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Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Black Sea Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Ukraine said on Tuesday that its forces destroyed a Russian military patrol ship in the Black Sea near annexed Crimea, the latest naval attack on Moscow’s fleet in the key waterway. Background:- The Black Sea has been a vital battleground in the two-year war between Russia and Ukraine About Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. The Black Sea is supplied by major rivers, principally the Danube, Dnieper and Dniester. The Bosporus strait connects it to the small Sea of Marmara which in turn is connected to the Aegean Sea via the strait of the Dardanelles. To the north, the Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Kerch Strait. While the net flow of water through the Bosporus and Dardanelles (known collectively as the Turkish Straits) is out of the Black Sea, water generally flows in both directions simultaneously: Denser, more saline water from the Aegean flows into the Black Sea underneath the less dense, fresher water that flows out of the Black Sea. This creates a significant and permanent layer of deep water that does not drain or mix and is therefore anoxic. This anoxic layer is responsible for the preservation of ancient shipwrecks which have been found in the Black Sea. Source: NDTV Article 371(A- J) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: In the backdrop of protests across Ladakh, the Centre is mulling granting Article 371-like protection to the Union Territory. Background: Ladakh witnessed massive protests demanding statehood, legislature and inclusion in the Sixth Schedule, apart from concerns about environmental degradation due to possible industrialisation. About Article 371 (A-J): Article 371 of the Constitution includes special provisions for 11 states, including six of the Northeast. Articles 369 through 392 (including some that have been removed) appear in Part XXI of the Constitution, titled ‘Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions’. Article 370 dealt with Temporary Provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.It was repealed in 2019; Articles 371, 371A, 371B, 371C, 371D, 371E, 371F, 371G, 371H, and 371J define special provisions with regard to another state (or states).Articles 370 and 371 were part of the Constitution at the time of its commencement on January 26, 1950; Articles 371A through 371J were incorporated subsequently. Article 371 has provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat. Article 371A (13th Amendment Act, 1962), Nagaland: This provision was inserted after a 16-point agreement between the Centre and the Naga People’s Convention in 1960, which led to the creation of Nagaland in 1963. Parliament cannot legislate in matters of Naga religion or social practices, Naga customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law, and ownership and transfer of land without concurrence of the state Assembly. Article 371B (22nd Amendment Act, 1969) has provisions for Assam; Article 371C (27th Amendment Act, 1971) has provisions for Manipur. Article 371D & E – has provision for Andhra Pradesh. Article 371F (36th Amendment Act, 1975) has provision for Sikkim; Article 371G (53rd Amendment Act, 1986) has provision for Mizoram, Article 371H (55th Amendment Act, 1986) has provision for Arunachal Pradesh. Article 371I deals with Goa, but it does not include any provision that can be deemed ‘special’. Article 371J (98th Amendment Act, 2012) has provision for Karnataka. Examples/details of provisions for some northeast states: Article 371G (53rd Amendment Act, 1986), Mizoram: Parliament cannot make laws on “religious or social practices of the Mizos, Mizo customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Mizo customary law, ownership and transfer of land unless the Assembly so decides”. Article 371A (13th Amendment Act, 1962), Nagaland : Parliament cannot legislate in matters of Naga religion or social practices, Naga customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law, and ownership and transfer of land without concurrence of the state Assembly. Source: Indian Express CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 2019 Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context: Recently, the Supreme Court of India issued the contempt notice and passed an interim order imposing a ban on advertisements of Patanjali Ayurved’s medicines. Background: According to Section 2(28) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, an advertisement is deemed misleading when it gives a false guarantee or is likely to mislead consumers regarding the nature, substance, quantity, or quality of the product or service. About The Consumer Protection Act : The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 is a comprehensive legislation enacted in India to safeguard the rights and interests of consumers. Key provisions of the Act: Definition of Consumer: The Act defines a consumer as any person who: Buys goods or avails services for personal use. Uses goods with the consent of the buyer. Hires or avails services for consideration. It also covers legal heirs and representatives of consumers. Rights of Consumers Right to Safety: Protection from hazardous goods and services. Right to Information: Access accurate and transparent information about products and services. Right to Choose: Choose from a variety of goods and services. Right to Redressal: Seek redressal for unfair trade practices and defective products. Right to Consumer Education: Be informed about their rights and responsibilities. Unfair Trade Practices The Act prohibits various unfair practices, such as: False representation: Misleading advertisements or false claims. Unfair contracts: Imposing unfair terms on consumers. Defective goods: Selling goods with defects. Restrictive trade practices: Monopolistic behaviour. Consumer Disputes Redressal The Act establishes Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions at the district, state, and national levels. Consumers can file complaints related to unfair trade practices, defective goods, or deficient services. Source: Livemint Previous Year Question Q1. With reference to consumer’s rights/privileges under the provisions of the law in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? Consumers are empowered to take samples for food testing. When a consumer files a complaint in any consumer forum, no fee is required to be paid. In case of the death of a consumer, his/her legal heir can file a complaint in the consumer forum on his/her

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   India’s first underwater Metro Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: PM Modi inaugurates India’s first underwater Metro in Kolkata Background:- According to officials, from its inception in 1984 till 2014, only 27.99 km of the Metro network was functional in Kolkata. After 2014, the Metro network was expanded by 25.34 km. About underwater Metro:- PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the Howrah Maidan-Esplanade section of Kolkata Metro’s East-West corridor, signalling India’s first venture into underwater Metro services. According to an official release, the 4.8-km stretch of the East-West Metro has been built at a cost of₹4,965 crore and will have the deepest Metro station in India at Howrah – 30 metres below the ground level. The Howrah Maidan-Esplanade section underwater Metro line has the first transportation tunnel under a river in India. It passes under the Hooghly River. About Hooghly river The Hooghly River is a distributary of the Ganges River in West Bengal, India. The Hooghly River is approximately 260 kilometers (162 miles) long. It starts at Nurpur in the Murshidabad district, where it branches off from the Ganges. The river flows southwards through the state of West Bengal and eventually merges with the Bay of Bengal. The Kolkata Port, one of India’s major ports, is located on the Hooghly River and serves as a gateway for trade. The city of Kolkata is situated along the banks of the Hooghly River. The iconic Howrah Bridge spans the river, connecting the city with the Howrah district. The annual Ganga Sagar Mela, a pilgrimage and festival, takes place at Sagar Island at the confluence of the Hooghly River and the Bay of Bengal. Source: The Hindu Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards Syllabus Prelims – Art & Culture Context: President Droupadi Murmu on Wednesday conferred the Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards for the years 2022 and 2023 to eminent artists in the field of performing arts, including music, dance, drama, folk and tribal arts. Background: Twelve people from the field of music, and equal number from dance, 9 from the field of theatre and 11 from folk and tribal arts have received the Akademi awards for 2023. About Sangeet Natak Akademi: Sangeet Natak Akademi, the apex body in the field of performing arts in the country, was set up in 1953 for the preservation and promotion of the vast intangible heritage of India’s diverse culture expressed in forms of music, dance and drama. The management of the Akademi vests in its General Council. The Chairman of the Akademi is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years. The functions of the Akademi are set down in the Akademi’s Memorandum of Association, adopted at its registration as a society on 11 September 1961. The registered office of the Akademi is at Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi. Sangeet Natak Akademi is an autonomous body of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. The Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards are the highest national recognition conferred on practising artists. The Akademi also confers Fellowships on eminent artists and scholars of music, dance and drama; and has in 2006 instituted annual awards to young artists – the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar. The Akademi’s archive, comprising audio and video tapes, photographs, and films is one of the largest in the country and is extensively drawn upon for research in the performing arts. Source: The Hindu e-KISAN UPAJ NIDHI Syllabus Prelims : Current Event Context: Recently, the Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution launched the ‘e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi’ (Digital Gateway) in India. Background: This initiative, led by the Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA), aims to transform the agricultural landscape by leveraging technology. About e-KISAN UPAJ NIDHI: The e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi is a Digital Gateway initiative launched by the Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA). Its primary objective is to assist farmers in obtaining post-harvest loans against their stock stored in WDRA-registered warehouses. These loans are provided against electronic negotiable warehouse receipts, known as e-NWRs Key Points: Purpose: The platform intends to ease farmers’ warehousing logistics and ensure fair prices for their produce. Storage Opportunity: Farmers can store their produce at any registered WDRA warehouse for up to six months at an interest rate of 7% per annum. No Collateral: The e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi initiative allows farmers to store their produce without collateral, encouraging them to utilize WDRA-registered warehouses. Integration with e-NAM: By integrating with the e-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM), farmers can access interconnected markets beyond the government’s Minimum Support Price (MSP). Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) The Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) is a Statutory Authority under the Department of Food and Public Distribution, Government of India. It was established on October 26, 2010, with the objective of implementing the provisions of the Warehousing (Development & Regulation) Act, 2007. The WDRA regulates warehouses, promotes negotiability of warehouse receipts, and facilitates the orderly growth of the warehousing business in India. WDRA ensures the orderly growth of the warehousing business by setting standards, guidelines, and regulations. It promotes the use of negotiable warehouse receipts (NWRs). These electronic receipts represent commodities stored in registered warehouses. WDRA’s initiatives, such as the e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi, aim to benefit farmers by providing better storage options, reducing distress sales, and facilitating post-harvest loans against stored produce. Source: PIB VOLCANIC WINTER Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: A new study suggested that a catastrophic super volcano eruption could severely impact Earth’s climate and lead to a volcanic winter. Background: To qualify as a super eruption, a volcano must release more than 1,000 cubic kilometers of magma. These eruptions are extremely powerful and rare. The most recent super-eruption occurred more than 22,000 years ago in New Zealand. About VOLCANIC WINTER Volcanic winter refers to a cooling effect on Earth’s surface caused by large-scale volcanic eruptions. Volcanic winter occurs after a particularly explosive volcanic eruption that is rich in sulfur. During such an eruption, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is emitted into the atmosphere. The emitted SO₂ reacts with other atmospheric components, leading to the formation of sulfuric acid

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Biosimilars Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Science Context: Clinical trials are being conducted by an Indian pharmaceutical company to test a biosimilar of Pertuzumab (drug for treatment of breast cancer) that was invented by swiss company Roche. Background:- Since Comparator clinical trials have to be conducted in comparison to a “reference product”, which in this case is Roche’s product, the Indian company had to procure Roche’s products for their clincal studies.Roche, which presumably keeps close track of the sales of its drugs (which are expensive and subject to stringent storage protocols) has now raised questions on how and where the Indian company accessed the “reference products” for the purpose of its clinical trials. About Biosimilars:- Biosimilars are similar copies of a class of drugs called biologicals. Biological medicines have created new opportunities to treat diseases, including cancers, autoimmune conditions and diabetes, to name a few. As their name suggests, biologics are made with biological materials, including materials from humans, plants, animals, bacteria, and other microorganisms; they go through a rigorous, tightly controlled manufacturing process and tend to be patented. Biologics are highly complex molecules that are grown rather than synthesized and have an inherent level of micro-variability. Because of this variability in the structure of reference biologics, biosimilars cannot be exact copies. Instead, biosimilars mimic the active ingredient in the reference biologic. A biosimilar has a structure that is highly similar to, but not exactly the same, as a brand name biologic. A biosimilar behaves in much the same way, so that there are “no meaningful differences” between it and its brand name biologic. This means that the biosimilar is also considered as safe and effective as the biologic. Biosimilars vs. Generic Medications Biosimilars are often compared to generic medications, but there are key differences. The active ingredient within generic versions (of drugs that aren’t biologics) are exact copies of name brand medications, made with an easily repeatable manufacturing process. In contrast, due to the variability of biologics, biosimilars cannot be exact copies but they do have the same mechanism of action and the same expected benefits and risks as the original biologics. Similar to generics, biosimilars provide patients with lower-cost medicines, often making these treatments more accessible and improving quality of life for patients. Source: Scroll Women in constituent assembly of India Syllabus Prelims -History Context: Remembering the stories of  women leaders on Women’s Day Background: Even after seven decades of Independence, the gendered writing of our history and popular narratives present only men as the architects of our Constitution. However, the 299-member Constituent Assembly had a bright set of 15 women who came from diverse backgrounds and endured patriarchy, caste oppression, child marriage and widowhood. Women in constituent assembly of India : The women members of the Constituent Assembly were Ammu Swaminathan, Dakshayani Velayudhan, Begum Aizaz Rasul, Durgabai Deshmukh, Hansa Mehta, Kamla Chaudhary, Leela Roy, Malati Choudhury, Purnima