Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) BvS10 Sindhu Category: Defence and Security Context: Infrastructure major Larsen & Toubro Ltd. (L&T) and BAE Systems have bagged a contract from the Indian Army for supply of BvS10 Sindhu. About BvS10 Sindhu: Nature: The BvS10 is a well-known articulated all-terrain vehicle.  Used by several advanced militaries: The BvS10 is already in service with the armed forces of Austria, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. It’s also on order for the German Army and has been selected for the US Army’s Cold Weather All-Terrain Vehicle (CATV) program. Structure: BvS10 Sindhu is an upgraded variant of the BvS10 with adaptations tailored specifically for India’s terrain and climate. Its design allows for two connected vehicle sections that help it cross difficult terrain that conventional wheeled or tracked vehicles struggle with. Customised for Indian conditions: It’s customized for India’s extreme terrain: high-altitude regions, deserts, marshlands, and flood-prone zones. The vehicle is also amphibious, able to operate in water or flooded terrain. Construction: L&T will manufacture the BvS10 Sindhu at its Armoured Systems Complex in Hazira, Gujarat, with technical and design support from BAE Systems Hägglunds (a Swedish business unit of BAE Systems, focused on military ground vehicles), the original manufacturer of the BvS10 platform. Uses: The Sindhu variant can be reconfigured for multiple purposes: troop transport, command post, ambulance, recovery, logistics, or even a weapons-armed version. This flexibility is ideal for the Indian Army’s diverse mission needs. Boost to Make in India: It will support India’s defence modernisation, which embodies the commitment to local manufacturing and technology transfer under the Make in India initiative. Source: The Hindu Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2026 Category: Environment and Ecology Context: India slipped 13 ranks to figure at the 23rd position in the latest Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI).                            About Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI): Publishing agency: It is published by think tanks German watch, New Climate Institute, and Climate Action Network International. It was first published in 2005. Objective: It tracks the progress of the world’s largest emitters in terms of emissions, renewables, and climate policy. Assessment in 4 categories: The performance of countries is assessed in four categories with 14 indicators- Greenhouse Gas Emissions (40% of the overall score), Renewable Energy (20%), Energy Use (20%), and Climate Policy (20%). Key highlights of the Climate Change Performance Index 2026: Denmark, the UK and Morocco took the lead in this year’s CCPI. China (54th), Russia (64th), the US (65th) and Saudi Arabia (67th) are the G20’s worst-performing countries, receiving an overall very low score.  India fell 13 places from its previous ranking of 10th to stand at 23rd in the latest global climate change performance with a score of 61.31. It’s the biggest fall of India on the CCPI ranking in the recent past even as it remained in the top 10 high-performing countries for six years in a row till 2024. India, which ranked 31st in 2014, entered the top 10 list for the first time in 2019. It also labelled India among the biggest producers of oil, gas, and coal worldwide, leading it to fall from a ‘high performer’ to a ‘medium’ one in this year’s CCPI. Source: The Times of India Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Category: Miscellaneous Context: Recently, the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2024 was presented to Michelle Bachelet, the first and only woman President of Chile. About Indira Gandhi Peace Prize: Establishment: It was instituted in the memory of the former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by a trust in her name in 1986. Nomenclature: It is also known as the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development, Composition: It consists of a monetary award of 25 lakh rupees along with a citation. Significance: The prize is awarded annually and is considered one of the highest honours in the field of peace and development. Eligibility criteria: It is awarded annually to a person or organization without any distinction of nationality, race or religion, in recognition of creative efforts towards: Promoting international peace and disarmament, racial equality, and goodwill and harmony among nations; Securing economic co-operation and promoting a new international economic order; Accelerating the all-round advancement of developing nations; Ensuring that the discoveries of science and modern knowledge are used for the larger good of the human race; and Enlarging the scope of freedom and enriching the human spirit. Source: The Indian Express Geological Survey of India (GSI) Category: Polity and Governance Context: Union Coal Minister will inaugurate GSI’s international seminar in Jaipur as part of its year-long commemoration of 175 years of service to the nation. About Geological Survey of India (GSI): Origin: It was conceived as “Geological Survey of India” by John McClelland who initiated the appointment of David Hiraw Williams as the Geological Surveyor on February 5, 1846 by the East India Company. Formal establishment: The appointment of Thomas Oldham as the new Geological Surveyor in 1851 marked the formal beginning of the functioning of the GSI. Objective: It aims to provide impartial and up-to-date geological expertise and geoscientific information of all kinds, with a focus on policy-making decisions, and commercial and socio-economic needs. Nodal Ministry: Presently, GSI is an attached office to the Ministry of Mines. Headquarter: Its headquarters is located in Kolkata and has six regional offices located at Lucknow, Jaipur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Shillong and Kolkata. Uniqueness: It is the second oldest survey body in India after Survey of India (founded in 1767). Documentation of geological processes: It also emphasises systematic documentation of all geological processes, both surface and subsurface, of India and its offshore areas. The organisation carries out this work through geological, geophysical, & geochemical surveys using the latest and most cost-effective techniques and methodologies. Significance: It has played a pioneering role in geological mapping, mineral exploration, disaster studies, and geoscientific research, significantly contributing to India’s industrial and economic growth Missions: It carries out all activities under five Missions. Mission-I (Ground, Aerial and Marine Surveys), Mission-II (Natural Resource Assessments & Augmentation of

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Kuno National Park Category: Environment and Ecology Context: In a first since the Cheetah Reintroduction Project in the country, an Indian-born cheetah has given birth to five cubs at the Kuno National Park. About Kuno National Park: Location: It is located in the Sheopur district of Madhya Pradesh. It is nestled near the Vindhyan Hills. Establishment: It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1981, upgraded to a national park in 2018. Nomenclature: It derives its name from the meandering Kuno River (one of the main tributaries of the Chambal River), which flows from south to north and divides the park into two sections. Area: It covers an area of 750 sq.km. Uniqueness: It was selected under the ‘Action Plan for Introduction of Cheetah in India.’ A total of 20 cheetahs were introduced in Kuno National Park (NP), eight from Namibia in September 2022, followed by 12 more from South Africa in February 2023 under the Cheetah Project. Potential to carry all four big cats: The Kuno has the potential to carry populations of all four of India’s big cats. The tiger, the leopard, the Asiatic lion, and also the cheetah all four of which have coexisted within the same habitats. Flora: Kuno National Park has a rich floral diversity with more than 129 species of trees. These tropical dry deciduous forests mainly consist of Anogeissus pendula (Kardhai), Senegalia catechu (Khair), Boswellia serrata (Salai), and associated flora.  