Current Affairs

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Khelo India Water Sports Festival (KIWSF) Category: POLITY Context:  Dal Lake in Srinagar hosted the first-ever Khelo India Water Sports Festival (KIWSF) Over 400 athletes from across India competed for 24 gold medals in Olympic-class events like rowing, canoeing, and kayaking. Demonstration sports such as water skiing, dragon boat racing, and shikara sprints showcased both modern and local traditions. The event, featuring Olympians like Arjun Lal Jat, aimed at talent identification for future Olympics and strengthening India’s water sports ecosystem. Organized by the Sports Authority of India and the Jammu & Kashmir Sports Council, it also promoted tourism by positioning J&K as a hub for winter and water sports. With nearly equal male and female participation and strong representation from states like Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Odisha, and Kerala, the festival set a new benchmark for India’s aquatic sports ambitions. Learning Corner: Dal Lake is a famous urban lake located in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, often called the “Jewel of Srinagar.” It is the second-largest lake in the Union Territory and is renowned for its houseboats, shikaras (traditional boats), and floating gardens. Geography: Spread over nearly 22 sq. km, the lake is fed by several mountain streams and is connected to other water bodies through canals. Tourism: It is one of India’s most iconic tourist attractions, offering houseboat stays, shikara rides, and views of the surrounding Himalayas. Economy: Supports livelihoods through fishing, tourism, and horticulture (floating vegetable gardens). Culture: Has deep cultural and historical significance, often featured in Kashmiri art, poetry, and films. Sports & Events: Recently transformed into a venue for water sports, including the Khelo India Water Sports Festival 2025, boosting its profile as a sports and adventure destination. Source: THE HINDU Sustainable Power 1404 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Iran launched its first naval drill since the June 2025 war with Israel Conducted by Iran’s regular navy, the exercise showcased its strength after the 12-day conflict with Israel that damaged much of its air defence and missile infrastructure. The drill featured frigates IRIS Sabalan and IRIS Ganaveh firing Nasir and Qadir cruise missiles, supported by coastal batteries, drones, electronic warfare units, and subsurface forces. Unlike other branches, Iran’s navy had escaped major losses during the war. The exercise, following recent Iran-Russia naval drills, was aimed at signaling resilience, reassuring domestic audiences, and warning adversaries like the US and Israel of Iran’s readiness for retaliation, especially amid tensions over its suspended nuclear cooperation and the threat of renewed UN sanctions. Source:  THE HINDU Piprahwa gems Category: CULTURE Context: Uttar Pradesh, are set to return to their original site after a high-profile repatriation from Hong Kong in July 2025. The Piprahwa gems, sacred relics linked to Lord Buddha and discovered in 1898 at the Piprahwa stupa in Uttar Pradesh, were repatriated from Hong Kong to India in July 2025. These treasures include bone fragments, gem-inlaid reliquaries, gold ornaments, and ritual offerings enshrined by the Buddha’s Sakya clan. Once held by the Peppé family after colonial excavations, around 300 gem-encrusted artefacts resurfaced for auction in Hong Kong with an estimated value of $13 million before the Government of India intervened to secure their permanent return. The relics were ceremonially welcomed back, with plans to place them on public display at Piprahwa, Siddharthnagar. This repatriation is seen as a landmark in heritage diplomacy, marking the restitution of one of India’s most precious Buddhist treasures once thought lost to private collections. Learning Corner: Piprahwa Gems are sacred Buddhist relics discovered in 1898 at the Piprahwa stupa in Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh. They include bone fragments, gem-studded reliquaries, gold ornaments, and ritual offerings, believed to have been enshrined by the Sakya clan of Lord Buddha. Discovery: Unearthed by British civil officer W.C. Peppé during colonial-era excavations. Significance: Considered among the earliest archaeological evidence directly linked to Lord Buddha and his relics. Heritage Journey: While most relics were deposited in the Indian Museum, Kolkata in 1899, some gems remained with the Peppé family and later surfaced in international auctions. Important Buddhist Relics in India Vaishali (Bihar): Excavations uncovered a relic casket of Buddha from a stupa, associated with the second Buddhist Council. Rajgir (Bihar): Relics related to King Bimbisara and association with Buddha’s preaching. Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh): Famous Dhamek Stupa and Ashokan pillar, with relic caskets in surrounding stupas. Kapilvastu & Kushinagar (U.P.): Kushinagar – Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana site; stupas here yielded relic caskets of Buddha’s ashes. Piprahwa linked to distribution of relics among Shakyas. Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh): Stupas housed relics of Buddha’s chief disciples, Sariputta and Mahamoggallana. These relics were taken to England during colonial times, but later returned to India. Bodh Gaya (Bihar): No physical relics of Buddha’s body but the Mahabodhi Temple is central as the site of Enlightenment. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Direct Action Day Category: HISTORY Context: Static question. Can be directly asked in prelims The Great Calcutta Killing (August 16–19, 1946), triggered by the Muslim League’s call for Direct Action Day, witnessed one of the deadliest communal riots in India’s history, with 5,000–10,000 people killed. The violence between Hindus and Muslims engulfed Calcutta, marked by rioting, arson, and brutal reprisals. The violence exposed the deepening divide between communities, worsened by political tensions between the Muslim League and the Congress over Partition. Chief Minister H.S. Suhrawardy was widely blamed for failing to control the situation, as Calcutta effectively split along religious lines—a grim preview of the Partition bloodshed in 1947.  Learning Corner: Direct Action Day (16 August 1946) Background: Post–World War II, Britain prepared to leave India but Hindu–Muslim tensions escalated. The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) had failed, particularly due to disagreement over grouping of provinces. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demanded a separate Pakistan. The Call: Jinnah announced 16 August 1946 as “Direct Action Day” to press for Pakistan. The League urged Muslims to demonstrate peacefully, but communal propaganda sharpened divides. Events: The day sparked the Great Calcutta Killings (16–19 August 1946). Riots left around 4,000 dead and thousands injured/displaced. Violence spread to Noakhali (Bengal), Bihar,

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) 6G Technology Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Roadmap to 6G Bharat 6G Vision Launched in March 2023. Goal: Position India as a global leader in 6G by 2030. Principles: Affordability, sustainability, ubiquity. Builds on India’s strong 5G foundation. Phased Implementation Phase Timeline Focus Areas Phase 1 2023–2025 Explorative R&D, proof-of-concept tests, use-case identification Phase 2 2025–2030 IP creation, testbeds, commercialization, field trials An apex council oversees spectrum, standards, ecosystem creation, and R&D funding. Key Initiatives Bharat 6G Alliance: Collaboration among academia, startups, industry, and government. 