Banerjee, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Renuka Ray, Sarojini Naidu, Sucheta Kriplani, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit and Annie Mascarene. Annie Mascarene:She fought to integrate the princely state of Travancore into the newly independent India and became the first woman to hold a ministerial and legislative assembly position in Travancore(erstwhile princely state; part of Kerala after its formation). Hansa Jivraj Mehta:She remained committed to women’s issues throughout her life and, in the Constituent Assembly, made strong arguments against reservations for women as a tool for equality and justice. Dakshayani Velayudhan:Born into the Pulaya community of Kerala, Dakshayani Velayudhan faced acute discrimination from the upper caste communities in Cochin and Travancore. Amrit Kaur:She played an important role both during the freedom struggle and in shaping independent India. Kaur joined Gandhi in the Civil Disobedience movement in 1930.Kaur also served as the first women Health Minister Ammu Swaminathan:She started becoming politically involved in 1917 when she formed the Women’s India Association along with Annie Besant to address the social and economic problems of women workers. Durgabai Deshmukh:Remembered as the ‘Mother of Social Work’, Durgabai Deshmukh was one of the drivers of rigorous nation-building and social reform.She pioneered the Andhra Mahila Sabha in 1937, which became an institution of education and social welfare. Begum Aizaz Rasul: She was the only Muslim woman member in the Constituent Assembly and advocated for minority rights in a secular state. She opposed reservations and separate electorates on communal lines. Vijaya Laxmi Pandit: She was the first woman cabinet minister in the British era and also one of the first leaders to call for an Indian constituent assembly to frame a Constitution.She was also the first woman President of the UN General Assembly in 1953. Source: Indian Express DIGITAL INTELLIGENCE PLATFORM (DIP) Syllabus Prelims : Current event Context: Recently, Union Minister for Communications launched the Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP). Background: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) introduced two initiatives, Chakshu and the Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP), to combat spam and fraud calls through the Sanchar Saathi portal. About Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP) The Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP) is an integrated and secure platform developed by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) in India. Its purpose is to enhance information exchange, real-time intelligence sharing, and coordination among various stakeholders. The DIP aims to curb the misuse of telecom resources in cyber-crime and financial frauds. It empowers citizens to proactively report suspected fraudulent communication through the Chakshu (चक्षु) facility on the Sanchar Saathi portal. Key Features of DIP: Case Recording and Information Sharing: The DIP records details of instances related to telecom misuse and fraud. It shares this information with relevant stakeholders, allowing them to take action within their respective domains. Backend Repository for Citizen-Initiated Requests: The DIP serves as a backend repository for requests initiated by citizens on the Sanchar Sathi portal. These requests pertain to cyber fraud or misuse of telecom resources. Stakeholders can use this repository to address cases effectively. Chakshu Platform: As part of the Sanchar Sathi portal, the government introduced the Chakshu platform. Citizens can use Chaksu to report suspected cyber or telecommunication fraud. It enhances the capability to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Kerala declares man-animal conflict a state-specific disaster Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GS 3 Context: Kerala on Wednesday (March 6) declared man-animal conflict as a state-specific disaster (as per Disaster Management Act), becoming the first state in the country to do so. Background:- Kerala has been reeling under increasing count of man animal conflicts What difference will it bring? At present, managing man-animal conflict is the responsibility of the forest department, which acts as per the Wild Life Protection Act. Once the issue is declared a state-specific disaster, the onus to deal with it shifts to the state disaster management authority, which, powered by the Disaster Management Act, can take quicker and more decisive action. The Chief Minister is theex officio chairman of state disaster management authority and several departments, including the forest department, are stakeholders. In the districts, the district disaster management authority is headed by the district collector, who is also the executive magistrate. Once an issue is declared a state-specific disaster or a national disaster, the disaster management authority can take quick decisions and actions overriding all other norms. Also, district collectors can directly intervene in their capacity as the chairman of the district disaster body. In the past, every time a life has been lost to man-animal conflict, there has been mounting chorus to tranquilise/capture/kill the animals responsible.At present, the chief wildlife warden — there is only one such post in the state — is the only authority to take a call on a wild animal wreaking havoc in human settlement. Also, in the past, there have been cases where the decision to tranquilise a killer animal, such as a wild elephant, has been questioned in court.Once the issue is under the disaster management authority, it can take actions overriding other norms, including those under the Wildlife Protection Act. As per section 71 of the Disaster Management Act, no court (except the Supreme Court or a High Court) shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of anything done by relevant authorities in pursuance of any power conferred by the Disaster Management Act. Section 72 of the Act says that the provisions of this Act will have an overriding effect on any other law during the specific period that a disaster has been declared. Other state-specific disasters: In 2015, Odisha had declared snakebite a state-specific disaster. In 2020, Kerala declared Covid as a state specific disaster. Source: Indian Express Chhau Dance Syllabus Prelims – Art & Culture Context: As an independent art form, Chhau stands at a critical crossroad. Its easy adaptability has diluted its essential form, rising concerns about its originality. Background: Chhau, the dance form, defies every label. It is too codified to be folk, too folk to be classical, and too classical and too folk to be martial. About Chhau Dance : Chhau dance is a tradition from eastern India (West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha.) that enacts episodes from epics including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, local folklore and abstract themes. Its three distinct styles hail from the regions of Seraikella, Purulia and Mayurbhanj, the first two using masks. The Seraikella Chhau developed in Seraikela, the present day administrative headquarters of the Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand, the Purulia Chhau in Purulia district of West Bengal and the Mayurbhanj Chhau in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. The Chhau dance is mainly performed during regional festivals, especially the spring festival of Chaitra Parva which lasts for thirteen days and in which the whole community participates Its origin is traceable to indigenous forms of dance and martial practices. The Chhau blends within it forms of both dance and martial practices employing mock combat techniques (called khel), stylized gaits of birds and animals (called chalis and topkas) and movements based on the chores of village housewives (called uflis) The dance is performed at night in an open space to traditional and folk melodies, played on the reed pipes mohuri and shehnai. The reverberating drumbeats of a variety of drums dominate the accompanying music ensemble. In 2010 the Chhau dance was inscribed in the UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Source: Scroll CITY-SPECIFIC ZERO CARBON ACTION PLAN (ZCBAP) Syllabus Prelims : Current event Context:India’s first city-specific Zero Carbon Buildings Action Plan (ZCBAP) has been launched in Nagpur. Background: The plan seeks to contribute towards