Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Japonica rice Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  NIPGR (National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Delhi) used CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing in japonica rice to enhance phosphate uptake and yield Key Scientific Findings: Edited rice lines targeted the OsPHT1;2 phosphate transporter gene. Suppressor gene OsWRKY6 was removed to enhance gene expression. Result: 40% higher yield even with only 10% of recommended phosphate fertilizer. More panicles, seeds, and biomass. Better phosphate translocation from root to shoot. Methodology: Focused on root-to-shoot phosphate transporter. Removed repressor binding site to ensure constant gene activity. Plants were tested for off-target effects using PCR, sequencing, and Southern blotting. Strict non-GMO compliance: no foreign DNA (e.g., bacterial vector) used. Regulatory & Ethical Aspects: CRISPR-based editing is not considered GMO if no foreign DNA is inserted. India uses Mendelian segregation to ensure only edited plants without transgenes are propagated. Ongoing negotiations to ease regulatory constraints on such precision-bred crops. Significance: Can help reduce fertilizer dependency. Useful in phosphorus-deficient soils. Gene editing can be a sustainable solution to improve food security without compromising yield or grain quality. Learning Corner: National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR) Established: 1998 Location: New Delhi Autonomous Institute under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India Mandate: To conduct advanced research in plant genomics and molecular biology to improve crop productivity and stress resistance. Key Functions and Research Areas: Genome sequencing and analysis of major Indian crops. Gene discovery for traits like yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and nutrient efficiency. Use of advanced tools like CRISPR-Cas9 for gene editing. Research in functional genomics, transgenic technologies, and bioinformatics. Collaborations with national and international agricultural and biotech institutions. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Technology CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats – CRISPR associated protein 9) is a revolutionary genome-editing tool that allows scientists to precisely modify DNA within organisms. Origin: Derived from a natural defense mechanism in bacteria, which use CRISPR sequences and the Cas9 enzyme to cut viral DNA. How It Works: A guide RNA (gRNA) is designed to match the target DNA sequence. The Cas9 enzyme acts like molecular scissors, guided by gRNA to cut the DNA at the desired location. The cell’s natural repair mechanism is then used to add, delete, or replace DNA sequences. Advantages: Highly precise and efficient Faster and cheaper than older gene-editing methods (like TALENs or ZFNs) Can be used in plants, animals, and humans Enables targeted crop improvement without introducing foreign DNA (non-GMO) Applications: Agriculture: Developing crops with higher yield, disease resistance, or nutrient efficiency (e.g., NIPGR’s phosphate-efficient rice) Medicine: Gene therapy, cancer treatment, and research on genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia Research: Studying gene function in model organisms Source: THE HINDU Great Hornbill Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: A recent sighting of the Great Hornbill in Ezhimala, Kannur (Kerala) has drawn attention to the ecological significance of the region. Significance of the Great Hornbill The Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) is a large bird known for its role as a seed disperser and indicator of mature, healthy forests. It is classified as Vulnerable, with declining populations due to habitat loss and hunting. Why the Ezhimala Sighting Matters Ezhimala is not part of the species’ typical range, suggesting the presence of remnant forest patches or ecological corridors. The sighting indicates the region’s biodiversity potential and highlights opportunities for ecological restoration. Conservation Imperatives Protect forest fragments and ecological corridors in Ezhimala and nearby areas. Promote community-based conservation, including habitat monitoring and restoration. Strengthen wildlife protection laws and consider expanding protected area networks. Use the Great Hornbill as a flagship species to raise awareness and inspire conservation action. Broader Implications Highlights the need to curb deforestation and habitat fragmentation. Emphasizes the value of combining scientific research, traditional knowledge, and local participation in conservation. Shows that wildlife recovery is possible with timely and sustained efforts. Learning Corner: Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) The Great Hornbill is one of the largest and most iconic hornbill species found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Key Features: Distinctive casque (helmet-like structure) on top of its beak. Large, colorful bird with black, white, and yellow plumage. Known for its loud calls and graceful flight despite its size. Habitat: Prefers dense evergreen and moist deciduous forests. Commonly found in the Western Ghats, Northeast India, and parts of Southeast Asia. Ecological Role: Acts as a key seed disperser, aiding in forest regeneration. Considered an indicator species for healthy, mature forests. Conservation Status: Listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Threatened by: Habitat loss due to deforestation Hunting for casque and feathers Loss of nesting trees Conservation Efforts: Protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Community-led programs like the Hornbill Nest Adoption Program promote habitat preservation and awareness. Source: THE HINDU Norman Tebbit Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Norman Tebbit: Key Ally of Margaret Thatcher died at 94. Overview Norman Tebbit (1931–2025) was a prominent British Conservative politician and a key figure in Margaret Thatcher’s government during the 1980s. Known for his toughness and working-class appeal, he played a major role in reshaping British conservatism. Political Career Held key Cabinet roles including Secretary of State for Employment, Trade and Industry, and Chairman of the Conservative Party. Spearheaded trade union reforms, notably through the Employment Act 1982, reducing union power and strengthening employer rights. Famously linked to the phrase “get on your bike”, symbolizing self-reliance and individual effort. Stance on Europe A vocal Eurosceptic, he later led the Bruges Group, opposing deeper European integration. Public Image and Legacy Nicknamed “Thatcher’s Enforcer” for his firm political stance and loyalty. Known for controversial views on immigration and national identity, including the “cricket test” on assimilation. Retired from the Commons in 1992, continued contributing to debates as a life peer in the House of Lords. Learning Corner: Thatcherism Thatcherism refers to the political and economic ideology associated with Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. It represents a significant shift in British politics towards free-market capitalism, individualism, and a reduction in

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Two Pilots Killed in Third Jaguar Jet Crash of 2025 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Jaguar trainer aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF) crashed near Bhanuda village in Rajasthan’s Churu district during a routine training mission This marks the third Jaguar jet crash in 2025, following previous incidents in March and April. The IAF has launched a court of inquiry to investigate the cause of the crash, while emergency teams have cordoned off the area for recovery operations. The IAF has expressed its condolences to the families of the deceased. Concerns have been raised about the aging Jaguar fleet, which has been in service since 1979. Despite upgrades, the fleet’s safety has been questioned due to technical issues and outdated systems. There are growing calls for the fleet to be modernized to avoid further tragedies. Learning Corner: The Jaguar is a twin-seat, multi-role combat aircraft used by the Indian Air Force (IAF) primarily for ground attack and close air support missions. Developed by the British Aircraft Corporation in collaboration with France’s Dassault Aviation, the Jaguar was inducted into the IAF in 1979. It was designed to operate in all weather conditions and from shorter, less-developed airstrips. Key Features: Role: Ground attack, close air support, reconnaissance. Engine: Powered by Rolls-Royce Adour engines, providing a top speed of around 1,200 km/h. Armament: Capable of carrying a variety of bombs, rockets, and air-to-ground missiles. Range: Approximately 1,000 km with