Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Finland Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, Finland announced that it will close its last remaining road border with Russia due to its concerns over migration. Background:- Finnish Prime Minister Petteri Orpo has said, that Finland will close its last remaining road border with Russia due to its concerns over migration, as the country accused Moscow of undermining Finland’s national security. About Finland:- IMAGE SOURCE: BRITANNICA Capital: Helsinki Finland, a country located in northern Europe. Finland is one of the world’s most northern and geographically remote countries. It is subject to a severe climate. Finland forms a symbolic northern border between Western and Eastern Europe. Bilateral relations:- Finland has excellent relations with India. Finland established diplomatic relations with India in 1949, after the country had gained independence in 1947. In recent years, the consolidation of the political and economic cooperation between the countries has been reflected in an increase in joint initiatives and the active exchange of delegations. Trade and economic relations:- Finland’s trade and economic relations with India rely on the export of paper, machinery, equipment and industry services from Finland to India. India’s exports to Finland are correspondingly centred on pharmaceutical, chemical and textile products. Services – particularly in the area of ICT and digital solutions also have a significant role in Indian exports to Finland. ( Finland gets world’s youngest PM)  MUST READ: Finlandization SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2022) The region often mentioned in the news:   Country Anatolia Turkey Amhara Ethiopia Cabo Delgado Spain Catalonia Italy How many pairs given above are correctly matched? Only one pair Only two pairs Only three pairs All four pairs Q.2) With reference to the “G20 Common Framework”, consider the following statements (2022) It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club. It is an initiative to support Income Countries with unsustainable debt. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Pirola Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Pirola, has seen a threefold increase in cases over a two-week period. Background:- Pirola is predominantly circulating in the US northeast, where it ranks as the second most prevalent variant (13%) following HV.1. About Pirola:- Pirola or 2.86 Variant is a new strain of COVID-19 with 35 mutations, causing concerns about immune evasion and vaccine efficacy. It demonstrates distinct symptoms like rashes, conjunctivitis, and diarrhoea. (Second Wave of COVID-19) The Pirola variant has been detected in several countries, including the US, the UK, and others. The fact that these cases are unrelated suggests some degree of international transmission, which is concerning. The concern with such mutations is that they could potentially make the virus more transmissible or resistant to immunity gained from previous infections or vaccinations. The WHO has classified BA.2.86 as a variant under monitoring. The spike protein of the Pirola variant has over 30 mutations, which is the protein that the virus utilizes to bind to human cells. This indicates that the Pirola variant could be more contagious or evade vaccines more than other Omicron subvariants. MUST READ: iNCOVACC SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of probiotics: (2022) Probiotics are made of both bacteria and yeast. The organisms in probiotics are found in foods we ingest but they do not naturally occur in our gut. Probiotics help in the digestion of milk sugars. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only 1 and 3 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body? (2022) They protect the environmental allergens. body They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation. They act as immunosuppressants in the body. They protect the body from the diseases caused by pathogens. VAJRA PRAHAR Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: Recently, Indo-US Special Forces Exercise Vajra Prahar Began. Background:- Indian and US special forces on Tuesday started joint exercise “Vajra Prahar” at the Joint Training Node, in Umroi, Meghalaya. About VAJRA PRAHAR:- Date: November 21 to December 11, 2023. Time period: it is conducted annually. Venue: Umroi Cantonment, Meghalaya. Vajra Prahar is an annual exercise alternately hosted by the Special Forces of India and the United States. These Special Forces units are dedicated to covert operations, counterterrorism, and other specialized military tasks. It is crucial for addressing the security challenges both nations face in the current global context. VAJRA PRAHAR has evolved as a platform to exchange ideas, enhance interoperability, and strengthen defence cooperation between the Special Forces of both India and the United States. The exercise is conducted in two phases, involving combat conditioning, tactical-level special missions training exercises, and a subsequent validation phase to assess and confirm the training received by both contingents. Key activities include Combat Free Fall insertion of troops, Waterborne insertion of troops, Precision engagement of targets at long ranges, Combat air controlling of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, and Airborne insertion and sustenance of troops.  MUST READ: India-USA relations SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following is a part of the Congo Basin? (2023) Cameroon Nigeria South Sudan Uganda Q.2) With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022) A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Pneumonia Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   HH 1177 system Syllabus Prelims – SPACE Context: Recently, for the first time, astronomers have glimpsed a young star HH 1177 system outside the Milky Way galaxy. Background:- Newborn stars with these circumstellar disks had been observed by astronomers only in our Milky Way galaxy – until now About HH 1177 system:- HH 1177 is a massive star, with a rotating disk that was spotted in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a neighbouring dwarf galaxy that’s about 160,000 light-years away. ( Map of Milky Way |) A colossal star such as HH 1177 lives fast and dies young, forming more quickly and only having a life span that’s a fraction of that of a star like our sun. This shortened timeline makes the early stages of a massive star hard to observe in our galaxy, as both the star and its disk are hidden from view by the dusty material from which it forms. HH 1177 is within a stellar nursery, called N180, that has less dust and lower metal abundance. The star isn’t obscured by a cocoon of gas and dust. A newborn star grows in size by pulling in matter from its surroundings. The gas and dust accumulate in a flat disk around the star, known as an accretion disk, as a result of strong gravitational forces. The spinning disk transports the matter onto the star, which gets increasingly larger. The greater the star’s mass, the more powerful its gravitational field becomes, thereby pulling more gas and dust into the disk. MUST READ: Dark galaxy SOURCE: CNN PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q1. Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q2. Consider the following statements: (2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Rheumatoid arthritis Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HEALTH Context: Recent studies show cases of rheumatoid arthritis in young adults. Background:- According to health experts, youngsters with RA may find themselves navigating a world of chronic pain, fatigue and limited physical abilities. About Rheumatoid arthritis:- IMAGE SOURCE: CreakyJoints Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder. It is an autoimmune disorder, which occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks its own body’s tissues. Causes:- In a healthy person, the immune system fights invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. But with an autoimmune disease like RA, the immune system mistakes the body’s cells for foreign invaders and releases inflammatory chemicals that attack those cells. Unlike the wear-and-tear damage of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis affects the lining of joints, causing a painful swelling that can eventually result in bone erosion and joint deformity. Symptoms:- Tender, warm, swollen joints. Joint stiffness that is usually worse in the mornings and after inactivity. Fatigue Fever Loss of appetite. Risk factors:- Sex: Women are more likely than men to develop rheumatoid arthritis. Age: Rheumatoid arthritis can occur at any age, but it most commonly begins in middle age. ( National Centres for Disease Control (NCDC)) Family history: If a member of your family has rheumatoid arthritis, you may have an increased risk of the disease. Smoking Treatment:- Exercise Medication Surgery MUST READ: Disease Surveillance System SOURCE: HINDUSTAN TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2022) Aarogya Setu COWIN DigiLocker DIKSHA Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. The Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Air pollution Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY/ GEOGRAPHY Context: Recent studies show that  Air pollution causes over 2 million deaths annually in India. Background:- The research found that air pollution from using fossil fuels in industry, power generation, and transportation accounts for 5.1 million extra deaths a year worldwide. About Air pollution:- Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or materials. (Delhi and Air Pollution) Different types of air pollutants include– Gases: such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons. Particulates: both organic and inorganic. Biological molecules. Air pollution may cause diseases, allergies, and even death to humans. Additionally, it may hurt other living things like animals and food crops, as well as impair the built environment or the natural environment (for instance, by causing climate change, ozone depletion, or habitat destruction) (for example, acid rain). Harmful Impacts of Air Pollution:- It may cause diseases, allergies and even death in humans. It can cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops. Can lead to climate change and may damage the natural environment Ozone depletion or habitat degradation Built hazardous environments (for example, acid rain).  MUST READ: National Clean Air Campaign SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986? (2022) Central Water Commission Central Ground Water Board Central Ground Water Authority National Water Development Agency Q.2) The “Common Carbon Metric” supported by UNEP, has been developed for (2021) Assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world Enabling commercial farming entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading Enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries Assessing the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Gurupurab Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: Recently, Gurupurab was celebrated at Nanakshahi Gurudwara in Dhaka. Background:- The 554th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev was observed at the historic Nanakshahi Gurudwara in Dhaka. Gurudwara Nanakshahi is a historic Gurudwara in Dhaka. Guru Nanak Dev visited Dhaka in the year 1506-07. The gurdwara was built in 1830 to commemorate the visit of Guru Nanak. Guru Tegh Bahadur also stayed in Dhaka for over two years. The Nanakshahi gurudwara at Dhaka houses two important relics including the wooden sandal of Guru Tegh Bahadur and two handwritten copies of Guru Granth Sahib. About Gurupurab:- Guru Nanak Gurupurab is also called Guru Nanak Jayanti or Guru Nanak Prakash Utsav. The day celebrates the birth of the first guru of Sikhism, Guru Nanak. (Guru Nanak Jayanti) His teachings and life laid the foundation for Sikhism, a monotheistic religion based on the principles of equality, social justice, and devotion to God Guru Nanak was born in Puranmashi of Kattak according to the Bikrami calendar. He was born in Talwandi, now in Pakistan. He was born in 1469. However, the Bhai Bala Janamsakhi claims that Guru Nanak was born on the full moon of Karthi (a lunar month). For this reason, some of the Sikhs celebrate Guru Nanak Jayanti in November month. 2023 is the 554th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He was born on the fifteenth lunar day in the month of Kartik, per the Hindu calendar. It usually falls in October and November, as per the Gregorian calendar. MUST READ: Sikh Separatism SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple? (2022) Somnath Temple is one of the Jyotirlinga shrines. A description of Somnath Temple was given by Al-Biruni. Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of the present-day temple) was done by President S. Radhakrishnan. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements is correct? (2021) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora River. Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of the Chambal River. Pandu – lena cave shrines lie in the gorge of the Narmada River. Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of the Godavari River. Hemochromatosis Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent studies show that High iron levels raise the possibility of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). Background:- Hemochromatosis or ‘bronze diabetes’, the rare genetic disorder that causes organ dysfunction – its causes, signs, and treatment. About Hemochromatosis:- Hemochromatosis (he-moe-kroe-muh-TOE-sis) causes your body to absorb too much iron from the food you eat. Excess iron is stored in your organs, especially your liver, heart, and pancreas. Too much iron can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as liver disease, heart problems, and diabetes.  (Disease Surveillance System) Symptoms:- Joint pain. Abdominal pain. Fatigue. Weakness. Diabetes. Loss of sex drive. Impotence. Heart failure. Liver failure. Bronze or grey skin colour. Memory fog. Causes:- Hemochromatosis is most often caused by a change in a gene. This gene controls the amount of iron your body absorbs from food. The altered gene is passed from parents to children. This type of hemochromatosis is by far the most common type. It’s called hereditary hemochromatosis. Treatment:- Phlebotomy is the standard treatment for primary hemochromatosis. In this, iron toxicity is reduced by removing red blood cells, the body’s main mobilizer of iron. MUST READ: India’s Health Sector SOURCE: OREGON PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. The Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to recent developments regarding ‘Recombinant vector Vaccines’, consider the following statements: (2021) Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines. Bacteria and viruses are used as vectors. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Earthquake Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY Context: Recently, an Earthquake of magnitude 5.6 hit Bangladesh. Background:- The quake occurred on Saturday morning at 09:05:31 IST and was reported at a depth of 55 km. About Earthquake:- An earthquake is the shaking or trembling of the earth’s surface. It is caused by the seismic waves or earthquake waves that are generated due to a sudden movement (sudden release of energy) in the earth’s crust (shallow-focus earthquakes) or upper mantle (some shallow-focus and all intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes). A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument used to detect and record earthquakes. Hypocentre/Focus: The point where the energy is released. Epicentre: The point on the surface directly above the focus. Isoseismic line: A line connecting all points on the surface where the intensity is the same. Causes of Earthquakes:- Fault Zones Plate tectonics Volcanic activity Human-Induced Earthquakes Types of Earthquakes:- Tectonic Earthquakes The Earth is made of four basic layers (generally three): a solid crust, a hot, nearly solid mantle, a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. Tectonic plates (Lithospheric plates) are constantly shifting as they drift around on the viscous, or slowly flowing, mantle layer below. When tectonic plates move, it also causes movements at the Thus, the slipping of land along the faultline along convergent, divergent and transform boundaries cause earthquakes. (Anatolian Plate) Volcanic Earthquake Earthquakes produced by stress changes in solid rock due to the injection or withdrawal of magma (molten rock) are called volcano earthquakes. (Volcano) Human Induced Earthquakes In areas of intense mining activity, sometimes the roofs of underground mines collapse causing minor tremors. These are called collapse earthquakes. Ground

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Farlowichnus rapidus Syllabus Prelims – Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, Scientists Discovered A New Dinosaur Species, Farlowichnus rapidus From Footprints In Brazil. Background:- The new species, called Farlowichnus rapidus, was a small carnivorous animal about the size of a modern-day seriema bird, or about 60-90 cm tall. About Farlowichnus rapidus:- Farlowichnus rapidus, was a small carnivorous It lived in the desert. It was a carnivore, so only ate meat It was 60-90 cm (2-3 feet) tall. It was about the size of a modern-day bird.( Kerala Bird Atlas (KBA)) From the large distance between the footprints found, it is possible to deduce that it was a very fast reptile that ran across the ancient dunes. The early Cretaceous period stretched from 100 to 145 million years ago. Significance:- The discovery not only enhances our understanding of ancient desert ecosystems. It also underscores the importance of continuous exploration and analysis of fossil records. MUST READ: Saltwater crocodile SOURCE: BBC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements : (2022) Wild animals are the sole property of the government. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled to equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 2 only 1 and 3 3 only Q.2) Certain species of which one of the following organisms are well known as cultivators of fungi? (2022) Ant Cockroach Crab Spider Cosmic Vine Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, James Webb Space Telescope recently discovered the ‘Cosmic Vine’ of 20 connected galaxies in the early universe. Background:- Astronomers using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data have discovered a massive chain of at least 20 closely packed galaxies from the early universe, and it could reveal insight into how the most massive structures in the cosmos form. About Cosmic Vine:- Cosmic Vine is a massive “vine-like structure” that encompasses 20 galaxies and stretches for over 13 light years. Galaxies are immense systems in space containing stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter, all held together by gravity. It’s also very ancient. The researchers pegged it at redshift 3.44, meaning it’s situated in the early universe. A redshift of 3.44 would mean light from the Cosmic Vine has been travelling for between 11 and 12 billion years before reaching JWST. It harbours two of the most massive galaxies ever discovered at such a high redshift—Galaxy A and Galaxy E, both in a quiescent state, indicating a reduced rate of star formation. Unique Characteristics:- It is exceptionally lengthy and vast, surpassing the size of other known compact galaxy groups at similar redshifts. It contains two of the most massive galaxies ever discovered at such high redshifts (Galaxy A and Galaxy E), both in a quiescent state, implying reduced star formation rates. Significance:- It offers new perspectives on the formation and evolution of massive galaxies. ( International Space Station (ISS)) It suggests that massive quiescent galaxies can form within expanding large-scale structures, contrary to some earlier models. MUST READ: IN-SPACe SOURCE: SPACE PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on its Earthquake Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY Context: Recently, a powerful 7.6 7.6-magnitude earthquake Struck the Southern Philippines. Background:- More than 500 aftershocks were recorded, and the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) urged caution as people resumed normal activities. About Earthquake:- An earthquake is the shaking or trembling of the earth’s surface. It is caused by the seismic waves or earthquake waves that are generated due to a sudden movement (sudden release of energy) in the earth’s crust (shallow-focus earthquakes) or upper mantle (some shallow-focus and all intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes). A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument used to detect and record earthquakes. Hypocentre/Focus: The point where the energy is released. Epicentre: The point on the surface directly above the focus. (Anatolian Plate) Isoseismic line: A line connecting all points on the surface where the intensity is the same. Causes of Earthquakes:- Fault Zones Plate tectonics Volcanic activity Human-Induced Earthquakes MUST READ: Urban Flooding SOURCE: MSN PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2022) The region often mentioned in the news:   Country Anatolia                                                    Turkey Amhara                                                   Ethiopia Cabo Delgado                                            Spain Catalonia                                                    Italy How many pairs given above are correctly matched? Only one pair Only two pairs Only three pairs All four pairs Q.2) consider the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Chandrayaan-3 Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, ISRO brought back the Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module from the Moon to Earth’s orbit. About Chandrayaan-3:- IMAGE SOURCE: IASBABA Chandrayaan-3 is the successor to the Chandrayaan-2 mission. Launch Vehicle: Mark-III (LVM3). Launched site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. Composition: It consists of an indigenous