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Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Dr.M S Swaminathan conferred Bharat Ratna Syllabus Prelims – current events of national importance Context: Conferring of Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour of the country on late agricultural scientist, Dr M S Swaminathan. Background:- This year’s tally of five Bharat Ratna awards is the highest that has ever been announced in a single year, one more than the four announced in 1999. The winners of the award are L.K Advani, Karpoori Thakur, M S Swaminathan, Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh. About M.S.Swaminathan:-   Born on August 7, 1925 in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, Dr Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan is hailed as the father of India’s green revolution. Witnessing the Bengal famine of 1942-43 deeply impacted Dr Swaminathan. He served as an Independent Chairman of the Food and Agricultural Organisation Council (1981-85) He was the President of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1984-90) He was also the President of the World Wide Fund for Nature (India) from 1989-96 He served as the Director General of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), among others. Contribution to green revolution: The Basic strategic vision underpinning the Green Revolution in India — introducing a new genetic strain or ‘plant type’ responsive to increased fertiliser and water application — came from Swaminathan. The problem with the traditional wheat and rice varieties was that they were tall and slender. These ‘lodged’ – fell flat on the ground — when they grew and their earheads were heavy with well-filled grains produced in response to high fertiliser doses Swaminathan approached Norman Borlaug, who had incorporated dwarfing genes into wheat varieties in Mexico. India started working seriously on dwarf wheat breeding programme in 1963. His efforts transformed India from a food deficient nation to one with increased wheat production – from 6 million tonnes a year in 1947 to 17 million tonnes a year between 1964 and 1968. MUST READ: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bharat-ratna-ms-swaminathan-significance-profile-9152692/ SOURCE: Indian Express Sovereign gold bond scheme Syllabus Prelims-Economy  Context: Sovereign gold bone scheme, 2023-24 will open for subscription from 12 to 16 February 2024 Background: Floated by the Indian Government in 2015, Sovereign Gold Bonds or SGBs emerged as an innovative investment strategy involving gold for interested investors. About SGBs: SGBs are provided as a substitute for physical gold to investors. The main objective of the scheme is to reduce the demand for physical gold and shift a part of the money spent for gold, which usually amounts to huge import bill into financial savings through Gold Bonds. SGBs are issued by RBI on behalf of the Government of India on payment of the required amount in rupees and are denominated in grams of gold. The Bonds are restricted for sale to resident Indian entities including individuals, HUFs, trusts, Universities, charitable institutions. Investors ineligible to participate in the SGB scheme include – Non-Resident Indians:Direct investment in SGB is not permitted for them, Foreign institutional investors (FII): investing in SGB is restricted for FIIs, minors: investment in SGB is only permissible through their guardians. The bonds are available in both in Demat and paper form. The rate for the Bonds is fixed on the basis of simple average of closing price for gold of 999 purity of the previous week published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association (IBJA). The tenor of the Bond is for a period of 8 years with exit option from 5th year onwards to be exercised on the interest payment dates. Participants in the SGB scheme are entitled to a stable interest rate of 2.50 per cent per annum, disbursed semi-annually based on the nominal value of their investment. On maturity, the investor will get the equivalent rupee value of the quantum of gold invested at the then prevailing price of gold as calculated using the simple average of the closing price of 999 purity gold over the three preceding working days. SOURCE: Livemint Previous Year Questions Q.1) What is/are the purpose/purposes of the Government’s ‘Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme’ and ‘Gold Monetization Scheme’? (2016) To bring the idle gold lying with Indian households into the economy To promote FDI in the gold and jewellery sector To reduce India’s dependence on gold imports Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE (KFD) Syllabus Prelims – General Science Context: Since January 1 this year, two people have died due to Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a viral infection, in Karnataka. Background: According to the health department, the first fatality due to monkey fever was reported in Shivamogga district on 8 January wherein an 18-year-old succumbed to the virus. The second fatality was reported at Manipal in Udupi district when a 79-year-old man died in a private hospital. About Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), also known as monkey fever, is a tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever endemic to the southwestern part of India. KFD is caused by the Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of the Flaviviridae virus family. Reservoir: Hard ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera) serve as the reservoir for KFDV. Once infected, ticks remain carriers for life. Hosts: Rodents, shrews, and monkeys become common hosts for KFDV after being bitten by an infected tick. Human Transmission: Humans can contract KFD through tick bites or contact with infected animals. Historically, KFD has been limited to the western and central districts of Karnataka State, India. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the disease was first identified in 1957 when it was isolated from a sick monkey from the Kyasanur Forest in Karnataka (formerly Mysore). There is no specific treatment for KFD, but early hospitalization and supportive therapy is important. A vaccine exists for KFD and is used in endemic areas of India MUST READ: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/kyasanur/pdf/factsheet.pdf SOURCE: Center for Disease Control and Prevention High-altitude pseudo satellite vehicle (HAPS) Syllabus Prelim – Science Context: THE NATIONAL Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) in Bengaluru has successfully completed the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   The Great Indian Bustard (GIB) Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: The Great Indian Bustard (GIB) has not put in its annual appearance this year also at the Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary in  Andhra Pradesh. Background:- The forest officials in Andhra Pradesh have been conducting surveys regularly and couldn’t find the bird in the last two years in the State. About Great Indian Bustard:-   The Great Indian Bustard (GIB), is one of the heaviest flying birds, and is found mainly in the Indian subcontinent. Less than 140 of these birds are estimated to be surviving now globally, its population is confined mostly to Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is designated as critically endangered on the red list of International Union for Conservation of Nature. Scientific Name: Ardeotis nigriceps. Physical description: Black crown on the forehead contrasting with the pale neck and head. They feed on grass seeds, insects like grasshoppers and beetles, and sometimes even small rodents and reptiles. Distribution: India, effectively the only home of the bustards, today, its population is confined mostly to Rajasthan and Gujarat. Small population also occur in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It is the State bird of Rajasthan. Along with chick-rearing centre for GIB in Jaisalmer, Sorsan in Rajasthan has been identified as the most conducive site for their