external fuel tanks. Upgrades: Over the years, the Jaguar has undergone several upgrades, including better avionics, radar, and weapons systems. Service and Challenges: The Jaguar has been a workhorse for the IAF, but its aging infrastructure and the delay in acquiring newer aircraft like the Rafale have raised concerns about its operational safety. Despite upgrades, issues like engine failures and outdated safety systems have led to repeated accidents, including a series of crashes in 2025. The IAF has been working towards phasing out older models while modernizing its fleet. Source: THE HINDU Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds) Category: ECONOMICS Catastrophe bonds (cat bonds) are financial instruments used to transfer the risk of natural disasters from insurers or governments to capital market investors. They function as follows: Risk Transfer: Governments, insurers, or reinsurers issue cat bonds to raise capital. If a specified natural disaster occurs (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, or flood) and meets predefined criteria, the bond’s principal is used for claims or recovery. If no disaster occurs, investors receive their principal back with interest. Trigger Mechanisms: Various triggers determine when payouts occur: Indemnity triggers: Based on actual losses. Parametric triggers: Based on measurable factors like earthquake magnitude or wind speed. Modeled or industry loss triggers: Based on modeled estimates or industry-wide losses. Pre-Disaster Planning: Issuing cat bonds before a disaster ensures: Immediate access to funds for relief and reconstruction. Reduced reliance on public budgets or emergency loans. Enhanced resilience by guaranteeing available recovery resources. Diversification and Stability: Cat bonds help distribute disaster risk globally, maintaining stable insurance premiums despite rising climate risks. Supplementing Disaster Funds: While not replacing traditional disaster funds, cat bonds provide additional financial protection, especially for large-scale, low-frequency events that may overwhelm other resources. Learning Corner: Types of Bonds: Bonds are debt securities issued by entities like governments, municipalities, or corporations to raise capital. Investors who purchase bonds are lending money to the issuer in exchange for periodic interest payments (coupons) and the return of the principal amount at maturity. There are several types of bonds, each with unique features: Government Bonds Treasury Bonds (T-Bonds): Long-term bonds issued by the central government. They offer fixed interest payments and are considered low-risk since they are backed by the government. Municipal Bonds (Muni Bonds): Issued by local governments or municipalities to fund projects such as schools, hospitals, or infrastructure. Interest earned is often tax-exempt at the federal level. Sovereign Bonds: Issued by a country’s government in foreign currencies or domestic currency. These bonds can carry higher risks if the issuing country faces economic instability. Corporate Bonds Issued by companies to raise capital for various purposes, such as expansion or debt refinancing. Corporate bonds typically offer higher yields than government bonds but come with increased credit risk. Investment-Grade Bonds: Issued by financially stable companies, these bonds have lower yields due to lower risk. High-Yield (Junk) Bonds: Issued by companies with lower credit ratings. These bonds offer higher interest rates due to the greater risk of default. Zero-Coupon Bonds These bonds do not pay periodic interest. Instead, they are issued at a discount to their face value, and the full value is paid back at maturity. The difference between the purchase price and face value represents the bond’s yield. Convertible Bonds Bonds that can be converted into a specified number of shares of the issuing company’s stock, usually at the bondholder’s discretion. These bonds offer potential for capital appreciation along with regular interest payments. Callable Bonds These bonds give the issuer the option to redeem them before their maturity date, typically at a premium. Issuers may call bonds when interest rates fall to take advantage of cheaper borrowing costs. Puttable Bonds These bonds give bondholders the right to sell the bond back to the issuer at a predetermined price before maturity, providing protection against rising interest rates. Inflation-Linked Bonds These bonds, like Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), adjust the principal value of the bond according to inflation, protecting investors from inflation risk. The interest payments are also adjusted for inflation. Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds) Issued by insurers or governments, cat bonds are used to transfer the financial risk of natural disasters to investors. If a specified disaster occurs, the bond’s principal is used for recovery. If no disaster occurs, investors receive their principal plus interest. Foreign Bonds Issued in one country by a foreign entity and denominated in the currency of the country where they are issued. For example, a bond issued by a Japanese company in the U.S. in U.S. dollars would be considered a foreign bond. Foreign-Currency Bonds Bonds issued in

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Rinderpest Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Bhopal, being designated as a Category A Rinderpest Holding Facility (RHF) by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the FAO Decoding Context:  What Is Rinderpest? Rinderpest, or “cattle plague,” was a deadly livestock disease eradicated globally in 2011. However, Rinderpest Virus-Containing Material (RVCM) is still stored in select labs, posing potential biosecurity risks if mishandled. India’s Recognition NIHSAD, Bhopal, is now one of only six Category A RHFs worldwide, alongside facilities in the UK, USA, France, Japan, and Ethiopia. It is a high-containment BSL-3 lab and India’s national RVCM repository since 2012. India applied for this status in 2019, and after a thorough international inspection in March 2025, it was officially granted RHF status at the 92nd WOAH General Session in May 2025. Significance Strengthens India’s role in global biosecurity and disease prevention Validates India’s biosafety protocols and emergency preparedness Supports future research and vaccine material management Enhances India’s standing as a leader in animal health containment Learning Corner: List of important human and animal diseases along with their causative pathogens  Viral Diseases Disease Causative Virus Influenza (Flu) Influenza virus (Type A, B, C) COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Dengue Dengue virus (Flavivirus) Measles Measles virus (Paramyxovirus) Mumps Mumps virus (Paramyxovirus) Rubella (German Measles) Rubella virus Rabies Rabies virus (Lyssavirus) Poliomyelitis Poliovirus (Enterovirus) Hepatitis A & E HAV, HEV Hepatitis B & C HBV (DNA), HCV (RNA) HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Smallpox (Eradicated) Variola virus Chickenpox Varicella-Zoster virus Rinderpest (Eradicated) Rinderpest virus (Morbillivirus) Foot-and-Mouth Disease FMD virus (Aphthovirus)   Bacterial Diseases Disease Causative Bacterium Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Typhoid Salmonella typhi Cholera Vibrio cholerae Plague Yersinia pestis Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Bordetella pertussis Tetanus Clostridium tetani Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) Mycobacterium leprae Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae, others Syphilis Treponema pallidum Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Brucellosis Brucella species   III. Protozoan Diseases Disease Causative Protozoan Malaria Plasmodium spp. (P. falciparum, etc.) Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma brucei Chagas Disease Trypanosoma cruzi Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) Leishmania donovani Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii   Fungal Diseases Disease Causative Fungus Ringworm Trichophyton spp., others Athlete’s Foot Tinea pedis Candidiasis (Thrush) Candida albicans Aspergillosis Aspergillus spp. Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum   Prion Diseases (Rare, Degenerative) Disease Causative Agent Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD) Prions (misfolded proteins) Mad Cow Disease (BSE) Prions Source: PIB Revision of GDP Base Year and Methodology Category: ECONOMICS Context: Revision of GDP Base Year and Methodology Purpose of Revising the Base Year: Reflect Current Economy: As economies evolve, sectoral contributions, consumption patterns, and new industries (like digital platforms and fintech) emerge. A revised base year ensures GDP reflects these changes. Use Better Data and Methods: Improved surveys and administrative records enhance the accuracy of GDP estimates. Methodological updates align with global statistical standards. Capture Post-Pandemic Shifts: Events like COVID-19 altered production and consumption patterns. A new base year captures these realities. Ensure International Comparability: Aligns India’s data with global norms, boosting credibility. How It Works: An expert committee recommends changes. A “normal” year is selected as the base year—free of economic shocks and recent enough to be relevant. Why the 2026 Revision Matters for India Key Implications: Improved Accuracy: Addresses concerns from the 2015 revision and provides more transparent, realistic estimates using 2022–23 as the new base year. Better Policy-Making: More precise data aids in targeting policies, especially in emerging sectors. Boosts Investor Confidence: Up-to-date economic indicators enhance India’s image and trustworthiness in global markets. Refined Growth Trends: Revised data may adjust past GDP growth rates, offering a clearer picture of the economy. Harmonized Indicators: Other indices like CPI and IIP will also be updated, ensuring consistency. Learning Corner: Important terms related to GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition: GDP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country during a specific time period (usually a year). Includes: Production by both domestic and foreign entities within the country Measured at market prices Types: Nominal GDP: At current market prices Real GDP: Adjusted for inflation (base year prices) Gross National Product (GNP) Definition: GNP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced by the residents (nationals) of a country in a given period, irrespective of their location. Formula: GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA) NFIA = Income earned by Indians abroad – Income earned by foreigners in India Net National Product (NNP) Definition: NNP is the GNP after deducting depreciation (consumption of fixed capital). It shows the net output available for consumption or saving. Formula: NNP = GNP – Depreciation Two measures: NNP at Market Price NNP at Factor Cost (also called National Income) National Income (NI) Definition: National Income is the net monetary value of all goods and services produced by a country’s nationals during a year, measured at factor cost. Formula: National Income = NNP at Factor Cost Includes: Wages and salaries Rent Interest Profits Mixed income of self-employed Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Falcon 2000 Category: ECONOMICS Context :  French aerospace firm Dassault Aviation and Reliance Aerostructure Ltd have announced a joint venture to manufacture Falcon 2000 business jets in Nagpur, India. Key Highlights Location: MIHAN SEZ, Nagpur Aircraft: Falcon 2000; parts of Falcon 6X & 8X Scope: Fuselage and wing assembly to be shifted to India Estimated Capacity: Up to 24 aircraft annually Timeline: First made-in-India jet by 2028 Significance Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat: Major boost to domestic aerospace manufacturing Global Positioning: India joins elite countries (US, France, Canada, Brazil) producing business jets Exports: Aircraft will cater to both domestic and international markets Centre of Excellence: Nagpur facility to become Dassault’s first such hub outside France Market & Strategic Impact Cost Efficiency: Local assembly reduces labour and logistics costs Policy Support: Aligned with government aerospace incentives Challenges: Regulatory clearances, technology transfer, and maintaining global aviation standards Conclusion This joint venture places India on the global aerospace map, signalling its capability to manufacture high-end civilian aircraft. It

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Bridging the Propulsion Gap Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: India remains heavily reliant on imported aircraft engines, affecting its defence capabilities and strategic autonomy Decoding Context:  Key Developments: HF-24 Marut: India’s first indigenous fighter jet, developed in the 1950s-70s, underperformed due to lack of a powerful indigenous engine, relying instead on imported engines. Kaveri Engine Project: Launched in 1986 for the LCA Tejas, it failed to meet requirements even after decades of development and ₹2,000 crore in spending. Why It Matters: Engine Dependency: Recent disruptions (e.g., GE F404 engine delivery delays from the U.S.) highlight how foreign engine delays hinder military programs like the LCA Mk1A. Import Bottlenecks: India depends on imported engines for air, sea, and land systems—impacting tanks, submarines, aircraft, and ships. This creates strategic vulnerability. Impact on Future Projects: India’s 5th-gen AMCA and other defence programs risk delays unless engine self-sufficiency is prioritized. Strategic Importance: Indigenous propulsion tech is crucial for: Sustained military readiness. Reducing foreign dependency. Withstanding geopolitical shocks. It’s not just a technical issue but a national security imperative. Learning Corner: HF-24 Marut (India’s first indigenous fighter jet) Developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in the 1950s with German assistance (engineer Kurt Tank). A milestone in India’s aerospace history. Faced engine issues due to lack of indigenous jet engine. Used underpowered British Orpheus engines. Retired in 1990 due to poor engine performance and limited upgrades. Kaveri Engine Project Initiated in 1986 to power the LCA Tejas fighter. Developed by Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE). Project delayed and unsuccessful due to technical challenges. ₹2,000+ crore spent without producing a viable combat-ready engine. Never inducted into the armed forces. AMCA Programme India’s 5th generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). Needs a more powerful indigenous engine (110 kN thrust). HAL negotiating with GE to co-develop an engine for AMCA. PM Modi announced $1 billion GE-HAL partnership to manufacture GE-414 engines in India. Source: THE HINDU International Conference to decipher Indus script Category: HISTORY Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) will organize a major international conference titled “Decipherment of Indus Script: Current Status and Way Forward” Purpose and Structure Aims to bring together global scholars and researchers to discuss the undeciphered Indus script. Will feature thematic sessions, presentations (in-person and virtual), and discussions. Registration and paper submission deadline: June 30, 2025. Background The Indus script, dating back to 3300–1300 BCE, remains undeciphered despite over a century of study. Found on seals, tablets, and pottery of the Harappan civilization across India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Conference Goals Assess the current research status. Outline future research directions. Promote interdisciplinary collaboration and support young scholars. Key Challenges Inscriptions are very short, limiting grammatical analysis. No bilingual texts exist for comparison. Underlying language remains unknown. Limited number and high symbol variation complicate interpretation. Recent Developments Renewed global interest, including a $1 million prize for decipherment. New archaeological finds in Tamil Nadu show possible links to Indus symbols. Ongoing debates connect the script to Dravidian languages and other cultural traditions. Learning Corner: Indus Valley Civilization (IVC Time Period: ~3300 BCE to 1300 BCE Mature Phase: ~2600 BCE to 1900 BCE Geographical Extent: Spread across present-day Pakistan, and northwestern India (Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan). Major sites include: Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) Mohenjo-daro (Sindh, Pakistan) Dholavira (Gujarat, India) Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India) Kalibangan, Lothal, Banawali Key Features of the Civilization Urban Planning: Grid-pattern streets, drainage systems, granaries, and citadels. Architecture: Use of burnt bricks, standardized weights and measures. Economy: Trade (including overseas with Mesopotamia), agriculture, crafts (beads, pottery, metallurgy). Society: Evidence suggests a relatively egalitarian structure; no clear evidence of kings or temples. Religion: No temples found; likely worship of nature, fertility cults, proto-Shiva (pashupati seal), mother goddess figurines. Decline: Gradual—due to environmental shifts (climate change, river drying), and possible socio-economic disruption. Indus Script: Key Points Nature: Pictographic or logo-syllabic script found on seals, pottery, tablets, and copper tools. Undeciphered: Despite over a century of study, the script has not been conclusively deciphered. First Reported: In the 1931 excavation report of Mohenjo-daro. Writing Direction: Generally, right to left. Number of Symbols: Around 400–600 distinct signs. Usage: Mostly short inscriptions (average 5 symbols), often used on seals for trade or identification. Challenges in Decipherment: No bilingual inscriptions (like Rosetta Stone) Very short texts—no grammar context Unknown language base Variations in signs Source: THE HINDU Arak Heavy Water Reactor Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context :  Israël strike-hit Arak heavy water reactor was part of Tehran’s nuclear deal. About Arak Heavy Water Reactor  Located ~250 km southwest of Tehran, the Arak reactor has long been a global concern due to its capacity for producing weapons-grade plutonium. Originally designed to generate ~9 kg of plutonium per year—enough for one nuclear bomb annually. Role in the 2015 JCPOA (Iran Nuclear Deal) Iran agreed to redesign the Arak reactor to prevent plutonium production. The original core was disabled and filled with cement. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) verified the reactor was made inoperable and monitored modifications. Recent Developments (2025) June 19, 2025: Israeli airstrike damaged the reactor’s core seal and its heavy water production plant, aiming to prevent future weaponization. The reactor was not yet fueled, and the IAEA confirmed no radioactive risk. Concerns remain that Iran has not fully completed the redesign, with construction reportedly continuing and possible operation by 2026. Learning Corner: Types of Nuclear Reactors Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Moderator & Coolant: Light water (H₂O) Fuel: Enriched uranium (~3–5% U-235) Working: Water is pressurized to prevent boiling; heat is transferred via a steam generator. Example: Most reactors in the USA and France India: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (built with Russian technology) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Moderator & Coolant: Light water Fuel: Enriched uranium Working: Water boils in the reactor core to generate steam directly for turbines. Example: Fukushima (Japan), Tarapur (India) India: Tarapur Units 1 & 2 (BWRs supplied by the US in the 1960s) Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) Moderator & Coolant: Heavy water (D₂O) Fuel: Natural uranium Working: Uses pressurized heavy water as both moderator

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Category: ECONOMICS Context: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) has been awarded the Digital Payments Award 2024–25 by the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance Decoding Context:  It has significant role in expanding digital payments and promoting financial inclusion across India. The award was presented in New Delhi by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and Minister of State for Finance Pankaj Chaudhary. IPPB ranked first among all payments banks in the Performance Index for FY 2024–25, highlighting its strong digital banking performance and citizen-centric approach. By utilizing its vast network of over 2 lakh Postmen and Gramin Dak Sevaks, IPPB has extended digital financial services to remote and rural areas, supporting the government’s vision of a cash-light, digitally empowered economy. Learning Corner: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) – Brief Note Launched: January 30, 2017 Owner: 100% Government of India (under the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications) Headquarters: New Delhi Key Features: Established to leverage the postal network for providing banking services. Uses over 1.5 lakh post offices and 2 lakh postal staff (Postmen & Gramin Dak Sevaks) for last-mile delivery. Offers digital banking services such as savings accounts, money transfers, bill payments, and DBT (Direct Benefit Transfers). Focuses on financial inclusion by reaching unbanked and underbanked populations in rural and remote areas. Payment Banks in India – Overview Concept Introduced by: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) based on Nachiket Mor Committee recommendations in 2014 Launched: First licenses issued in 2015 Purpose: Enhance financial inclusion by providing small savings accounts and payments/remittance services to the underserved. Key Features: Can accept deposits up to ₹2 lakh per customer (limit may be revised by RBI). Cannot issue credit cards or give loans. Can offer services like: Savings/current accounts Mobile and online banking UPI, IMPS, NEFT, AEPS-based transactions Utility bill payments and insurance (through third parties) Examples of Payment Banks: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Airtel Payments Bank Paytm Payments Bank Fino Payments Bank NSDL Payments Bank Significance: Help bridge the urban-rural banking divide. Promote cashless economy and digital financial literacy. Act as a low-cost, technology-driven solution for basic banking services. Source: PIB India’s core sector Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s core sector growth slowed to a nine-month low of 0.7% in May 2025 The decline was driven by contractions in electricity (-5.8%), fertilisers (-5.9%), natural gas (-3.6%), and crude oil (-1.8%). While steel (6.7%) and cement (9.2%) recorded strong growth, and coal and refinery products also saw gains, these were not enough to offset the overall weakness. Economists attribute the slowdown to excessive rainfall and early monsoon onset, which affected power generation and mining. Learning Corner: Core Sectors of the Indian Economy – Brief Note The Core Sectors are the key industries that have a major impact on the overall economic activity and industrial performance in India. These sectors are considered the foundation of industrial growth. Eight Core Sectors: Coal Crude Oil Natural Gas Refinery Products Fertilisers Steel Cement Electricity Key Points: These sectors collectively account for ~40.27% of the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The performance of these sectors is released monthly by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Their growth is a leading indicator for measuring industrial performance and economic momentum. The Combined Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) is used to track their performance. Importance: Core sectors supply essential inputs for other industries and influence infrastructure development, manufacturing, and economic stability. Any fluctuations in these sectors significantly affect the GDP, inflation, and employment levels. Index of Industrial Production (IIP) – Brief Note The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a key economic indicator that measures the growth rate of various sectors of the economy, such as manufacturing, mining, and electricity, over a given period. Released by: National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) Base Year: Currently 2011–12 Components of IIP: Mining Manufacturing Electricity Use-Based Classification: Primary Goods Capital Goods Intermediate Goods Infrastructure/Construction Goods Consumer Durables Consumer Non-Durables Importance of IIP: Measures short-term changes in the volume of production. Acts as a barometer of industrial activity. Helps in economic planning, policy formulation, and investment decisions. Reflects the health of the industrial sector, which contributes significantly to GDP. Relation to Core Sectors: The Eight Core Sectors constitute around 40.27% of the weight in the IIP. Thus, performance in core industries has a direct impact on IIP trends. Source: THE HINDU UK Assisted Dying Bill Category: INTERNATIONAL Context :  British lawmakers have approved a landmark bill legalizing assisted dying for terminally ill adults in England and Wales. UK Assisted Dying Bill – Key Highlights Key Provisions: Applies to mentally competent adults (18+) diagnosed with a terminal illness and a life expectancy of less than six months. Requires approval from two doctors and a specialist panel (including a psychiatrist, social worker, and legal expert). Patients must self-administer the life-ending medication. Includes safeguards such as independent advocates for the disabled and a disability advisory board. Voluntary participation for medical professionals. Public and Political Response: The issue remains deeply divisive, balancing compassionate choice versus concerns over vulnerability and abuse. The Labour government has taken a neutral stance, allowing MPs to vote based on personal conscience. Once enacted, the UK would join countries like Canada, New Zealand, Spain, and several U.S. states in allowing assisted dying for terminally ill patients. Learning Corner: Assisted Dying / Euthanasia in India – Brief Note In India, the issue of assisted dying or euthanasia is legally, ethically, and socially sensitive. While active euthanasia remains illegal, passive euthanasia has been permitted under strict conditions. Types of Euthanasia: Active Euthanasia: Direct action (like administering a lethal injection) to end life. Illegal in India. Passive Euthanasia: Withholding or withdrawing medical treatment (like life support) that prolongs life in terminally ill patients. Legalized in 2018 under certain guidelines. Legal Framework: Key Case: Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) Supreme Court verdict recognized the right to die with dignity as part of Article 21 (Right to Life). Legalized passive euthanasia with strict procedural