India’s net-zero emission goal by 2070. About CITY-SPECIFIC ZERO CARBON ACTION PLAN (ZCBAP) Zero Carbon Buildings Action Plan (ZCBAP) by Nagpur aims to achieve net-zero carbon emissions from buildings by 2050. This initiative by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) and the Nagpur Smart and Sustainable City Development Corporation Limited (NSSCDCL) aligns with India’s climate goals and global commitments. The ZCBAP focuses on transforming buildings within Nagpur to meet net-zero emission goals. By doing so, it contributes toward India’s broader net-zero emission target by 2070. The plan encompasses various types of buildings, including: public buildings, affordable housing, commercial buildings, and homes with a strong focus on decarbonization and sustainable development. It addresses greenhouse gas emissions reduction through considerations related to building materials, design, construction, management, and even deconstruction, targeting a significant portion of Nagpur’s energy consumption and emissions. Source: Times of India ‘FY’ ALGAE Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Recently, ‘Fy’ algae was spotted in Yellowstone National Park. Background: The Yellowstone National Park, located in the western United States.It holds the distinction of being the world’s first national park, established on March 1, 1872. About ‘FY’ ALGAE ‘Fy’ algae is a fungus. It belongs to the Fusarium strain flavlolapis family and has been trademarked as ‘Fy’. It has been discovered in 2009 by NASA researcher Mark Kozubal. ‘Fy’ algae is an extremophilic organism, meaning it can thrive under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and acidity. One of its remarkable traits is its ability to break down various materials and convert them into food. Scientists have recognized its potential as a source of packed proteins for space missions. This protein-packed microbe has potential use in meatless burgers, dairy

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Spratly Islands & Second Thomas Shoal Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: Tensions are rising in the South China Sea after Chinese vessels attempted to block a Philippine mission to resupply their troops on the contested reef Background:- A recent incident in the area, where the Philippines claims that China Coast Guard ships caused two collisions with their boats and water cannoned one of them, has renewed global interest in the flashpoint.The Philippine vessels were part of a routine mission to deliver provisions to troops stationed on the grounded navy vessel BRP Sierra Madre at Second Thomas Shoal. About Spratly Islands:-   The Spratly Islands are a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea. Composed of islands, islets, cays and more than 100 reefs, the archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines, Malaysia and southern Vietnam. The islands are largely uninhabited, but offer rich fishing grounds and may contain significant oil and natural gas reserves. China, the Philippines, Taiwan (ROC) and Vietnam claim the whole Spratly Islands while Brunei and Malaysia claim part of the Islands. China claims sovereignty over most of the South China Sea based on the historical and controversial Nine-dash line. In 2013, the Philippines had filed a case against China with the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, challenging the legality of China’s claims and activities in the South China Sea. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in The Hague, Netherlands, ruled that China’s claims of historical rights over South China Sea (SCS) has no legal basis. About Second Thomas shoal Second Thomas Shoal is a submerged reef in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea. It is a disputed territory and claimed by several nations. The reef is occupied by Philippine Navy personnel aboard ship, the BRP Sierra Madre, that was intentionally grounded on the reef in 1999 and has been periodically replenished since then. Source: Hindu Sela Tunnel Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Saturday inaugurated the strategically significant Sela Tunnel in Arunachal Pradesh. Background: According to a Bloomberg report, India has freed up thousands of soldiers to strengthen its disputed border with China. As a response, China has said that deploying more troops at the border would not ease tensions. About Sela Tunnel The foundation of the project was laid by Modi in February 2019, with a cost estimation of Rs 825 crore, but work got delayed due to various reasons, including the Covid-19 pandemic. The Sela Tunnel, situated at an elevation of 13,000 feet, will provide all-weather connectivity to Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. Strategically crucial, the Sela Tunnel project includes two tunnels and 8.780 km of approach road. The total length of the project, including the tunnels, the approach and the link roads, will be around 12 km. Of the two tunnels, the first is a single-tube tunnel of 980 metres in length, and the second is 1.5 km long with an escape tube for emergencies. An official said that the tunnel, stretching through the Sela-Charbela ridge and constructed with the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), will be the world’s longest bi-lane tunnel at an altitude of 13,000 feet. The tunnel has been made on the road connecting Assam’s Tezpur to Arunachal Pradesh’s Tawang. It will enable all-weather connectivity to the Tawang region and is said to be strategically significant due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control (LAC). It has been excavated below the 4,200-metre (13,800 ft) Sela Pass, which connects the Tawang district with the rest of Arunachal Pradesh and is often closed due to snowfall and landslides. Source: Economic Times DESERT STAR DUNES Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: The age of one of Earth’s largest and most complex types of star shaped sand dune has been calculated for the first time. Background: Star dunes are among Earth’s largest and most complex types of sand dunes. Experts had never before been able to put a date on when they were formed. Now scientists have discovered that a dune called Lala Lallia in Morocco formed 13,000 years ago. About sand dune: A sand dune is an accumulation of sand grains that takes the form of a mound or ridge due to the influence of wind and gravity. Star dunes – or pyramid dunes – are named after their distinctive shapes and reach hundreds of metres in height. Star dunes resembling stars when viewed from above. Star dunes are massive sand dunes characterized by arms radiating from a central peak. Star dunes are widespread in modern deserts across the globe, including sand seas in Africa, Arabia, China, and North America. Dynamic Movement: Star dunes are not static; they shift and evolve over time. Star dunes are formed by opposing winds with changing directions. The Sahara’s star dunes move at an impressive pace—about 50 centimeters per year across the desert. Unlike other dunes, star dunes never collapse due to this continuous reorganization process. Source: BBC NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SCHEDULED CASTES (NCSC) Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context: Recently, the Union government has reconstituted the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC). Background: Kishor Makwana has taken charge as the Chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC). This appointment follows the resignation of former Chairman Vijay Sampla. About NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SCHEDULED CASTES (NCSC): The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) is a constitutional body established under Article 338 of the Indian Constitution. Its primary goal is to fully protect the rights of Scheduled Castes (SCs). The NCSC operates under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. It was established to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and Anglo-Indian communities and to promote and protect their social, educational, economic, and cultural interests. Structure The NCSC consists of five members including Chairperson. The President of India appoints the chairperson of the NCSC. The appointment is made by warrant under the President’s hand and seal. The term of office for the chairperson, vice-chairperson, and each member is three years from the date they assume charge of their office Duties and Functions Investigate and monitor all matters related to the safeguards