rearing, due to availability of grasslands, access to roads and well suited climatic conditions The GIB is a flagship species of the grassland; it determines the health of the grasslands, on which many other species of birds and animals, and even the dairy industry is dependent on. Factors affecting population of GIBs: Agricultural Expansion and Urbanization resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation. Increased human activities such as grazing and disturbance due to tourism can disrupt the natural behavior of the bustards, affecting their breeding and feeding activities. Poaching remains a threat to the Great Indian Bustard. Despite legal protection, they are sometimes targeted for their meat and feathers. The birds are at risk of colliding with overhead power lines, especially in the semi-arid landscapes where they are found. This can lead to fatalities and population decline. Climate change can impact the availability of suitable habitats and affect the availability of prey species, indirectly influencing the bustard population. Low Reproductive Success:Disturbances during the nesting season can lead to low reproductive success, as the birds may abandon nests or be unable to raise chicks successfully.GIBs are slow-reproducing, laying just a few eggs, and having almost a year-long parental care of chicks. Limited Genetic Diversity:The small and isolated populations of the Great Indian Bustard may lead to reduced genetic diversity, making them more vulnerable to diseases and environmental changes. MUST READ: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/how-do-you-plan-to-save-the-great-indian-bustard-sc-asks-government/article67757330.ece SOURCE: The Hindu RAJYA SABHA ELECTION Syllabus Prelims-polity Context: The elections for 56 seats in the Rajya Sabha are set to take place on February 27. Background: Major political parties have released the list of their candidates for Rajya Sabha election.It is watched closely as it comes close to the upcoming Lok Sabha Election. About Rajya Sabha election: Rajya Sabha is a permanent House and cannot be dissolved. To ensure continuity, one-third of its members retire after every second year, under Article 83(1) of the Constitution, and “biennial elections” are held to fill these vacancies. The term of a member is six years. Out of the 245 members, 12 are nominated by the President and 233 are representatives of the States and Union territories of Delhi and Puducherry. Rajya Sabha polls: Who votes, and how? Rajya Sabha MPs are elected by MLAs through an indirect election. Article 80(4) provides that members shall be elected by the elected members of state Assemblies through a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote. The Fourth Schedule to the Constitution provides for allocation of Rajya Sabha seats to the states and Union Territories, on the basis of the population of each state. Rajya Sabha polls have an open ballot The Rajya Sabha polls have a system of open ballots, but it is a limited form of openness. As a measure to check rampant cross-voting, there is a system of each party MLA showing his or her marked ballots to the party’s authorized agent (called Whip), before they are put into the ballot box. Showing a marked ballot to anyone other than one’s own party’s authorized agent will render the vote invalid. Not showing the ballot to the authorized agent will also mean that the vote cannot be counted. Independent candidates are barred from showing their ballots to anyone. Previous Year Question: Q.)Consider the following statements : The Rajya Sabha has no power either to reject or to amend a Money Bill The Rajya Sabha cannot vote on the Demands for Grants. The Rajya Sabha cannot discuss the Annual Financial Statement. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 MUST READ: The Hindu Explains | How are elections to the Rajya Sabha held? Source: The Hindu Brumation Syllabus Prelims : Science Context: Typically observed during cold months, its  a process similar to hibernation. Background: Researchers have observed instances of brumation in various reptilian species across habitats. About Brumation: It is the name to describe a period of dormancy or slowed activity in reptiles, much like hibernation in mammals. It typically occurs during colder months, when temperatures drop and food becomes scarce. Reptiles enter a state of brumation to conserve energy and survive these adverse environmental conditions. During brumation, reptiles may retreat to underground burrows, rock crevices or other sheltered areas where temperatures are relatively more stable. Metabolism slows significantly, allowing them to go weeks or even months without eating. This period of reduced activity allows reptiles to conserve energy and minimise their resource requirements. Species which exhibit brumation include box turtles and painted turtles, which burrow into the mud at the bottom of ponds or lakes. Snakes may seek refuge in underground dens or caves while lizards may

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   StarLink Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Science Context: Russia on Monday rejected Ukraine’s claim that Russian troops fighting on the frontline were using Starlink terminals. Background:- The Kremlin said on Monday that Elon Musk’s Starlink satellite internet system was neither certified for use in, nor officially supplied to, Russia, and therefore could not be used.Ukraine, which has used Starlink for military communications throughout its conflict with Russia, said on Sunday that Russian troops were using Starlink in parts of Ukraine they control. About Starlink:-   Starlink is a satellite constellation that comprises thousands of small satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO). SpaceX first began sending them into space in 2019. SpaceX is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company founded by Elon Musk. Currently, there are more than 3,000 of these satellites that send internet signals to designated ground receivers. Unlike traditional internet providers, Starlink doesn’t require any ground infrastructure. One just needs to have a small satellite dish or a receiver device to access high-speed internet, much like satellite TV. Significance of Starlink: Global Connectivity: Starlink aims to offer high-speed internet to users worldwide, including those living in remote and rural areas with limited or no access to traditional broadband services. Low Latency: LEO satellites offer low latency, reducing the signal delay experienced with traditional geostationary satellites, making activities like online gaming and video conferencing smoother. Reliable and Redundant: The large number of satellites in the constellation allows for redundancy, minimizing service disruptions in case of satellite failures. Emergency Connectivity: Starlink has shown its potential in providing emergency internet access during natural disasters and crises, offering communication lifelines to affected communities. Challenges Space Debris: With thousands of satellites in LEO, concerns have been raised about space debris , its impact on the space environment and other satellite operations. Astronomy Interference: Starlink satellites have been criticized for interfering with ground-based astronomical observations due to their brightness and impact on the night sky. Monopoly Concerns: As Starlink expands its dominance in the satellite internet market, concerns arise about potential monopolistic control over global internet. Regulatory and Legal Challenges: Operating a massive satellite constellation involves navigating complex international regulations, spectrum management, and coordination with other satellite operators. Russia Ukraine – Operations controlled by company: After the Russia-Ukraine war broke out in 2022, fibre network lines and cell towers were the first pieces of infrastructure to be destroyed, rendering Starlink as the lifeblood of Ukraine’s communication network. When Internet connectivity is deployed in a region, the nature of the technology is such that