Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Science Context: Kerala recently initiated Operation AMRITH (Antimicrobial Resistance Intervention for Total Health). This programme enforces rule mandating a doctor’s prescription for acquiring any class of antibiotics. Background:- Kerala has pioneered many public health initiatives in the country with significant investment in the sector About ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE Antimicrobials – including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics – are medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals and plants. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death. As a result of drug resistance, antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines become ineffective and infections become increasingly difficult or impossible to treat. AMR occurs naturally over time, usually through genetic changes. Antimicrobial resistant organisms are found in people, animals, food, plants and the environment (in water, soil and air). They can spread from person to person or between people and animals, including from food of animal origin. The main drivers of antimicrobial resistance include the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials; lack of access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for both humans and animals; poor infection and disease prevention and control in health-care facilities and farms; poor access to quality, affordable medicines, vaccines and diagnostics; lack of awareness and knowledge; and lack of enforcement of legislation. Source: The Hindu Schedule H and H1 Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Kerala recently initiated Operation AMRITH (Antimicrobial Resistance Intervention for Total Health). This programme enforces rule mandating a doctor’s prescription for acquiring any class of antibiotics. Background:- Schedule H1 is particularly relevant to prevent misuse of drugs, one of the causes of antimicrobial resistance. Schedule H and H1 The Drugs and cosmetic Act, 1940 was passed in British India to regulate the manufacture, distribution, and sale of drugs in the country. After Indian independence, the Act underwent various amendments from time to time. The act classifies drugs into different schedules. What are Schedule H Drugs? This schedule contains a list of drugs that can be sold only against the prescription of a registered medical practitioner. Another provision needs to be followed is that, only the required amount of medications mentioned in the prescription can be dispensed. These drugs can be supplied only to the licensed parties. The drug label must exhibit the text “Rx” and Schedule H drug warning: To be sold by retails on the prescription of a Registered Medical Practioner only. Why was Schedule H1 Introduced A newer category created in 2013 as a sub-classification of Schedule H. These drugs are also prescription-only but face additional regulations compared to Schedule H. The schedule H1 drugs was mainly created to restrict the selling of antibiotics through over the counter (OTC) sales, after it was noted that any number of these drugs could be bought from pharmacies across India without any limitations. Irrational prescribing of antibiotics and other drugs by doctors and chemists lacking a registered pharmacist has contributed to the increasing antibiotics resistance and tolerance of psychotropics. The Supply of a drug specified in Schedule H1 shall be recorded in a separate register at the time of the supply giving the name and address of the prescriber, the name of the patient, the name of the drug and the quantity supplied and such record shall be maintained for three years and be open for inspection. Both Schedule H and H1 drugs are prescription-only, but Schedule H1 has stricter regulations due to the specific types of drugs included and the potential for misuse or public health concerns. The additional labeling and record-keeping requirements for Schedule H1 aim to enhance control and ensure responsible usage of these medications. Source: The Hindu Trisomy Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Researchers have reported chromosomal disorders discovered from prehistoric skeletal remains, dating up to approximately 5,500 years old — including six cases of Down syndrome and one case of Edwards syndrome. Background: There have only been a few documented cases of Down syndrome in ancient individuals, largely owing to difficulties in identifying genetic disorders without modern techniques for analysing ancient DNA samples About Trisomy: Chromosomes are the threadlike structures in cells that hold genes. Genes carry the instructions needed to make every part of a baby’s body. When an egg and sperm join and form an embryo, their chromosomes combine. Each baby gets 23 chromosomes from the mother’s egg and 23 chromosomes from the father’s sperm — 46 in total.i.e.humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Trisomy is a chromosomal abnormality where an individual has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the usual two copies. This can occur in any chromosome, but some are more common than others. The most common type of trisomy is trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome. Other common types include trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) and trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome). These conditions can cause a variety of physical and intellectual disabilities, although the severity of symptoms can vary widely from person to person. Source:  The Hindu INDUS WATER TREATY Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: India completely stops Ravi River water flow to Pakistan. Background: The completion of the Shahpur Kandi barrage diverts water from the Ravi River to benefit Jammu and Kashmir. This project, under the Indus Waters Treaty, aids irrigation and hydropower generation, contributing to agricultural and economic growth in the region. About INDUS WATER TREATY The Indus Water Treaty is a water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank and signed in 1960. The treaty was signed by then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan. The treaty deals with the river Indus and its five tributaries, classified into two categories: Eastern rivers: Ravi, Beas, Sutlej Western rivers: Indus, Chenab, Jhelum India got control over the eastern rivers, while Pakistan got control over the western rivers. The treaty allows India to use the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Suez Canal Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi said Monday that revenues from the Suez Canal had “decreased by 40 to 50 percent” so far this year due to attacks on shipping by Yemen’s Houthi rebels. Background:- The canal is one of the main sources of foreign currency for Egypt which is gripped by a severe financial crisis. About Suez Canal:- The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The 193.30-kilometre-long canal is a key trade route between Europe and Asia. It offers the shortest route between the Atlantic Ocean and lands around the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. The canal is one of the busiest waterways in the world, negating the need to navigate around the Cape of Good Hope in Africa and thus cutting distances by up to 7,000 km. Economic Lifeline: The canal continues to be the lifeline for all trade between the West and East as 12- 15 per cent of the global trade passes through it every year. Suez Canal’s Long History The canal has existed in one form or the other since construction started under the reign of Senausret III, Pharao of Egypt (1887-1849 BC). Construction picked up pace around 300 years back as maritime trade between Europe and Asia became crucial for many economies. In the mid-1800s, French diplomat and engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps convinced the Egyptian viceroy Said Pasha to support the canal’s construction. In 1858, the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company was tasked to construct and operate the canal for 99 years, after which rights would be handed to the