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Nuclear waste Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Science Context: Recently, India loaded the core of its long-delayed prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) vessel. Background:- Large-scale use of nuclear power is accompanied by a difficult problem: waste management. About Nuclear Waste:-   In a fission reactor, neutrons bombard the nuclei of atoms of certain elements. When one such nucleus absorbs a neutron, it destabilises and breaks up, yielding some energy and the nuclei of different elements. For example, when the uranium-235 (U-235) nucleus absorbs a neutron, it can fission to barium-144, krypton-89, and three neutrons. If the ‘debris’ (barium-144 and krypton-89) constitute elements that can’t undergo fission, they become nuclear waste. Fuel that is loaded into a nuclear reactor will become irradiated and will eventually have to be unloaded.At this stage it is called spent fuel. The spent fuel contains all the radioactive fission products that are produced when each nucleus breaks apart to produce energy, as well as those radioactive elements, produced when uranium is converted into heavier elements following the absorption of neutrons and subsequent radioactive decays. Handling the spent fuel is the main challenge: it is hot and radioactive, and needs to be kept underwater. Once it has cooled, it can be transferred to dry casks for longer-term storage. All countries with longstanding nuclear power programmes have accumulated a considerable inventory of spent fuel. For example, the U.S. had 69,682 tonnes (as of 2015), Canada 54,000 tonnes (2016), and Russia 21,362 tonnes (2014). Depending on radioactivity levels, the storage period can run up to a few millennia, meaning they have to be isolated from human contact for periods of time that are longer than anatomically modern Homo sapiens have been around on the planet. How is nuclear waste dealt with? Once spent fuel has been cooled in the spent-fuel pool for at least a year, it can be moved to dry-cask storage, and is placed inside large steel cylinders and surrounded by an inert gas. The cylinders are sealed shut and placed inside larger steel or concrete chambers. Reprocessing — the name for technologies that separate fissile from non-fissile material in spent fuel — is another way to deal with the spent fuel. Here, the material is chemically treated to separate fissile material left behind from the non-fissile material. Because spent fuel is so hazardous, reprocessing facilities need specialised protections and personnel of their own. Such facilities present the advantage of higher fuel efficiency but are also expensive. Source: Hindu Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Assam Cabinet on March 10 decided to de-notify a prime one-horned rhino habitat – the Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary about 48km east of Guwahati. Background: Environment activists says the decision, taken 26 years after the Assam Forest Department notified Pobitora as a wildlife sanctuary on March 17, 1998, is the first of its kind for any protected area in the country. About Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary  Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary on the southern bank of the Brahmaputra in Morigaon district in Assam, India. The sanctuary has the highest concentration of the one-horned rhinos on earth. The Grasslands of Pobitora offer sightings of the Greater One Horned Rhinoceros, Wild Water Buffalo, Monitor Lizard, Wild Boar, etc. Pobitora also holds the distinction of being the source population of the Indian Rhinoceros Vision, 2020 (IRV), Eight Rhinos were translocated from Pobitora Wild life Sanctuary and introduced into Manas National Park Source: Hindu AGNI-5 MISSILE WITH MIRV TECHNOLOGY Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Recently, India successfully conducted the first flight test of indigenously developed Agni-5 missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology from Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha. Background: The flight test was conducted as part of India’s ‘Mission Divyastra’. About Agni-V: The Agni-V is an advanced surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) in India. The Agni-V is an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed indigenously by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. It’s a fire-and-forget missile, which means once fired, it doesn’t require further guidance and can’t be stopped without an interceptor missile. The missile has a range of over 5000 km, making it capable of hitting targets beyond this range. It can carry a warhead of about 1500 kg. The Agni series of missiles, which includes Agni-1 to Agni-5, forms the backbone of India’s nuclear launch capability. Agni-V has been successfully tested multiple times since 2012. Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) Technology The latest variant of the Agni missile is equipped with MIRV (Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle) technology. MIRV technology allows a single missile to deploy multiple warheads at different locations or at the same location with a time gap. This technology significantly enhances the missile’s effectiveness by enabling it to hit multiple targets simultaneously. Agni-V’s MIRV capability is aimed primarily at countering challenges from China. These missiles can be launched from land or from sea from a submarine. Global Context: Currently, only a handful of countries possess MIRV-equipped missiles. These countries include the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom. While Pakistan is developing such a missile system, there are suspicions that Israel may also possess or be developing one. Previous Year Question Q1. With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct? It is a surface-to-surface missile. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 SABROOM LAND PORT Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually inaugurated the 3rd Land Port at Sabroom in South Tripura. Background: In addition to the modern Land Port in Sabroom, the Prime Minister inaugurated 11 projects in Tripura. About SABROOM LAND PORT : The Sabroom Land Port is strategically located in the South Tripura district of the state of Tripura, India, along the international border with Bangladesh. It

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ‘Five Eyes’ alliance Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: ‘Five Eyes’ alliance member New Zealand’s Deputy PM and Foreign Minister Winston Peters discusses bilateral ties with S. Jaishankar Background:- At the end of a four-day visit to India, Mr. Peters said that India and New Zealand shared common views on Indo-Pacific security challenges. About ‘Five Eyes’ alliance:-   Est: Post-World War II Members states: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The term “Five Eyes” refers to the five countries’ collective efforts to gather and share signals intelligence (SIGINT) to address common security threats and challenges. Objectives: Intelligence Sharing: The alliance members collaborate to share signals intelligence, which includes intercepted communications and electronic data, to enhance their collective understanding of global security threats. Counterterrorism and National Security: The Five Eyes network focuses on countering terrorism and addressing other national security concerns by exchanging vital intelligence and cooperating on joint operations. Cybersecurity and Cyber Threats: Given the growing significance of cyber threats, the alliance works together to monitor and address cyber activities from adversarial nations and non-state actors. Information and Technology Sharing: The Five Eyes partners share expertise and technological advancements in the field of intelligence gathering, analysis, and cryptography. Source: Hindu Infrastructure investment trust (InvIT) Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: InvITs and REITs have gained popularity as preferred investment options, with fundraising, through the route, surging 10-fold year-on-year to ₹11,474 crore in 2023, supported by measures taken by regulator SEBI and attractive returns offered by the instruments. Background: InvITs and REITs are new concepts in the Indian market but have been a