its operations aren’t controlled by the user, but by the company. For example, if a piece of territory had fallen into Russian hands and a few Starlink dishes or terminals had been lost – it had to call up Starlink each time. SOURCE: Reuters Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Syllabus Prelims- Science Context: Scientists have unveiled new details of a colossal black hole 53 million lightyears away first photographed by the earth-wide Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) in 2017. Background: The image of blackhole captured with the help of EHT was hailed at the time as a matter of “astonishment and wonder” for revealing “a part of the universe that was off limits”.In the image, a central dark region is encapsulated by a ring of light that looks brighter on one side.The massive galaxy, called Messier 87 or M87, is near the Virgo galaxy cluster 55 million light-years from Earth.The super-massive black hole has a mass that is 6.5 billion times that of our sun. About EHT: The EHT is not a single telescope but a worldwide network of radio telescopes that work together to study a common object in space. EHT benefit from a technique called very-long baseline interferometry, where the data each telescope collects about the object is correlated with data from the others using extremely precise clocks. The project is named for the event horizon, the proposed boundary around a black hole that represents the point of no return where no light or radiation can escape.   About black hole A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light cannot get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying. Because no light can get out, people can’t see black holes. They are invisible. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. The special tools can see how stars that are very close to black holes act differently than other stars. Size of Black hole: Smallest Black holes – Scientists think the smallest black holes are as small as just one atom. These black holes are very tiny but have the mass of a large mountain. Stellar – Its mass can be up to 20 times more than the mass of the sun. There may be many, many stellar mass black holes in Earth’s galaxy. Earth’s galaxy is called the Milky Way. Supermassive – The largest black holes are called “” These black holes have masses that are more than 1 million suns together. Scientists have found proof that every large galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A. Source: The Hindu Previous Year Question: Consider the following phenomena: (2018) Light is affected by gravity. The Universe is constantly expanding. Matter warps its surrounding space-time. Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media? 1 and 2 only 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (d) Index of industrial production (IIP) Syllabus Prelims : Economy Context: Industrial output witnessed mild recovery in December. Background: At 3.8 percent, the latest industrial growth figure as per the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is up from the November 2023 figure of 2.4 percent. About Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Publication time: monthly.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT, 2002. Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: Recently, the Odisha government has declared the Gupteswar forest in Koraput district as its fourth Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS). Background:- The Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) are declared by the state governments in consultation with local bodies under Section 37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. About Biological Diversity Act:-   The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is a law that protects the different kinds of living things in India and ensures fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use. The law was enacted to meet the requirements of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, to which India is a party. Biological Diversity Act 2002 (BD Act), is in close synergy with the Nagoya Protocol and aims to implement provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The Nagoya Protocol sought to ensure commercial and research utilisation of genetic resources led to sharing its benefits with the government and the community that conserved such resources. Features of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 It establishes a three-tier structure to regulate the access and use of biological resources, consisting of the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) at the central level, the State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) at the state level, and the Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) at the local level. It prohibits any person or organisation, whether Indian or foreign, from obtaining any biological resource occurring in India or knowledge associated with it for research or commercial purposes without the prior approval of the NBA or the SBBs. It also prohibits the transfer of the results of any research relating to any biological resource or knowledge obtained from India to any person or entity outside India without the approval of the NBA. It also prohibits the claim of any intellectual property rights on any invention based on the research made on the biological resources or knowledge obtained from India without the approval of the NBA. It provides for the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources and associated knowledge, as well as the protection and rehabilitation of threatened species and ecosystems. It provides for the declaration of certain areas as Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS), which are unique, ecologically fragile, and rich in biodiversity. The state governments can notify such areas in consultation with the local bodies and the central government. It provides for the involvement of the local communities in the conservation and management of the biological resources and associated knowledge, and ensures that they get a fair share of the benefits arising from their use. It provides for the establishment of institutions such as repositories, gene banks, and museums for the preservation and documentation of the biological resources and associated knowledge. It provides for the penalties and offences for the violation of the provisions of the Act, and empowers the National Green Tribunal (NGT) to hear any grievances or disputes arising from the implementation of the Act. Biological Diversity Act 2002 (BD Act), is in close synergy with the Nagoya Protocol and aims to implement provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The Nagoya Protocol sought to ensure that commercial and research utilisation of genetic resources lead to sharing its benefits with the government and the community that conserved such resources. Source: The Indian Express Previous Year Questions Consider the following statements: (2011) Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes. Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2  Neither 1 nor 2 MULTILATERAL NAVAL EXERCISE (MILAN) – 2024 Syllabus Prelims- Current Event Context: The Indian Navy is all set to host the 12th edition of the Multilateral Naval Exercise – 2024 (MILAN), from Feb 19 to 27. Background: Navies from across the globe, including the US, Japan, Australia, France, Bangladesh, South Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia, are lining up for participation in this significant event off Visakhapatnam. About MILAN: The Multilateral Naval Exercise (MILAN) is a biennial naval war game hosted by the Indian Navy. The first Milan exercise was conducted in 1995 at Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It was a multilateral naval exercise hosted by the Indian Navy, involving the navies of Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The 12th edition of MILAN is scheduled to be held in Visakhapatnam, India. The aim of MILAN is to foster international maritime cooperation and showcase India’s naval prowess. Milan 2024 reflects India’s ‘Look East policy’ and emphasizes regional security cooperation. The theme of MILAN 2024 is “Cohesion, Camaraderie and Collaboration”. MILAN 2024 also expects to realise the G20 theme of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, which means “the world is one family”. INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY BOARD OF INDIA (IBBI) Syllabus Prelims : Economy Context: To ensure fairness in bankruptcy cases, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) has issued a circular instructing resolution professional (RPs) to share copies of their reports with both creditors and debtors involved in insolvency cases. Background: The circular highlights instances where resolution professional (RPs) failed to provide equal access to information to both parties, leading to a disparity in understanding. About The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI): The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) is the regulator for overseeing insolvency proceedings and entities like Insolvency Professional Agencies (IPA), Insolvency Professionals (IP) and Information Utilities (IU) in India. It was established on 1st October, 2016 under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, which is a law that aims to resolve insolvency and bankruptcy cases in a time-bound and efficient manner. The IBBI also regulates the profession of valuers in India under the Companies (Registered Valuers and Valuation Rules), 2017. It has a three-tier structure, consisting of a chairperson, three ex-officio members from the central government, one ex-officio member from the RBI, and five other members nominated by the central government. Some of the key functions

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Test of proportionality Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: The Supreme Court used the test of proportionality to strike down Electoral Bonds scheme Background:- It was used in the demonetisation case, aadhar case and also the puttuswamy case among many others. About Test of proportionality Proportionality test is “ the judicial standard for resolving disputes that involve either a conflict between two rights claims or between a right and a legitimate government interest.” The test is deemed necessary to guard against arbitrary action, so that the state cannot extinguish the right entirely even in pursuance of a legitimate state interest. In Modern Dental College & Research Centre v. State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors, a five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court listed four components to be looked at in order to determine proportionality. The same was agreed to in essence by a nine-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India, in which the Court upheld privacy as a fundamental right. In the judgment authored by Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul in Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India, proportionality can be ascertained on the basis of the following: (a) the action must be sanctioned by law;(b) the proposed action must be necessary in a democratic society for a legitimate aim;(c) the extent of such interference must be proportionate to the need for such interference; (d) There must be procedural guarantees against abuse of such interference. Must Read: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/electoral-bonds-verdict-how-the-proportionality-test-was-applied-in-the-case-9164082/ Source: Deccan Herald STATE OF THE WORLD’S MIGRATORY SPECIES REPORT Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: First-ever State of the World’s Migratory Species report, launched recently by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Background: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), CMS is an intergovernmental treaty under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). About Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS): The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species throughout their ranges. CMS was signed in Bonn, Germany, on 23 June 1979, and entered into force on 1 November 1983. It provides a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory animals and their habitats. CMS currently has 133 Parties and covers 583 migratory species. India is a party to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) since 1983. India hosted the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP) to CMS in February 2020 in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The latest CMS convention, also known as the 14th Conference of the Parties (COP14) to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), was held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan from February 10 to 15, 2024. Key findings of the World’s Migratory Species report: Nearly half (44 per cent) of CMS-listed species are showing population declines, and more than one-in-five (22 per cent) are threatened with extinction. The extinction risk is growing for migratory species globally, including those not listed under CMS. The two greatest threats to both CMS-listed and all migratory species are overexploitation and habitat loss due to human activity. Half (51 per cent) of Key Biodiversity Areas identified as important for CMS-listed migratory animals do not have protected status, and 58 per cent of the monitored sites recognized as being important for CMS-listed species are experiencing unsustainable levels of human-caused pressure. Globally, 399 migratory species that are threatened or near threatened with extinction are not currently listed under CMS. The report also provides information on the main drivers of these declines, such as climate change, pollution and invasive species, and the successful actions that have been taken to conserve some migratory species. The report calls for urgent action to protect these species and their habitats, and to ensure their sustainable use for the benefit of people and nature. Source: Forbes India Classical Language Syllabus Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: West Bengal’s Chief Minister made headlines for advocating classical language status for Bangla, which is the world’s 7th most spoken language. Background: Multiple state governments and regional political parties has been demanding classical language status for their respective regional languages. About Classical language In 2006, the Government of India laid down the criteria for conferring classical language status. TheMinistry of Culture provides guidelines regarding Classical languages. They are: High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years; A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers; The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community; The classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots. Currently, six languages enjoy the‘Classical’ status in India. They are Tamil (declared in 2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), and Odia (2014). Benefits of declaring a language as a classical language: Once a language is declared classical, it getsfinancial assistance for setting up a center of excellence for the study of that language and also opens up an avenue for two major awards for scholars of eminence. Besides, theUniversity Grants Commission can be requested to create – to begin with at least in Central Universities, a certain number of professional chairs for classical languages for scholars of eminence in the language. Source: Indian Express Kotravai sculpture from Pallava period unearthed Syllabus Prelims : History Context: On February 14, 2024, a team of researchers unveiled a magnificent Kotravai sculpture in Pilrampattu village, Kallakurichi district. This awe-inspiring discovery transports us to the Pallava period, offering an invaluable glimpse into the ancient craftsmanship and spirituality of our forebears. Background: Kotṟavai also spelled Kotravai or Korravai, is the goddess of war and victory in the Tamil tradition. She is also the mother goddess and the goddess of fertility, agriculture, and hunters.She is among the earliest documented goddesses in the Tamil