Egyptian government. Despite facing multiple problems ranging from financial difficulties and attempts by the British and Turks to halt construction, the canal was opened for international navigation in 1869. The French and British held most of the shares in the canal company. The British used their position to sustain their maritime and colonial interests by maintaining a defensive force along the Suez Canal Zone as part of a 1936 treaty. Egypt takes over Suez Canal In 1954, facing pressure from Egyptian nationalists, the two countries signed a seven-year treaty that led to the withdrawal of British troops. In 1956, Egyptian President Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal to pay for the construction of a dam on the Nile. This led to the Suez Crisis with UK, France and Israel mounting an attack on Egypt. The conflict ended in 1957 after the United Nations got involved and was followed by the first instance of the UN Peacekeeping Forces being deployed anywhere in the world. In 1967, Nasser ordered the peacekeeping forces out of Sinai leading to a new conflict between the two countries. Israelis occupied Sinai and in response, Egypt closed the canal to all shipping. The closure lasted until 1975, when the two countries signed a disengagement accord. The canal was the focal point of the Arab-Israeli War of 1973, with the Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria. Place in news: Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas. When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Source: Reuters Lebanon Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: The Israeli military said its air force on Monday struck targets of the militant Hezbollah group “deep inside Lebanon”. Background: The strikes are among the deepest into Lebanon since the Israel-Hamas war began more than four months ago. They come a day after Israel’s Defense Minister vowed to step up attacks on Hezbollah even if a cease-fire is reached with Hamas in the Gaza Strip. About Lebanon: Lebanon, officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, by Israel to the south, and by the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Lebanon’s capital and largest city is Beirut, followed by Tripoli and Jounieh. Lebanon is a founding member of the United Nations and of the Arab League and is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The border with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights is disputed by Lebanon in a small area called Shebaa Farms. Source: Associated Press PREVENTION OF MONEY LAUNDERING ACT (PMLA) 2002 Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: The Delhi High Court has recently stayed a single-judge order that had significant implications regarding property seized under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) Background: The order in question held that if an investigation under the PMLA extends beyond 365 days without any related proceedings, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) must return the “seized” property to the owner. The court’s interpretation of the PMLA provisions aims to strike a balance between investigative powers and individual rights. About Money laundering Money laundering is the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by passing it through a complex sequence of banking transfers or commercial transactions. The goal is to make the illicit funds appear legitimate and “clean.” Money laundering can involve various methods, including using shell companies, offshore accounts, and intricate financial transactions. The Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA) enacted in 2002 to prevent money laundering and provide for the confiscation of property derived from or involved in money laundering. Objective of the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA) The PMLA aims to prevent money laundering activities. It ensures the legality of financial transactions and promotes the integrity of financial systems. Core Provisions: Offence of Money-Laundering: The act criminalizes disguising the origin of illegally gained

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Gaganyaan Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: Gaganyaan astronaut designates received ‘astronaut wings’ from PM Modi Background:- Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair, Group Captain Ajit Krishnan, Group Captain Angad Pratap and Wing Commander Shubhanshu Shukla – the four Indian Air Force (IAF) pilots are the ‘astronaut designates’ who have been undergoing training for India’s Gaganyaan mission, planned for 2025.Only three of them will eventually go to space as part of the Gaganyaan mission. About Gaganyaan:-   Gaganyaan project envisages demonstration of human spaceflight capability by launching crew of 3 members to an orbit of 400 km (low earth orbit) for a 3 days mission and bring them back safely to earth, by landing in Indian sea waters. The Gaganyaan Mission is India’s first human space flight programme India will become only the fourth country to send a human into space after the Soviet Union, the US and China. LVM3 rocket – The well proven and reliable heavy lift launcher of ISRO, is identified as the launch vehicle for Gaganyaan mission. It consists of solid stage, liquid stage and cryogenic stage. All systems in LVM3 launch vehicle are re-configured to meet human rating requirements and christened Human Rated LVM3. HLVM3 consists of Crew Escape System (CES) powered by a set of quick acting, high burn rate solid motors which ensures that Crew Module along with crew is taken to a safe distance in case of any emergency either at launch pad or during ascent phase. Orbital Module (OM) that will be Orbiting Earth comprises of Crew Module (CM) and Service Module (SM). CM is the habitable space with Earth like environment in space for the crew. Source: ISRO Previous Year Questions (PYQs) Q.1) With reference to India’s satellite launch  vehicles, consider the following statements (2018) PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch l vehicle with the first and third stages l using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 only Lokpal Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: President Murmu appoints ex-SC judge Justice AM Khanwilkar as Chairperson of Lokpal Background: The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 provided for the establishment of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States.These institutions are statutory bodies without any constitutional status.The apex Institution was created to inquire and investigate complaints relating to allegation of corruption involving public functionaries and elected representatives. About Lokpal: The Lokpal is the first institution of its kind in independent India,established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013 to inquire and investigate into allegations of corruption against public functionaries who fall within the scope and ambit of the above Act. The Lokpal has jurisdiction to inquire into allegations of corruption against anyone who is or has been Prime Minister, or a Minister in the Union government, or a Member of Parliament, as well as officials of the Union Government under Groups A, B, C and D. Also covered are chairpersons members, officers and directors of any board, corporation, society, trust or autonomous body either established by an Act of Parliament or wholly or partly funded by the Union or State government. It also covers any society or trust or body that receives foreign contribution above ₹10 lakh (approx. US$ 14,300/- as of 2019). A complaint under the Lokpal Act should be in the prescribed form and must pertain to an offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 against a public servant. There is no restriction on who can make such a complaint. When a complaint is received, the Lokpal may order a preliminary inquiry by its Inquiry Wing or any other agency, or refer it for investigation by any agency, including the CBI, if there is a prima facie case. The Inquiry Wing or any other agency will have to complete its preliminary inquiry and submit a report to the