Fauna: The protected area of the forest is home to the jungle cat, Indian leopard, sloth bear, Indian wolf, striped hyena, golden jackal, Bengal fox, and dhole, along with more than 120 bird species. Source: The Hindu Sentinel-6B Category: Science and Technology Context: Sentinel-6B was launched recently from the Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. About Sentinel-6B: Nature: It is a joint mission between the United States’ NASA and NOAA, and the European Space Agency. It is the latest in a series of satellites launched since the 1990s, mainly by NASA, to measure the sea-level changes from space. Objective: It is an ocean-tracking satellite which will measure the rising sea levels and its impacts on the planet. It will provide primary sea level measurements down to approximately an inch from over 90% of all the oceans. Launch: It was lunched aboard a SpaceX Falcon-9. Continues legacy of Sentinel-6: It is set to carry forward the legacy of Sentinel -6 Michael Freilich, launched in November 2020. Orbiting speed: It will orbit Earth at a speed of 7.2 km per second, completing one revolution every 112 minutes. It is expected to spend the next 5.5 years in orbit. Coverage: It maps more than 90% of the world’s ice-free oceans every 10 days. Components: It consists of six onboard science instruments. It has two fixed solar arrays, plus two deployable solar panels, and will travel in a longitude direction around Earth in a non-Sun-synchronous orbit. Significance: It observes Earth’s oceans, measuring sea levels to improve weather forecasts and flood predictions. It also safeguards public safety, benefits commercial industry, and protects coastal infrastructure. Source: The Indian Express Raulane Festival Category: History and Culture Context: Recently, raulane festival, a unique and sacred winter festival was celebrated in Himachal Pradesh’s Kinnaur district. About Raulane Festival: Location: It is a traditional festival celebrated in Kalpa, Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh, in winter or early spring. History: This ancient festival is believed to be around 5,000 years old. It honours celestial fairies, known as Saunis, said to be radiant and gentle beings. Faith: Locals believe that the Saunis protect villagers during harsh winters by offering warmth and guidance. Symbolic marriage ceremony: During the festival, two men symbolically “marry” and become vessels for the Saunis, embodying a divine couple, the Raula (groom) and the Raulane (bride). Use of heavy costumes and masks: They get dressed in heavy woollen robes, ornaments and unique face masks. Ritual dance: They also perform a slow, meditative dance at the Nagin Narayan Temple, and the whole community joins in. Significance: The Raulane festival preserves ancient Himalayan culture and traditions, with villagers coming together to honour their protectors. Source: NDTV African Swine Fever (ASF) Category: Science and Technology Context: Recently, Assam Government banned the movement of live pigs in the State to arrest the spread of African swine fever. About African Swine Fever (ASF): Nature: The African swine fever is a highly contagious and hemorrhagic viral disease affecting pigs and wild boar. Not zoonotic: The disease does not infect humans (not zoonotic) or other livestock species. Fatality: ASF causes a destructive effect on piggery due to high morbidity and mortality (up to 90-100%). Spread: Originally found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, ASF is now prevalent in many countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa.  First case in India: India notified the first outbreak of ASF virus in January, 2020 in the Northeastern States of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. Transmission: The virus is highly resistant in the environment, meaning that it can survive on clothes, boots, wheels, and other materials. Infection can also occur through direct contact between pigs or boars. Symptoms: The clinical symptoms can look very much like those of classical swine fever such as fever, lack of appetite, inflamed eye mucous membranes, red skin, diarrhea, and vomiting. Prevention: Currently, there is no treatment or vaccine available against ASF, so prevention by adopting strict biosecurity measures, such as culling the animals, is the only way to prevent ASF. Listed in OIE’s Terrestrial Animal Health Code: It is listed in the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)’s Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Source: The Hindu BIRSA 101 Category: Science and Technology Context: Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh launches India’s first indigenous “CRISPR” based gene therapy named ‘BIRSA 101’ for Sickle Cell Disease. About BIRSA 101: Nomenclature: The therapy has been named Birsa-101 in honour of the tribal leader Birsa Munda. Uniqueness: It is India’s first indigenous CRISPR-based gene therapy, designed to treat Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Development: It is developed by the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB) in partnership with the Serum Institute

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Tribunal Reforms Act, 2021 Category: Polity and Governance Context: Recently, the Supreme Court struck down provisions of the Tribunal Reforms Act of 2021, a law designed to alter the tribunal system.                 About Tribunal Reforms Act, 2021: Objective: The Act was enacted to streamline the functioning of tribunals by dissolving certain appellate tribunals and transferring their functions to existing judicial bodies like the High Courts.   Associated SC Judgement: It was introduced in response to the Supreme Court’s ruling in the case of Madras Bar Association vs. Union of India (2021), which struck down certain provisions of the Tribunal Reforms (Rationalisation and Conditions of Service) Ordinance, 2021.  Selection Committee for Central Tribunals: Chairperson: Chief Justice of India (CJI) or a Supreme Court judge nominated by the CJI (casting vote).  Two Secretaries nominated by the Central Government.  Sitting/outgoing Chairperson of the tribunal, or a retired Supreme Court judge, or a retired Chief Justice of a High Court.  Non-voting member: Secretary of the relevant Union Ministry.  Selection Committee for State Administrative Tribunals: Chairperson: Chief Justice of the respective High Court (casting vote).  Chief Secretary of the State Government.  Chairman of the State Public Service Commission.  Sitting/outgoing Chairperson of the Tribunal or a retired High Court Judge.  Tenure of members: The tenure for Chairperson and Members is 4 years, with a minimum age of 50 years. The maximum age limit is 67 years for tribunal members and 70 years for chairpersons, or completion of the 4-year tenure, whichever is earlier.  Members eligible for reappointment: Tribunal Chairpersons and Members are eligible for reappointment, with preference given to their past service.  Removal of Tribunal Members: Central government on the recommendation of the Search-cum-Selection Committee can remove Chairperson or a Member. About SC Observations and Rulings: The Bench of Chief Justice B.R. Gavai and Justice K. Vinod Chandran held that the 2021 Act was an attempt to “repackage” the very provisions earlier invalidated.  The Court noted that Parliament cannot circumvent judicial directions by re-enacting an unconstitutional provision in slightly modified form. The Court found the 2021 Act to be a “legislative override” that consciously defied earlier judgments relating to tribunal autonomy. The Supreme Court invalidated provisions that: Allowed the Centre to control tenure and age limits of tribunal members, Included government secretaries on the selection committee, Limited tenure to four years, undermining institutional stability, Granted excessive rule-making powers to the executive over tribunals. Source: The Hindu CE20 Cryogenic Engine Category: Science and Technology Context: ISRO has successfully demonstrated the bootstrap mode start test on the CE20 cryogenic engine which powers the upper stage of the Launch Vehicle Mark-3 rocket. About CE20 Cryogenic Engine: Development: It is a cryogenic rocket engine developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, a subsidiary of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Objective: It is used to power the upper stage of the LVM3 launch vehicle and has been qualified to operate at a thrust level of 19 tonnes. This engine has also successfully powered the upper stage of six LVM3 missions so far. Uniqueness: It is the first Indian cryogenic engine to have a gas-generator cycle. The CE-20 uses a combination of LOX and LH2 propellants in a gas generator cycle.  