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   OpenAI launches Sora Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: OpenAI, the creator of the revolutionary chatbot ChatGPT, has unveiled a new generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) model that can convert a text prompt into video called Sora. Background:- Generative artificial intelligence (AI) describes algorithms (such as ChatGPT) that can be used to create new content, including audio, code, images, text, simulations, and videos.The recent buzz around generative AI has been driven by the simplicity of new user interfaces for creating high-quality text, graphics and videos in a matter of seconds. About Sora:- Sora is a generative AI model designed by Open AI (makers of chatGPT) that can convert a text prompt into video. Sora can generate videos up to a minute long while maintaining visual quality and adherence to the user’s prompt. While generation of images and textual responses to prompts on GenAI platforms have become significantly better in the last few years, text-to-video was an area that had largely lagged, owing to its added complexity of analysing moving objects in a three-dimensional space. Other companies apart from Open AI too have ventured into the text-to-video space. Google’s Lumiere, which was announced last month, can create five-second videos on a given prompt, both text- and image-based. Other companies like Runway and Pika have also shown impressive text-to-video models of their own. Open AI has said that it will take some “safety steps” ahead of making Sora available in OpenAI’s products, and will work with red teamers — domain experts in areas like misinformation, hateful content, and bias — who will be “adversarially” testing the model. Source: Indian Express Farmers demand legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price Syllabus Mains – GS3 Context: Thousands of farmers amassed at the Punjab and Haryana border are protesting for  legal guarantee to minimum support prices Background: The farmer’s unions assert that the Centre has failed to fulfill its promise of providing a legal guarantee for MSP, as agreed upon at the conclusion of the massive protests in 2021. About MSP: MSP is the minimum rate at which the government procurement agencies purchase agricultural commodities from farmers. It serves as a safety net for farmers, ensuring them a minimum income for their produce, particularly during times of market fluctuations or distress. The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) is tasked with recommending MSPs for various crops. Operating as an attached office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, the CACP has been functioning since January 1965. How is the MSP Calculated? When determining the MSP, farmers’ incurred costs, both implicit and explicit, are carefully considered. Implicit costs, such as family labour and rent paid by farmers, are factored into the calculation alongside explicit costs. These variables are represented by A2, FL, and C2. A2: This includes expenses incurred by farmers for purchasing chemicals, fertilisers, seeds, and hiring labour for crop growth, production, and maintenance. A2 + FL: This includes actual costs along with implicit costs in the form of family labour. C2: This includes A2 + FL along with fixed capital assets and rent paid by farmers. Additionally, the CACP considers several other factors when deciding the MSP like market prices of concerned crops and any fluctuations, information on produce supply, including area, yield, production, imports, exports, and stocks with public agencies or industries, demand information across regions, including total and per capita consumption, processing industry trends, and capacity etc Once the CACP submits its recommendations, the final decision regarding the MSP levels is taken by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by Prime Minister of India. Key Benefits of the MSP for farmers Income Security: MSP gives farmers with a guaranteed minimum price for their crops, ensuring a stable and predictable income, especially during times of market volatility. Price Stability: By setting a floor price for agricultural commodities, MSP helps stabilise market prices, preventing sharp fluctuations that could negatively impact both farmers and consumers. Boosts Production: MSP serves as an incentive for farmers to raise production of crops covered under the MSP regime, as they are assured of receiving a remunerative price for their efforts. Food Security: MSP plays a vital role in ensuring food security by incentivising farmers to cultivate essential food crops. This helps maintain a steady supply of food grains in the market, cutting the dependence on imports and enhancing domestic food security. Source: Money Control ANTI-DUMPING DUTY Syllabus Prelims : Economy Context: India initiates anti-dumping probe into imports of solar glass from China, Vietnam. Background: Solar glass is used to make solar panels and modules for renewable energy generation. India is one of the largest markets for solar power, and has set a target of installing 450 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030. About Anti Dumping Duty: Anti-dumping duty is a tariff imposed by a government on imported goods that are sold at a price lower than their normal value in the exporting country. The purpose of anti-dumping duty is to protect the domestic industry from unfair competition and trade distortion caused by dumping. The World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates dumping practices through the Anti-Dumping Agreement, which sets forth the rules and procedures for the investigation, determination, and application of anti-dumping measures by WTO members. According to the Anti-Dumping Agreement, a WTO member can impose anti-dumping measures if it can prove that: The imports are being sold at a price below their normal value in the exporting country. The dumping is causing material injury to the domestic industry producing similar goods. There is a causal link between the two. Authority to impose anti- dumping duty in India The Ministry of Finance has the final authority to impose anti-dumping duty on the imports that are found to be dumped and causing injury to the domestic industry. The Ministry of Finance acts on the basis of the recommendations of the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR), which conducts the investigation and determines the existence and extent of dumping and injury. The Directorate General of Trade Remedies

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: With the 2021 Census indefinitely delayed, the government’s attempt to estimate the total population of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) across the country is hitting one wall after another. Background:- The information on population is crucial to the implementation of the government’s ₹24,000 crore PM-JANMAN package for PVTGs. About PM JANMAN:- In line with the vision of Antyodaya to empower the last person at the last mile, PM-JANMAN was launched for the socio-economic welfare of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) on 15th November 2023. PM-JANMAN focuses on 11 critical interventions through 9 Ministries aimed to improve socio-economic conditions of the PVTGs by saturating PVTG households and habitations with basic facilities such as safe housing, clean drinking water and sanitation, improved access to education, health and nutrition, electricity, road and telecom connectivity, and sustainable livelihood opportunities. About PVTG: Sub-classification of Scheduled Tribe, who are most vulnerable in certain parameter than other Scheduled Tribe community. In 1973, the Dhebar Commission created Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) as a separate category, who are less developed among the tribal groups. In 2006, the Government of India renamed the PTGs as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). The