popular choice globally for their lucrative returns and capital appreciation. About Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvITs) An Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvITs) is a Collective Investment Scheme similar to a mutual fund. It enables direct investment of money from individual and institutional investors in infrastructure projects to earn a small portion of the income as return. ( FPI and InvITs) The InvIT is designed as a tiered structure with Sponsor setting up the InvIT which in turn invests into the eligible infrastructure projects either directly or via special purpose vehicles (SPVs). Regulated by: SEBI (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014. An InvIT has four parties namely: Trustee, Sponsor(s) and Investment Manager and Project Manager. While the trustee (certified by Sebi) has the responsibility of inspecting the performance of an InvIT, sponsor(s) are promoters of the company that set up the InvIT. Types of InvITs As per current SEBI Regulations InvITs can be divided into 5 key types depending on the types of infrastructure they own or operate: Energy such as power generation and distribution. Transport & Logisticsg. operating highways and other toll roads optical fiber networks and telecom towers Social and Commercial Infrastructure g. parks Water and Sanitationg. irrigation networks From the perspective of the source of funds, InvITs can be of two types: Privately-Held InvITs:- This type of InvIT is not listed on the stock exchange and units of this type of infrastructure trust cannot be bought or sold on a stock exchange. All units of this type of unit are held privately by a very limited number of individuals or institutions. Public-Listed InvITs:- After an Infrastructure Trust lists itself on the stock exchange, it is known as a public-listed InvIT. Units of a public-listed InvIT can be bought and sold on stock exchanges by retail as well as institutional investors. Current SEBI regulations do not require a mandatory listing of InvITs on stock exchanges. Source: Hindu Businessline MINES AND MINERALS DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION ACT (MMDRA) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The Supreme Court has recently examined a batch of over 80 petitions filed by various private mining companies. Background: Petitions challenge the right of state governments to levy taxes on mining activities within their respective territories. The crux of the dispute lies in the distinction between royalty charged on mining and taxes imposed by states. About MINES AND MINERALS DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION ACT (MMDRA): The The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 forms the basic framework of mining regulation in India. The act is applicable to all minerals except minor minerals and atomic minerals. MMDR Act, 1957, mandate that every mining lease holder needs to pay royalty for major minerals removed or consumed. This royalty compensates for the privilege of extracting minerals from leased areas. The MMDR Act explicitly places the responsibility for mineral development and regulation within the purview of the Central Government. Central Government has the authority to specify the royalty rates for various minerals. The Second Schedule of the MMDR Act provides royalty rates for various minerals. Under the MDR Act, states have the authority to collect royalties. This provision ensures that mining activities contribute to state revenue while adhering to sustainable practices. It was amended in 2015 and 2016 to bring several reforms in the mineral sector. Source: Money Control MINIMUM ALTERNATE TAX (MAT) Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: Recently, the Mumbai bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) has made an important observation regarding the Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT). Background: According to their recent ruling, the assessee is eligible to claim credit for MAT under the Vivad se Vishwas (VSV) Scheme for the relevant assessment year. This decision could have significant implications for taxpayers seeking resolution of their tax disputes. About MINIMUM ALTERNATE TAX (MAT): Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) is a provision in India’s Income Tax Act. MAT ensures that companies contribute a minimum amount of tax, regardless of their tax exemptions and deductions. MAT was introduced to bring “zero tax companies” into the tax net. It applies to domestic companies, foreign companies operating in India and Special Economic Zone units. The tax is calculated based on the normal income tax liability of the company or entity. MAT ensures tax fairness and prevents companies from completely avoiding taxes. The Vivad se Vishwas (VSV) Scheme aims to provide a mechanism for taxpayers to settle pending income tax disputes and avoid prolonged litigation. By allowing credit for MAT under this scheme, the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) is acknowledging the importance of providing relief to taxpayers and promoting a more efficient resolution process. Source: Times

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   TRAFFIC (Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce) Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: An analysis by TRAFFIC and WWF-India between January 2010 and December 2022 has revealed that Tamilnadu accounted for almost 65% of illegal trade in shark body parts. Background:- Illegal trade in wildlife species is a serious conservation threat. About TRAFFIC:-   TRAFFIC (Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce), the Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network, is a global non-governmental organization monitoring the trade in wild plants and animals. TRAFFIC focuses on preserving biodiversity and sustainable legal wildlife trade while working against unsustainable illegal wildlife trade TRAFFIC’s mission is built on the long-term vision of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: a world living in harmony with nature where by 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored, and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people. It was originally created in 1976 as a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and evolved into a strategic alliance of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the IUCN TRAFFIC IS part of the Cambridge Conservation Initiative – based in the David Attenborough Building – a hub which brings together Cambridge University and several international NGOs striving for sustainability and to conserve nature. TRAFFIC came to India in 1991, operating as a division of WWF-India. Source: Hindu Gulbadan Begum Syllabus Prelims – History Context: Historian Ruby Lal has written a book on Gulbadan Begum titled ‘Vagabond Princess: The Great Adventures of Gulbadan’. Background: She is one of the most prominent women of Mughal era. About Gulbadan Begum: Gulbadan Begum (1523 – 1603) was a Mughal princess and the daughter of Emperor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. She is best known as the author of Humayun-Nama, the account of the life of her half-brother, Emperor Humayun, which she wrote on the request of her nephew, Emperor Akbar. Akbar asked his aunt to write the book as she had known and interacted with three Mughal emperors. Her book is not political unlike the other accounts of the time. It provides details of everyday life in the royal palace and is also an account of the empire as it was taking shape. Gulbadan wrote in simple Persian, without the erudite language used by better-known writers. Her father Babur had written Babur-nama in the same style. Gulbadan is the first and only woman historian of the Mughal era. Gulbadan Begum is mentioned throughout the Akbarnama of Abu’l Fazl. Source: Hindu OCEANSAT-3 Syllabus Prelims- Science Context: ISRO’s Oceansat-3 reveals phytoplankton bloom that maintains marine ecosystem. Background: The satellite revealed the seasonal greening and browning of continents, alongside the dynamic movements of chlorophyll blooms in the oceans, from April to December 2023. Phytoplankton are microscopic, photosynthetic organisms that form the foundation of the marine food web. They play a crucial role in the Earth’s ecosystems as primary producers, converting sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. About OCEANSAT-3 Oceansat-3, also known