Significance: It marks a significant step in ISRO’s indigenous engine development, showcasing its ability to overcome complex rocket propulsion challenges. Mechanism: During nominal operation, the engine ignition is initiated under tank head conditions, followed by the start of turbo pumps using a stored gas start-up system. Important for LVM3 flights: The test on the CE20 cryogenic engine, which was successfully conducted under vacuum conditions in the High-Altitude Test (HAT) facility at ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri is an important development towards enhancing the restart capability and mission flexibility of future LVM3 flights. Qualified for important missions like Gaganyaan: The CE20 cryogenic engine, powering the LVM3 upper stage, is already qualified for operation at thrust levels ranging from 19 to 22 tonnes in flight with a single start, and also for the Gaganyaan missions. Essential for flexible multi-orbit missions: For future missions, multiple in-flight restarts of the CE20 engine will be needed for flexible multi-orbit missions. Exploring possibility of bootstrap mode start: With the current set-up, each restart demands an additional start-up gas bottle and associated systems. Hence, achieving bootstrap mode start, where the engine builds up to steady operation without external start-up assistance is essential. Source: The Hindu Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Category: International Organisations Context: The Gulf Cooperation Council has approved a landmark one-stop travel system designed to streamline movement across member states. About Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Establishment: It is a regional political and economic alliance established in 1981. Members: The member countries include Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Objective: It aims to foster economic, security, cultural, and social cooperation among its members. This cooperation is based on common Islamic values, tribal links, and mutual security and development goals. History: It was formed in response to escalating regional tensions, particularly the Iranian Revolution (1979) and the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Significance: GCC countries are located strategically along the Persian Gulf, linking Europe, Asia, and Africa through maritime routes. Further, the bloc controls around 30% of global oil reserves and is a major exporter of natural gas. Organizational Structure: Supreme council is the highest authority of the GCC, composed of the heads of the member states. Ministerial council is composed of foreign ministers or their representatives from member states. It proposes policies and implements decisions of the Supreme Council. About One-stop Travel System: It is part of the GCC’s ambitious push to eliminate redundant travel procedures and foster stronger cooperation between member states.  It will allow Gulf citizens to complete all travel procedures including immigration, customs and security checks at a single checkpoint. Source: News on AIR Adam Chini Rice Category: Miscellaneous Context: Farmers in Uttar Pradesh are seeing their dreams take flight with the revival as BHU researchers revive timeless

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) PM-KISAN Category: Government Schemes Context: Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) West Bengal president said that over ₹10,500 crore has been disbursed to the State’s farmers under the PM-KISAN scheme. About PM-KISAN: Launch: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) is a Central-Sector scheme (100% funded by Government of India) and it was launched in December 2018. Objective: It aims to provide financial assistance to all land-holding farmer families across India. Under the scheme, eligible farmer families receive income support of Rs 6,000 annually, distributed in three equal installments of Rs 2,000 each. Nodal ministry: The Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (DA&FW) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare is the implementing agency.  The DA&FW works with the Department of Agriculture of all the states and union territories to implement the scheme. Eligibility: All landholding farmers’ families, which have cultivable land holding in their names are eligible to get benefit under the scheme. For the purposes of this scheme, a farmer “family” consists of the husband, wife, and any minor children. Identification of beneficiaries: The responsibility to identify eligible farmer families rests with State Governments and Union Territory (UT) administrations, following the scheme’s guidelines. Use of DBT: The scheme ensures that funds are directly transferred to beneficiaries’ bank accounts to promote transparency and reduce delays. The government has also linked Kisan Credit Card with PM-KISAN to streamline farmers’ access to formal credit, reduce documentation, and make loan processing faster. Exclusion: The PM-KISAN scheme excludes beneficiaries with higher economic status, making them ineligible for benefits. These exclusions are as follows: All institutional landholders.  Families where any member holds, or has held, constitutional posts.  Former and present Ministers (Central or State), Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha), State Legislative Assemblies/Councils, as well as former/present Mayors of Municipal Corporations and Chairpersons of District Panchayats.  All serving or retired officers and employees of Central/State Government Ministries, Departments, and field units, including Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs) and autonomous institutions under government and regular employees of local bodies.   Professionals such as Doctors, Engineers, Lawyers, Chartered Accountants, and Architects registered with professional bodies. Source: The Hindu BrahMos Missile Category: Defence and Security Context: Indonesian Defence Minister is scheduled to visit India in the last week of November for follow-up to the major defence agreement involving the BrahMos missile. About BrahMos Missile: Nomenclature: It is named after the Brahmaputra River of India and the Moskva River of Russia. Development: BrahMos has been jointly developed by DRDO, India, and NPOM, Russia (with India owning 50.5% of the JV and Russia owning the remaining 49.5%). Range: An Indo-Russian joint venture, the BrahMos missile has a range of 290 km. Uniqueness: It is the world’s fastest cruise missile with a top speed of Mach 2.8 (about three times the speed of sound).  Two-stage missile: It is a two-stage (solid propellant engine in the first stage and liquid ramjet in the second) missile.  Multiplatform missile: It is a multiplatform missile which can be launched with great accuracy from land, air and sea having multi-capability capabilities and can operate during day and night despite bad weather.  