Government of India follows the following criteria for identification of PVTGs: Pre-agricultural level of technology Low level of literacy Economic backwardness A declining or stagnant population. There are total of75 PVTGs in India. Source: The Hindu India sends assistance to cholera-hit Zambia Syllabus Prelims – Geography and Science Context: India on Saturday sent medical and material assistance to Zambia as the southern African country. Background: Zambia has been reeling under an outbreak of cholera over the past few weeks which had prompted a closure of schools in the country. Zambia has been asking for more medical help to deal with the situation that has been described as a “cholera emergency”. About Zambia: Zambia is alandlocked country at the crossroads of Central, Southern and East Africa. The landlocked country has experienced rapid economic growth over the last decade as Africa’s second largest copper producer after the DR Congo. The spectacular Victoria Falls are on Zambia’s border with Zimbabwe About Cholera Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera infection. The deadly effects of the disease are the result of a toxin the bacteria produces in the small intestine.The toxin causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts (electrolytes). Most people exposed to the cholera bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) don’t become ill and don’t know they’ve been infected. But because they shed cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days, they can still infect others through contaminated water. Source: The Hindu Rukhmabai Raut Syllabus Prelims : History Context: A new book on the life of Rukhmabai, a child bride who went on to become one of India’s pioneering women doctors was released recently Background: The book, written by academic and writer Sudhir Chandra, claims to shed new light on the “extraordinary but little-known life of the rebel-doctor” who dared to challenge the norms of her time and left behind a formidable legacy. About Rukhmabai: Born in 1864, Rukhmabai was denied formal education and wedded off at 11 years of age to the 19-year-old Dadaji Bhikaji. She, however, continued to stay at the house of her widowed mother, who later got married to Assistant Surgeon Sakharam Arjun Raut. She was supported by her step-father, when she refused to stay with Bhikaji and his family at his house. This led to the Dadaji Bhikaji vs Rukhmabai case, 1885. In 1885, the case of Bhikaji seeking “restitution of conjugal rights” titled “Bhikaji vs. Rukhmabai, 1885” came up for hearing and Judge declared that Rukhmabai had been wed in her “helpless infancy” and that he could not compel a young lady. Appeal was filed against the judgement.First order was overturned and court ordered Rukhmabai to “go live with her husband or face six months of imprisonment”. Rukhmabai responded that she would rather face imprisonment than obey the verdict. In July 1888, a settlement was reached with Bhikaji and he relinquished his claim on Rukhmabai for a payment of two thousand rupees. Ultimately, the publicity and debate generated by this case helped influence the enactment of the “Age of Consent Act” in 1891, which changed the age of consent from 10 to 12 years across British India Source: Scroll EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION (EFTA) Syllabus Prelims -Current Event Context: Recently, India has rejected the demand of the four-nation European Free Trade Association (EFTA) for ‘data exclusivity’ provisions in the free trade agreement that both sides are negotiating. Background: Data exclusivity provisions will bar generic drug producers from using data of preclinical tests and clinical trials of former patent holders. India and EFTA have been negotiating the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement since January 2008. About European Free Trade Association (EFTA) The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. These countries are not part of the European Union (EU), but they participate in the European Single Market and the Schengen Area. EFTA was established in 1960 as an alternative trade bloc for those European states that were unable or unwilling to join the then European Economic Community (EEC), the main predecessor of the EU. EFTA has signed free trade agreements with many countries around the world, and also cooperates with the EU in various policy areas through the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement. EFTA’s headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Source: Hindu Businessline OUTER SPACE TREATY Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Science Context: Multiple reports coming in this week said that Russia is making advances in space-based nuclear weapons that are aimed at destroying other satellites, both civilian and military. Background: If Russia were to develop and deploy such a weapon, it would be

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   International Court of Justice(ICJ) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Palestine accuses Israel of apartheid at ICJ Background:- The International Court of Justice is holding hearings on the legal implications of occupation of territories by Israel. About International Court of Justice :- The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946. The court is the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was brought into being through, and by, the League of Nations, 1922. Like the PCIJ, the ICJ is based at the Peace Palace in The Hague. It is the only one of the six principal organs of the UN that is not located in New York City. (The other five organs are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the Secretariat.) According to the ICJ’s own description, its role is “to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies”. The court “as a whole must represent the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world”. English and French are the ICJ’s official languages. All members of the UN are automatically parties to the ICJ statute, but this does not automatically give the ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them. The ICJ gets jurisdiction only if both parties consent to it. The judgment of the ICJ is final and technically binding on the parties to a case. There is no provision of appeal; it can at the most, be subject to interpretation or, upon the discovery of a new fact, revision. However, the ICJ has no way to ensure compliance of its orders, and its authority is derived from the willingness of countries to abide by them. The ICJ has 15 judges who are elected to nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and Security Council, which vote simultaneously but separately. To be elected, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes in both bodies. A third of the court is elected every three years. Four Indians have been members of the ICJ so far. Source: The Guardian Climate change increasing the probability of extreme weather events Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: The year 2023 has been confirmed as the hottest year in global temperature records going back to 1850 triggering debates about extreme weather events in the near future. Background: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1 degree Celsius since 1850, primarily due to human activities that have released unprecedented levels of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.The spike in the temperatures has resulted in more frequent and more intense extreme weather events across the world. These events include heat waves, droughts, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires. About the interconnection between climate change and extreme weather events: Extreme heat creates conditions more prone to wildfire and a longer wildfire season by evaporating more moisture from land. According to a 2023 report by Weather Attribution (WWA), climate change more than doubled the likelihood of extreme “fire weather” conditions in Eastern Canada. Warmer air can suck moisture out of the soil, amplifying