as Earth Observing Satellite 6 (EOS-6), is a remarkable oceanographical Earth observation mission launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Oceansat-3 was launched on 26th November 2022. It is part of India’s ocean observation program and is the third satellite in the Oceansat series. The satellite is designed to operate until 2027. Oceansat-3 is equipped with multiple sensors to observe various parameters: Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM-3): Measures Ocean colour data, providing insights into phytoplankton distribution and other biological processes. Ku-band Scatterometer (SCAT-3): Provides high-resolution global ocean surface wind speed and direction information. Sea Surface Temperature Monitor (SSTM): Measures Sea surface temperature (SST) variations. Oceansat-3’s data is crucial for: Oceanography: Studying ocean currents, upwelling zones, and marine ecosystems. Climatology: Monitoring climate patterns and changes. Meteorology: Enhancing cyclone prediction. Fisheries: Identifying potential fishing zones. Continuity and Enhancement: Oceansat-3, in conjunction with Oceansat-2, improves the frequency of measurements:Ocean colour measurements are now available every 24 hours, Wind vector measurements are available every 12 hours. Source: India Today JUNO SPACECRAFT Syllabus Prelims : Science Context: Recently, NASA posted an image of Great Red Spot on Jupiter captured by Juno spacecraft. Background: The Great Red Spot is a giant anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth itself. It has been observed since the 17th century and continues to be a fascinating subject of study for scientists. Juno’s mission to Jupiter has provided us with unprecedented views of this iconic feature, allowing us to delve deeper into its mysteries. About JUNO SPACECRAFT: NASA’s Juno spacecraft is a space probe orbiting Jupiter. It was built by Lockheed Martin and is operated by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on August 5, 2011, as part of the New Frontiers program. Juno entered a polar orbit of Jupiter on July 5, 2016, after a five-year, 1,740-million-mile journey. The spacecraft’s mission is to measure Jupiter’s composition, gravitational field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere. It also aims to search for clues about how the planet formed, including whether it has a rocky core, the amount of water present within the deep atmosphere, mass distribution, and its deep winds. Juno is the first explorer to peer below Jupiter’s dense clouds to answer questions about the gas giant itself and the origins of our solar system. Now in an extended mission phase, the agency’s most distant planetary orbiter continues its investigation. This extension tasks Juno with becoming an explorer of the full Jovian system – Jupiter and its rings and moons – with additional rendezvous planned for two of Jupiter’s most intriguing moons: Europa and Io. Source: Business Today REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS (REITS) Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: SEBI Chairperson Madhabi Puri Buch recently highlighted the remarkable growth of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), Infrastructure Investment Trusts (INVITs), and Municipal bonds in India. Background: The Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), Infrastructure Investment Trusts (INVITs), and Municipal bonds are all investment vehicles that allow investors to earn income from specific sectors. About REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS (REITS) Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are financial instruments that allow investors to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Rhodamine B Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: On February 17, Tamil Nadu banned the sale of cotton candy or candy floss after analysis confirmed the presence of Rhodamine-B.Since then, the Karnataka Government has banned the use of harmful colouring agents in cotton candy and Gobi Manchurian. Background:- When taken even in small quantities for many years, Rhodamine B can cause a lot of health problems including cancers. About Rhodamine B:-   Rhodamine-B is a fluorescent dye used in cosmetics, textile and leather industries. It gives you brilliant pinks, greens and blues. Unfortunately, it is used as a food colouring agent not only in cotton candy but also in the preparation of sweets, various manchurian items and pakodas and in the preparation of sauces for Chinese food. Rhodamine-B has been routinely used in many coloured foods such as cotton candy to make it look appealing and attractive to young persons and children. Studies have shown that Rhodamine-B can cause cell death. In long-term use, it can damage the cerebellum tissue and brainstem. There is recent evidence that it damages the kidney, liver and increases the risk of stomach tumour. It is toxic to the human body and is a carcinogen. FSSAI has approved certain food colours and flavors as safe for consumption. These include: Caramel, Riboflavin (Lactoflavin), Saffron, Annatto, Curcumin (Turmeric), Carotene and carotenoids, including Beta-carotene, red colour from Ponceau 4R, Carmoisine, and Erythrosine, yellow colour (Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF), blue colour (Indigo Carmine and Brilliant Blue FCF) and green colour (Fast Green FCF). Source: The Hindu One Nation, One Election Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: The High-level Committee (HLC) on One Nation, One Election submitted its report to President Droupadi Murmu on Thursday (March 14) morning. Background: HLC was chaired by former president Ram Nath Kovind. What is meant by simultaneous elections? Simultaneous elections, popularly referred to as “One Nation, One Election”, means holding elections to Lok Sabha, all state Legislative Assemblies, and urban and rural local bodies (municipalities and panchayats) at the same time. Currently, all these elections are held independently of one another, following timelines dictated by the terms of every individual elected body. Simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and state assemblies used to happen in India until the fourth general elections of 1967. However, as successive central governments used constitutional provisions to dismiss state governments before the end of their term, and as coalition governments in the states and the Centre kept collapsing, country came to see elections at different times through the year. According to the HLC report, the country now sees five to six elections in a year — if municipalities and panchayat elections are also included, the number of elections will increase manifold. What is the need for holding simultaneous elections? Frequent elections burden the government exchequer with additional expenditure. If the expenditure incurred by political parties is also added, these figures will be even higher. Asynchronous elections cause uncertainty and instability, thwarting supply chains, business investments and economic growth. Disruption of government machinery due to asynchronous elections causes hardship to citizens. Frequent use of government officials and security forces adversely affect discharge of their duties. Frequent imposition of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) causes policy paralysis and slows down the pace of the developmental programmes. Staggered elections induce ‘voters’ fatigue’ and present a significant challenge in ensuring their participation. Important  recommendations of HLC AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION: The Constitution should be amended to enable simultaneous elections in two steps.In the first step, simultaneous elections will be held to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. For this, no ratification by the states will be required for the constitutional amendment.In the second step, elections to municipalities and the panchayats will be synchronised with elections to Lok Sabha and state Assemblies in such a way that local body elections are held within 100 days of the elections to Lok Sabha and state Assemblies. This will require ratification by not less than one-half of the states. SINGLE ELECTORAL ROLL AND ELECTION ID: For the purpose of preparation of single electoral roll and electoral photo identity cards for use in elections to all the three tiers of government, the Constitution should be amended, so that