Based on fire and forget principle: It operates on the “fire and forget” principle i.e. it does not require guidance after launch. First launch: On June 12, 2001, the first successful launch of BrahMos occurred. The missile was launched from a land-based launcher at the Interim Test Range off the coast of Chandipur in Orissa. About BrahMos-NG (Next Generation): BrahMos-NG promises to become one of the most potent weapon systems in the future, carrying forward the excellent lineage of the existing world-class BrahMos. Its range is 290 km and it has a speed of 3.5 Mach. It has a smaller radar cross-section (RCS) than the previous missile, making it more difficult for air defence systems to detect and engage the target. Because of its small size, this missile can be launched from submarine torpedo rooms. Source: The Hindu Vrindavani Vastra Category: History and Culture Context: Assam Chief Minister left for London on Saturday to initiate the process of bringing back the revered Vrindavani Vastra from the British Museum. About Vrindavani Vastra: Nature: It is a 400-year-old traditional textile from Assam, woven with the theme of Krishna’s various exploits. Prominent themes: The childhood stories of Lord Krishna in Vrindavan, his divine pastimes, and various events are woven with thread on this cloth. Building technique: It was made of woven silk using the complex ‘lampas’ technique. This technique requires two weavers working simultaneously. The designs were woven with a large variety of colored threads, like red, white, black, yellow, green, etc. History: It was created under the guidance of Srimanta Sankardeva, at the request of Koch king Nara Narayan, who ruled over parts of modern-day Assam and West Bengal. Notably, Nara Nararan had sheltered Sankardeva after the Vaishnav saint was targeted by the Ahom kingdom on the instigation of Brahmin priests in the state. Significance: The textile serves as a testament to Assamese weaving, incorporating elements from various artistic traditions, and travelled from Assam to Tibet before being acquired by the British Museum in 1904. Associated with Vaishnavism: A masterpiece of sacred art, the Vrindavani Vastra is a central part of Assamese Vaishnavism. Source: The Hindu Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) Category: Science and Technology Context: Ethiopia has reported its first-ever outbreak of Marburg virus disease with laboratory tests confirming nine cases, the World Health Organization (WHO) said. About Marburg Virus Disease (MVD): Nomenclature: It was first identified in 1967 in the German city of Marburg. And it was named after an outbreak linked to laboratory workers exposed to infected green monkeys imported from Uganda. Geographical spread: Most outbreaks have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, including countries like Tanzania, Uganda, Angola, Ghana, Kenya, and Zimbabwe. Nature: MVD is a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever caused by the Marburg virus, with high case fatality rates and no approved treatments currently available.  Symptoms: MVD starts with high fever, severe headache, and malaise. As it progresses, it can cause severe bleeding, shock, and multi-organ failure, with death occurring 8-9 days post-symptom

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) 6th Schedule Category: 6th Schedule Context: The Leh Apex Body (LAB), which is spearheading an agitation over Statehood and Sixth Schedule status for Ladakh, submitted a draft proposal to the Ministry of Home Affairs. About 6th Schedule: Constitutional provision: The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, under Article 244(2) and Article 275(1) of the Constitution, is provided for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. Objectives: To protect tribal land and resources and prohibits the transfer of such resources to non-tribal individuals or communities. To ensure the tribal communities are not exploited or marginalized by non-tribal populations and that their cultural and social identities are preserved and promoted. Creation of Autonomous districts and autonomous regions: The tribal areas in the four states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram are to be administered as Autonomous Districts. If there are different Scheduled Tribes in an autonomous district, the Governor can divide the district inhabited by them into Autonomous Regions. The Governor is empowered to organize and reorganize the autonomous districts. He can also increase, decrease the boundaries or alter the name of any autonomous district. Constitution of District Councils and Regional Councils: There shall be a District Council for each autonomous district consisting of not more than 30 members, of whom not more than four persons shall be nominated by the Governor, and the rest shall be elected on the basis of adult suffrage. There shall be a separate Regional Council for each area constituted an autonomous region. Powers of the District Councils and Regional Councils: The District and Regional councils are empowered to make laws on certain specified matters like lands, management of forest (other than the Reserved Forest), inheritance of property, etc. These councils also empowered to make law for the regulations and control of money-lending or trading by any person other than Scheduled Tribe residents in that Scheduled District. However, all laws made under this provision require the assent of the Governor of the State. Administration of justice in autonomous districts and autonomous regions: The District and Regional Councils are empowered to constitute Village and District Council Courts for the trial of suits and cases where all parties to the dispute belong to Scheduled Tribes within the district. The High Courts have jurisdiction over the suits and cases which is specified by the Governor. However, the Council Courts are not given the power to decide cases involving offenses punishable by death or imprisonment for five or more years. Exceptions: To autonomous districts and autonomous regions, the acts of Parliament or the state legislature do not apply or apply with specified modifications and exceptions. The Governor can appoint a commission to investigate and provide a report on any issue pertaining to the autonomous districts or regions. Source: The Hindu Green Hydrogen Category: Science and Technology Context: India is a key part of global transition to a self-reliant hydrogen economy, Dr. Jitendra Singh said while addressing 3rd International Conference on Green Hydrogen. About Green Hydrogen: Definition: Green Hydrogen refers to hydrogen produced through electrolysis, where renewable energy sources like solar, wind, or hydro are used to split water molecules (H₂O) into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂). It can also be produced via biomass gasification, a process that converts biomass into hydrogen-rich gas. Applications: Its uses include a wide range of applications such as Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), aviation and maritime transport, and various industrial sectors like fertilizers, refineries, and steel. It also holds potential in road and rail transport, shipping, and power generation. Various methods of producing Green Hydrogen: Alkaline electrolysis: The most mature technology, uses an alkaline solution (KOH or NaOH) as the electrolyte. Despite its high efficiency and low cost, it requires expensive materials like nickel and platinum as electrodes. Proton exchange membrane electrolysis: An advanced method using a solid polymer membrane as the electrolyte. It offers higher efficiency and faster response times, but the high cost of the membrane and precious metal catalysts is a challenge. Solid oxide electrolysis: A high-temperature process (700°C to 1000°C) using a solid ceramic material as the electrolyte. It offers high efficiency and the potential for co-electrolysis (simultaneous conversion of water and CO2 into H2 and CO), but the high temperatures and need for specialised materials make it more complex and expensive. Initiatives taken by India towards production of Green Production: Financial funding: India has sanctioned a $2 billion incentive scheme to boost green hydrogen production. The initiative aims to improve the affordability of green hydrogen, positioning India as a significant exporter. Presently, the cost of green hydrogen in India is $4-5 per kg. National Green Hydrogen Mission: Initiated in January 2023, this mission targets an annual production of 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030, leveraging 125 gigawatts of renewable energy. SIGHT program: It is a part of National Green Hydrogen Mission and offers substantial financial backing to boost domestic electrolyser manufacturing and green hydrogen production, reinforcing India’s vision to emerge as a leading green hydrogen economy. Source: PIB Electronics Development Fund (EDF) Category: Government Schemes Context: With ₹257.77 crore invested, the Electronics Development Fund has supported 128 startups nationwide. About Electronics Development Fund (EDF): Launch: The Government of India had launched the Electronics Development Fund (EDF) on 15 February 2016. Objective: The Fund aims to promote research, development, and entrepreneurship in the fields of electronics, nano-electronics, and information technology. Acts as a fund of funds: The EDF functions as a Fund of Funds, designed to invest in professionally managed Daughter Funds such as early-stage angel and venture funds. These Daughter Funds, in turn, provided risk capital to startups and companies developing new technologies. Key objectives of EDF include: To foster research and development in electronics, nano-electronics, and information technology by supporting market-driven and industry-led innovation. To invest in professionally managed Daughter Funds such as early-stage angel and venture funds that, in turn, provide capital to startups and technology ventures. To nurture entrepreneurship by supporting companies involved in the creation of new products, processes, and technologies within the country. To enhance India’s capacity