100 5G Labs: Training and capacity building for 6G skills. R&D Support: 100+ projects funded under government schemes. International Partnerships Collaborations with Japan, Finland, South Korea, Germany, US, Brazil, and UK for research and standard-setting. Global Alignment Aligned with ITU’s IMT-2030 framework. Target: At least 10% of global 6G intellectual property. Key Features of 6G Ultra-high data speeds, very low latency. Communication + sensing integration. Terrestrial and non-terrestrial seamless coverage. AI-native, energy-efficient networks. Upcoming Milestones WRC 2027: Final spectrum decisions. Commercial launch target: 2030, with domestic trials and global contributions in 2025–2030. Learning Corner: Technical Details of 6G Frequency Bands: Operates in sub-THz (100 GHz – 1 THz) and mmWave spectrum, enabling ultra-high capacity. Speed & Latency: Expected peak data rates up to 1 Tbps with latency as low as ~1 microsecond (compared to 1 ms in 5G). Network Architecture: AI-native networks for self-optimization, resource allocation, and predictive maintenance. Terrestrial + Non-Terrestrial Integration: Seamless connectivity through satellites, drones, HAPS (High Altitude Platform Stations). Cell-less Architecture: Users connect dynamically to multiple nodes instead of fixed base stations. New Features: Joint Communication & Sensing (JCAS): Networks can sense environment while transmitting data (useful for autonomous mobility, disaster management). Holographic Beamforming: Advanced antenna technologies for high-directional, energy-efficient transmission. Quantum Communication & Security: Quantum key distribution for ultra-secure links. Energy Efficiency: Designed to be 100x more energy-efficient than 5G, using intelligent sleep modes and green hardware. Applications: Holographic telepresence, immersive XR (extended reality), autonomous transport, precision healthcare, smart industries. Source: PIB Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Progress update on Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor Location: Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu Capacity: 500 MWe Agency: BHAVINI, under Department of Atomic Energy At an advanced stage of commissioning; fuel loading began in March 2024. Regulatory approvals for integrated commissioning were obtained in July 2024. First criticality expected by March 2026; full power generation by September 2026. Delays due to first-of-its-kind technological challenges are being addressed with close coordination between designers and regulators. Strategic Role Forms the second stage of India’s three-stage nuclear power programme. Uses MOX fuel (plutonium + uranium) and liquid sodium coolant. Designed to generate more plutonium than it consumes, ensuring a sustainable fuel cycle. Enables recycling of spent fuel from PHWRs and supports future thorium-based reactors. Makes India the second country after Russia to commission a commercial fast breeder reactor. Learning Corner: Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Definition: A nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it consumes, through the process of “breeding.” Fuel: Typically uses Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel — a blend of plutonium and uranium. Coolant: Commonly employs liquid sodium (due to excellent heat transfer and neutron economy). Breeding Process: Converts fertile isotopes like Uranium-238 or Thorium-232 into fissile isotopes such as Plutonium-239 or Uranium-233. Importance Enhances fuel efficiency by recycling spent nuclear fuel. Reduces nuclear waste by reusing plutonium. Supports India’s three-stage nuclear programme, particularly the transition towards thorium-based reactors in stage three. Global Context Commercial FBRs are rare; Russia operates them, and India is commissioning the 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam. Source:  PIB National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: NTCA Limits Tiger Corridors to 2014 “Least Cost” Pathways The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has restricted the recognized tiger corridors mainly to the 32 “least cost pathways” mapped in 2014. This move narrows statutory protection, making approvals for mining, infrastructure, and other development projects in tiger habitats easier. Earlier, NTCA had assured that all scientific data—such as telemetry studies, tiger conservation plans, and wildlife movement models—would be considered, but the new stance reduces scope. Conservationists warn this undermines landscape connectivity vital for tiger movement, gene flow, and survival. NTCA’s own earlier reports had stressed that least-cost routes were only the bare minimum, while broader corridors also required attention. The change benefits several pending projects but raises concerns about long-term tiger conservation and habitat security. Learning Corner: National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Establishment: 2005, under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force. Status: A statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Composition Headed by the Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Chairperson). Includes experts, NGOs, and representatives from states with tiger reserves. Functions Implement the Project Tiger scheme across India. Approve tiger conservation plans prepared by states. Lay down standards for tiger reserve management including tourism, infrastructure, and anti-poaching. Provide funding and technical support to tiger reserves. Ensure tiger corridors and habitat connectivity are maintained for long-term survival. Conduct monitoring using technologies like M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status). Importance Central authority for India’s tiger conservation strategy. Plays a key role in balancing conservation with developmental pressures in tiger landscapes. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) Category: POLITY Context: The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has directed that priority be given to women patients and relatives of deceased donors NOTTO’s Stand on Organ Donations to Women The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has directed that priority be given to women patients and relatives of deceased donors in organ allocation to address gender disparity. Between 2019 and 2023, women made up 63.8% of living organ donors, yet men received 69.8% of donated organs. Out of 56,509 donations, only 17,041 went to women. This imbalance shows that while women donate more, they receive fewer organs in return. The Transplantation of Human Organs Act (1994) and its 2011 amendment govern

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) SN 2023zkd Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Astronomers have observed a new type of supernova triggered by the violent interaction between a massive star and a black hole in a binary system, named SN 2023zkd. A massive star, at least 10 times the Sun’s mass, was locked in a tight orbit with a stellar-mass black hole. Over years, the black hole’s gravity stripped away the star’s outer hydrogen layer, exposing helium and causing abnormal brightening. As the orbit decayed, the gravitational stress reached a tipping point, leading to a supernova explosion that released more energy in a second than the Sun will emit in its lifetime. The black hole then consumed much of the stellar debris, becoming more massive. This is the first strong evidence that black holes can directly trigger supernovae in massive stars, not just influence them through accretion or mergers. It reshapes our understanding of how massive stars die and how black holes grow. The event was detected thanks to an AI-based system, which flagged unusual activity and prompted rapid follow-up observations. Archival data showed years of brightening prior to the explosion, confirming the gradual mass transfer process. The discovery highlights the role of black holes in catalyzing stellar deaths, the power of AI in astronomy, and provides new insights into the complex evolution of binary star systems. Learning Corner: Supernova A supernova is the catastrophic explosion of a star, resulting in a sudden, extremely bright outburst that may briefly outshine an entire galaxy. It represents the final evolutionary stage of certain stars and plays a critical role in enriching the interstellar medium with heavy elements (like iron, gold, uranium). Supernovae are key to the cosmic cycle of matter and are important markers for measuring cosmic distances (Type Ia). Types of Supernovae Type I Supernova Occurs in binary star systems, where a white dwarf accretes matter from its companion until it reaches the Chandrasekhar limit (~1.4 solar masses). Results in a thermonuclear explosion with no hydrogen lines in spectrum. Subtypes: Type Ia – Used as “standard candles” in cosmology for distance measurement. Type Ib and Ic – Collapse of massive stars stripped of hydrogen (Ib) and both hydrogen + helium (Ic). Type II Supernova Results from the core-collapse of a massive star (> 8 solar masses) after nuclear fuel exhaustion. Spectrum shows strong hydrogen lines. Produces either a neutron star or a black hole. Significance Enriches galaxies with heavier elements (stellar nucleosynthesis). Creates neutron stars, pulsars, or black holes. Provides tools to study dark energy and cosmic expansion (Type Ia).  