Lokpal within 60 days. A Lokpal Bench shall consider the preliminary inquiry report, and after giving an opportunity to the public servant accused of corruption for his/her defence, decide whether it should proceed with the investigation. It can order a full investigation, or direct to start departmental proceedings or close the proceedings. It may also proceed against the complainant if the allegation is false. Lokpal will have power of superintendence and direction over any central investigation agency including CBI for cases referred to them by the Lokpal. The Chairperson and the Members are appointed by the President of India by warrant under his hand and seal and hold office for a term of five years from the date on which they enter upon the office or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. The chairperson and members of the Lokpal are appointed by the President after obtaining the recommendations of a Selection Committee comprising prime minister, speaker of low Sabha, leader of opposition in lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India or a Judge nominated by him/her and one eminent jurist. Apart from a chairperson, the Lokpal can have eight members — four judicial and as many non-judicial. Source: Lokpal EUROPEAN UNION’S CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM (CBAM) Syllabus Prelims- Environment Context: According to a recent study by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the European Union’s (EU) forthcoming Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is anticipated to yield only marginal reductions in global carbon emissions while modestly affecting trade flows, particularly in Asia and the Pacific. Background: The European Union’s (EU) Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is a significant initiative aimed at addressing climate change on a global scale. About CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM (CBAM) The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is a tool designed to put a

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: Hyderabad Nizam’s personal petrol pump was found inside  KBR National Park Background:- The revelation sheds light on the park’s rich history.Previously under the possession of the Nizam of Hyderabad, the area was later acquired by the government under the Urban Land Ceiling Act. However, a portion of 2.40 hectares was permitted to be retained by the Nizam. About Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park:-   Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park is a national park located in Jubilee Hills and Banjara Hills in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The park provides an excellent lung space and environment from the busy city life and rising pollution levels. Some of the animals making their home in the park include: pangolin, small Indian civet, peacock, jungle cat and porcupines. It was declared as a National park by the Andhra Pradesh state government after getting approval from the central government in the year 1998. Other national parks in Telangana state are Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Mrugavani National Park. Source: Wikipedia The Raman Effect Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Science Context: February 28th is celebrated as national science day Background: In 1986, the Government of India, under then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, designated February 28 as National Science Day to commemorate the announcement of the discovery of the “Raman Effect”. About Raman Effect While passing through the Mediterranean Sea, Raman was most fascinated by the sea’s deep blue colour. Dissatisfied with the then-accepted answer (“the colour of the sea was just a reflection of the colour of the sky”), his curious mind delved deeper. He soon found out that the colour of the sea was the result of the scattering of sunlight by the water molecules. Fascinated by the phenomenon of light-scattering, Raman and his collaborators in Calcutta began to conduct extensive scientific experiments on the matter – experiments that would eventually lead to his eponymous discovery. Simply put, the Raman Effect refers to the phenomenon in which when a stream of light passes through a liquid, a fraction of the light scattered by the liquid is of a different colour. This happens due to the change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. In general, when light interacts with an object, it can either be reflected, refracted or transmitted.One of the things that scientists look at when light is scattered is if the particle it interacts with is able to change its energy. The Raman Effect is when the change in the energy of the light is affected by the vibrations of the molecule or material under observation, leading to a change in its wavelength. In their first report to Nature, titled “A New Type of Secondary Radiation,” CV Raman and co-author KS Krishnan wrote that 60 different liquids had been studied, and all showed the same result – a tiny fraction of scattered light had a different colour than the incident light. “It is thus,” Raman said, “a phenomenon whose universal nature has to be recognised.” CV Raman’s discovery took the world by storm as it had deep implications far beyond Raman’s original intentions. As Raman himself remarked in his 1930 Nobel Prize speech, “The character of the scattered radiations enables us to obtain an insight into the ultimate structure of the scattering substance.” The discovery would also find its use in chemistry, giving birth to a new field known as Raman spectroscopy as a basic analytical tool to conduct nondestructive chemical analysis for both organic and inorganic compounds. With the invention of lasers and the capabilities to concentrate much stronger beams of light, the uses of Raman spectroscopy have only ballooned over time. Today, this method has a wide variety of applications, from studying art and other objects of cultural importance in a non-invasive fashion to finding drugs hidden inside luggage at customs. Source: Indian Express Seaweed Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Environment Context: Recently, the National Conference on the Promotion of Seaweed Cultivation was held in Koteshwar (Kori Creek), Kutch, Gujarat. Background: It’s a first national conference on seaweed cultivation which is an alternate for employment generation of seaweed products as it diversifies marine production and its opportunities for enhancing fish farmer income, reduces reliance on traditional fishing, and diversifies coastal communities’ livelihoods. What are Seaweeds? The Seaweeds are macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae. They come in a variety of coluors, including red, green, and brown. They are referred to as the ‘Medical Food of the 21st Century’. Seaweeds are found mostly in the intertidal region, in shallow and deep waters of the sea, and also in estuaries and backwaters. Large seaweeds form dense underwater forests known as kelp forests, which act as underwater nurseries for fish, snails, and sea urchins. India boasts approximately 844 reported seaweed species in its seas. Some specific species, such as Gelidiella acerosa, Gracilaria spp., Sargassum spp., Turbinaria spp., and Cystoseira trinodis are cultivated for the production of agar, alginates, and liquid seaweed fertilizer. Abundant seaweed resources are found along the Tamil Nadu and Gujarat coasts, as well as around Lakshadweep and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Notable seaweed beds exist around Mumbai, Ratnagiri, Goa, Karwar, Varkala, Vizhinjam, and Pulicat in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Chilka in Orissa. Significance: Seaweeds act as bio-indicator by absorbing excess nutrients and signalling marine chemical damage caused by waste from agriculture, industries, and households, often leading to algal blooming. They play a vital role in restoring ecosystem balance. Seaweed is a nutritional powerhouse, rich in vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibre. It is used in various food products, from sushi and salads to snacks and thickeners. Many seaweeds contain anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agents. Seaweed is the best source of iodine. Seaweed extracts are used in a wide range of products, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and bioplastics. They offer sustainable alternatives to conventional options. Seaweed absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as it grows, making it a potential tool in the fight against climate change. Studies suggest cultivating and sinking seaweed could effectively store long-term carbon. Seaweed farming provides income and empowers coastal communities, particularly women and small-scale farmers.