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) MGNREGS Category: Government Schemes Context: Recently, nearly 27 lakh workers’ names were removed from the database of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). About MGNREGS: Launch: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) was passed by the Indian government in 2005 that guarantees the “right to work” to rural citizens of India. Objective: The main objective of the MGNREGS is to provide employment to rural citizens and improve their economic conditions. Under this, the government assures a minimum of 100 days of unskilled manual work to an adult member of an eligible rural household. Eligibility Criteria: Citizen of India 18 years of age at the time of application Rural Household Willing to do unskilled work Initiative towards right to work: It guarantees 100 days of unskilled employment to all willing rural citizens, at the government-set minimum wage. If work is not assigned within 15 days, the applicant is entitled to receive an unemployment allowance. Social Audit: Section 17 of the MGNREGA has mandated a social audit of all the works executed under the MGNREGA. Employment near home: The work provided is usually within a 5 km radius of the applicant’s village, with a travel allowance provided for work beyond this radius. Payments are made on a weekly basis and cannot be delayed more than 15 days, with compensation for delays. Role of Gram Sabha: Panchayati Raj Institutions take the lead role in planning, implementing, and monitoring the allocated works. Gram Sabhas are given the authority to suggest work and are required to carry out at least half of the work. Use of technology: The scheme has introduced several technological tools, such as online registration, electronic fund transfer, and geotagging through mobile apps to make the implementation more transparent and efficient. The National Mobile Monitoring Software (NMMS) App was made mandatory in January 2023. It demands online attendance from employees twice a day Integration with other schemes: The scheme has been integrated with other programs such as the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), and the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan to achieve better convergence of resources and efforts. Source: The Hindu Raja Ram Mohan Roy Category: History and Culture Context: M.P. education minister apologised for calling Raja Ram Mohan Roy a ‘British agent’ after he accused him of aiding missionaries in religious conversion. About Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Birth: Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born on 22nd May 1772 in Bengal. Education: His early education included the study of Persian and Arabic at Patna where he read the Quran, the works of Sufi mystic poets and the Arabic translation of the works of Plato and Aristotle. In Benaras, he studied Sanskrit and read Vedas and Upnishads. Professional life: From 1803 to 1814, he worked for East India Company as the personal diwan first of Woodforde and then of Digby. In 1814, he resigned from his job and moved to Calcutta in order to devote his life to religious, social and political reforms. Title of Raja: Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of ‘Raja’ by the titular Mughal Emperor of Delhi, Akbar II whose grievances the former was to present before the British king. Ideology: Ram Mohan Roy was greatly influenced by western modern thought and stressed on rationalism and modern scientific approach. He believed that religious orthodoxies have become causes of injury to social life instead of tending to the amelioration of the condition of society. Literary works: Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s first published work Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhiddin (a gift to deists) published in 1803 exposed irrational religious beliefs and corrupt practices of the Hindus as the belief in revelations, prophets, miracles etc. In Precepts of Jesus (1820), he tried to separate the moral and philosophical message of the New Testament, which he praised, from its miracle stories. Institutions: He founded the Atmiya Sabha in 1814, the Calcutta Unitarian Association in 1821, and the Brahmo Sabha in 1828 which later became the Brahmo Samaj. Social reforms: He campaigned against the caste system, untouchability and superstitions. He attacked child marriage, the degraded state of widows and demanded the right of inheritance for women. In 1830, he sailed for England to be present there to counteract the possible nullification of the Act banning Sati. Educational reforms: Roy did much to disseminate the benefits of modern education to his countrymen. He supported David Hare’s efforts to find the Hindu College in 1817, while Roy’s English school taught mechanics and Voltaire’s philosophy. In 1825, he established Vedanta college where courses in both Indian learning and Western social and physical sciences were offered. Political Reforms: Through his writings and activities, he supported the movement for free press in India. When press censorship was relaxed by Lord Hastings in 1819, Ram Mohan found three journals- The Brahmanical Magazine (1821); The Bengali weekly, Samvad Kaumudi (1821); and the Persian weekly, Mirat-ul-Akbar. Economic Reforms: Roy condemned oppressive practices of Bengali zamindars and demanded fixation of minimum rents. He also demanded the abolition of taxes on tax-free lands. He called for a reduction of export duties on Indian goods abroad and the abolition of the East India Company’s trading rights. Administrative reforms: He demanded the Indianisation of superior services and separation of the executive from judiciary. He demanded equality between Indians and Europeans. Source: The Hindu Senkaku Islands Category: Geography Context: A China Coast Guard ship formation passed through the waters of the Senkaku Islands on a “rights enforcement patrol.”                      About Senkaku Islands: Location: The Senkaku Islands are an uninhabited group of islands situated in the East China Sea, approximately 90 nautical miles north from the Yaeyama Islands in Japan’s Okinawa Prefecture and 120 nautical miles northeast of the island of Taiwan.  Different names: They are also known as the Diaoyu Islands in mainland China, the Diaoyutai Islands in Taiwan, and the Pinnacle Islands by other observers. Group of islands: The islands comprise Uotsuri Island, Kuba Island, Taisho Island (also called Kumeakashima Island), Kitakojima Island, Minamikojima Island,Tobise Island,Okinokitaiwa Island, and Okinominamiiwa Island.  Area: The total land area of all the islands