Lander module (LM), a Propulsion module (PM), and a Rover. Lander: a spacecraft that descends towards and comes to rest on, the surface of an astronomical body. Propulsion module: a box-like structure, mounted with a large solar panel on one side and a large cylinder on top. Rover: a small vehicle that can move over rough ground, often used on the surface of other planets, sometimes controlled from the earth. The Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface. There will not be any orbiters like Chandrayaan 2 in it. Objectives of Chandrayaan-3 mission:- To demonstrate a Safe and Soft Landing on the Lunar Surface. To demonstrate Rover roving on the moon. To conduct in-situ scientific experiments. Lander payloads:- Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE): to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA): for measuring the seismicity around the landing site Langmuir Probe (LP): to estimate the plasma density and its variations. A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA is accommodated for lunar laser ranging studies. Rover payloads:- Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS): for deriving the elemental composition near the landing site. Propulsion Module Payload:- Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE): Future discoveries of smaller planets in reflected light would allow us to probe into a variety of Exo-planets which would qualify for habitability or for the presence of life. About GSLV-Mk III:- Weighs: 641 tones. Capacity: GSLV can take 10,000-kg satellites to lower earth orbits. It is also known as the Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3). It is a three-stage vehicle. It has two solid motor strap-ons, a liquid propellant core stage, and a cryogenic stage. It is the heaviest and the shortest among India’s operational launch vehicles MUST READ: Gaganyaan SOURCE: INDIA TODAY PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) Consider the following statements : (2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has recommended to the authorities that the Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary abutting the Bandipur Tiger Reserve be declared as a core critical tiger habitat. Background:- This followed a site visit by Assistant Inspector General of Forests, NTCA, Ms. Harini Venugopal. The visit followed a slew of issues raised by conservation activist Giridhar Kulkarni pertaining to Bandipur. About Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary:- Location: Mysuru district, Karnataka. Geographic Area: Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary encompasses 30.32 sq km. (Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS)) The northern part of Nugu WLS is occupied by the Nugu Reservoir. Nugu is a vulnerable area as far as human–elephant conflicts are concerned. In 1974, Nugu was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary. It was added to the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the year 2003-2004. The average amount of rainfall received in this area is Most of the vegetation in the forests is dry, deciduous, interspersed with patches of plantations. Flora: Anogeissus latifolia, Tectonia grandis, Terminalia tomentosa etc. Fauna: elephant, leopards, jungle cats, wild pig, spotted deer, sambar deer, barking deer, etc. MUST READ: Tungareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following fauna : (2023) Lion-tailed Macaque Malabar Civet Sambar Deer How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”? (2020) Corbett Ranthambore Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Sunderbans Guillain-Barre syndrome Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent research found out that the risk of developing ‘extremely rare’ Guillain-Barre syndrome increases due to COVID-19. About Guillain-Barre syndrome:- Guillain-Barre (gee-YAH-buh-RAY) syndrome is a rare disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks your nerves. Weakness and tingling in your hands and feet are usually the first symptoms. These sensations can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing your whole body. In its most severe form Guillain-Barre syndrome is a medical emergency. Most people with the condition must be hospitalized to receive treatment. The exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome is unknown. But two-thirds of patients report symptoms of an infection in the six weeks preceding. These include COVID-19, respiratory or gastrointestinal infection or Zika virus. Symptoms:- A pins and needles sensation in your fingers, toes, ankles or wrists Weakness in your legs that spreads to your upper body Unsteady walking or inability to walk or climb stairs Difficulty with facial movements, including speaking, chewing or swallowing Double vision or inability to move the eyes Severe pain that may feel achy, shooting or cramp-like and may be worse at night Difficulty with bladder control or bowel function Rapid heart rate Low or high blood pressure Difficulty breathing Types:- Guillain-Barre syndrome has several forms. The main types are: Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP): the most common form in North America and Europe. The most common sign of AIDP is muscle weakness that starts in the lower part of your body and spreads upward. Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS): in which paralysis starts in the eyes. MFS is also associated with unsteady gait. MFS is less common in the U.S. but more common in Asia. Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN):are less common in the U.S. But AMAN and AMSAN are more frequent in China, Japan and

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   IBA Junior World Boxing Championship 2023 Syllabus Prelims –SPORTS Context: Recently, India bagged 3 gold, 5 silver and 1 bronze medals in IBA Junior World Boxing Championship 2023. About IBA Junior World Boxing Championship 2023:- Date: 23 November – 4 December Venue: MIKA Sports Arena, Yerevan Akansha won gold in the 70 kg category, Pari clinched the gold medal in the 48 kg weight category. Nisha won gold in the 52 kg category. (Sports Code) In the 52 kg weight category, Vini won the silver medal. Srishti Sathe won a silver medal in the 63 kg weight category. In the boys’ category, Jatin won the silver medal in the 54 kg category. While Hardik Panwar in the 80 kg category, Ameesha Kereta in the 54 kg category and Prachi Tokas in the 80 kg weight category had to settle for silver medals only. MUST READ: Chess Olympiad SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi’. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. · How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: (2021) The official motto for this Olympics is ‘A New World’. Sports climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate, and Baseball are included in this Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Exchange rate Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: As per the recent exchange rate, the Indian rupee closed at 83 rupees and 36 paise against the US dollar. Background:- The dollar index, which indicates the US dollar’s strength against a basket of six other leading currencies, was up 0.15 per cent to trade at 103.42 in intra-day trade. About Exchange rate:- Exchange rate is a rate at which a currency of one country can be exchanged with the currency of another country. Under a fixed exchange rate system, devaluation and revaluation are official changes in the value of a country’s currency relative to other currencies. Devaluation is when the price of the currency is officially decreased in a fixed exchange rate system. Revaluation is when the price of the currency is increased within a fixed exchange rate system. Under a floating exchange rate system, market forces generate changes in the value of the currency, known as currency depreciation or appreciation. Currency appreciation refers to the increase in value of one currency relative to another in the forex markets. Currency depreciation is a fall in the value of a currency in a floating exchange rate system. (Rupee Depreciation) Effects of currency appreciation on India:- Export costs rise: If the Indian Rupee (INR) appreciates, foreigners will find Indian goods more expensive because they have to spend more for those goods in INR. That means that with the higher price, the number of Indian goods being exported will likely drop. This eventually leads to a reduction in gross domestic product (GDP). Cheaper imports: If Indian goods become more expensive on the foreign market; foreign goods, or imports, will become cheaper in India. Effects of currency depreciation:- Improves export competitiveness. May lead to pulling of foreign investment. A weaker currency may escalate imported oil and edible oil prices and lead to higher food inflation. MUST READ: Recent Trend of Current Account Deficit (CAD) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2021) The effect of the devaluation of a currency is that it necessarily Improves the competitiveness of the domestic exports in the foreign markets Increase the foreign value of the domestic currency Improves the trade balance Which of the above statements is/are 1 only 1 and 2 3 only 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following is not the most likely measure the Government/RBI takes to stop the slide of the Indian rupee? (2019) Curbing imports of non-essential goods and promoting exports Encouraging Indian borrowers to issue rupee-denominated Masala Bonds Easing conditions relating to external commercial borrowing Following an expansionary monetary policy Scattered Spiders Syllabus Prelims – SECURITY  Context: The FBI Issued Warning About Dangerous ‘Scattered Spiders’ Hackers recently. Background:- The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has issued a warning to organizations about a hacking group called Scattered Spiders. About Scattered Spiders:- Scattered Spiders is a hacking group notorious for invading various organizations across the world. This hacker group is known by other aliases as well, including Starfraud, UNC3944, Scatter Swine, and Muddled Libra. (Cybercrime) The members are as young as 16 years old and primary English speakers. It is known for sophisticated hacking techniques, including phishing, push bombing, SIM swap attacks, and social engineering. It impersonates IT support and help desk personnel to deceive employees into disclosing credentials, OTPs, and gaining access to networks. It Utilizes remote access tunnelling tools for monitoring and managing systems. (India’s cyber infrastructure) It evades detection by using living off-the-land techniques and frequently changing tactics, making them difficult to trace. Previous attacks targeted prominent companies such as Riot Games, DoorDash, and MailChimp. It even drew attention from companies like Microsoft. The criminals “frequently join incident remediation and response calls and teleconferences, likely to identify how security teams are hunting them and proactively develop new avenues of intrusion in response to victim defenses. MUST READ: Cyber Attacks in India SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In India under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020) Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Gram Manchitra application Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Context: Recently, the Panchayati Raj Ministry Launched the  “Gram Manchitra” App. Background:- This information regarding the “Gram Manchitra” App was given by the Union Minister of State for Panchayati Raj, Shri Kapil Moreshwar Patil in a written reply in Lok Sabha. About Gram Manchitra application:- Launched: October 2019. Ministry: Ministry of Panchayati Raj Objectives: to encourage Spatial Planning by the Gram Panchayat. Salient Features:- The Geographic Information System (GIS) application “Gram Manchitra” (https://grammanchitra.gov.in) facilitates and supports Gram Panchayats to perform planning at the Gram Panchayat level using geospatial technology. A geographic information system (GIS) is an online system that analyses and displays geographically referenced information. It uses data that is attached to a unique location. Gram Manchitra provides a single/ unified Geo-Spatial platform to better visualize the various developmental works to be taken up across the different sectors and provide a decision support system for the Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP). Complementing “Gram Manchitra,” the Ministry has introduced “mActionSoft,” a mobile-based solution designed to capture photos with Geo-Tags, incorporating GPS coordinates. ( Bharat Net Project) This feature facilitates the geo-tagging of assets at three crucial stages: before the commencement of work, during the work, and upon completion. The resulting repository of information encompasses various sectors such as natural resource management, water harvesting, sanitation, agriculture, check dams, and irrigation channels. The assets geo-tagged using the “mActionSoft” application seamlessly integrate with “Gram Manchitra,” offering an enhanced visualization of developmental works in Gram Panchayats. This integration ensures transparency and accessibility of information related to assets created under finance commission funds. This application is also linked with the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) report and Mission Antyodaya. All this information is available in a single window, which will assist the Gram Panchayat user in better visualization of works during planning. Real-time monitoring of activities or development work implementation status and progress of execution of various schemes can be easily tracked. Benefits:- Gram Manchitra provides several planning tools that use GIS technology to help Gram Panchayat officials develop realistic and achievable development plans. These tools provide a decision support system in the preparation of development plans viz. tools for identifying potential sites for development projects, asset tracking, estimating the costs of projects, and assessing the impact of projects. It will help Gram Panchayat officials develop realistic and achievable development plans. MUST READ: E-PANCHAYAT FACILITY SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements : (2023) The Self-Help Group (SHG) programme was originally initiated by the State Bank of India by providing microcredit to the financially deprived. In an SHG, all members of a group take responsibility for a loan that an individual member takes. The Regional Rural Banks and Scheduled Commercial Banks support SHGs. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) With reference to Urban Cooperative Banks in India, consider the following statements: (2020) They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, of 1949 through an Amendment in 1996 Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Electoral bonds Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: Political funding through anonymous electoral bonds shot up by over 400% during the recent Assembly elections in Telangana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Mizoram, as compared to the last polls in these states in 2018. Background:- The latest sales (29th tranche) under the electoral bond scheme saw the highest sales in Telangana’s capital of Hyderabad (Rs 359 crore), followed by Mumbai (Rs 259.30 crore), and Delhi (Rs 182.75 crore). About Electoral bonds:- IMAGE SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS An Electoral Bond is like a promissory note that may be purchased by a person who is a citizen of India or incorporated or established in India. A person being an individual can buy Electoral Bonds, either singly or jointly with other individuals. The bonds are like banknotes that are payable to the bearer on demand and are interest-free. Historical Background:- The electoral bonds system was introduced in 2017 by way of a Finance bill. It was implemented in 2018. Salient Features:- Electoral Bonds serve as a means for individuals and entities to make donations to registered political parties while maintaining donor anonymity. State Bank of India (SBI) issues the bonds in denominations of Rs 1,000, Rs 10,000, Rs 1 lakh, Rs 10 lakh, and Rs 1 crore. It is payable to the bearer on demand and interest-free. It is purchased by Indian citizens or entities established in India. It can be bought individually or jointly with other individuals. It is valid for 15 calendar days from the date of issue. The State Bank of India (SBI) is the authorized issuer. Electoral Bonds are issued through designated SBI branches. Electoral Bonds can be purchased digitally or through cheques. Encashment only through an authorized bank account of the political party. Political Parties must disclose their bank account with the Election Commission of India (ECI). Eligibility:- Only the Political Parties registered under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 and which secured not less than one per cent of the votes polled in the last General Election to the House of the People or the Legislative Assembly of the State, shall be eligible to receive the Electoral Bonds. Advantages of Electoral Bonds:- Ensures Accountability: Donations through Electoral Bonds will only be credited to the party bank account disclosed with the ECI. Discourage Cash: The Purchase will be possible only through a limited number of notified banks and that too through cheque and digital payments. More Transparency: It helps the political parties to operate in a more transparent manner with the election commission, regulatory authorities and the general public at large. Maintains Anonymity: The individuals, groups of individuals, NGOs, religious and other

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   National Mission for Clean Ganga Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, Under the National Mission for Clean Ganga a total of 450 projects have been taken up at an estimated cost of Rs. 38,022.37 Crore, out of which 270 projects have been completed and made operational. Background:- So far, a total of 450 projects have been taken up at an estimated cost of Rs. 38,022.37 Crore, out of which 270 projects have been completed and made operational. About National Mission for Clean Ganga:- Launched: 12th August 2011. Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti. Objective: to ensure effective control of pollution and rejuvenation of the river Ganga by adopting a river basin approach to promote inter-sectoral coordination for comprehensive planning and management. ( Cleaning of River Ganga) NMCG was listed as a society under the Societies Registration Act, of 1860. It is responsible for implementing the government’s ambitious Namami Gange programme. It acted as the implementation arm of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) which was constituted under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA),1986. NGRBA was dissolved in 2016 and replaced by the National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga NMCG is an initiative taken by the Government of India to address the pollution of the river Ganga by providing financial and technical assistance. Further, to maintain minimum ecological flows in the river Ganga to ensure water quality and environmentally sustainable development. The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has undertaken comprehensive public awareness campaigns to foster a sense of responsibility and engagement among the public in efforts to clean and conserve the Ganga River. Through educational materials, community outreach, school programs, mass media campaigns, and online engagement. Challenges:- Land Acquisition: In many instances, the Detailed Project Reports (which prescribe all the steps necessary to execute a project, and the roles of agencies) needed revision. Lack of Local Initiatives: State Governments are under the impression that building treatment plants was entirely the Centre’s responsibility. Improper Funding: Though NMCG is a ₹20,000 crore mission, the government has so far given in-principle approval for projects worth ₹37,396 crore, of which only ₹14,745 crore has been released to States for infrastructure work, as of June 2023. Municipal Solid Waste Management: The mission faced criticism for not adequately addressing the problem of municipal solid waste flowing into the Ganga. Inadequate Sewerage Coverage: Much of India’s urban population resides outside sewerage networks, resulting in a substantial portion of waste not reaching STPs. Improper Waste Disposal: The study by the Quality Council of India revealed that rubbish heaps are found near ghats in numerous towns along the river, indicating improper waste disposal practices. This poses a threat to the cleanliness of the Ganga. MUST READ: River Cities Alliance SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1)  Gandikota canyon of South India was created by which one of the following rivers? (2022) Cauvery Manjira Pennar Tungabhadra Q.2) R2 Code of Practices” constitutes a tool available for promoting the adoption of (2022) Environmentally responsible practices in the electronics recycling industry Ecological management of ‘’Wetlands of International Importance” under the Ramsar Convention Sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands Environmental Impact Assessment’’ in the exploitation of natural resources Ethics Committee Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: Recently, the ethics committee of the Lok Sabha is believed to have recommended the expulsion of Trinamool Congress Member of Parliament (MP) Mahua Moitra from the Lok Sabha for her “unethical conduct” and “breach of privileges”. Background:- Ethics Committee, tasked with overseeing the moral conduct of parliamentarians. About the ethics committee:- The ethics committee was constituted in 2000. Objective: to oversee the moral and ethical conduct of members and examine cases of ‘unethical conduct’ referred to it. The Committee examines complaints filed against members of the House by other members; outsiders through a member; or referred by the Speaker. The Committee makes a prima facie inquiry before deciding to examine a complaint. It presents its report to the Speaker, who places it before the House for consideration. The term ‘unethical’ is not defined. It is left to the Committee to decide whether any act is unethical or not. Privileges Committees:- While the Ethics Committee handles cases of unethical conduct, the Privileges Committee, or Special Inquiry Committee, deals with more severe accusations against a member. These committees have historical precedence, with a special committee in 1951 finding a member guilty of promoting a business interest through questions in return for financial benefits. About Committees of Parliament:- Parliamentary committees are broadly categorized as Standing Committees and Ad Hoc Committees. Standing Committees are permanent and operate continuously, while Ad Hoc Committees are temporary and disband upon task completion. It includes Financial Committees, Departmental Standing Committees, Committees to Enquire, Committees to Scrutinise and Control, Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the House, and House-Keeping Committees. Ad Hoc Committees are subdivided into Inquiry Committees and Advisory Committees. The Parliamentary committees draw their authority from the constitution. Article 105: Powers, privileges, etc., of the houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof. Article 118: Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulations, subject to the provisions of this constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business. Functions of the Parliamentary Committees:- Reviewing and scrutinising the work of the government. Power to summon ministers and officials. Parliamentary committees play a key role in the legislative process by examining and reviewing bills before they are passed into law. They can make recommendations for changes to the bill and ensure that it is consistent with the Constitution and the laws of the land. Signification of Parliamentary Committees- Parliamentary committees are crucial for legislative decision-making, offering expertise to MPs who may lack in-depth knowledge on specific issues. These committees, acting as mini-parliaments, comprise MPs from various parties, elected proportionally. They serve as instruments for meticulous scrutiny, closely examining bills and seeking input from external stakeholders, including the public. MUST READ: Joint Parliamentary Committee SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Zonal Councils Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: Recently, Union Home Minister Amit Shah chaired the 26th Eastern Zonal Council Meeting in Patna. Background:- Addressing the representatives of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha Mr. Shah appealed to all members to work with the spirit of cooperative federalism for all-round development. About Zonal Council:- Zonal Councils are the statutory (and not the constitutional) bodies. They are established by an Act of Parliament, that is, the States Reorganization Act of 1956. Historical Background:- The idea of the creation of Zonal Councils was mooted by the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru in 1956. Five Zonal Councils were set up vide Part-III of the States Re-organisation Act, 1956 – north, south, east, west and central. The North Eastern Statese. (i) Assam (ii) Arunachal Pradesh (iii) Manipur (iv) Tripura (v) Mizoram (vi) Meghalaya and (vii) Nagaland are not included in the Zonal Councils Their special problems are looked after by the North Eastern Council, set up under the North Eastern Council Act, of 1972. The State of Sikkim has also been included in the North Eastern Council vide the North Eastern Council (Amendment) Act, 2002. Objectives:- Zonal Councils aim to promote collaboration and coordination among states, UTs, and the Union. They discuss and give recommendations on several topics. They are only consultative and deliberative bodies. The States Reorganization Act of 1956 established these statutory entities. The country was divided into 5 zones by the Act:- Northern Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, the National Capital Territory of Delhi, Union Territory of Chandigarh and Ladakh. Headquarter: New Delhi Central Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Headquarter: Allahabad Eastern Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Sikkim and West Bengal. Headquarter: Kolkata Western Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Goa, Gujarat, and Maharashtra and the Union Territories of Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli. Headquarter: Mumbai Southern Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry. Headquarter: Chennai Structure:- Chairman – The Union Home Minister is the Chairman of each of these Councils. Vice Chairman – The Chief Ministers of the States included in each zone act as Vice-Chairman of the Zonal Council for that zone by rotation, each holding office for a period of one year at a time. Members- Chief Minister and two other Ministers as nominated by the Governor from each of the States and two members from Union Territories included in the zone. Functions:- Each Zonal Council is an advisory body and may discuss any matter in which States have a common interest and advise the Government. In particular, a Zonal Council may discuss, and make recommendations with regard to: any matter of common interest in the field of economic and social planning; any matter concerning border disputes, linguistic minorities or inter-State transport; any matter connected with or arising out of, the re-organization of the States under the State’s Reorganization Act. MUST READ: Integration of North-Eastern India and its Significance SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In which one of the following states is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located? (2018) Arunachal Pradesh Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Q.2) Which of the following bodies does not/do not find mention in the Constitution? (2013) National Development Council Planning Commission Zonal Councils Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 1 and 2 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Conference on Disarmament (CD) Syllabus Prelims –POLITY/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, Foreign Secretary Vinay Kwatra and, the UN Under-Secretary-General discussed India’s presidency of the Conference on Disarmament. Background:- Their talks centred around global advancements in arms control and disarmament, with a focus on key initiatives discussed at the recent 78th UNGA First Committee. About Conference on Disarmament (CD):- Established: 1979. HQ: Palais des Nations in Geneva. It is a multilateral disarmament forum established by the international community. Objective: to negotiate arms control and disarmament agreements. The Conference meets annually in three separate sessions in Geneva. Members: The Conference is comprised of 65 member States, including the five NPT nuclear-weapon States and 60 other States of key military significance. The CD has three sessions each year. The CD conducts its work by consensus. The Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, is the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament. The CD and its predecessors have negotiated major multilateral arms limitation and disarmament agreements such as:- the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (BWC), the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (CWC) Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Historical Background:- The Conference on Disarmament (CD), was recognized by the Tenth Special Session on Disarmament of the United Nations General Assembly (SSOD-I) (1978) as a single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum of the international community. It succeeded other Geneva-based negotiating fora, which include the Ten-Nation Committee on Disarmament (1960), the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament (1962-68), and the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament (1969-78). It was renamed the Conference on Disarmament in 1984. Functions:- Cessation of the nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament. Prevention of nuclear war, including all related matters. Prevention of an arms race in outer space. Effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. New types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons; radiological weapons. Comprehensive programme of disarmament. Transparency in armaments. (India’s Nuclear Doctrine) MUST READ: Fragile State of Nuclear Disarmament SOURCE: AWAZ PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Consider the following countries: (2015) China France India Israel Pakistan Which among the above are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Infinity Forum 2.0 Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Context: Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will address the 2nd Edition of the flagship Financial Technology event – Infinity Forum 2.0. Background:- Distinguished speakers from the Central and State Governments include Chief Minister of Gujarat Bhupendra Patel, Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal, and Minister for Railways, Communications and IT Ashwini Vaishnaw will witness the event. About Infinity Forum 2.0:- Hosted by: International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) and Gujarat International Finance Tec-City, GIFT City. Theme ‘GIFT-IFSC: Nerve Centre for New Age Global Financial Services. It is Organized as a pre-cursor event to the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024. The 2nd edition of the Infinity Forum 2.0, will be held in hybrid mode, with an invite-only in-person event scheduled in GIFT City and for virtual participation from participants across the globe. The Infinity Forum is a global thought leadership platform on financial services, where progressive ideas, pressing problems, and innovative technologies from across the world get Discovered, Discussed and Developed into solutions and opportunities. The 1st edition of the Forum was organized in December 2021. It will also witness participation and insightful discussions by several luminaries from the financial sector in India and across the globe. The event will be preceded by an Investors Meet for FinTech entities which are authorized by IFSCA or recommended by institutions having MoU with IFSCA or accelerators which are authorized by IFSCA. The theme of the 2nd edition of Infinity Forum is ‘GIFT-IFSC: Nerve Centre for New Age Global Financial Services’, which will be dovetailed through the following three tracks: Plenary Track: Making of a New Age International Financial Centre Green Track: Making a case for a “Green Stack” Silver Track: Longevity Finance Hub at GIFT IFSC Each track will comprise an Infinity Talk by a senior industry leader and a discussion by a panel of industry experts and practitioners from the financial sector in India and across the globe, providing practical insights and implementable solutions. The Forum will witness the participation of 300+ CXOs with strong online participation from India and a global audience across 20+ countries including the USA, UK, Singapore, South Africa, UAE, Australia and Germany. The event will also be attended by Vice-Chancellors from foreign universities and representatives of foreign embassies. MUST READ: National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) ‘Rapid Financing Instrument” and “Rapid Credit Facility” are related to the provisions of lending by which of the following:  (2022) Asian Development Bank International Monetary Fund United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative World Bank Q.2) In India, the Central Bank’s function as the “lender of last resort” usually refers to which of the following? (2021) Lending to trade and industry bodies when they fail to borrow from other sources Providing liquidity to the banks having a temporary crisis Lending to governments to finance budgetary deficits Select the correct answer using the code given below 1 and 2 2 only 2 and 3 3 only Egypt’s mummified baboons Syllabus Prelims –HISTORY Context: The mystery origin of Egypt’s mummified baboons has been finally cracked recently. Background:- The scientists have recently retrieved ancient mitochondrial DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) from a mummified baboon found at the Gabbanat el-Qurud site in Egypt, which will help discover its origin. About Egypt’s mummified baboons:- The Egyptian god Thoth was represented by a baboon — which is odd because baboons aren’t native to Egypt. In 1905, Egyptologists Louis Lortet and Claude Gaillard discovered mummified baboons in Gabbanat el-Qurud. Gabbanat el-Qurud is also known as the ‘Valley of the Monkeys’. The baboons belonged to the ancient city of Adulis in present-day coastal Eritrea, a trade centre between the 1st and 7th centuries AD. The lost city of Punt can be one of the potential locations of its origin. The city of Punt was mentioned in accounts of Greco-Roman historians and was associated with the trade of leopard skin, gold, and live exotic animals. Significance of discovery:- The study aligns with historical accounts, drawing attention to the significance of the Red Sea in trade relationships between India, Egypt, and Europe.  About Baboons:- Baboons are some of the world’s largest monkeys. All baboons have a strong torso, a snoutlike face, the same dentition with long, sharp canine teeth, and powerful jaws. Distribution: Africa & Arabia. Habitat: prefer savanna and other semi-arid habitats, though a few live in tropical forests. Baboon social behaviour is matrilineal, in which a network of social relationships is sustained over three generations by the female members of the species. MUST READ: India-Egypt relations SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements: (2021) Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from the mother and not from the father. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Who among the following was associated as Secretary with Hindu Female School which later came to be known as Bethune Female School? (2021) Annie Besant Debandranath Tagore Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Sarojini Naidu Thanjavur Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi has rrecently, replied to a social media post by Hollywood actor Michael Douglas on his visit to Thanjavur. Background:- Via a post on X, the Prime Minister said: “Thanjavur is beautiful indeed! And, there is a lot more to see in India which will leave tourists from across the world spellbound.” About Thanjavur:- Thanjavur (Tanjavur or Tanjore) is a temple site in the Tamil Nadu region of southern India. Thanjavur was the capital of the great Chola (Cola) king Rajaraja I. It was he who commissioned the site’s magnificent temple, the Brihadishvara, in the early 11th century CE. Many other temples and shrines were added over the centuries making