droughts. Higher temperatures cause evaporation of water not only from land but also oceans and other water bodies, meaning a warmer atmosphere holds more moisture. For every 1 degree Celsius rise in average temperature, the atmosphere can hold about 7% more moisture. This makes storms more dangerous as it leads to an increase in precipitation intensity, duration and/or frequency, which ultimately can cause severe flooding. Oceans have absorbed 90% of the additional heat generated by the greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. Due to this, global mean sea surface temperature has gone up by close to 0.9 degree Celsius since 1850. Higher sea surface temperatures cause marine heat waves, an extreme weather event, which, in turn, makes storms like hurricanes and tropical cyclones more intense. When storms travel across hot oceans, they gather more water vapour and heat. This results in stronger winds, heavier rainfall, and more flooding when storms reach the land. Source: The Indian Express Chenab bridge Syllabus Prelims -Current Event Context: Prime Minister Modi will inaugurate the  Chenab Bridge, the worlds highest single arch railway Bridge. Background: Approved in 2003 and contracted in 2008, after much worries over its safety and stability, the single-arch bridge over River Chenab in J&K passed all its mandatory tests and is set to mark India on the railroad history after two decades of waiting. About Chenab bridge The Bridge spans the Chenab River and has a total length of 1315 m The arch bridge runs between Bakkal and Kauri in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, and forms a crucial link from Katra to Banihal. It stands at the height of 1,178 feet above the riverbed, making it 35 metres taller than Paris’ tourist icon, the Eiffel Tower. The bridge is part of the Rs 35000 crore Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Railway Link (USBRL) project which aims to boost connectivity in Jammu and Kashmir by providing connectivity in complex topography and weather conditions. The bridge is expected to have a shelf life of around 120 years. It will also be able to withstand winds with speeds up to 260 km/per hour. Source: The Indian Express BUXA TIGER RESERVE Syllabus Prelims- Environment Context: An adult male tiger was recently recorded on a camera trap in Buxa Tiger Reserve in north Bengal after 23 years. Background: There was no direct evidence confirming tiger presence in the reserve since 1998. Ecosystem restoration activities in the Buxa Tiger Reserve, including grassland management, helped bring the tiger back to the protected area, experts say. About Buxa Tiger Reserve: Tiger reserves are protected areas in India that are dedicated to the conservation of tigers and their

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Cervical Cancer Syllabus Prelims -Science Context: Experts have raised the need to conduct more screening test to detect cervical cancer among women along with vaccine drive for girls. Background:- Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced during the presentation of the interim Budget that the government plans to encourage vaccination against cervical cancer for girls aged nine to 14. About Cervical Cancer :- Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. Cancer is always named for the part of the body where it starts, even if it spreads to other body parts later. Cervical cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Various strains of the human papillomavirus, also called HPV, play a role in causing most cervical cancers. HPV is a common infection that’s passed through sexual contact. When exposed to HPV, the body’s immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small percentage of people, however, the virus survives for years. This contributes to the process that causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells. It is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in India (over 77,000 annually), and is estimated to be the second most frequent cancer among Indian women between 15 and 44 years. VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) and VILI (visual inspection using Lugol’s iodine) are the Screening test recommended for cervical cancer Source: The Hindu Raising Dialogue Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The ninth edition of the Raisina Dialogue will be held from today till Friday (February 23) in New Delhi. Background: The conference will be inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Greece’s Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis will join the inauguration session as the chief guest. About Raisina Dialogue: The Raisina Dialogue is an annual conference on geopolitics and geoeconomics, which aims to address the most challenging issues faced by the world. The conference takes place in New Delhi and is attended by people from political, business, media, and civil society backgrounds. Delhi-based think tank Observer Research Foundation, in partnership with the Ministry of External Affairs, hosts the conference. The theme of the 2024 edition is “Chaturanga: Conflict, Contest, Cooperate, Create”. Source: The Indian Express Article 142 Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: In overturning the results of the January 30 elections for the post of Mayor of the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation, the Supreme Court invoked the powers conferred on the court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Background: The powers under Article 142 are extraordinary in nature and the apex court has defined its scope and extent through its judgments over time. About Article 142 TArticle 142 provides discretionary power to the Supreme Court as it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it. Subsection 1 of Article 142 provides a unique power to the Supreme Court, to do complete justice between the parties. According to some eminent jurists, natural justice is above law, and the Supreme Court shall have full right to pass any order that it considers just. Therefore, the Supreme Court shall exercise these powers and will not be deterred from doing justice by the provision of any rule or law, executive practice or executive circular or regulation etc. The framers of the Constitution felt that this provision is of utmost significance to those people who have to suffer due to the delay in getting their necessary reliefs due to the disadvantaged position of the judicial system. Significance of Article 142:- Prevents Injustice: It provides a special and extraordinary power to the Supreme Court to do complete justice to the litigants who have suffered traversed illegality or injustice in the proceedings. Uphold citizen’s rights: Article 142 has been invoked for the purpose of protecting the rights of the different sections of the population. Check on Government: Works as a system of checks and balances with the Government or Legislature. Cases where the Supreme Court has invoked its plenary powers under Article 142:- Manohar Lal Sharma v. Principal Secretary(2014): The Supreme Court can deal with exceptional circumstances interfering with the larger interest of the public in order to fabricate trust in the rule of law. R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak(1988): The Supreme Court held that any discretion which is given by the court should not be arbitrary or in any way be inconsistent with provisions of any statute laid down. Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India (1989): In Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case, the court ordered to award of compensation to the victims and placed itself in a position above the Parliamentary laws. Source: The Indian Express Review of Maritime Transport 2023 Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has released the Review of Maritime Transport 2023, highlighting the Issue of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from International Shipping and Challenges in Decarbonization. Background: IMO (International Maritime Organization) has set a target to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by around 2050. Key highlights of the Review: GHG emissions from international shipping were 20% higher in 2023 compared to a decade ago. The shipping industry contributes to over 80% of the world’s trade volume and nearly 3% of global GHG emissions. Containerized trade is expected to grow by 1.2% in 2023 and further by 3% between 2024-2028. Oil and gas trade volumes showed robust growth in 2022. Early in January 2023, commercial ships were on average 22.2 years old and more than half of the world’s fleet was over 15 years old. As the average age of the world fleet is increasing, it raises concern that alternative fuels are not yet available at scale and are more costly, and the ships that can use them are also more costly than traditional ships. 8% of the global fleet uses conventional fuels like heavy fuel oil, light fuel oil, and diesel/gas