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) Category: Polity and Governance Context: Supreme Court said that CJI must deal with claim that HC judge approached National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) member on order. About National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT): Nature: The NCLAT is a quasi-judicial body constituted under Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013. It was established to hear appeals against the decisions of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), functioning since 1st June 2016. Objective: Its main objective is to promote timely corporate dispute resolution, ensure transparency, and improve efficiency in insolvency and corporate governance matters. Functions: Hearing appeals against orders of NCLT under Section 61 of IBC. Hearing appeals against orders of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) under Sections 202 and 211 of IBC. Hearing appeals against orders of the Competition Commission of India (CCI). Hearing appeals related to the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA). Giving advisory opinions when legal issues are referred by the President of India. Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in New Delhi. Composition: It includes a Chairperson, along with Judicial and Technical Members, all appointed by the Central Government based on expertise in law, finance, accountancy, and administration. Regulation: It can regulate its own procedure and possesses powers equivalent to a civil court under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908. Powers: It can summon witnesses, receive affidavits, enforce production of documents, and issue commissions. Orders passed by NCLAT are enforceable like civil court decrees. Appeals: Appeals against NCLAT orders can be filed in the Supreme Court of India. Exceptions: Civil courts have no jurisdiction over matters within the purview of NCLAT. No court or authority can grant injunctions against any action taken by NCLAT under its legal authority. Disposal of appeals: NCLAT is required to dispose of appeals within six months from the date of receipt to ensure swift resolution. Source: The Hindu Ambaji Marble Category: Miscellaneous Context: Marble from Ambaji, Gujarat’s prominent pilgrimage site and Shaktipeeth, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag for its high-quality white stone. About Ambaji Marble: Nature: It is a type of marble known for its stunning white appearance and unique natural patterns. Nomenclature: It is named after the town of Ambaji in the state of Gujarat, where it is predominantly quarried. It is also known as Amba White Marble and Ambe White Marble. Uniqueness: It is characterized by its pristine white colour, which often features subtle grey or beige veining. It has very long-lasting shine and durability.  Distinctive variations: The veins can vary in intensity, ranging from fine and delicate to bold and pronounced, giving each slab a distinct and individualistic appearance. These variations occur naturally due to the presence of minerals and impurities during the marble formation process. Uses: The smooth and polished surface of the marble adds to its appeal and sophistication. It is widely used for luxury architectural projects, sculptures, and monuments. About Geographical Indication (GI) Tag: Nature: A GI tag is a name or sign used on certain products that correspond to a specific geographical location or origin.  Objective: The GI tag ensures that only authorised users or those residing in the geographical territory are allowed to use the popular product name. It also protects the product from being copied or imitated by others.  Validity: A registered GI is valid for 10 years and can be renewed.  Nodal ministry: GI registration is overseen by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Legal framework: It is governed by Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. Source: The Hindu Vitamin D Category: Science and Technology Context: According to a new study, Vitamin D deficiency may quietly raise the risk of heart diseases. About Vitamin D: Nature: Vitamin D (also referred to as calciferol) is a fat-soluble vitamin. Production: It is produced endogenously when ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. During periods of sunlight, vitamin D is stored in fat and then released when sunlight is not available. Foods rich in vitamin D: Very few foods have vitamin D naturally. The foods with the most are fatty fish (like salmon and tuna), liver, mushrooms, eggs, and fish oils. Further, food companies often “fortify” milk, yogurt, baby formula, juice, cereal, and other foods with added vitamin D. Importance: Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and helps maintain adequate levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, which is necessary for healthy bones and teeth. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen. Role in cell growth: Vitamin D has other roles in the body, including reduction of inflammation as well as modulation of such processes as cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and glucose metabolism. Deficiency: A lack of vitamin D can lead to bone diseases such as osteoporosis or rickets. Osteoporosis is a disease in which your bones become weak and are likely to fracture (break). Chronic and/or severe vitamin D deficiency, can also lead to hypocalcemia (low calcium levels in your blood).  Persons prone to its deficiency: Anyone can have vitamin D deficiency, including infants, children and adults. Its deficiency may be more common in people with higher skin melanin content (darker skin) and who wear clothing with extensive skin coverage, particularly in Middle Eastern countries. Source: The Times of India Global Cooling Watch Report 2025 Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Global Cooling Watch 2025, launched recently at COP30 in Belém, Brazil, finds that cooling demand could more than triple by 2050 under business as usual. About Global Cooling Watch Report: Nature: The Global Cooling Watch 2025 is UNEP’s second global assessment on the environmental, economic, and equity dimensions of cooling, providing the scientific foundation for the Global Cooling Pledge. Publishing agency: It is published by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Objective: It aims to analyse global cooling trends, project future emissions, and propose a “Sustainable Cooling Pathway” to achieve near-zero emissions while ensuring equitable access to cooling worldwide. Key highlights of Global Cooling Watch Report 2025: Global cooling capacity is projected to rise 2.6 times by 2050, driven by rapid urbanization, income growth, and intensifying heatwaves, particularly in developing nations. Cooling demand in Article 5 countries (developing

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Mekedatu Reservoir Project Category: Geography Context: The Supreme Court Tamil Nadu’s application challenging the proposed construction of a reservoir by Karnataka at Mekedatu across the inter-state river Cauvery as “premature”. About Mekedatu Reservoir Project: Location: It is a multi-purpose (drinking water and power) project proposed by Karnataka. It is about 90 km away from Bengaluru and 4 km ahead of the border with Tamil Nadu. Nature: The Mekedatu project is a multipurpose project involving the construction of a balancing reservoir near Kanakapura in Ramanagara district, Karnataka. Nomenclature: Mekedatu, meaning goat’s leap, is a deep gorge situated at the confluence of the rivers Cauvery and its tributary Arkavathi. Objective: Its primary objectives are to provide drinking water to Bengaluru and neighboring areas, totaling 4.75 TMC, and generate 400 MW of power. Associated river: The project is proposed at the confluence of the Cauvery River with its tributary Arkavathi. Structure: The plan involves building a 99-metre-high, 735-metre-long concrete gravity dam, an underground powerhouse, and a water conductor system. Capacity of reservoir: The expected capacity of the dam is 66,000 TMC (thousand million cubic feet) of water. Once completed, it is expected to supply over 4 TMC of water to Bengaluru cityfordrinking purposes.  