the Election Commission of India can prepare a single electoral roll and election ID in consultation with the State Election Commissions. These amendments will require ratification by not less than one-half of the states. SINGLE ELECTORAL ROLL AND ELECTION ID: For the purpose of preparation of single electoral roll and electoral photo identity cards for use in elections to all the three tiers of government, the Constitution should be amended, so that the Election Commission of India can prepare a single electoral roll and election ID in consultation with the State Election Commissions. These amendments will require ratification by not less than one-half of the states. Source: The Indian Express GLOBAL METHANE TRACKER 2024 Syllabus Prelims & Mains -Environment Context: Recently, International Energy Agency (IEA) has released Global Methane Tracker 2024. Background: The Global Methane Pledge, led by the US and EU, aims to slash methane emissions by 30% by 2030 About Global Methane Tracker The Global Methane Tracker is an annual report released by the International Energy Agency (IEA). It provides the most recent data on methane emissions from the energy sector, incorporating new scientific studies, measurement campaigns, and satellite-collected information. Key Highlights of the 2024 Report: Methane emissions from fuel use in 2023 were nearly the highest ever, at 120 million tonnes (Mt). This is a slight increase compared to 2022. Bioenergy, a renewable energy form generated by plant and animal waste, contributed an additional 10 million tons of emissions. Of the 120 Mt of methane released into the atmosphere, around 80 million tons came from just 10 countries. The United States led in methane emissions from oil and gas operations, closely followed by Russia. China led in emissions from coal operations. To achieve the Paris Agreement goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C, the world needs to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Lok Adalat Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) successfully organised the first National Lok Adalat of 2024 in the taluks, districts and high courts of 34 states and Union territories on Saturday. Background:- Over 11.3 million cases settled in first National Lok Adalat of 2024.Figures show the effectiveness of alternative mechanisms for dispute resolution. About Lok Adalat Lok Adalat is one of the alternative dispute redressal mechanisms, it is a forum where disputes/cases pending in the court of law or at pre-litigation stage are settled/ compromised amicably. Lok Adalats have been given statutory status under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 Under the said Act, the award (decision) made by the Lok Adalats is deemed to be a decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties and no appeal against such an award lies before any court of law. If the parties are not satisfied with the award of the Lok Adalat though there is no provision for an appeal against such an award, but they are free to initiate litigation by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction by filing a case by following the required procedure, in exercise of their right to litigate. There is no court fee payable when a matter is filed in a Lok Adalat. If a matter pending in the court of law is referred to the Lok Adalat and is settled subsequently, the court fee originally paid in the court on the complaints/petition is also refunded back to the parties. The persons deciding the cases in the Lok Adalats are called the Members of the Lok Adalats, they have the role of statutory conciliators only and do not have any judicial role; therefore they can only persuade the parties to come to a conclusion for settling the dispute outside the court in the Lok Adalat and shall not pressurize or coerce any of the parties to compromise or settle cases or matters either directly or indirectly. Disputes before Lok Adalat would be decided on the basis of the compromise or settlement between the parties. The members shall assist the parties in an independent and impartial manner in their attempt to reach amicable settlement of their dispute. National Lok Adalat National Level Lok Adalats are held for at regular intervals where on a single day Lok Adalats are held throughout the country, in all the courts right from the Supreme Court till the Taluk Levels wherein cases are disposed off in huge numbers. Permanent Lok Adalat The other type of Lok Adalat is the Permanent Lok Adalat, organized under Section 22-B of The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. Permanent Lok Adalats have been set up as permanent bodies for providing compulsory pre-litigative mechanism for conciliation and settlement of cases relating to Public Utility Services like transport, postal, telegraph etc. Here, even if the parties fail to reach to a settlement, the Permanent Lok Adalat gets jurisdiction to decide the dispute, provided, the dispute does not relate to any offence. Source: Nalsa Haiti Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: With Haiti’s capital spiraling deeper into gang violence, the U.S. said on Sunday that it has airlifted non-essential American staff from its embassy. Background: Armed groups who had been calling for Prime Minister Ariel Henry’s resignation have already attacked airports, police stations, sea ports, the Central Bank and the country’s national soccer stadium. The situation reached critical mass earlier this month when the country’s two main prisons were raided, leading to the escape of about 4,000 prisoners. About Haiti: Haiti is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea.The capital is Port-au-Prince. It occupies the western three-eighths of the Hispaniola island which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Cuba lies some 50 miles (80 km) west of Haiti’s northern peninsula, across the Windward Passage, a strait connecting the Atlantic to the Caribbean.Jamaica lies on the west of Haiti and Great Inagua Island (of The Bahamas) lies roughly 70 miles (110 km) to the north of Haiti. It is the third largest country in the Caribbean (after Cuba and Dominican Republic) Haiti has the lowest Human Development Index in the Americas, as well as widespread slavery. The country endured a coup in 2004, which prompted U.N. intervention, as well as a catastrophic earthquake in 2010 that killed over 250,000 people and a cholera outbreak. Haiti has experienced a socioeconomic and political crisis marked by riots and protests, widespread hunger, and increased gang activity Source: Wikipedia INDIA ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) MISSION Syllabus Prelims- Current Event Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved Rs 10,371.92 crore investment for the India Artificial Intelligence (AI) mission. Background: The India Artificial Intelligence (AI) Mission is a significant initiative by the Indian government to harness the transformative potential of AI for the benefit of the nation. About India Artificial Intelligence (AI) Mission The India Artificial Intelligence (AI) Mission is a significant initiative by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). India’s approach to AI is holistic, focusing on enhancing economic growth, social development, and leveraging AI for the public good. The mission aims to position India as a global leader in AI research and innovation. The India Artificial Intelligence (AI) Mission aligns with the vision of “Making AI in India” and “Making AI Work for India”. It aims to establish a comprehensive ecosystem that catalyzes AI innovation through strategic programs and partnerships across both the public and private sectors. AI is expected to play a pivotal role in sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities, infrastructure, and smart mobility. By integrating AI into these domains, India aims to drive innovation and address societal challenges. IndiaAI Innovation Centre will focus on developing and deploying indigenous Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) and domain-specific foundational models in critical sectors. The IndiaAI Mission will be implemented by the ‘IndiaAI’ Independent Business Division (IBD) under the Digital India Corporation (DIC). The approved budget for the mission is Rs. 10,371.92 crore. Startups, academia, researchers, and industry will have access to the AI supercomputing infrastructure established under this mission Source: