapters and Committees in Asia, Southern Africa, West Africa, the Caribbean and Europe. The goal of the Association is to raise standards in legal education so that it better serves the public and the legal community. Objectives:- The goal of the Association is to make legal education socially relevant and professionally useful, particularly through: the development of law curricula and teaching methodologies; assisting law schools to prepare themselves for the demands of the profession in the context of the information revolution and other global challenges; and supporting continuing legal education and distance learning programmes. Whilst this goal may be relevant to all jurisdictions across the world, the Association’s focus is on the Nations belonging to the Commonwealth, legal systems based or drawn from the Anglo-American tradition, or the Common law. The Association’s Programme of Action is based on the need to make legal education socially relevant and professionally useful. CLEA activities:- Publications and Research Commonwealth Law Lecture Series: This is a unique series that takes place on a Commonwealth-wide basis. Lectures are given by leading legal academics and judges. Curriculum Development Strengthening Law Schools Strengthening the Harare Commonwealth Principles MUST READ: Commonwealth & Commonwealth Advantage SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) ‘Rapid Financing Instrument” and “Rapid Credit Facility” are related to the provisions of lending by which of the following:  (2022) Asian Development Bank International Monetary Fund United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative World Bank Q.2) ‘Doctors Without Borders (Medecins Sans Frontieres)’, often in the news, is: (2016) a division of World Health Organization a non-governmental international organization an inter-governmental agency sponsored by the European Union a specialized agency of the United Nations Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) and the Ministry of Women & Child Development have launched a new survey on “increasing women’s participation in the workforce”. Background:- The EPFO, which is the retirement fund body for organised sector workers under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, has reached out to its subscribers seeking details regarding the facilities available for women workers in companies across the country, including provision of flexibility in working hours for women and ‘equal pay’ for female workers. About Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO):- Ministry: Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India. Vision: An innovation-driven social security organisation aiming to extend universal coverage and ensure Nirbadh (Seamless and uninterrupted) service delivery to its stakeholders through state-of-the-art technology. It into existence with the promulgation of the Employees’ Provident Funds Ordinance on the 15th of November 1951. It was replaced by the Employees’ Provident Funds Act, of 1952. The Employees’ Provident Funds Bill was introduced in the Parliament in the year 1952 as a Bill to provide for the institution of provident funds for employees in factories and other establishments.  The Act is now referred to as the Employees’ Provident Funds & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 which extends to the whole of India. The Act and Schemes framed there under are administered by a tri-partite Board known as the Central Board of Trustees, Employees’ Provident Fund. Schemes under EPFO:- EPF Scheme 1952 It provides for the accumulation plus interest upon retirement and death. Partial withdrawals are allowed for education, marriage, illness and house construction. Pension Scheme 1995 (EPS) It provides monthly benefits for superannuation/retirement, disability, survivor, widow(er) and children. It provides a  minimum pension on disablement. It provides past service benefits to participants of the erstwhile Family Pension Scheme, 1971. Insurance Scheme 1976 (EDLI) It provides the benefit in case of the death of an employee who was a member of the scheme at the time of death. It provides the benefit amount 20 times the wages. Maximum benefit is 6 lakhs. MUST READ: EPFO’s New Facility on UMANG App started SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) In India, which one of the following is responsible for maintaining price stability by controlling inflation. (2022) Department of Consumer Affairs Expenditure Management Commission Financial Stability and Development Council Reserve Bank of India Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM), organised a two-day regional workshop. Background:- As many as 17 State Rural Livelihoods Missions (SRLMs) along with other key stakeholders deliberated on the roadmap to improve food, nutrition, health and WASH (FNHW) outcomes for more than 9.98 crore members of Self-Help Groups and their households across India. About Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM):- Launched: June 2011. Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development. Objective: to reduce poverty by enabling the poor household to access gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities resulting in sustainable and diversified livelihood options for the poor. Salient Features:- DAY-NRLM is a flagship poverty alleviation program of the Government of India. It is the world’s largest initiative to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor. Values:- Inclusion of the poorest, and meaningful role to the poorest in all the processes. Transparency and accountability of all processes and institutions Ownership and key role of the poor and their institutions in all stages – planning, implementation, and monitoring Community self-reliance and self-dependence Components of mission:- The Mission seeks to achieve its objective through investing in four core components:- Social mobilization and promotion

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Digi Yatra Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNANCE Context: Recently, Digi Yatra Guidelines have been issued by DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation). Background:- These Digi Yatra guidelines provide for a decentralized mobile wallet-based identity management platform. The personal information of the passenger is stored in the mobile wallet of the traveller. About Digi Yatra:- Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation. It is a project conceived to achieve contactless, seamless processing of passengers at Airports, based on Facial Recognition Technology (FRT). It will provide a paperless entry at airports using facial recognition software. It provides a decentralized mobile wallet-based identity management platform which is cost-effective and addresses privacy/data protection issues in the implementation of Digi Yatra. The Digi Yatra platform is built on 4 key pillars, like Connected Passengers, Connected Airports, Connected Flying and Connected Systems. Objectives of DIGI YATRA:- Enhance passenger experience and provide a simple and easy experience to all air travellers. Achieve better throughput through existing infrastructure using a “Digital Framework”. Lower-cost operations. Digitize current manual processes and bring better efficiencies Enhance security standards and improve current system performance. Implementation:- The project is being implemented by the DigiYatra Foundation — a joint-venture company whose shareholders are the Airports Authority of India (26% stake) and Bengaluru Airport, Delhi Airport, Hyderabad Airport, Mumbai Airport and Cochin International Airport. These five shareholders equally hold the remaining 74% of the shares. In the first phase, Digi Yatra was rolled out at two Airports namely Varanasi and Bengaluru in August 2022 and at five Airports namely Pune, Vijayawada, Kolkata, Delhi and Hyderabad by March of 2023. Significance:- Facial recognition technology is beneficial as it makes flying more convenient and reduces congestion at airports.  MUST READ: Facial Recognition Tech in Indian airports SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following (2022) Aarogya Setu CoWIN Digi Locker DIKSHA Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) Regarding Digi Locker’, sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) It is a digital locker system offered by the Government under the Digital India Programme. It allows you to access your e-documents irrespective of your physical location. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: Recently, SC remitted a 20-year sentence of a Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act convict to save marriage with his victim in Tamil Nadu. Background:- A three-judge Bench headed by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud on Monday remitted the 20-year sentence of a man found guilty of the aggravated sexual assault of a 14-year-old girl whom he later married and had children within Tamil Nadu. About Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act:- Enacted: 2012. (National Commission for Protection of Child Rights) Ministry: Ministry of Women and Child Development. Objectives: to address offences of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse of children, which were either not specifically defined or adequately penalized. Historic Background:- It was enacted as a consequence of India’s ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1992. The POCSO Act was enacted in 2012 to provide a robust legal framework for the protection of children from offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and pornography while safeguarding the interests of children at every stage of the judicial process. In 2019, the Act was amended to strengthen the penalties for specified offences in order to deter abusers and promote a dignified upbringing. Salient Features:- The Act defines a child as “any person” under the age of 18. ( Mandatory Minimum Sentencing) The Act recognizes that both girls and boys can be victims of sexual abuse. Any person in charge of an institution (excluding children) who fails to report the commission of a sexual offense involving a subordinate faces punishment. A victim may report an offense at any time, even years after the abuse has occurred. The Act forbids the disclosure of the victim’s identity in any form of media unless authorized by the special courts established by the Act. The new rules include the provision of mandatory police verification of staff in schools and care homes, procedures to report sexual abuse material (pornography), and imparting age-appropriate child rights education among others. For a crackdown on child pornography, any person who has received any pornographic material involving a child or any information regarding such pornographic material shall report the contents to the Special Juvenile Police Unit (SJPU) or police, or the cybercrime portal. Under the rules, the State Governments have been asked to formulate a child protection policy based on the principle of zero-tolerance to violence against children, which shall be adopted by all institutions, organizations, or any other agency working with or coming in contact with children. The Central Government and every State Government shall provide periodic training. The Centre and State Governments have been asked to prepare age-appropriate educational material and curriculum for children, informing them about various aspects of personal safety. According to rules, orientation programmes and intensive courses may also be organized for police personnel and forensic experts.( Age of consent in India) Any institution housing children or coming in regular contact with children, including schools, crèches, sports academies, or any other facility for children must ensure a police verification and background check on a periodic basis of every staff. Challenges:- Low Representation of Women in the Police Force. Lapses in the Investigation. No Conditions to Prove Recent Intercourse. MUST READ: Sexual intent is key to POCSO Act SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to India, consider the following statements (2021) Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2