Estimated cost: The estimated cost of completing the project is around Rs 14,000 crores, covering an area of over 5,000 hectares. Concerns: Tamil Nadu, the lower riparian state has claimed that Mekedatu area represents the last free point in Karnataka from where Cauvery water flows unrestricted into Tamil Nadu, and Mekedatu dam project is an attempt by Karnataka to lock this free flow of water. Source: The Hindu Hepatitis A Category: Science and Technology Context: As India debates the inclusion of the typhoid conjugate vaccine in its universal immunisation programme, it is time to ask whether Hepatitis A, a growing cause of acute liver failure deserves even greater priority. About Hepatitis A: Nature: It’s a viral infection that happens after exposure to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Affected organ: It is a very contagious liver disease. The infection causes inflammation in the liver.  Risk factors: These include drinking unclean water, eating food that’s been washed or grown in unclean water, eating food that’s been handled by an infected person, close physical contact with an infected person, including having sex and sharing needles to take drugs, etc. Transmission: Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) usually spreads via fecal-oral route (contaminated food/water/surfaces). Symptoms: These include fever, fatigue, dark urine, pale stools, abdominal pain (often mild in children), etc. Difference with Hepatitis B and C: It is an acute, self-limiting disease. Unlike Hepatitis B and C, it does not lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. Treatment: Presently, no specific treatment exists for hepatitis A. The body clears the hepatitis A virus on its own. In most cases of hepatitis A, the liver heals within six months with no lasting damage. Prevention: Improved sanitation, safe water supply, proper hygiene (e.g., handwashing), and vaccination are the most effective preventive measures. Vaccination: A safe and effective vaccine is available. India recently launched its first indigenously developed Hepatitis A vaccine named “Havisure” (a two-dose inactivated vaccine). Initiatives by India: The National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (2018) in India aims to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Source: The Hindu DRISHTI System Category: Science and Technology Context: Indian Railways is planning to install DRISHTI System, an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based technology to enhance the safety of freight trains. About DRISHTI System: Nature: It is an AI-Based Freight Wagon Locking Monitoring System launched by Indian Railways. Objective: The DRISHTI system aims to tackle operational challenges in identifying unlocked or tampered doors on moving freight wagons — a persistent safety and security issue in rail logistics.  Development: It is being developed through a collaborative initiative between the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) and Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Technology Innovation and Development Foundation (IITG TIDF). Uniqueness: The new AI-based solution is designed to provide real-time monitoring, detect anomalies in door locking mechanisms, and automatically generate alerts without disrupting train movement.  Technologies used: It uses AI-powered cameras and sensors strategically installed to capture and analyse door positions and locking conditions. It also uses advanced computer vision and machine learning technology for the detection purposes. Benefits: DRISHTI is expected to improve freight security, enhance wagon sealing integrity, and reduce dependency on manual inspection processes. The traditionally manual checks are not only time-consuming but also impractical for long-haul rakes under dynamic conditions. Refinement: Preliminary results have shown encouraging accuracy levels, validating the potential of this indigenous innovation. Further refinements and scalability plans are underway for wider application across the NFR network to strengthen rolling stock safety and operational reliability Source: The Indian Express Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act Category: Polity and Governance Context: Union Minister for Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare participated in the ‘Plant Genome Saviour Awards Ceremony’, celebrating the Silver Jubilee of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001. About PPV&FRA Act: Nature: It is a statutory body established on 11 November, 2005 under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001. Nodal ministry: It works under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India. Headquarter: Its headquarters is located in New Delhi. Objectives: Grant intellectual property rights to plant breeders for their innovations in developing new plant varieties Recognise and reward farmers and communities who conserve traditional varieties and biodiversity Promote the protection of farmers’ rights to save, use, sow, resow, exchange, share, and sell farm-saved seed of registered varieties Encourage research and innovation in plant breeding and agriculture Maintain the National Register of Plant Varieties (NRPV) and ensure the documentation and conservation of valuable germplasm resources Structure: The Chairperson is the Chief Executive of the Authority. It has 15 members, and eight of them are ex-officio members representing various Departments/ Ministries. The Registrar General is the ex-officio Member Secretary of the Authority. Functions: Registration of new plant varieties, essentially derived varieties (EDV), extant varieties; Compulsory cataloging facilities for all variety of plants; Preservation of plant genetic resources of

Discover effective strategies and insights for navigating the UPSC exam journey with success. Learn how to optimize your preparation, enhance your understanding, and achieve your goals with an engaging approach. Mastering the UPSC Journey: Essential Strategies and Tips Preparing for the UPSC examination is no small feat. It requires dedication, strategy, and unwavering focus. In this blog post, we aim to guide you through essential tips and insights to navigate your UPSC journey successfully. Understanding the UPSC Exam Structure The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts civil services exams annually to recruit for roles in the Indian Administrative Services (IAS), Indian Police Services (IPS), and other central services. The exam is conducted in three phases: Preliminary, Mains, and the Interview. Preliminary Examination: This consists of two objective-type papers that assess your general knowledge and aptitude. Main Examination: A written examination that tests your academic expertise, analytical skills, and language abilities through nine papers. Interview: Also known as the personality test, it evaluates candidates on their mental alertness, social skills, and leadership potential. Effective Preparation Strategies An effective preparation strategy can make all the difference. Here are some key points to consider: Understand the Syllabus: Begin by thoroughly understanding the syllabus. This is crucial as it helps in structuring your preparation. Create a Study Plan: Organize your study material and allocate time for each subject. Consistency and dedication are vital. Regular Practice: Solve previous years’ question papers and take mock tests regularly to build confidence and time management skills. Stay Updated with Current Affairs: Read newspapers and journals to stay informed on current national and international events. Join a Study Group or Coaching: Learning with others can provide motivation and diverse perspectives. Coaching institutes can offer guidance and structured learning. Maintaining a Healthy Study Routine Managing stress and staying healthy is as important as studying. Here are some tips: Take Breaks: Short, regular breaks improve focus and prevent burnout. Exercise: Physical activity enhances concentration and mental health. Healthy Diet: A balanced diet fuels your brain and body. Sleep: Ensure adequate sleep to rejuvenate and improve cognitive function. The Significance of Mindset Your mindset plays a pivotal role in your UPSC journey. Adopt a positive outlook, and remember that persistence is key. Failures are stepping stones to success. Final Thoughts The UPSC exam tests not only knowledge but also resilience, adaptability, and dedication. With the right strategy, patience, and perseverance, success is within reach. Good luck on your path to becoming a part of India’s administrative framework!