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: Nepal-India official dialogue silent on landmark Pancheshwar project. Background:- India and Nepal had signed a Treaty known as Mahakali Treaty in February, 1996. Implementation of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project is the centerpiece of the Mahakali Treaty. About Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project :- Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) is a bi-national hydropower project to be developed in Mahakali River bordering Nepal and India. The multipurpose project is aimed at generating around 6480 MW of energy to be divided equally between the two sides along with water for irrigation of 1,30,000 ha of land in Nepal and 2,40,000 ha of Indian territory respectively. The two sides has not been able to come to a consensus on sharing of benefits so far, stalling the project. While electricity is divided equally, India gets the lions share of irrigation and flood control benefits. On the other hand Nepal feels water is “white gold” and India should pay Nepal for it. India cannot accept this claim as it challenges India’s understanding of other water basin treaties, including the Indus water Treaty with Pakistan. Source: The Hindu Katchatheevu islet Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: On February 17, fishermen associations in Ramanathapuram district (Tamil Nadu) announced that they were boycotting the annual two-day festival, scheduled for February 23 and 24, at the St. Anthony’s Church in the uninhabited islet. Every year, this event brings together the people from both sides of the Palk Bay separating India and Sri Lanka. Background: The decision is a mark of protest against the Sri Lankan government’s continuing arrests of Indian fishermen on charges of poaching. About  Katchatheevu Katchatheevu  (meaning ‘barren island’ in Tamil),is a 285-acre uninhabited isle that was caused by a 14th-century volcanic eruption. The island was ceded by the Indian administration under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to Sri Lanka in 197 Initially the 1974 border agreement did not affect fishing on either side of the border. In 1976, through an exchange of letters, both India and Sri Lanka agreed to stop fishing in each other’s waters. In 1974 and 1976 treaties were signed between the two countries to demarcate the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL). The small islet of Katchatheevu, hitherto used by the fishermen for sorting their catch and drying their nets, fell on the other side of the IMBL However, the agreement could not stop the fishermen from fishing in these waters, as fishermen know no boundary. Despite the signing of maritime boundary agreements, fishermen communities of both the countries continued their fishing in the Palk Bay area peacefully until the Eelam war broke out in 1983. Nonetheless, after the end of War in 2009, the Sri Lankan fishermen have been raising their objection to Indian fishermen fishing in their waters. Fishermen often risk their lives and cross the IMBL rather than return empty-handed, but the Sri Lankan Navy is on alert, and have either arrested or destroyed fishing nets and vessels of those who have crossed the line. St Antony’s shrine is the only structure on the island. It is a shrine-church named after Antony of Padua, considered a patron saint of seafarers by Christians. It was built by a prosperous Indian Catholic (Tamilian) fisherman Srinivasa Padaiyachi in the early 20th century. The annual church festival runs for three days. Christian priests from both India and Sri Lanka conduct the worship services (mass) and procession. Source: The Hindu FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE (FATF) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) removed the United Arab Emirates (UAE) from its grey list. Background: The UAE had been on the Grey List since March 4, 2022, due to “strategic deficiencies” identified in its efforts to counter money laundering and terrorist financing. About FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE (FATF) The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was established in 1989 during the G7 Summit held in Paris, France FATF is an inter-governmental body that sets global standards for anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT). As of February 2024, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) consists of 39 full members, including 37 countries and two regional organizations. India joined the FATF as an observer in 2006 and later became a full member in 2010. As a member, India actively participates in shaping anti-money laundering (AML) and terrorist financing (TF) policies and practices at the international level. India is also a member of two regional groups associated with the FATF. They are Asia Pacific Group (APG) and Eurasian Group (EAG). Lists maintain by FATF The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) maintains two significant lists to assess countries’ efforts in combating money laundering and terrorist financing: High-Risk Jurisdictions subject to a Call for Action (Black List) This list identifies countries or jurisdictions with serious strategic deficiencies in their anti-money laundering (AML), terrorist financing (TF), and financing of proliferation measures. For these high-risk jurisdictions, the FATF calls on all members to apply enhanced due diligence. In severe cases, countries are urged to apply counter-measures to protect the international financial system from risks originating in these jurisdictions. As of February 2024, the following countries are on the Black List:Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea),Iran,Myanmar. Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring (Grey List): As of February 2024, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has placed 19 countries on its Grey List. These countries are actively working to address strategic deficiencies in their anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) measures. The Grey List serves as a mechanism to encourage jurisdictions to enhance their AML/CFT frameworks and align with international standards. Syria, Türkiye (Turkey), Vietnam, Yemen, South Sudan and South Africa are some the countries in the Grey List. Source: Reuters ANTI DEFECTION LAW Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: Recently, Himachal Pradesh speaker disqualified 6 Congress MLAs under Anti defection law. Background: These MLAs defied a party whip to vote in favour of the government on the Finance Bill, leading to their disqualification under provisions of the anti-defection law. Key highlights of the Review: The Anti-Defection Law in India