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   India-Middle East Economic Corridor (IMEC) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Greek PM Kyrios Mitsotakis emphasises the need to proceed ahead with IMEC despite conflict in middle east. Background:- Despite the Israeli war in Gaza “destabilising” plans for the India-Middle East Economic Corridor (IMEC), India and Greece should persevere with the project said Greek Prime Minister Kyrios Mitsotakis.He also also inaugurated the annual Raisina Dialogue in New Delhi on February 21. IMEC was announced during G20 meeting in New Delhi. About India-Middle East Economic Corridor (IMEC) The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a planned economic corridor that aims to bolster economic development by fostering connectivity and economic integration between Asia, the Persian Gulf, and Europe. Key Features of IMEC The proposed IMEC will consist of Railroad, Ship-to-Rail networks, and Road transport routes extending across two corridors: The East Corridor (connecting India to the Arabian Gulf) and The Northern Corridor (connecting the Gulf to Europe). The IMEC corridor will also include an electricity cable, a hydrogen pipeline, and a high-speed data cable. Signatories include India, the US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, the European Union, Italy, France and Germany. Ports to be connected include Mundra and Kandla in Gujarat, and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust in Navi Mumbai in India; Fujairah, Jebel Ali, and Abu Dhabi in the UAE; Dammam and Ras Al Khair ports in Saudi Arabia; Haifa port in Israel; and Piraeus port in Greece, Messina in South Italy, and Marseille in France. IMEC is seen as a potential counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the Eurasian region. It can serve to counterbalance China’s growing economic and political influence, especially in regions with historically strong ties to the U.S. Source: The Hindu Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: Fresh measures to curb unauthorised online lending apps’ operations could be on the anvil, following deliberations on the issue at the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) chaired by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Wednesday. Background: The FSDC, which has all financial sector regulators on board including the Reserve Bank of India, also discussed issues related to macro financial stability and the country’s preparedness to deal with any challenges that may come up. About Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC): It is non-statutory apex council constituted by the Executive Order in 2010. It works under the Ministry of Finance The Raghuram Rajan committee (2008) on financial sector reforms first proposed the creation of FSDC. It is chaired by the Finance Minister and its members include the heads of all Financial Sector Regulators (RBI, SEBI, PFRDA & IRDA), Finance Secretary, Secretary of Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Secretary of Department of Financial Services (DFS), Chief Economic Adviser, Secretary of Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Chairperson of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) and the Revenue Secretary. The Council can invite experts to its meeting if required. Functions: To strengthen and institutionalize the mechanism for maintaining financial stability, enhancing inter-regulatory coordination and promoting financial sector development. To monitor macro-prudential supervision of the economy. It assesses the functioning of the large financial conglomerates. Source: The Hindu India’s Aviation Industry Syllabus Mains – GS3 Context:India’s aviation industry has witnessed remarkable growth in recent years. However, this rapid expansion has also highlighted critical issues including a severe shortage of experienced pilots. Background: India’s aviation industry is a collective sector encompassing all aspects of civil aviation within the country. It includes various components, such as airlines, airports, aircraft manufacturing, aviation services, and regulatory authorities. Status of India’s Aviation Industry: India has become the third-largest domestic aviation market in the world. India’s airport capacity is expected to handle 1 billion trips annually by 2023. According to the data released by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), FDI inflow in India’s air transport sector (including air freight) reached USD 3.73 billion between April 2000 – December 2022. Challenges/Issues faced by India’s Aviation Industry: Many major airports in India, including those in Mumbai and Delhi, face severe congestion, leading to delays and operational inefficiencies. Many major cities are well-connected, and smaller towns and regions often lack adequate airport infrastructure and air connectivity. Indian airlines are projected to record a consolidated loss of $1.6 to 1.8 billion in FY24, due to the heavy financial bleeding of Go First, Spice Jet, and Jet Airways. High taxes on aviation turbine fuel (ATF) and airport charges contribute to increased operating costs. Some Indian states charge up to 30% taxes on jet fuel, which makes shorter flight routes unprofitable for smaller airlines. India’s per capita penetration of domestic air travel (0.13 seats deployed per capita) remains significantly lower than countries like China (0.49) and Brazil (0.57). This indicates the failure of the aviation industry in India to tap the maximum potential of the domestic air market. Airlines in India often announce ambitious growth plans without adequately analysing their financial security, infrastructural and personnel requirements. For example- The failure of Kingfisher, Jet Airways, and Go First on account of inflated projections. Beyond terrorism and hijacking, security concerns are increasingly associated with cyber threats to aviation infrastructure, which can disrupt operations and compromise passenger data. The Aircraft Act, of 1934 and Aircraft Rules, of 1937 have not kept pace with modern technology in aerospace. This has led to increased costs for the industry’s operation and ultimately affected passenger growth. Government Initiatives to Promote Aviation Sector in India: National Civil Aviation Policy, 2016 aims to improve the international footprint of India-based airline services. Airlines can commence international operations, provided they deploy 20 aircraft or 20% of their total capacity (whichever is higher) for domestic operations. UDAN Scheme aims to expand access to air travel for Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities and shift the traffic pattern away from Metro routes. Open Sky Policy aims to liberalise the aviation sector in India by opening the airport sector to private participation. Open Sky Air Service Agreement allows for airlines from the two countries to have an unlimited number of flights as well as seats to each other’s jurisdictions. India has signed these agreements with multiple nations like the US, Greece, Jamaica, Japan, Finland, and Sri Lanka. 100% FDI is allowed under the automatic route for greenfield projects, whereas 74% FDI is allowed under