SN 2023zkd: A New Class of Supernova Discovery & Uniqueness: Detected in July 2023 by the Zwicky Transient Facility, SN 2023zkd was not a typical stellar explosion. It is believed to be the strongest evidence of a black hole–triggered supernova, caused by the gravitational interaction between a massive star and its black hole companion. AI-based Early Detection: An AI system (Lightcurve Anomaly Identification and Similarity Search – LAISS) flagged its unusual light pattern months in advance, enabling astronomers to track the event in detail. Strange Pre-Explosion Behavior: The star displayed four years of continuous brightening before its final detonation, a highly unusual precursor not seen in ordinary supernovae. Double-Peaked Light Curve: Instead of one brightness peak, SN 2023zkd showed two separate re-brightening events after explosion—likely from the blast colliding with earlier ejected gas and then with more distant material. Cause of Explosion: Scientists suggest that as the star orbited closer to the black hole, intense gravitational stress stripped its mass and eventually triggered the explosion. Another theory is that the black hole shredded the star, and the debris collisions mimicked a supernova. In both cases, the black hole grew more massive. Scientific Significance: SN 2023zkd provides a new model of stellar death, showing how compact objects like black holes can induce supernova-like events. It also highlights the growing role of AI in astronomy for early detection and classification of rare cosmic phenomena. Source: REUTERS GST reforms Category: ECONOMICS Context : S&P Global Ratings has noted that India’s planned GST reforms, despite lowering tax rates and causing an initial revenue loss, are expected to boost long-term revenues by driving higher consumption. Estimates suggest a shortfall of about ₹85,000 crore initially, but rising demand could eventually add nearly ₹2 lakh crore in revenue. The reforms—moving towards a simpler two-slab structure of 9% and 18%—are expected to improve compliance, make accounting fairer, and support economic growth. HSBC adds that the GST revamp, along with a possible S&P credit upgrade and changes in global trade tariffs, could strengthen India’s fiscal discipline and investment climate. The success of these reforms, however, will depend on effective execution, coordination with the GST Council, and adjustments in revenue-sharing arrangements. Learning Corner: GST Council Constitutional Body: Established under Article 279A of the Constitution (via the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016). Composition: Chairperson: Union Finance Minister Members: Union Minister of State (Finance/Revenue) + Finance Ministers of all States & UTs with legislatures. Decision-Making: Decisions taken by 75% majority of weighted votes: Centre: 1/3rd weightage States: 2/3rd weightage Functions: Recommend GST rates, exemptions, thresholds, model laws, and special provisions for states. Decide on revenue sharing, dispute resolution, and simplification of compliance. Importance: Acts as a federal forum of cooperative federalism, ensuring consensus between Centre and States on indirect taxation. Key in GST rationalization, rate cuts, and reforms like e-way bills and e-invoicing. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Naegleria fowleri Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A brain-eating amoeba, has caused the death of a child and infected two others in Kerala’s Kozhikode The infection, called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), is extremely rare but nearly always fatal, with a global fatality rate of about 97%. The amoeba thrives in warm freshwater such as ponds, lakes, and rivers, and infects people through the nose while swimming—not through drinking water. Symptoms appear within 1–18 days and include headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, altered mental state, and can progress to coma. There is no proven effective treatment, though drug combinations are attempted

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Legislative Assembly of Union Territory Category: POLITY Context:  The Union Home Ministry told the J&K and Ladakh High Court that the Lieutenant Governor (LG) of J&K can nominate five members to the Legislative Assembly without consulting the Council of Ministers Constitutional Provisions Indian Constitution allows nominated members in both Parliament and State legislatures (e.g., Anglo-Indian members, Rajya Sabha’s 12 nominees). In States with Legislative Councils, Governors nominate one-sixth members on advice of State government. Union Territories UT Assemblies (Delhi, Puducherry, J&K) follow Acts of Parliament: Delhi Assembly – No nominated MLAs. Puducherry – Up to 3 nominated MLAs by the Central Government (Government of UT Act, 1963). J&K Assembly – LG may nominate 2 women, 2 migrants, and 1 displaced person from PoK. Judicial View Madras High Court (2018) upheld Centre’s power to nominate Puducherry MLAs. Supreme Court (2023, Delhi Services case) emphasized the “triple chain of accountability”: Civil servants → Ministers → Legislature → People. LG is bound by advice of Council of Ministers in all legislative matters (except Delhi services). Concerns & Suggestions Nomination of MLAs should not be arbitrary—needs clear procedure and should flow from elected governments, not just LG/Centre. Otherwise, risks arise: Converting majority into minority in Assemblies. Undermining democratic accountability. Learning Corner: National Capital Territory of Delhi Constitutional Provision: Article 239AA (added by 69th Amendment, 1991) Legislature: Unicameral Legislative Assembly Council of Ministers: Headed by Chief Minister Powers: Can legislate on State List and Concurrent List subjects except Police, Public Order, and Land. Lieutenant Governor (LG) acts as the representative of the President/Union Government. LG can reserve certain bills for the President’s consideration. Union Government Role: Retains control over critical subjects (Police, Public Order, Land) and overall administrative oversight through the LG. Puducherry Constitutional Provision: Article 239A (added by 14th Amendment, 1962) Legislature: Unicameral Legislative Assembly Council of Ministers: Headed by Chief Minister Powers: Can legislate on State List and Concurrent List subjects. Lieutenant Governor has discretionary powers and can act independently of the Council of Ministers in certain cases. Union Government Role: Maintains administrative control through the LG and can override decisions in specific matters. Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly Type and Composition Type: Unicameral Legislative Assembly Total Seats: 90 members Elected: 87 members through direct elections from territorial constituencies Nominated: Up to five members by the Lieutenant Governor, if required Term Duration: 5 years, unless dissolved earlier by the Lieutenant Governor Leadership Speaker: Presides over the Assembly, responsible for maintaining order and conducting proceedings Deputy Speaker: Assists the Speaker and presides in their absence Chief Minister & Council of Ministers: Executive authority responsible for governance; answers to the Assembly Powers and Functions Legislative: Can make laws on subjects in the State List and Concurrent List, except matters reserved for the Union Government Financial: Approves budget and expenditure; no money bill can be passed without LG’s recommendation Oversight: Monitors the executive through question hour, debates, and motions of no-confidence Role of Union Government Lieutenant Governor (LG): Acts as the representative of the President; can reserve bills for President’s consideration Union Oversight: Union Government retains authority on critical subjects like Public Order, Police, and Land Source: THE HINDU Stagflation Category: ECONOMICS Context : U.S. stagflation fears (slow growth + high inflation) are unnerving global markets 70% of global investors (BofA Global Research, August survey) expect stagflation in the next 12 months. Data: U.S. labour market weakness, sharp rise in core inflation, and surge in producer prices. Global Impact Bonds Persistent inflation erodes value of long-dated bonds. If U.S. stagflation persists, G7 bond markets will be correlated → global sell-off in bonds. Pension funds and insurers especially vulnerable to inflation. Wall Street Investors expect U.S. growth to slow. Stagflation is now one of the two main concerns for global asset managers. Tech stocks remain strong, but small-cap indices are vulnerable. Currencies Stagflation → weaker U.S. dollar due to slower growth + higher inflation. Could benefit euro in relative terms. Global Spillover Since 1990, world stocks fell by ~15% whenever U.S. manufacturing data showed contraction + high prices. Even if stagflation is U.S.-centric, ripple effects will hit global portfolios. Learning Corner: Concepts of Inflation  Concept Key Feature Example Demand-Pull Inflation Excess demand pushes prices up (“too much money chasing too few goods”) Festive season demand in India Cost-Push Inflation Higher production costs passed to consumers Oil price hike → transport cost rise Stagflation Stagnant growth + high unemployment + high inflation U.S. in 1970s oil crisis Core Inflation Excludes food & fuel (volatile items) RBI tracks for monetary policy Headline Inflation Overall CPI including all items Retail inflation data released monthly Creeping Inflation Slow rise (1–3% annually) Normal inflation in stable economies Walking/Mild Inflation Moderate rise (3–10% annually) Growing economy with healthy demand Galloping/Hyperinflation Very high inflation (triple digits) Zimbabwe in 2000s, Germany in 1920s Disinflation Decline in rate of inflation (prices still rise but slower) CPI falling from 6% → 4% Deflation Fall in general price levels (negative inflation) Great Depression (1930s) Reflation Policy-driven inflation to boost demand Fiscal stimulus packages Imported Inflation Inflation caused by global price rise in imports India’s fuel-driven inflation Source:  THE HINDU S&P Rating Category: ECONOMICS Context: S&P Global Ratings raised India’s sovereign rating from BBB- to BBB after ~20 years. Reasons: Fiscal deficit steadily reduced (target 5.1% of GDP in 2024-25). Debt management reforms (FRBM Act, slower borrowing). Strong growth (6.5% in 2024-25) and stable inflation. Forex reserves rose to $688B (from $199B in 2006-07). Comparison (2006-07 vs 2024-25): Per capita GDP: ₹56,964 → ₹1,33,501 WPI inflation: 6.6% → 2.3% Retail inflation: 6.4% → 4.6% Debt-to-GDP: 77.9% → 81.3% Implications: Cheaper access to global capital. Improved investor confidence and FDI prospects. India’s rating now equals Italy and Bulgaria, outlook positive like Philippines. Outlook: Sustained fiscal discipline + reforms may lead to further upgrades. Seen as validation of India’s economic resilience and policy credibility. Learning Corner: Global Credit Rating Agencies Definition: Entities that assess the creditworthiness of corporations, financial instruments, or sovereign governments, assigning ratings that indicate default

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Coral reefs Category: ENVIRONMENT Context:  In Tamil Nadu’s Gulf of Mannar, a large-scale coral restoration programme has been carried out by the Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute (SDMRI) Process: Scientists identify degraded reefs for transplantation. Concrete frames and other substrates are deployed. Coral fragments from healthy reefs are transplanted onto these structures. Over time, the corals grow, forming new reefs. Scale of restoration: 5,550 artificial substrates deployed. 51,183 coral fragments transplanted. Around 40,000 sq. m. of degraded reefs restored. Cost: $111.7 per sq. m. of reef restored. Survival rates: Coral survival improved significantly — from 56.6% (2002–2004) to 71.6% (2015–2019). In Vaan Island alone, live coral cover rose from 31.6% to 42.1%. Impact: Coral species diversity restored (20 genera transplanted). Increased fish biomass and marine biodiversity. Local communities benefit via improved fisheries. Challenges: Climate change (warming seas, acidification). Natural disasters (2004 tsunami, 2016 coral bleaching). Anthropogenic pressures (fishing, pollution). Way forward: Scaling up restoration, continuous monitoring, community participation, and stricter protection measures. Learning Corner: Methods of Coral Restoration Coral Gardening (Nursery Method) Involves growing coral fragments in underwater or land-based nurseries. Once they mature, corals are transplanted back to degraded reefs. Suitable for branching and fast-growing species like Acropora. Larval Propagation (Sexual Reproduction Method) Collects coral gametes (eggs and sperm) during spawning events. Fertilized larvae are cultured in controlled environments, then settled on artificial substrates. Ensures genetic diversity and resilience against climate change. Coral Transplantation Direct transfer of corals from healthy sites to degraded reefs. Works as an emergency intervention, but may damage donor sites. Artificial Reefs (Substrate-based Restoration) Use of concrete blocks, metal frames, ceramic tiles, or eco-engineered substrates to provide stable attachment surfaces for coral growth. Enhances fish aggregation and reef resilience. Cryopreservation & Assisted Breeding (Emerging Techniques) Cryopreservation of coral sperm/larvae for future restoration. Selective breeding and assisted evolution to enhance stress tolerance (e.g., heat or disease resistance). Source: THE HINDU Connexin proteins Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The term can directly asked in Prelims Summary Discovery: Researchers identified Connexin proteins (Cx37 and Cx40) as key to rapid blood flow coordination. These proteins form gap junctions that link artery walls, allowing electrical-like signals to travel faster than chemical messengers. In mice, these signals moved fuel-delivery instructions across vessels at nearly the speed of neurons firing. Findings: Gap junction signalling enables arteries to widen quickly and in sync, ensuring timely delivery of blood to active brain regions. Blocking connexins slowed the signal, proving their role in high-speed vascular coordination. Significance: Helps explain how the brain prevents lapses in attention or function. Offers insights for disease research—loss of gap junction function in aging or small vessel disease may impair brain blood flow. Valuable for AI-guided brain models, stroke research, and drug delivery strategies. Learning Corner: Connexin Proteins Connexins are a family of membrane proteins that form gap junction channels between adjacent cells. Each gap junction is made of two hemichannels (connexons), and each connexon consists of six connexin subunits. These channels allow direct intercellular communication by permitting the passage of ions, metabolites, and signaling molecules. More than 20 types of connexins are identified in humans (e.g., Connexin43, Connexin26). Functions Cell–cell communication: Essential for coordination of cellular activities. Electrical coupling: Maintains synchronized contraction in cardiac and smooth muscle. Developmental regulation: Plays roles in embryonic growth, tissue differentiation. Metabolic cooperation: Enables nutrient and signal sharing between cells. Source:  THE HINDU E20 petrol Category: POLITY Context: India launched E20 petrol (20% ethanol-blended fuel) in 2023, with a target of E20 nationwide by 2025 (advanced from 2030). Summary Vehicle Owners’ Reaction: New vehicles from 2023 carry E20-compatible stickers. Older vehicles may face mileage drops and higher maintenance costs. Surveys show ~77% of vehicle owners in some districts opposed the shift due to cost concerns. Economic & Environmental Impact: Reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 700 lakh tonnes (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas). Boosts India’s rural economy by supporting sugarcane farmers. However, heavy reliance on sugarcane raises concerns over water use, food security, and ecological stress. Global Dimension: The U.S. has pushed India to relax ethanol import restrictions; trade issues remain contentious. Ethanol production in India is largely domestic, supported by government policies and financial incentives. EV Transition vs Ethanol: Ethanol blending seen as a bridge fuel toward cleaner energy. EV adoption in India is slower due to high costs, inadequate charging infrastructure, and global supply chain issues (e.g., rare earth imports from China). Ethanol helps reduce emissions in the short run while EV ecosystem matures. Challenges: Dependence on water-intensive sugarcane. Limited diversification into maize and other biofuel crops. Vulnerability to trade policies and international market fluctuations. Balancing ethanol promotion with the long-term EV transition. Learning Corner: Ethanol Blending in India  Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme launched in 2003, scaled up in 2013. Aim: Reduce dependence on crude oil imports, cut carbon emissions, support farmers, and promote cleaner fuel. Target: 20% blending (E20) by 2025-26 (advanced from 2030). Current Status (as of 2025) 12% national blending average achieved in 2023-24. Some states (like Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka) have achieved >12% blending. India has become the 3rd largest producer of ethanol after USA and Brazil. Feedstocks for Ethanol Sugar-based: Sugarcane juice, B-heavy molasses, C-molasses. Starch-based: Maize, broken rice. Other sources: Damaged food grains, surplus rice from FCI. Second-generation (2G) ethanol: Agricultural residues like rice straw, wheat straw, bagasse. Government Initiatives National Policy on Biofuels (2018): Promotes 1G & 2G ethanol, biodiesel, advanced biofuels. Ethanol Interest Subvention Scheme: Soft loans for distillery capacity expansion. SATAT Scheme: For compressed biogas, complementing ethanol. GOBARdhan Scheme: Linking waste to wealth for rural bioenergy. PM-PRANAM Scheme (2023): Encourages alternative fertilizers & biofuels. Source: THE HINDU Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Dibru-Saikhowa species. Location & Importance: Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP), Assam — the only habitat of feral horses in India, located between the Brahmaputra and Dibru rivers. New Finding: A study (Grasslands in Flux, published in Earth) identified that not just invasive plants but also two native species (Bombax ceiba and Lagerstroemia speciosa) are altering DSNP’s

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Alaska Summit 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  U.S. President Donald Trump is set to meet Russian President Vladimir Putin in Anchorage, Alaska, in a high-stakes attempt to negotiate an end to the Ukraine war. This is the first U.S.-Russia leaders’ meeting since June 2021. Europe sees the summit as crucial with Ukraine’s fate and continental security at stake. What Trump Wants: A ceasefire and a “win” that boosts his global image. To showcase himself as a deal-maker capable of ending conflicts. Recognition through a peace achievement, possibly even linked to a Nobel Peace Prize narrative. What Putin Wants: Recognition of Russia’s annexations and security buffer in Ukraine. A halt to NATO’s eastward expansion and security guarantees. Western sanctions relief, while keeping occupied territories under Russian control. What Zelenskyy Wants: No compromise on Ukraine’s sovereignty or territorial integrity. Continued Western military and financial support. A durable peace deal that does not force Ukraine to give up territory. European Stake: EU leaders (France, Germany, UK) emphasize unity against Russia. Europe fears that U.S.-Russia talks may sideline European interests, just like in 1945 when post-war Europe was decided without French input. India’s Concerns: India is indirectly impacted by U.S. sanctions on Russia, particularly affecting energy imports and fertilizer supplies. U.S. has imposed a 25% tariff penalty on India for Russian oil purchases and a 25% tariff on Indian exports to the U.S. New Delhi hopes Trump emerges with a “win” that stabilizes the situation, as prolonged instability hurts its economy and geopolitical balancing. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Samudrayaan Mission Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Two Indian aquanauts — Cdr (Retd) Jatinder Pal Singh and R. Ramesh (scientists at NIOT) — undertook deep-sea dives in the Atlantic Ocean from the French vessel Nautile. They reached depths of 5,002 metres and 4,025 metres, setting new records for Indian deep-sea missions. Earlier Indian submarine dives were limited to 500 metres, with the deepest being 670 metres. This marks a significant step in preparations for India’s Samudrayaan Mission (2027), aimed at exploring deep-sea resources and technologies. The Indian flag was unfurled underwater alongside the French flag, symbolizing international collaboration. Learning Corner: Samudrayaan Mission – India’s Deep Ocean Mission Introduction Samudrayaan is India’s first manned deep-ocean mission, launched under the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) by the Ministry of Earth Sciences. It aims to send aquanauts up to 6,000 metres into the ocean in a submersible vehicle named MATSYA 6000. Objectives Exploration of polymetallic nodules and mineral resources like nickel, cobalt, copper, and manganese in the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Development of deep-sea technologies: submersibles, mining systems, sensors, and underwater robotics. Understanding deep-sea biodiversity, ecosystems, and climate interactions. Strengthening India’s role in the Blue Economy and energy security. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Guru Tegh Bahadur Category: HISTORY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah will participate in the 350th martyrdom anniversary celebrations of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib  The event is being organized by the Maharashtra Government with support from the Sikh Coordination Committee of Maharashtra and other Sikh groups. The commemoration aims to honor Guru Tegh Bahadur’s supreme sacrifice, upholding religious freedom, unity, and human dignity. Sikh leaders and communities such as Sikligar, Banjara-Labana, Mosial-Sindhi, and Sanatani saints will join the celebrations, which will include religious gatherings, cultural events, and distribution of Sikh history books. In addition to Navi Mumbai, related events are scheduled across India—such as in Nanded Sahib, Nagpur, and through Panthic Nagar Kirtans traveling across 20 states, culminating at Sri Anandpur Sahib. These celebrations highlight the national significance of Guru Tegh Bahadur’s legacy of peace, selfless service, and unity. Learning Corner: Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675) Ninth Sikh Guru: Youngest son of Guru Hargobind; became Guru in 1665. Teachings: Advocated courage, humility, equality, compassion, and devotion to God. Emphasized protection of human rights, religious freedom, and dignity of life. Contributions: Founded Anandpur Sahib (1665), which later became a Sikh religious and political center. Composed hymns (116 shabads) later included in the Guru Granth Sahib. Traveled extensively to spread Sikh teachings across North India. Martyrdom (1675): Opposed forced conversions under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Publicly defended the right of Kashmiri Pandits and others to practice their faith. Executed in Delhi, earning him the title “Hind di Chadar” (Shield of India). Legacy: Symbol of religious freedom, pluralism, and resistance against tyranny. His sacrifice laid foundations for Guru Gobind Singh’s later creation of the Khalsa. Remembered through Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi and commemorative events worldwide. Source: THE TIMES OF INDIA Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY) Category: POLITY Context: Announced on 15th August 2025, the scheme aims to generate 3.5 crore new jobs between August 2025 and July 2027 with an outlay of ₹1 lakh crore. Key Features: Eligibility: Youth entering their first private sector job (salary up to ₹1 lakh/month) in firms registered with EPFO. Incentives for Youth: ₹15,000 financial support in two installments—after 6 months of service and after 1 year along with a financial literacy program. Incentives for Employers: Up to ₹3,000/month per eligible employee for two years (extendable to four years for sustained jobs), with a focus on manufacturing and MSMEs. Application Process: Registration through EPFO, generation of UAN, face authentication, and minimum 6 months EPF contribution. Special Focus: Promotes financial literacy, savings, job creation in manufacturing, services, and technology sectors. Learning Corner: Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) – 2016 Launched to incentivize employers to generate new employment. Government paid the full employer’s contribution (12% of wages) towards EPF and EPS for new employees. Targeted at workers earning less than ₹15,000 per month. Helped formalize the workforce and increase social security coverage. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) – 2005 Provides at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to rural households. Focuses on unskilled manual work linked to asset creation (roads, water conservation, afforestation). Plays a strong role as a social safety net and in reducing rural distress. National Career Service (NCS) – 2015 Digital platform under the Ministry of Labour &

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Dhirio Category: CULTURE Context:  Goa’s traditional bullfighting, and recent demands by MLAs across party lines to legalise it. Key Points: Historical & Cultural Significance: Traced back to the Harappan civilisation and Portuguese era. Traditionally held after harvest season as community entertainment. Bulls fight until one falls or flees, sometimes causing serious injuries. Events attract large crowds, including politicians and dignitaries. Current Ban: Prohibited under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 after a fatal 1996 incident. High Court banned all animal fights, but events still occur clandestinely, often publicised through private channels. Popular for betting, including among the Goan diaspora. Legalisation Debate: Proponents: Claim no cruelty, compare it to regulated sports like boxing, argue it boosts tourism and rural economy. Opponents (animal rights activists): Call it violent, cruel, and primarily for gambling; oppose exceptions for dhirio. Government Response: Goa CM Pramod Sawant has promised to examine the issue. Previous attempts to legalise under regulated frameworks have been discussed but not implemented. Learning Corner: Traditional Bullfighting in India: Jallikattu (Tamil Nadu): Bull-taming sport held during Pongal festival; participants attempt to grab a bull’s hump and hold on. Dhirio (Goa): Bull-versus-bull fights, banned under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960; proponents seek regulated revival. Kambala (Karnataka): Though not bullfighting, involves buffalo races in waterlogged fields during the harvest season. Traditional Sports in India: Mallakhamba (Maharashtra & MP): Gymnastics and wrestling techniques performed on a wooden pole or rope. Thang-ta (Manipur): Martial art combining armed combat with sword and spear. Vallam Kali (Kerala): Snake boat races during Onam. Silambam (Tamil Nadu): Weapon-based martial art using bamboo staffs. Mukna (Manipur): Indigenous form of wrestling. Gatka (Punjab): Sikh martial art involving swords and sticks. Kho-Kho & Kabaddi: Tag-based team sports with deep rural roots, now professional leagues. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Plate tectonics Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : This can directly be asked in prelims Scientific Significance: Originated along the boundary between the Indian and Eurasian Plates. This region, especially the Eastern Himalayas, is highly seismically active, with plate convergence rates varying from 10 to 38 mm/year. The earthquake’s mixed thrust and strike-slip motion made it unique compared to typical Himalayan quakes. Caused major surface ruptures, mountain collapses, and altered landscapes permanently. Geological Context: The Great Assam Earthquake was caused by collision of continental plates, creating a complex tectonic zone. The Eastern Himalayas differ from the central arc, as structures here involve multiple faults linked to the Assam syntaxis. Past data shows large quakes in the area in 1548, 1596, 1697, and medieval events between 1262–1635. Implications for the Future: The region remains the most seismically active in the Himalayas and could generate another 1950-scale quake. Predicting timing, location, and magnitude remains impossible with current knowledge. Urban expansion, infrastructure, and population density make a future quake potentially more devastating. Learning Corner: Plate Tectonics  Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that the Earth’s outer shell (lithosphere) is divided into large, rigid plates that float on the semi-molten asthenosphere beneath. These plates move slowly due to convection currents in the mantle caused by heat from Earth’s interior. Key Points: Major Plates: Pacific, Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, North American, South American, and Antarctic, along with smaller plates. Plate Boundaries: Convergent: Plates move towards each other → mountain building, subduction zones, volcanoes. Divergent: Plates move apart → mid-ocean ridges, seafloor spreading. Transform: Plates slide past each other → earthquakes. Geological Impact: Explains distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, ocean trenches, and continental drift. Driving Forces: Mantle convection, slab pull, and ridge push. Source:  THE HINDU India’s First Private EO Satellite Constellation Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: India is set to launch its first private Earth Observation (EO) satellite constellation under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, announced by IN-SPACe Key Details: Lead & Partners: Led by Bengaluru-based PixxelSpace India with Piersight Space, Satsure Analytics India, and Dhruva Space. Investment: ₹1,200 crore over five years; zero cost to the government, with private sector fully funding the project. Constellation: 12 advanced EO satellites with panchromatic, multispectral, hyperspectral, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors. Timeline: Phased deployment over 4–5 years. Government Role: Strategic, technical, and policy support; all satellites to be built, launched, and operated in India to ensure data sovereignty. Strategic Importance: Applications: Climate change monitoring, disaster management, precision agriculture, urban planning, marine surveillance, national security, and water quality monitoring. Global Reach: Aims to supply high-quality EO data for domestic and international markets. Economic Impact: Boost to private space industry, projected to grow from $8.4 billion (2022) to $44 billion (2033). Source: THE HINDU SHRESTH Category: POLITY Context: The Union Health Ministry launched SHRESTH as India’s first national framework to benchmark and strengthen state drug regulatory systems Objectives: Evaluate, rank, and guide improvement of state drug regulators. Align with global standards like WHO ML3 for vaccine regulation. Ensure uniform quality and safety of medicines nationwide. Framework: Developed by CDSCO. Manufacturing States: 27 indices under five themes — Human Resources, Infrastructure, Licensing, Surveillance, and Responsiveness. Distribution States/UTs: 23 indices under similar themes. Monthly data submission and scoring; rankings shared for transparency and cross-learning. Capacity building via workshops, joint audits, and training. Significance: Promotes consistent drug safety and regulatory maturity. Encourages sharing of best practices. Strengthens public trust in medicines. Supports India’s pharmaceutical leadership globally. Learning Corner: Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India’s national regulatory authority for drugs and medical devices, functioning under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It operates under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and its rules. Key Functions: Approval of New Drugs & Clinical Trials – Ensures safety, efficacy, and quality before market entry. Regulation of Medical Devices – Oversees standards, licensing, and post-market surveillance. Licensing Authority – Issues licenses for import of drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. Coordination with State Authorities – Works with State Drug Control Departments to maintain uniform drug quality across India. Pharmacovigilance – Monitors adverse drug reactions to enhance drug safety. Standard Setting – Frames guidelines and standards for manufacturing,

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Satellite Internet Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Starlink Internet in India Need for Satellite Internet: Ground-based networks use cables and towers, efficient in urban areas but limited in sparsely populated regions due to high infrastructure costs and vulnerability to disasters. Satellite internet bypasses physical infrastructure, making it suitable for remote, offshore, and disaster-hit areas, with applications in military, emergency, healthcare, agriculture, and transportation. Features: Modern systems use mega-constellations (e.g., Starlink) with hundreds/thousands of satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for high-speed, low-latency coverage. Offers “Internet in the sky” enabling communication without fixed ground infrastructure. Dual-use nature: civilian (connectivity, telemedicine) & military (coordination, disaster response). Types of Orbits: LEO (200–2,000 km altitude): Low latency, flexible coverage, smaller satellites. MEO (2,000–35,786 km): Balanced latency and coverage. GEO (35,786 km): Large satellites, fixed relative to Earth, higher latency but wider coverage. Advantages: Global coverage, disaster resilience, rapid deployment. Flexible scaling via mega-constellations. Reduces dependency on cables and towers. Challenges: Smaller coverage area per satellite; requires many satellites for large coverage. Expensive equipment for households (₹40,000) and subscription (₹5,500/month for Starlink in India). Space debris risk, spectrum management, and regulatory issues. Applications: Direct-to-smartphone internet, IoT, autonomous vehicles, telemedicine, remote education, agriculture, defence, and disaster management. Learning Corner: Major Differences Between Satellite Internet and Traditional Internet Aspect Satellite Internet Traditional Internet Infrastructure Uses satellites orbiting the Earth to transmit data Uses terrestrial cables (fiber, DSL, coaxial) and cellular towers Coverage Provides internet access virtually anywhere, including remote and rural areas Limited to areas with wired or cellular infrastructure; urban-centric Latency Higher latency (delay) due to long distance signals travel to/from satellites Generally lower latency due to shorter signal paths Speed Typically slower speeds, though improving with new satellite tech (e.g., LEO satellites) Usually faster and more stable speeds, especially fiber-optic connections Reliability Affected by weather conditions (rain, storms) and line-of-sight issues Generally more stable and reliable under normal conditions Installation Requires a satellite dish and modem; easier for remote areas without cables Requires physical cable connections or cell towers; may need complex installation Cost Usually higher monthly costs and equipment fees Often lower costs, especially where infrastructure is mature Use Case Ideal for remote, rural, maritime, or emergency use where terrestrial internet is unavailable Preferred for urban, suburban areas with established infrastructure Source: THE HINDU Sleeping sickness Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared Kenya free of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness WHO Declares Kenya Free of Sleeping Sickness Making it the tenth country to achieve this milestone. The last indigenous case was detected in 2009, and the last imported case in 2012 in the Masai Mara region. About the Disease: HAT is a parasitic disease transmitted by the tsetse fly. Kenya was affected by the rhodesiense form, which progresses rapidly and can be fatal within weeks if untreated. Factors Behind Elimination: Kenya’s success is the result of decades of sustained public health measures including tsetse fly control, better diagnostics, community awareness, and strong collaborations between local authorities, WHO, and international partners. Significance: This is Kenya’s second eliminated neglected tropical disease after Guinea worm disease in 2018. The achievement protects vulnerable communities, supports economic growth, and contributes to Africa’s goal of eradicating neglected tropical diseases. Ongoing Measures: Kenya will maintain strong surveillance and community engagement to prevent resurgence, supported by WHO and partner organizations through post-validation monitoring and rapid response systems. Former Hotspots: Historic high-risk areas included counties around Lake Victoria such as Busia, Bungoma, Siaya, Migori, Homa Bay, Kisumu, and Kwale, where sustained control and monitoring proved crucial. Learning Corner: Sleeping Sickness Sleeping sickness, medically known as Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tsetse fly found in sub-Saharan Africa. Key Points: Types: Two forms exist—Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (chronic form, West and Central Africa) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (acute form, East and Southern Africa). Symptoms: Early symptoms include fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching. If untreated, it progresses to neurological symptoms like confusion, disrupted sleep cycles, and can lead to coma and death. Transmission: The tsetse fly bites humans and animals, transferring parasites into the bloodstream. Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis requires blood tests and sometimes examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment depends on disease stage and may involve drugs like pentamidine or melarsoprol. Control Measures: Include vector control (reducing tsetse fly populations), active surveillance, prompt diagnosis, and treatment. Recent Progress: Several countries, including Kenya, have been declared free of sleeping sickness due to sustained public health efforts. Sleeping sickness remains a neglected tropical disease but control efforts have significantly reduced its incidence. Source:  AIR Kakori Heroes Category: HISTORY Context: PM Modi Pays Tribute to Kakori Heroes on 100th Anniversary On August 9, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to the heroes of the Kakori Train Action, marking its 100th anniversary. The Kakori Train Action was a daring train robbery near Lucknow in 1925, led by revolutionaries like Ram Prasad Bismil, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and Ashfaqullah Khan to protest British colonial rule and reclaim funds for the independence movement. The incident led to the arrest and execution of several revolutionaries and remains a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for freedom. Modi reaffirmed the government’s commitment to uphold their legacy and work towards a strong and prosperous India. Learning Corner: Conspiracy Case Year Prominent Leaders Involved Objectives Alipore Bomb Case 1908 Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh To assassinate British officials and incite armed rebellion against colonial rule Kakori Conspiracy Case 1925 Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Roshan Singh To loot government treasury from a train to fund revolutionary activities Meerut Conspiracy Case 1929 Shaukat Usmani, S.A. Dange, S.V. Ghate To organize a communist-led uprising and overthrow British government through strikes and mutiny Lahore Conspiracy Case 1930 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai and to inspire mass revolution against British rule Peshawar Conspiracy Case 1922 Ghadar Party leaders (e.g.,

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Perito Moreno Glacier Category: GEOGRAPHY Context:  The Perito Moreno Glacier in Argentina, long known for its stability, is now thinning rapidly since 2019, raising fears of irreversible retreat Historically stable due to unique geography—high-altitude ice fields and a submerged bedrock ridge—the glacier resisted melting despite global warming. New radar studies revealed the ridge extends deep into the glacier’s base, preventing it from detaching and floating away. However, recent data shows accelerated ice loss, likely from climate change, making the glacier more vulnerable to melting. Scientists warn that without action to cut greenhouse gas emissions; the glacier’s retreat is inevitable. Learning Corner: Major Glaciers of the World Glacier Location Notable Facts Lambert Glacier East Antarctica World’s largest glacier (~400 km long, ~100 km wide). Pine Island & Thwaites Glacier West Antarctica Rapidly melting, major contributors to sea-level rise. Hubbard Glacier Alaska, USA North America’s largest tidewater glacier (~122 km long). Baltoro Glacier Pakistan (Karakoram) ~63 km long, near K2; important for Indus basin. Siachen Glacier India/Pakistan (Karakoram) Highest battlefield in the world (~76 km² under Indian control). Perito Moreno Glacier Argentina (Patagonia) Famous for stability; now thinning rapidly. Fedchenko Glacier Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains) Largest in the world outside polar regions (~77 km long). Jakobshavn Glacier Greenland Fastest-moving glacier; major iceberg producer. Major Glaciers in India Glacier Location Notable Facts Siachen Glacier Ladakh (Karakoram) Strategic location; source of Nubra River. Gangotri Glacier Uttarakhand (Garhwal Himalaya) Source of Bhagirathi River, major Ganga tributary. Zemu Glacier Sikkim (Kangchenjunga region) Largest in Eastern Himalayas. Dokriani Glacier Uttarakhand Monitored for climate change impacts. Pindari Glacier Uttarakhand (Kumaon Himalaya) Popular trekking destination; source of Pindar River. Milam Glacier Uttarakhand Source of Goriganga River. Chhota Shigri Glacier Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul Valley) Well-studied for glacial retreat trends. Kolhai Glacier Jammu & Kashmir (Lidder Valley) Largest in Kashmir Himalaya. Drang-Drung Glacier Ladakh (Zanskar) Source of Stod River. Prelims Pointers Longest glacier in the world: Lambert Glacier (Antarctica). Longest glacier outside polar regions: Fedchenko Glacier (Tajikistan). Largest glacier in India: Siachen Glacier (~76 km). Climate change impact: Himalayan glaciers retreating faster than global average (WMO reports). Strategic importance: Siachen (defense), Gangotri & Zemu (river systems). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Removal of Minister Category: POLITY Context : On the first day of Karnataka’s Monsoon Assembly Session, Cooperation Minister K.N. Rajanna was removed from the Cabinet. Removal of a Minister in State Legislature  In India’s parliamentary form of government, both at the Union and State levels, the Council of Ministers holds office collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly (Article 164). Key Points: Collective Responsibility The entire Council of Ministers (CoM), headed by the Chief Minister (CM), remains in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the Legislative Assembly. If the Assembly passes a vote of no-confidence or the Budget/appropriation bill is defeated, the entire CoM must resign. Individual Minister’s Removal A minister can be removed: (a) By the Governor on the advice of the CM (Article 164(1)). (b) Indirectly, if the CM asks for their resignation or reshuffles the cabinet. (c) By loss of membership of the Legislature (disqualification, resignation, or defeat in elections). Governor’s Role The Governor does not act on personal discretion but follows the CM’s advice in removing a minister. Legislative Control Any individual minister may be targeted through: No-confidence motion against the whole CoM. Censure motion or cut motion in the Assembly. Judicial Aspect Removal is a political/legislative matter; courts generally do not intervene unless constitutional procedures are violated. In essence: In a state parliamentary democracy, a minister cannot cling to office if the CM or Legislative Assembly withdraws support. The Governor’s formal action is just the constitutional formality to implement this political decision. Learning Corner: Salient Features of Parliamentary Democracy Supremacy of the Legislature The Parliament (or State Legislature) is the supreme law-making body within the constitutional framework. Executive is responsible to the legislature. Collective Responsibility of the Executive The Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister (or Chief Minister at state level), is collectively responsible to the Lower House (Lok Sabha/State Assembly). Loss of confidence in the House mandates resignation. Bicameral Legislature (at the Union level) Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States). Provides representation to both the people and the states. Majority Rule The political party/coalition with majority support in the Lower House forms the government. Opposition plays a vital role in scrutiny. Separation of Head of State and Head of Government Head of State (President/Governor) is largely ceremonial. Head of Government (Prime Minister/Chief Minister) exercises real executive power. Fusion of Executive and Legislature Ministers are members of the legislature, unlike in the presidential system where the separation is strict. Free, Fair, and Periodic Elections Conducted by an independent Election Commission. Universal adult suffrage ensures equal participation. Rule of Law & Constitutional Supremacy All organs function within the limits set by the Constitution. Judiciary ensures checks and balances. Opposition and Accountability Mechanisms Question Hour, Zero Hour, Parliamentary Committees, and debates ensure government accountability. Cabinet System of Government Real executive authority lies with the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister. Source:  THE HINDU Envelope Dimer Epitope (EDE) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: researchers from the US and the Philippines has identified envelope dimer epitope (EDE)-like antibodies as a key factor in building strong, broad, cross-serotype immunity against dengue virus (  Dengue remains a major global health challenge, and developing a universal vaccine is difficult due to the immune system’s complex response — notably, antibody-dependent enhancement, where a second infection with a different serotype can worsen the disease. The study, conducted in Cebu province, Philippines, followed 2,996 children over several years. Findings showed that EDE-like antibodies accounted for 42–65% of the protective effect of virus-neutralising antibodies and 41–75% of the effect of E protein-binding antibodies. These antibodies were strongly linked to broad immunity and lower risk of severe disease. The results may pave the way for better-targeted dengue vaccines and therapeutics. Learning Corner: Envelope Dimer Epitope (EDE) Definition: A specific site found on the envelope (E) protein

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Rising Farm Exports Category: AGRICULTURE Context:  Impact of USA’s tariff on agriculture exports India’s Rising Farm Exports Export Performance: India exported agricultural goods worth $51.94 billion in 2024–25 (Apr–Jun data annualized), up 5.84% year-on-year. Key Export Items: Marine products, rice (basmati & non-basmati), spices, buffalo meat, coffee, fruits & vegetables, sugar, tobacco, processed F&V, castor oil, oilseeds, and oilmeals. Top Gainers: Non-basmati rice (+11.54%), tobacco (+19.29%), coffee (+13.87%), and processed F&V (+12.08%). Top Decliners: Marine products (-19.45%), oilseeds (-12.58%), oilmeals (-5.24%). Trade Surplus: Agriculture exports ($51.9B) exceed imports ($38.5B), but surplus has halved compared to a decade ago. Growth Factors: Higher global food prices (FAO index), strong demand for certain commodities, easing of export restrictions, and price rises in onions, coffee, and tobacco. Risks: Possible US tariffs under Trump’s policies, global market volatility, and falling prices in some commodities. Global Context: Demand boosts from countries like Brazil, Zimbabwe; domestic measures like onion export bans lifted; drought impacts in some countries helped exports. Learning Corner: India’s Exports  Overview India is among the top 20 largest exporters globally. Merchandise exports crossed USD 450 billion in FY 2023–24, while services exports exceeded USD 340 billion, making India a net exporter in services. Major export sectors: Petroleum products, engineering goods, gems & jewellery, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and agricultural products. Key Schemes & Initiatives Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023: Shift from incentive-based to remission-based schemes. Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP): Refunds taxes not rebated under other schemes. Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG): Duty-free import of capital goods for producing export goods. Production Linked Incentive (PLI): Boosts manufacturing in electronics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc. Market Access Initiative (MAI): Financial assistance for market development. Institutional Framework Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) – policy implementation. Export Credit Guarantee Corporation (ECGC) – export credit insurance. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) – agri exports. Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) – marine exports. Important Facts for Prelims Top export destinations (FY 2024): USA, UAE, Netherlands, Singapore, China. Top exported items (2024): Petroleum products, engineering goods, gems & jewellery, rice, pharmaceuticals. India’s global rank in IT services exports – 1st. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) contribute over 30% of India’s total exports. Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) expected to boost trade routes. WTO & Trade Agreements Context India is a WTO member since 1995. Involved in FTAs/CECA with countries like UAE (CEPA), Australia (ECTA), Mauritius (CECPA), ASEAN, and Japan. Negotiating India-UK FTA and India-EU FTA. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS IMEC (India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Gaza War Delayed IMEC. Background: The IMEC was announced during the G20 Summit (2023) to cut shipping time from India to Europe by ~40% compared to the Red Sea route. It involves sea and rail connectivity from India to UAE, across Saudi Arabia and Jordan to Israel, then by ship to Greece and onward via Europe’s rail network. It also includes cables for electricity, internet, and pipelines for clean energy. Importance: The EU is India’s largest trading partner; in FY 2023–24, bilateral trade was $137.41 billion. IMEC aims to strengthen connectivity, boost trade, and reduce costs. Initial Momentum: Announced during a rare stable geopolitical moment in the Middle East, with growing normalisation (Israel–Arab rapprochement, Saudi Arabia’s cautious engagement). Impact of Gaza War: Jordan–Israel ties have collapsed due to Israeli–American pressure on Jordan over Gaza. Saudi Arabia’s normalisation with Israel stalled; Riyadh is doubling down on Palestinian statehood demands. Red Sea shipping has been disrupted by Houthi attacks. Regional instability has made stakeholder meetings impossible. Learning Corner: India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) – UPSC Prelims Specific Announcement – Launched at the G20 Summit, New Delhi, September 2023 as part of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII). Members – India, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Jordan, Israel, European Union, USA. Structure – Two corridors: Eastern Corridor – Connects India to the Arabian Gulf. Northern Corridor – Connects the Arabian Gulf to Europe. Mode of Transport – Multimodal: rail, road, and shipping links. Key Aim – To boost trade, digital connectivity, clean energy transfer (green hydrogen), and supply chain resilience. Significance for India – Strategic alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Enhances connectivity with Europe via Middle East bypassing Pakistan. Strengthens ties with Gulf nations and EU. Challenges – Geopolitical tensions in West Asia, Israel–Palestine conflict, and funding issues. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Kaleshwaram Project (KLIP) Category: AGRICULTURE Context: One-man judicial commission to investigate corruption in KLIP What is KLIP? A multi-purpose lift irrigation project on the Godavari River in Kaleshwaram, Bhupalpally district, Telangana. World’s largest multi-stage irrigation project; utilises a canal network of over 1,800 km. Designed to irrigate 16 lakh hectares, stabilise existing ayacut, and store/distribute 240 TMC ft of Godavari water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use. Built across Godavari at Medigadda, Annaram, Sundilla. Controversy: Structural failures: Within 3 years, piers of Sundilla barrage sank; Annaram and Sundilla developed cracks. Allegation: Barrages were built on permeable foundations unable to withstand heavy water inflow. Location shift from Tummidihatti to Medigadda raised cost and invited political criticism. Water availability doubts at Tummidihatti led to change, but opposition alleged ulterior motives. Inquiry: Congress promised probe; CM A. Revanth Reddy set up one-man judicial commission headed by Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose. Inquiry spanned 15 months, examined over 110 witnesses, including ex-CM KCR and former ministers. Found negligence in execution and fund release. Report submitted on July 31, 2025; discussion to be held in Assembly. Learning Corner: Lift Irrigation Projects in India Major Operational Lift Irrigation Projects Project State Source of Water Key Points Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) Telangana Godavari River World’s largest multi-stage lift irrigation; lifts water up to ~600 m; designed for irrigation, drinking water, and industrial use. Handri-Neeva Sujala Sravanthi (HNSS) Andhra Pradesh Krishna River Multi-phase; lifts water to drought-prone Rayalaseema. Indira Gandhi Canal Lift Scheme Rajasthan IG Canal (from Sutlej-Beas) Supplies water to higher elevation areas of Thar Desert. Ganga Canal Lift Scheme Uttar Pradesh Ganga River