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Tuberculosis Category: Science and Technology Context: India’s tuberculosis (TB) incidence, fell by 21% — from 237 TB cases per lakh population in 2015 to 187 per lakh population in 2024, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global TB Report, 2025.           About Tuberculosis: Nature: TB is a bacterial infection (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) affecting the lungs, spreading through the air.  Risk Factors: These include weak immune system, diabetes, malnutrition, tobacco, and alcohol use. About 25% of the global population is infected, but only 5–10% develop symptoms. Symptoms: These are persistent cough for more than 3 weeks, often with blood, weight loss, night sweats, high fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, chest pain, swollen lymph nodes, etc. Transmission: TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or spits, releasing germs that others can inhale.  Diagnosis: WHO recommends rapid molecular diagnostic tests as initial tests for people showing signs and symptoms of TB. Other diagnostic tools can include sputum smear microscopy and chest X-rays. Prevention: It is preventable and curable with antibiotics. The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given to infants to prevent TB.   Treatment: Standard TB treatment lasts 4-6 months. Incomplete treatment leads to drug-resistant TB.   Types of drug-resistant TB: Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB): It is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (medicines used to treat TB), treatable with costlier alternatives.   Extensively Drug-Resistant TB: It is more severe, with limited treatment options.  Initiatives taken by India: National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP): In 2020, the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) was renamed the NTEP with the goal to eliminate TB in India by 2025, five years ahead of the global target of 2030. Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (PMTBMBA):  Launched in 2022 as part of NTEP, it focuses on providing nutritional, diagnostic, and vocational support to improve treatment outcomes and accelerate India’s TB elimination goal. It is the world’s largest crowd-sourcing initiative for TB patient nutrition.  Ni-Kshay Mitra initiative: This initiative encourages individuals, NGOs, and corporations to support TB patients with nutritional, social, or economic aid for six months. The Ni-Kshay Portal helps health workers manage TB cases, track treatment, and report real-time data for India’s TB surveillance. Source: The Hindu National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) Category: Polity and Governance Context: November 9 is celebrated as the National Legal Services Day to commemorate the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 (which led to formation of NALSA). About National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): Formation: The NALSA (National Legal Services Authority) was founded in 1995 under the Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987. Mandate: It aims to monitor and review the effectiveness of legal aid programs and to develop rules and principles for providing legal services under the Act. It also distributes funding and grants to state legal services authorities and non-profit organisations to help them execute legal aid systems and initiatives. Constitutional Provisions: Article 39A of the Constitution of India provides that State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes. Articles 14 and 22(1) also make it obligatory for the State to ensure equality before law and a legal system which promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity to all. Objectives of Legal Services Authorities: Provide free legal aid and advice. Spread legal awareness. Organise lok adalats. Promote settlements of disputes through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms such as arbitration, conciliation and judicial settlement. Provide compensation to victims of crime. Legal services institutions at various levels: National Level: NALSA was constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. The Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief. State Level: State Legal Services Authority. It is headed by the Chief Justice of the State High Court who is its Patron-in-Chief. District Level: District Legal Services Authority. The District Judge of the District is its ex-officio Chairman. Taluka/Sub-Division Level: Taluka/ Sub-Divisional Legal Services Committee. It is headed by a senior Civil Judge. Eligibility: The eligible persons include women and children, members of SC/ST, industrial workmen, victims of mass disaster, violence, flood, drought, earthquake, industrial disaster, disabled persons and persons in custody. Those persons who have annual income of less than the amount prescribed by the respective State Government, if the case is before any court other than the Supreme Court (SC), and less than Rs. 5 Lakhs, if the case is before the SC. Source: PIB National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) Category: Government Schemes Context: National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) caters to 3.09 crore beneficiaries with a scheme-wise ceiling/ cap for each State/UT on the number of beneficiaries. About National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP): Launch: NSAP was launched on 15th August 1995 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Objective; NSAP aims to provide support to aged persons, widows, disabled persons and bereaved families on the death of the primary income producer, belonging to below-poverty-line households. Nodal ministry: NSAP is implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development in collaboration with the state/UT governments. Step towards DPSPs: NSAP represents a significant step towards the fulfilment of the Directive Principles in Articles 41 and 42 of the Constitution of India. Components: NSAP has Five Sub-Schemes: Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): Under the scheme, BPL persons aged 60 years or above are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/- up to 79 years of age and Rs.500/- thereafter. Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS): BPL widows aged 40-59 years are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/-. Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS): BPL persons aged 18-59 years with severe and multiple disabilities are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/-. National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS): Under the scheme a BPL household is entitled to a lump sum amount of money on the death of a primary breadwinner aged between 18 and 64 years. The amount of assistance is Rs. 10,000/-. Annapurna: Under the scheme, 10 kg of food grains per month are provided free