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Expansionary policy and economic slowdown Category: ECONOMICS Context: India have recently turned expansionary to address a slowing economy Decoding Context:  Key Points: RBI’s Expansionary Monetary Policy: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has cut the policy repo rate in two successive meetings, now at 5.5%. Falling inflation (within the 4% ± 2% target) has provided room for rate cuts. The aim is to stimulate private investment and growth. Fiscal Policy Shifts: Recent income tax cuts point to an expansionary fiscal stance. These are intended to increase disposable income and consumer spending. Policy Coordination Challenge: For macroeconomic stability, fiscal and monetary policy must be coordinated. If fiscal policy is expansionary but monetary policy is tight (or vice versa), the effects may cancel each other out. Household Behavior Issues: Households may delay spending tax gains, due to uncertainty or a forward-looking mindset, limiting the intended stimulus impact. Muted Growth Signals: Despite policy support, growth is weak: GDP forecast at 6.5%, credit growth fell to 9%, and unemployment rose to 5.6% in May 2025. Deficit Risk: Tax cuts may lead to a revenue shortfall, increasing the fiscal deficit unless offset by spending cuts. This could undermine long-term fiscal sustainability. Learning Corner: Tools to Adopt Expansionary Policy During Economic Slowdown During an economic slowdown, governments and central banks adopt expansionary policies to boost demand, investment, and employment. These tools can be categorized into fiscal and monetary measures: Fiscal Policy Tools (Handled by the Government) a) Increased Government Spending Direct investment in infrastructure, public services, welfare programs, etc. Boosts aggregate demand and creates jobs. b) Tax Cuts Reduction in personal income tax, corporate tax, or GST. Increases disposable income and encourages spending and investment. c) Subsidies & Transfers Targeted subsidies (e.g., on food, fuel) or cash transfers (like PM-KISAN). Helps low-income households maintain consumption during downturns. d) Public Sector Employment Schemes Programs like MGNREGA in India provide rural employment and support consumption. Monetary Policy Tools (Handled by the RBI or Central Bank) a) Repo Rate Cuts Reducing the repo rate lowers borrowing costs for banks, which passes on to consumers and businesses. Encourages loans and investment. b) Reduction in CRR/SLR Lower Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) or Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) frees up more funds for banks to lend. c) Open Market Operations (OMOs) Central bank buys government bonds to inject liquidity into the banking system. d) Quantitative Easing (QE) (used in advanced economies) Large-scale asset purchases by the central bank to infuse liquidity. e) Forward Guidance Assuring markets of low interest rates in the future to build investor confidence. Other Supportive Measures Credit Guarantee Schemes for MSMEs Regulatory Forbearance: Relaxation in banking norms to sustain credit flow Incentives for Exports/Startups Objective of Expansionary Policies Boost aggregate demand Increase employment Stimulate private investment Prevent deflation or recession Source: THE HINDU Antimicrobial Resistance Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Fighting antimicrobial resistance with insect-based livestock feed Key Highlights: Problems with Traditional Livestock Feed: Leads to high greenhouse gas emissions, water and land use. Drives antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to overuse of antibiotics. AMR is a growing threat with projected deaths increasing to 10 million by 2050 if unchecked. Insect-Based Feed: A Sustainable Alternative: Insects like black soldier fly larvae, crickets, locusts, etc., are being considered as high-protein feed sources. They can convert organic waste into protein-rich feed, reducing waste and emissions. Uses less land and water, produces fewer emissions, and is cost-effective. Indian Initiatives: CIBA and ICAR have signed MoUs to explore and scale up insect feed in shrimp and fish farming. Research is ongoing to evaluate nutritional benefits and scalability. Scientific Evidence: Insects offer better digestibility than soy or fish meal. 1 kg of soymeal can be replaced by 0.76 kg of crickets or 0.88 kg of locusts, making it efficient. They are rich in amino acids, healthy fats, and micronutrients. Global Support: The UN FAO supports insect farming to reduce AMR and meet rising protein demand sustainably. Learning Corner: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)  What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve and no longer respond to medicines like antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals. This makes infections harder to treat, increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. Causes of AMR Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals Incomplete dosage or self-medication Overuse in agriculture and livestock Poor infection control in hospitals and clinics Environmental contamination from pharmaceutical waste Global Impact AMR is a growing global health threat. Could cause 10 million deaths annually by 2050 if unchecked. Increases treatment costs, hospital stays, and mortality. Ways to Reduce AMR Rational Use of Antibiotics Prescribe only when necessary and complete the full course. Avoid self-medication and over-the-counter antibiotic use. Responsible Use in Agriculture Ban non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feed. Promote alternatives like insect-based feed and vaccines. Improved Hygiene and Sanitation Handwashing, clean water, and infection control reduce the need for antibiotics. Stronger Surveillance and Regulation Monitor antibiotic use and resistance patterns. Enforce strict guidelines in healthcare and veterinary sectors. Promote R&D Invest in new antibiotics, diagnostics, and vaccines. Public Awareness Educate communities on the dangers of AMR and safe medicine practices. India’s Efforts National Action Plan on AMR (2017–2021) Red Line Campaign: Marking prescription-only antibiotics with a red line FSSAI regulations to curb antibiotic use in food-producing animals Source: THE HINDU INS Tamal Category: DEFENCE Context :  INS Tamal to be commissioned on July 1, 2025 Key Highlights Final Foreign-Built Warship: Marks the end of India’s reliance on foreign-built warships as focus shifts to indigenous shipbuilding under ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’. Class & Design: 8th Krivak-class frigate 2nd in the upgraded Tushil-class (evolved from Talwar and Teg classes) Displacement: 3,900 tonnes | Length: 125m | Speed: 30+ knots Crew: Over 250 | Blue-water endurance Weapons & Systems: BrahMos cruise missiles, Shtil SAMs A190-01 100mm main gun CIWS, torpedoes, ASW rockets Advanced radar, EW, and electro-optical systems Network-centric warfare capable Indigenous Contribution: 26% Indian-made components Learning Corner: Frigates in Indian Defence What Are Frigates? Frigates

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Iran’s Parliament Moves to Suspend Cooperation with IAEA Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Iran’s parliament is moving forward with legislation to suspend all cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Decoding Context:  Key Points: It proposes halting: Installation of IAEA surveillance cameras On-site inspections Reporting to the IAEA These measures would remain suspended until Iran receives “objective guarantees” on the IAEA’s neutrality and security assurances for its nuclear sites. Iran’s Standpoint: Iranian leaders accuse the IAEA of bias and of acting under political influence. The move is seen as a response to perceived threats to Iran’s nuclear infrastructure and national sovereignty. International Response: The IAEA has convened an emergency meeting and urged renewed diplomacy to prevent further escalation. Western nations have expressed concern, warning that reduced oversight could raise nuclear proliferation risks. Implications: If passed by the full parliament, the bill would drastically reduce transparency into Iran’s nuclear program. It could heighten regional instability and deepen Iran’s international isolation. Learning Corner: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1957. Its headquarters is in Vienna, Austria. Purpose: Promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons (non-proliferation). Ensure nuclear safety and security worldwide. Key Functions: Safeguards and Verification: Inspects nuclear facilities in member states to verify that nuclear materials are not diverted to weapons programs. Technical Assistance: Helps countries develop nuclear technology for uses in medicine, agriculture, energy, etc. Standards and Safety: Sets international safety standards for nuclear operations and radiation protection. Crisis Monitoring: Responds to nuclear emergencies and monitors compliance with international agreements like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Structure: General Conference: All member states meet annually. Board of Governors: Makes key policy decisions. Secretariat: Executes daily functions, headed by the Director General. Source: THE HINDU Iran Votes to Close Strait of Hormuz Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Iranian parliament has approved a proposal to close the Strait of Hormuz in retaliation for recent U.S. airstrikes on its nuclear sites Strategic Importance of the Strait Located between Iran and Oman, it handles 20–30% of global oil shipments and a major share of liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. Closure would cause a global supply shock and spike oil prices. Impact on India India imports: ~50% of its crude oil ~60% of natural gas via the Strait. A blockade could: Push Brent crude to $110–$130 per barrel. Trigger domestic fuel inflation, increase transport and production costs, and hurt GDP growth. Learning Corner: Strait of Hormuz The Strait of Hormuz is one of the world’s most strategically important maritime chokepoints, located between Iran and Oman, connecting the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. Key Facts: Width: Narrowest point is about 33 km (21 miles) wide. Shipping Lane: Only 3 km wide in each direction, with a 2 km buffer zone. Oil Transit: Carries 20–30% of global seaborne oil shipments. Nearly 17–18 million barrels of oil per day pass through. Natural Gas: Major route for liquefied natural gas (LNG), especially from Qatar. Geopolitical Importance: Borders Iran to the north and UAE and Oman to the south. Iran has previously threatened to close the Strait during tensions with the West. Any disruption here can cause a global energy crisis and spike in oil prices. Source: THE HINDU Battle of Okinawa Category: HISTORY Context :  Okinawa commemorated the 80th anniversary of the end of the Battle of Okinawa on June 23, 2025 Historical Context: The Battle of Okinawa began on April 1, 1945, and ended on June 22, 1945. It was one of World War II’s deadliest battles, with around 200,000 deaths, including over 188,000 Japanese (many Okinawan civilians) and 12,000 Americans. About 25% of Okinawa’s population was killed. The destruction led to U.S. occupation for 27 years and a lasting American military presence. Legacy: The battle remains central to Okinawa’s identity and Japan’s pacifist outlook. Monuments like the Cornerstone of Peace honor those lost and underscore Okinawa’s mission to share the realities of war and advocate for peace.   Learning Corner: Major Battles of World War II Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943) Location: Soviet Union Combatants: Nazi Germany vs Soviet Union Significance: Turning point on the Eastern Front; marked the beginning of German retreat. Outcome: Decisive Soviet victory; one of the bloodiest battles in history. Battle of El Alamein (1942) Location: Egypt (North Africa) Combatants: British-led Allied forces vs German-Italian Axis forces Significance: Ended Axis threat to the Suez Canal; major Allied victory in North Africa. D-Day / Battle of Normandy (June 6, 1944 – August 1944) Location: France Combatants: Allied Forces (US, UK, Canada, etc.) vs Nazi Germany Significance: Largest amphibious invasion in history; opened the Western Front in Europe. Outcome: Liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control. Battle of Midway (June 1942) Location: Pacific Ocean Combatants: United States vs Japan Significance: Turning point in the Pacific theatre; U.S. Navy decisively defeated the Japanese fleet. Outcome: Japan lost four aircraft carriers; momentum shifted to Allies. Battle of Britain (1940) Location: United Kingdom Combatants: Royal Air Force (UK) vs Luftwaffe (Germany) Significance: First major military campaign fought entirely by air forces. Outcome: British victory; prevented German invasion of Britain. Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 – January 1945) Location: Belgium Combatants: Nazi Germany vs Allied Forces Significance: Germany’s last major offensive on the Western Front. Outcome: Allied victory; German forces weakened severely. Source :  THE HINDU State of the Climate in Asia 2024 Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : According to the WMO’s State of the Climate in Asia 2024, the continent is warming at nearly twice the global average, with 2024 ranking as the warmest or second warmest year ever recorded in Asia. Decoding Context Key Findings: Temperature Increase: Asia’s average temperature in 2024 was 1.04°C above the 1991–2020 average. Extreme Weather: The warming has intensified heatwaves, floods, droughts, rainfall extremes, and tropical cyclones. Glaciers and Oceans: Glacier melt worsened in the central Himalayas and Tian Shan, with 23 of 24 monitored glaciers

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) CAR T-Cells Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Technique to Make CAR T-Cells In Vivo Could Transform Cancer Care Decoding Context:  Overview CAR T-cell therapy retrains immune cells (T-cells) to recognize and destroy cancer cells by inserting synthetic genetic instructions for a molecule called CAR (chimeric antigen receptor). A major advancement now allows scientists to engineer CAR T-cells inside the body (in vivo) instead of the traditional complex and expensive lab processing. Key Innovation A new method uses mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver CAR gene instructions directly into the bloodstream, targeting CD8+ T-cells, enabling them to fight cancers like B-cell lymphoma. This avoids viruses and ex vivo processing, reducing risks like immune system suppression and genetic side effects. Advantages Cost-effective: Conventional CAR T-cell therapy costs ₹60–70 lakh; the new platform is significantly cheaper. Efficient & quicker: Lipid nanoparticles (like Lipid 829) show faster response, reduced inflammation, and eliminate the need for harvesting and manipulating cells in the lab. Scalable & accessible: Easier to implement in resource-limited settings like India. Preclinical Success In monkey trials, treatment showed up to 85–95% tumor clearance. Mice also showed effective tumor regression with different targeting (CD20, CD19). CAR T-cells were generated in vivo and worked without requiring preconditioning regimens. Risks & Safety Reduced risks compared to virus-based methods. However, one monkey had a severe reaction similar to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), underscoring the need for careful dosing and clinical monitoring. Implications for India India faces a growing burden of B-cell cancers and autoimmune disorders. The new platform could provide affordable and scalable therapy, bypassing infrastructure challenges. If clinical trials succeed, it may revolutionize treatment for both cancer and immune diseases. Learning Corner: CAR-T Therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy) CAR-T therapy is a type of immunotherapy that uses specially modified T-cells (a type of white blood cell) to fight cancer. What is CAR-T? CAR-T stands for: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell. It involves genetically engineering a patient’s own T-cells to express receptors (CARs) that can recognize and bind to specific proteins on cancer cells. How It Works: T-cell Collection: T-cells are collected from the patient’s blood. Genetic Modification: In a lab, these T-cells are modified to produce CARs on their surface. Cell Multiplication: The modified cells are multiplied in large numbers. Reinfusion: These engineered CAR-T cells are infused back into the patient. Attack Cancer: The CAR-T cells identify and kill cancer cells carrying the target antigen. Applications: Effective mainly for blood cancers such as: B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Multiple Myeloma Clinical trials are ongoing for solid tumors. CAR-T in India: India’s first indigenously developed CAR-T therapy is “NexCAR19”, jointly developed by IIT Bombay and ImmunoACT, launched in 2024. It significantly reduces cost compared to global CAR-T therapies. Challenges: High cost and complex manufacturing Risk of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurological side effects Limited success so far in solid tumors Source: THE HINDU 50 years to declaration of emergency Category: POLITY Context: The Emergency in India, declared on 25 June 1975 and lasting until 21 March 1977 National Emergency (Article 352 of the Indian Constitution) A National Emergency is a constitutional provision under Article 352 that allows the central government to assume sweeping powers in case of grave threats to the nation’s security. Grounds for Proclamation: National Emergency can be proclaimed by the President of India on the following grounds: War External Aggression Armed Rebellion (added by the 44th Amendment; replaced “internal disturbance”) Procedure: Must be based on a written recommendation of the Union Cabinet (not just the PM). Must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 1 month. Once approved, it remains in force for 6 months and can be extended indefinitely with six-monthly parliamentary approvals. Special majority is required in Parliament for continuation. Effects of National Emergency: Federalism weakened: Centre can give directions to states on any matter. Fundamental Rights (Article 19): Can be suspended during Emergency due to war/external aggression (not for armed rebellion). Article 358: Automatically suspends Article 19. Article 359: Allows suspension of enforcement of other rights (except Article 20 & 21 after 44th Amendment). Lok Sabha tenure: Can be extended by 1 year at a time (maximum 6 months after Emergency ends). Instances in Indian History: 1962 – Indo-China War (External Aggression) 1971 – Indo-Pak War (War) 1975–1977 – Declared by Indira Gandhi (Internal Disturbance); most controversial Constitutional Safeguards (44th Amendment, 1978): “Internal disturbance” replaced with “armed rebellion”. Cabinet approval in writing made mandatory. Fundamental Rights under Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended. Learning Corner: Types of Emergencies in the Indian Constitution President’s Rule (State Emergency) – Article 356 Ground: Failure of constitutional machinery in a state Key Features: Invoked when Governor reports breakdown of state governance President takes over state functions Parliament legislates for the state Needs Parliamentary approval within 2 months Valid for 6 months, extendable up to 3 years with conditions Widely misused in early decades; restricted post SR Bommai case (1994) Financial Emergency – Article 360 Ground: Threat to financial stability or credit of India Key Features: Declared by the President Needs Parliamentary approval within 2 months Never used so far Centre can reduce salaries, including those of judges and civil servants Can direct states to follow financial propriety measures  Comparison Table Type Article Grounds Approval Needed Used? National Emergency 352 War, External Aggression, Armed Rebellion Yes (Both Houses) 3 times President’s Rule 356 State machinery failure Yes 100+ times Financial Emergency 360 Financial instability Yes Never Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Global SDG Rankings Category: INTERNATIONAL Context India has entered the top 100 in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) rankings for the first time, securing the 99th position out of 193 countries in the 2025. Key Highlights: Current Rank (2025): 99th Previous Ranks: 109th (2024), 112th (2023), 121st (2022) SDG Index Score: 67 Regional Comparison: Ahead of Bangladesh (114th), Pakistan (140th); behind Maldives (53rd), Bhutan (74th), Nepal (85th), Sri Lanka (93rd) Reasons for Improvement: Progress in poverty reduction, clean energy access, healthcare, housing, and

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Axiom-4 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Indian Astronaut in Space After 41 Years Decoding Context:  Mission Highlights Launch: June 25, 2025, from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center on SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Crew Dragon “Grace”. Crew: Peggy Whitson (USA), Sławosz Uznański (Poland), Tibor Kapu (Hungary), and Shukla (India). Duration: 14 days aboard the ISS. Objectives: Conducting over 60 scientific, educational, and commercial experiments, including seven from Indian researchers selected by ISRO. Historic First: Shukla is the first Indian to visit the ISS. Historical Context Rakesh Sharma’s 1984 Mission: Conducted aboard a Soviet Soyuz to Salyut 7 for 7 days, focused on Earth observation. Shukla’s Mission: Broader scientific goals with international cooperation, longer duration, and commercial involvement. Comparison: Rakesh Sharma vs. Shubhanshu Shukla Feature Rakesh Sharma (1984) Shubhanshu Shukla (2025) Spacecraft Soviet Soyuz SpaceX Crew Dragon (Grace) Launch Site Kazakhstan Florida, USA Space Station Salyut 7 (Soviet) ISS (International) Duration ~7 days ~14 days Focus Earth observation Scientific & educational National Context Soviet collaboration International, commercial   Learning Corner: International Space Station (ISS) The International Space Station (ISS) is a large, habitable space laboratory orbiting Earth, where astronauts from around the world live and work. It represents one of the greatest examples of international scientific and technological collaboration. Key Facts Launched: First module in 1998 Orbit: About 400 km above Earth Speed: Travels at ~28,000 km/h; orbits Earth every ~90 minutes Size: Largest human-made body in space, size of a football field Participating Space Agencies NASA (USA) Roscosmos (Russia) ESA (Europe) JAXA (Japan) CSA (Canada) Other nations also participate through collaborations. Objectives Microgravity Research: Study biology, physics, astronomy, and materials science in space conditions Technology Testing: For future missions (e.g., Moon, Mars) International Cooperation: Symbol of peaceful space exploration Commercial and Educational Activities: Includes experiments by private companies and student research  Source: THE HINDU GST Council Category: POLITY Context: The 56th GST Council meeting, expected in late June or early July 2025, will consider a proposal to eliminate the 12% GST slab, aiming to simplify India’s current four-rate system (5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) into a three-tier structure. Key Proposals Remove 12% Slab: Items currently taxed at 12% may be shifted either to: 5% (essential/common-use items), or 18% (non-essential/higher-value items). Alternative Option: A new 15% slab by merging 12% and 18% is also under discussion, though less favored. Rationale Simplification: Part of efforts to streamline the tax structure. Revenue Neutrality: Supported by consistently strong GST collections. Stakeholder Demand: Industry and states have long advocated for a less complex GST system. Possible Impact Items like butter, ghee, fruit juice, processed food, and mobile phones—currently under 12%—may see GST rates revised depending on their essentiality. Learning Corner: GST Council The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council is a constitutional body established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution by the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016. It is responsible for making key decisions related to the implementation and administration of the GST regime in India. Composition Chairperson: Union Finance Minister Members: Union Minister of State (Finance) State Finance Ministers (or Ministers nominated by states) Functions The GST Council makes recommendations on: Tax rates for goods and services. Exemptions from GST. Threshold limits for registration. Model GST laws, rules, and principles of levy. Special provisions for some states (e.g., NE & hill states). Dispute resolution between Centre and States. Decision-Making Voting pattern: Centre: 1/3rd weightage States (collectively): 2/3rd weightage A decision requires at least a 3/4th majority of weighted votes. Significance Ensures cooperative federalism in tax administration. Promotes uniformity in the indirect tax structure across India. Plays a vital role in revenue sharing and resolving disputes among stakeholders. Source: THE HINDU NATO Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : At the NATO summit in The Hague on June 25, 2025, member states agreed to raise defence and security spending to 5% of GDP by 2035, marking the alliance’s largest military commitment since the Cold War. Key Highlights New Spending Target: Total: 5% of GDP Core Defence (troops, weapons, etc.): 3.5% Broader Security (infrastructure, innovation, civil preparedness): 1.5% Annual Progress Review: Countries must submit yearly plans; a formal review will take place in 2029. Collective Defence Reaffirmed: Emphasizes NATO’s solidarity amid rising threats from Russia, terrorism, and cyber warfare. U.S. Influence: The decision follows long-standing U.S. pressure for greater burden-sharing among European allies. Divergence in Support: While most members back the plan, some like