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EXERCISE SAMUDRA LAKSAMANA Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: Exercise Samudra Laksamana is underway from 28 Feb – 02 Mar 24 at/ off Visakhapatnam. Background:- Exercise Samudra Laksamana holds strategic significance as it reinforces the enduring partnership between the Indian and Royal Malaysian Navies. About EXERCISE SAMUDRA LAKSAMANA:-   It is a joint naval exercise between the navies of India and Malaysia. This is the third edition of the exercise; first of which was conducted in 2019. Indian Naval Ship Kiltan and Royal Malaysian Ship KD Lekir are participating in the 3rd edition. It has both harbour phase and sea phase At harbour, crew of both ships will have various professional interactions, Subject Matter Expert Exchange on topics of mutual interest, sports fixtures, and other interactions. These interactions are aimed to enhance knowledge base, share best practices and further cooperation on maritime aspects. During sea phase, units would be jointly honing skills while conducting various operations at sea. Source: PIB India-built airstrip inaugurated in Agaléga, Mauritius Syllabus Prelims and Mains – GS2 Context: On February 29, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth of Mauritius jointly inaugurated an airstrip and a jetty that India has built on Agaléga, a two-island Mauritian dependency 1,100 km to the north of Port Louis and 2,500 km southwest of Malé. Background: As Indian Ocean outposts, Mauritius have great strategic significance for India. New Delhi’s maritime security and strategic imperatives in the Indian Ocean are linked to the presence and increased activities of China in the region. About Mauritius Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about 2,000 kilometres (1,100 nautical miles) off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Agaléga, and St. Brandon . The main island of Mauritius, where the population is concentrated, hosts the capital and largest city, Port Louis. Significance and the china angle: The new facilities are intended to project India’s power in the southwestern Indian Ocean, in response to the increasing forays of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in the region. The inauguration of the airstrip and the jetty at Agaléga Island in Mauritius took place even as President Mohammed Muizzu’s government in the Maldives, another Indian Ocean nation, of late started steering his nation into China’s orbit of geopolitical influence, ignoring the security concerns of India. The presence of India would lead to more effective monitoring of Mauritius’ vast 2.3 million sq km Exclusive Economic Zone, and equip it to better counter-piracy, terrorism, narcotics and human trafficking, and illegal and unregulated fishing as per Mauritius PM. New Delhi started building the facility after signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Port Louis “for the Improvement in sea and air transportation facilities” in Agaléga Island in March 2015. India officially maintains that the facility is intended to help Mauritius enhance its maritime security capabilities. However, given the strategic location of Agaléga Island, speculation has been rife that India may consider deploying some of its Boeing Poseidon 8I maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft in the newly constructed facilities, ostensibly to keep watch on the movement of the Chinese PLA Navy’s vessels in the Indian Ocean region. The project triggered protests from a section of the local people with the opposition parties in Mauritius, accusing the successive governments of undermining the sovereignty of the nation. Indian believes the protest has been triggered by china. Source: Deccan Herald UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (UNHRC) Syllabus Prelims- Current Event Context: The 55th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council has commenced Background: The attendees of the 55th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council includes representatives from various nations, each contributing their perspectives and expertise. About UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (UNHRC) The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is an intergovernmental body within the United Nations system. It is responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe. The UNHRC is composed of 47 Member States. India was re-elected to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) for the 2022-2024 term with an overwhelming majority in the General Assembly. This re-election marks India’s record sixth term as a member of the UNHRC. The UNHRC has the ability to discuss all thematic human rights issues and situations that require its attention throughout the year. The UNHRC meets at the United Nations Office at Geneva. It was established in 2006 by the General Assembly. It responds to human rights emergencies and makes recommendations on how to better implement human rights on the ground. The UNHRC reviews the human rights records of all United Nations Member States via the Universal Periodic Review. It authorizes commissions of inquiry and fact-finding missions, which produce evidence on war crimes and crimes against humanity. Source: UNHCR RBI REGULATORY SAND BOX SCHEME Syllabus Prelims : Economy Context:Reserve Bank of India revised the guidelines for the Regulatory Sandbox (RS) scheme. Background: Updated framework requires sandbox entities to ensure compliance with provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. About Regulatory Sandbox (RS) scheme : The Regulatory Sandbox (RS) scheme is an initiative by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It involves live testing of new financial products or services in a controlled regulatory environment with potential relaxations for testing purposes. It allows regulators, innovators, financial service providers, and customers to test new financial innovations, collecting evidence on benefits and risks. The objective of the Regulatory Sandbox (RS) is to foster responsible innovation in financial services, promote efficiency, and bring benefit to consumers. Fintech companies, startups, banks, financial institutions, and other entities partnering with or supporting financial services businesses are eligible to participate in the RS. The RBI has recently extended the RS timeline from seven months to nine months. RS scheme Participants must ensure compliance with provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Source: Economic Times INDIAN LEOPARD Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: According to a recent report, India’s leopard population rose by 8% from 12,582 in

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY (BEE) Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: Recently, 22nd Foundation Day of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency was celebrated in New Delhi. Background:- It was created in March 2002 under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act 2001. About Bureau of Energy Efficiency:-   The The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Power, Government of India. The agency’s primary function is to encourage the efficient use of energy in India by developing programs and strategies that promote energy conservation. BEE focuses on self-regulation and market principles to enhance energy efficiency across various sectors. Key Initiatives of BEE Standards & Labelling Scheme: BEE provides consumers with information on energy-efficient appliances and equipment, allowing them to make informed choices. Energy Conservation Building Code: BEE promotes energy-efficient practices in building construction and design. Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT): This program targets energy-intensive industries and encourages them to achieve specific energy-saving targets. Energy Efficiency in Large Industry: BEE collaborates with large industries to enhance energy efficiency. Energy Efficiency in Small & Medium Industry: Similar to large industries, BEE works with small and medium-sized enterprises to improve energy efficiency. Energy Efficiency in States: BEE supports state-level initiatives to promote energy conservation. The State Energy Efficiency Index 2023 was released by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in India. This index evaluates and ranks states based on their energy efficiency efforts, policies, and programs. Demand Side Management (DSM): BEE focuses on managing energy demand through various strategies. National Energy Conservation Awards: Recognizing outstanding efforts in energy conservation. Awareness Campaigns: BEE runs campaigns to raise awareness about energy efficiency, such as the recent #RaiseItBy1Degree campaign encouraging optimal space cooling settings. Source: PIB Kaveri and Tungabhadra Rivers Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Acute scarcity of water has been reported in various parts of Karnataka as rivers carry less and less water Background: Most of the areas in the arid Kalayana Karnataka region that are dependent on Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers are bracing for a crisis as south west monsoon failed. About Kaveri River: The Cauvery River (Kaveri) is designated as the ‘Dakshin Bharat ki Ganga’ or ‘the Ganga of the South’. The Cauvery River rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri range near Cherangala village, Kodagu (Coorg), Karnataka. It flows through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and descends the Eastern Ghats in a series of great falls. Before emptying into the Bay of Bengal south of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu the river breaks into a large number of distributaries forming a wide delta called the “garden of southern India” It is bounded by the Western Ghats on the west, by the Eastern Ghats on the east and the south, and by the ridges separating it from the Krishna basin and Pennar basin on the north. About Tungabhadra River The Tungabhadra River is a river in India that starts and flows through the state of Karnataka during most of its course, Andhra Pradesh and ultimately joining the Krishna River near Murvakonda in Andhra Pradesh. The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams viz., the Tunga, about 147 km long and the Bhadra, about 178 km long. The Tunga and the Bhadra rise at Gangamoola, in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 1458 metres The river after the confluence of the two streams near Shimoga, runs for about 531 km till it joins the river Krishna at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. It runs for 382 km in Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for 58 km and further runs for the next 91 km in Andhra Pradesh. The confluence of Tungabhadra and Krishna River is a holy pilgrimage site – The Sangameswaram Temple. Hampi one of the important heritage locations being listed by UNESCO is on the banks of the Tungabhadra River. It is influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. It is a perennial river but the summer flows dwindle to as low as 2.83 to 1.42 cumec Source: The Hindu Hangul Syllabus Prelims- Environment Context: Mating calls of endangered hangul  indicate record uptick in population Background: Kashmir’s highly shy and sensitive animal, hangul, has reported one of the healthiest rutting or mating season in the previous autumn. It is the state animal of Jammu & Kashmir. About Hangul: It is the state animal of Jammu & Kashmir. The Kashmir stag also called hangul, is a subspecies of Central Asian red deer endemic to Kashmir and surrounding areas. The subspecies is battling for its survival in its last bastion: they are now scattered within 141sq km of the Dachigam National Park located on foothills of Zabarwan range on the outskirts of The Hangul was once widely distributed in the mountains of Kashmir and parts of Chamba district in neighbouring Himachal Pradesh. A survey in 2019 conducted by collaring the hangul has revealed that the species is no longer confined within the walls of Dachigam National Park. The endangered subspecies has now begun to use an old migratory route which spread through Sind Valley up to Tulail in Gurez Valley. The corridor was last known to be active in the early 1900s. As of 2023, of the 289 Hanguls, 275 are in Dachigam National Park and 14 are inTral Wildlife Sanctuary, which is considered as the second home of Hangul Conservation Status:- IUCN’s Red List:Critically Endangered. Previous Year Question Q1. What is/are unique about ‘Kharai Camel’, a breed found in India? (2016) It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater It survives by grazing on mangroves It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Source: The Hindu NANO UREA Syllabus Prelims : Science Context: India will replace the consumption of 2.5 million tonnes of conventional urea with nano urea in FY24, the union chemicals and fertilizers minister said at a press conference recently. Background: This is in line with India’s goal of achieving self-sufficiency in urea production by 2025. About UREA: Urea is a significant component in Indian agriculture due to its high nitrogen content

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Science Context: In a historic milestone marking entry into the vital second stage of India’s three stage nuclear program, Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi witnessed , commencement of “Core Loading” at India’s first indigenous Fast Breeder Reactor (500 MWe) at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. Background:- The government had approved in 2003, the creation of Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd (BHAVINI) to construct and operate India’s most advanced nuclear reactor-Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). About PFBR and Indias Three stage nuclear program The PFBR is a machine that produces more nuclear fuel than it consumes. Its core-loading event is being hailed as a “milestone” because the operationalisation of the PFBR will mark the start of stage II of India’s three-stage nuclear power programme. In the first stage, India used pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWRs) and natural uranium-238 (U-238), which contains minuscule amounts of U-235, as the fissile material. In nuclear fission, the nucleus of an atom absorbs a neutron, destabilises, and breaks into two while releasing some energy. If the destabilised nucleus releases more neutrons, the reactor’s facilities will attempt to use them to instigate more fission reactions. The heavy water in PHWR – water molecules containing the deuterium isotope of hydrogen – slows neutrons released by one fission reaction enough to be captured by other U-238 and U-235 nuclei and cause new fission. The heavy water is pressurised to keep it from boiling. The reactions produce plutonium-239 (Pu-239) and energy. Only U-235, not U-238, can sustain a chain reaction but it is consumed fully in stage I. In stage II, India will use Pu-239 together with U-238 in the PFBR to produce energy, U-233, and more Pu-239. In stage III, Pu-239 will be combined with thorium-232 (Th-232) in reactors to produce energy and U-233. Homi J. Bhabha designed the three-stage programme because India hosts roughly a quarter of the world’s thorium. The three stages are expected to allow the country complete self-sufficiency in nuclear energy. How does the PFBR work? PHWRs use natural or low-enriched U-238 as the fissile material and produce Pu-239 as a byproduct. This Pu-239 is combined with more U-238 into a mixed oxide and loaded into the core of a new reactor together with a blanket. This is a material the fission products in the core react with to produce more Pu-239. A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it consumes. In a ‘fast’ breeder reactor, the neutrons aren’t slowed, allowing them to trigger specific fission reactions. The PFBR is designed to produce more Pu-239 than it consumes. It uses liquid sodium, a highly reactive substance, as coolant in two circuits. Coolant in the first circuit enters the reactor and leaves with (heat) energy and radioactivity. Via heat-exchangers, it transfers only the heat to the coolant in a secondary circuit. The latter transfers the heat to generators to produce electricity. Source: The Hindu SIMILIPAL TIGER RESERVE(STR) Syllabus Prelims -Environment Context: The Odisha government has sought the National Tiger Conservation Authority’s (NTCA) nod to introduce some female tigers to the Similipal Tiger Reserve. Background: Odisha wants to bring in female big cats from the Central Indian landscape, which includes areas like Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra to improve the tigers’ gene pool and improve the sex ratio. About Similipal Tiger Reserve: Similipal Tiger Reserve is a national park and tiger reserve located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, India. It is part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve. The reserve derives its name from the abundance of red silk cotton trees, known as ‘Simul’ in the local language. It is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including the Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, gaur, and chausingha. Notably, it is Asia’s second-largest biosphere and the country’s only wild habitat for melanistic royal Bengal tigers. The tigers of Similipal belong to a unique lineage with higher-than-normal levels of melanin, which gives them black-and-yellow-interspersed stripes on their coats. These tigers are not entirely black, and are therefore more accurately described as pseudo-melanistic. The reserve features two impressive waterfalls: the Barehipani Falls and the Joranda Falls. Similipal was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1979 and a biosphere reserve in 1994. It has been part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009. The region around STR is home to a variety of tribes including Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia and Sahara. Tiger Relocation Process The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) ’s approval is mandatory for any tiger relocation project within India. Before relocating tigers, the state government must seek permission from the NTCA. In the case of Similipal Tiger Reserve, the NTCA technical committee is expected to visit the reserve soon to study its landscape, climate, whether it has the required prey base and other aspects before giving its go-ahead. Source: Indian Express Previous Year Question Q1. Consider the following protected areas: Bandipur Bhitarkanika Manas Sunderbans Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves? 1 and 2 only 1, 3 and 4 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 NATIONAL URBAN COOPERATIVE FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED (NUCFDC) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Recently, Shri Amit Shah inaugurated the National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC). Background: The minister suggested the Board of the NUCFDC to set up one urban cooperative bank in each unrepresented town/city in a time-bound program. About NATIONAL URBAN COOPERATIVE FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED (NUCFDC) : The National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC) is an umbrella organization for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) in India. Its primary role is to modernize and strengthen the Urban Cooperative Banking Sector in India. The National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC) has received Certificate of Registration (CoR) from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to operate as a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC). Additionally, the NUCFDC is allowed to function as a Self-Regulatory

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Black Sea Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Ukraine said on Tuesday that its forces destroyed a Russian military patrol ship in the Black Sea near annexed Crimea, the latest naval attack on Moscow’s fleet in the key waterway. Background:- The Black Sea has been a vital battleground in the two-year war between Russia and Ukraine About Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. The Black Sea is supplied by major rivers, principally the Danube, Dnieper and Dniester. The Bosporus strait connects it to the small Sea of Marmara which in turn is connected to the Aegean Sea via the strait of the Dardanelles. To the north, the Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Kerch Strait. While the net flow of water through the Bosporus and Dardanelles (known collectively as the Turkish Straits) is out of the Black Sea, water generally flows in both directions simultaneously: Denser, more saline water from the Aegean flows into the Black Sea underneath the less dense, fresher water that flows out of the Black Sea. This creates a significant and permanent layer of deep water that does not drain or mix and is therefore anoxic. This anoxic layer is responsible for the preservation of ancient shipwrecks which have been found in the Black Sea. Source: NDTV Article 371(A- J) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: In the backdrop of protests across Ladakh, the Centre is mulling granting Article 371-like protection to the Union Territory. Background: Ladakh witnessed massive protests demanding statehood, legislature and inclusion in the Sixth Schedule, apart from concerns about environmental degradation due to possible industrialisation. About Article 371 (A-J): Article 371 of the Constitution includes special provisions for 11 states, including six of the Northeast. Articles 369 through 392 (including some that have been removed) appear in Part XXI of the Constitution, titled ‘Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions’. Article 370 dealt with Temporary Provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.It was repealed in 2019; Articles 371, 371A, 371B, 371C, 371D, 371E, 371F, 371G, 371H, and 371J define special provisions with regard to another state (or states).Articles 370 and 371 were part of the Constitution at the time of its commencement on January 26, 1950; Articles 371A through 371J were incorporated subsequently. Article 371 has provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat. Article 371A (13th Amendment Act, 1962), Nagaland: This provision was inserted after a 16-point agreement between the Centre and the Naga People’s Convention in 1960, which led to the creation of Nagaland in 1963. Parliament cannot legislate in matters of Naga religion or social practices, Naga customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law, and ownership and transfer of land without concurrence of the state Assembly. Article 371B (22nd Amendment Act, 1969) has provisions for Assam; Article 371C (27th Amendment Act, 1971) has provisions for Manipur. Article 371D & E – has provision for Andhra Pradesh. Article 371F (36th Amendment Act, 1975) has provision for Sikkim; Article 371G (53rd Amendment Act, 1986) has provision for Mizoram, Article 371H (55th Amendment Act, 1986) has provision for Arunachal Pradesh. Article 371I deals with Goa, but it does not include any provision that can be deemed ‘special’. Article 371J (98th Amendment Act, 2012) has provision for Karnataka. Examples/details of provisions for some northeast states: Article 371G (53rd Amendment Act, 1986), Mizoram: Parliament cannot make laws on “religious or social practices of the Mizos, Mizo customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Mizo customary law, ownership and transfer of land unless the Assembly so decides”. Article 371A (13th Amendment Act, 1962), Nagaland : Parliament cannot legislate in matters of Naga religion or social practices, Naga customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law, and ownership and transfer of land without concurrence of the state Assembly. Source: Indian Express CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 2019 Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context: Recently, the Supreme Court of India issued the contempt notice and passed an interim order imposing a ban on advertisements of Patanjali Ayurved’s medicines. Background: According to Section 2(28) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, an advertisement is deemed misleading when it gives a false guarantee or is likely to mislead consumers regarding the nature, substance, quantity, or quality of the product or service. About The Consumer Protection Act : The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 is a comprehensive legislation enacted in India to safeguard the rights and interests of consumers. Key provisions of the Act: Definition of Consumer: The Act defines a consumer as any person who: Buys goods or avails services for personal use. Uses goods with the consent of the buyer. Hires or avails services for consideration. It also covers legal heirs and representatives of consumers. Rights of Consumers Right to Safety: Protection from hazardous goods and services. Right to Information: Access accurate and transparent information about products and services. Right to Choose: Choose from a variety of goods and services. Right to Redressal: Seek redressal for unfair trade practices and defective products. Right to Consumer Education: Be informed about their rights and responsibilities. Unfair Trade Practices The Act prohibits various unfair practices, such as: False representation: Misleading advertisements or false claims. Unfair contracts: Imposing unfair terms on consumers. Defective goods: Selling goods with defects. Restrictive trade practices: Monopolistic behaviour. Consumer Disputes Redressal The Act establishes Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions at the district, state, and national levels. Consumers can file complaints related to unfair trade practices, defective goods, or deficient services. Source: Livemint Previous Year Question Q1. With reference to consumer’s rights/privileges under the provisions of the law in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? Consumers are empowered to take samples for food testing. When a consumer files a complaint in any consumer forum, no fee is required to be paid. In case of the death of a consumer, his/her legal heir can file a complaint in the consumer forum on his/her

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   India’s first underwater Metro Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: PM Modi inaugurates India’s first underwater Metro in Kolkata Background:- According to officials, from its inception in 1984 till 2014, only 27.99 km of the Metro network was functional in Kolkata. After 2014, the Metro network was expanded by 25.34 km. About underwater Metro:- PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the Howrah Maidan-Esplanade section of Kolkata Metro’s East-West corridor, signalling India’s first venture into underwater Metro services. According to an official release, the 4.8-km stretch of the East-West Metro has been built at a cost of₹4,965 crore and will have the deepest Metro station in India at Howrah – 30 metres below the ground level. The Howrah Maidan-Esplanade section underwater Metro line has the first transportation tunnel under a river in India. It passes under the Hooghly River. About Hooghly river The Hooghly River is a distributary of the Ganges River in West Bengal, India. The Hooghly River is approximately 260 kilometers (162 miles) long. It starts at Nurpur in the Murshidabad district, where it branches off from the Ganges. The river flows southwards through the state of West Bengal and eventually merges with the Bay of Bengal. The Kolkata Port, one of India’s major ports, is located on the Hooghly River and serves as a gateway for trade. The city of Kolkata is situated along the banks of the Hooghly River. The iconic Howrah Bridge spans the river, connecting the city with the Howrah district. The annual Ganga Sagar Mela, a pilgrimage and festival, takes place at Sagar Island at the confluence of the Hooghly River and the Bay of Bengal. Source: The Hindu Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards Syllabus Prelims – Art & Culture Context: President Droupadi Murmu on Wednesday conferred the Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards for the years 2022 and 2023 to eminent artists in the field of performing arts, including music, dance, drama, folk and tribal arts. Background: Twelve people from the field of music, and equal number from dance, 9 from the field of theatre and 11 from folk and tribal arts have received the Akademi awards for 2023. About Sangeet Natak Akademi: Sangeet Natak Akademi, the apex body in the field of performing arts in the country, was set up in 1953 for the preservation and promotion of the vast intangible heritage of India’s diverse culture expressed in forms of music, dance and drama. The management of the Akademi vests in its General Council. The Chairman of the Akademi is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years. The functions of the Akademi are set down in the Akademi’s Memorandum of Association, adopted at its registration as a society on 11 September 1961. The registered office of the Akademi is at Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi. Sangeet Natak Akademi is an autonomous body of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. The Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards are the highest national recognition conferred on practising artists. The Akademi also confers Fellowships on eminent artists and scholars of music, dance and drama; and has in 2006 instituted annual awards to young artists – the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar. The Akademi’s archive, comprising audio and video tapes, photographs, and films is one of the largest in the country and is extensively drawn upon for research in the performing arts. Source: The Hindu e-KISAN UPAJ NIDHI Syllabus Prelims : Current Event Context: Recently, the Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution launched the ‘e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi’ (Digital Gateway) in India. Background: This initiative, led by the Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA), aims to transform the agricultural landscape by leveraging technology. About e-KISAN UPAJ NIDHI: The e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi is a Digital Gateway initiative launched by the Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA). Its primary objective is to assist farmers in obtaining post-harvest loans against their stock stored in WDRA-registered warehouses. These loans are provided against electronic negotiable warehouse receipts, known as e-NWRs Key Points: Purpose: The platform intends to ease farmers’ warehousing logistics and ensure fair prices for their produce. Storage Opportunity: Farmers can store their produce at any registered WDRA warehouse for up to six months at an interest rate of 7% per annum. No Collateral: The e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi initiative allows farmers to store their produce without collateral, encouraging them to utilize WDRA-registered warehouses. Integration with e-NAM: By integrating with the e-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM), farmers can access interconnected markets beyond the government’s Minimum Support Price (MSP). Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) The Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) is a Statutory Authority under the Department of Food and Public Distribution, Government of India. It was established on October 26, 2010, with the objective of implementing the provisions of the Warehousing (Development & Regulation) Act, 2007. The WDRA regulates warehouses, promotes negotiability of warehouse receipts, and facilitates the orderly growth of the warehousing business in India. WDRA ensures the orderly growth of the warehousing business by setting standards, guidelines, and regulations. It promotes the use of negotiable warehouse receipts (NWRs). These electronic receipts represent commodities stored in registered warehouses. WDRA’s initiatives, such as the e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi, aim to benefit farmers by providing better storage options, reducing distress sales, and facilitating post-harvest loans against stored produce. Source: PIB VOLCANIC WINTER Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: A new study suggested that a catastrophic super volcano eruption could severely impact Earth’s climate and lead to a volcanic winter. Background: To qualify as a super eruption, a volcano must release more than 1,000 cubic kilometers of magma. These eruptions are extremely powerful and rare. The most recent super-eruption occurred more than 22,000 years ago in New Zealand. About VOLCANIC WINTER Volcanic winter refers to a cooling effect on Earth’s surface caused by large-scale volcanic eruptions. Volcanic winter occurs after a particularly explosive volcanic eruption that is rich in sulfur. During such an eruption, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is emitted into the atmosphere. The emitted SO₂ reacts with other atmospheric components, leading to the formation of sulfuric acid