Spain, Belgium, and Slovakia have expressed difficulty in meeting the 5% target due to budgetary constraints. Strategic Context This move supports NATO’s largest rearmament drive in decades and reflects the need for stronger deterrence, enhanced readiness, and adaptability to modern threats, including the war in Ukraine and cyberattacks. Learning Corner: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a political and military alliance formed in 1949 to ensure collective defence and security for its member nations. Founding and Purpose Established: April 4, 1949, by the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty) Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium Motto: “Animus in consulendo liber” (A mind unfettered in deliberation) Primary Objective: Safeguard the freedom and security of member countries through political and military means Key Features Collective Defence: Under Article 5, an attack on one member is considered an attack on all. Invoked only once: After the 9/11 attacks in 2001. Members: 32 countries (as of 2025), including the U.S., Canada, most European nations, and new entrants like Finland and Sweden. Decision-Making: Based on consensus among all member states. Functions Military Cooperation: Joint defense, training, and strategic planning Crisis Management: Peacekeeping and conflict resolution missions Cyber & Hybrid Threats: Addressing modern security challenges beyond traditional warfare Partnership Programs: Works with non-member countries to promote global stability Source :  THE HINDU CRISPR Technology Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: In agriculture, it is revolutionizing how crops respond to biotic (diseases) and abiotic (heat, drought) stresses  How It Works Uses Cas9 enzyme guided by custom RNA to target specific genes. Enables knockout of genes that cause disease susceptibility or enhancement of genes that promote resistance. Offers faster, more accurate

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Cancer treatment drugs Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A recent investigation by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, published in The Hindu, has revealed that many cancer drugs shipped globally have failed quality tests. Common Chemotherapy Drugs Covered: Cisplatin Type: Platinum-based Use: Treats testicular, ovarian, bladder, and lung cancers Mechanism: Binds to cancer DNA, blocking division Side Effects: Kidney damage, sickness, immune suppression, hearing issues Oxaliplatin Type: Platinum-based Use: Advanced colorectal cancer Mechanism: Similar to cisplatin Side Effects: Similar to cisplatin Cyclophosphamide Use: Breast cancer, leukemia, sarcoma, lymphoma Mechanism: Damages cancer DNA, lowers white blood cells Side Effects: Inflammation in bladder, immune suppression Doxorubicin Nickname: “Red devil” (due to color and toxicity) Use: Breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma Mechanism: Interferes with DNA replication Side Effects: Heart damage, infections, skin issues, hair loss Methotrexate Use: Leukemia, lymphoma, tumor types Mechanism: Blocks DNA synthesis Side Effects: Toxic at high doses; managed by leucovorin Leucovorin Type: Not a direct chemotherapy drug Use: Taken with methotrexate to reduce its toxicity Function: A form of vitamin B9 used to protect healthy cells Learning Corner: Cancer Care and Treatment in India Cancer is a major public health challenge in India, with over 1.5 million new cases diagnosed annually. The country is working to strengthen its cancer care system through a mix of public health programs, infrastructure development, and financial assistance schemes.   Key Components of Cancer Treatment in India Types of Treatment Available Surgery: Removal of tumors or cancerous tissues Radiation therapy: Use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells Chemotherapy: Use of anti-cancer drugs Immunotherapy & Targeted Therapy: Advanced treatments to boost the body’s immune response or attack specific cancer cells Bone marrow transplant: For blood cancers like leukemia Palliative care: To improve quality of life in advanced stages Government Initiatives and Support National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) Focuses on early detection, screening, and referral for cancer Implemented under Ayushman Bharat Health & Wellness Centres Tertiary Cancer Care Centres (TCCC) Upgrading existing medical colleges and hospitals to provide advanced cancer care Financial Assistance Schemes Ayushman Bharat–PMJAY: Free treatment for poor and vulnerable families Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund Support from state-level insurance schemes (e.g., Arogyasri in Telangana/AP) Recent Developments Launch of Digital Cancer Registry and AI-based diagnostics Expansion of National Cancer Grid (NCG) to link over 300 cancer centers Promotion of indigenous cancer drugs and equipment to lower treatment costs Source: THE HINDU Golden Jubilee of the Department of Official Language Category: POLITY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah, speaking at the Golden Jubilee of the Department of Official Language in New Delhi. Key highlights: The importance of promoting India’s official and regional languages. The department’s role in implementing the Official Languages Act and preserving linguistic diversity. Recognition of the department’s contributions over the past 50 years. A call for continued efforts to strengthen the use of Hindi and regional languages in governance and public communication. The address reinforced the government’s commitment to linguistic inclusivity and national unity through effective language use. Learning Corner: Provisions on Language in the Indian Constitution The Indian Constitution includes detailed provisions to manage the country’s rich linguistic diversity. These are mainly covered under Articles 343 to 351 in Part XVII. Official Language of the Union (Articles 343–344): Article 343: Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union. English was to be used for official purposes along with Hindi for 15 years (till 1965), and continues today due to the Official Languages Act, 1963. Article 344: A Commission and Committee of Parliament to be constituted to recommend measures to promote Hindi and restrict the use of English. Regional Languages (Articles 345–347): Article 345: State legislatures can adopt any one or more languages in use in the state as official language(s). Article 346: For communication between the state and the Union, Hindi or English will be used unless the President permits otherwise. Article 347: President can recognize a language spoken by a section of the population of a state if there is a demand. Language of the Judiciary and Laws (Articles 348–349): Article 348: English to be used in Supreme Court and High Courts and for laws unless Parliament provides otherwise. Article 349: Parliament must consider recommendations of the President and Language Commission before changing the official language of legislation. Special Directives (Articles 350–351): Article 350: Citizens can submit grievances in any language used in the Union or State. Article 350A: States must provide facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary level for children of linguistic minorities. Article 350B: Provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to report to the President. Article 351: The Union must promote the spread and development of Hindi, drawing from Sanskrit and other Indian languages, without harming other languages. Official Languages Act, 1963 The Official Languages Act, 1963 was enacted to regulate the use of Hindi and English for official purposes of the Union of India, especially after the expiry of the 15-year constitutional limit (1950–1965) for English use under Article 343. Key Provisions: Continuation of English: Even after 1965, English can continue to be used for official purposes of the Union alongside Hindi. This was done to avoid backlash from non-Hindi-speaking states (especially southern states like Tamil Nadu). Communication Between Union and States: Hindi or English to be used for communication between the Union and Hindi-speaking states. English to be used for communication with non-Hindi-speaking states. Optional Use of Regional Languages: States can use their own official languages for state-level administration. English translations must be provided when communicating with the Union or other states. Bilingual Communication: Central government documents, notifications, and bills should be issued in both Hindi and English. Amendment in 1967: The Official Language (Amendment) Act, 1967 ensured indefinite continuation of English along with Hindi for all official purposes. Source: PIB MSME Day 2025 Category: ECONOMICS Context : President Droupadi Murmu will preside over the MSME Day 2025 – Udyami Bharat celebrations on June 27,