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Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CASH TRANSFER SCHEMES FOR WOMEN  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Mahrashtra government launched the Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana recently. The scheme offer ₹1,500 per month to women with an annual family income of less than ₹2.5 lakh. Background:- Maharashtra is one of seven States where direct benefit transfer (DBT) schemes aimed at women have been launched. West Bengal, Delhi, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh have all rolled out similar schemes while Telangana and Punjab are yet to fulfill their pre-poll promise of monthly cash transfers to women. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes for women Maharashtra: Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana (Launched on August 17, 2024) Targets 1 crore eligible women (ages 21-65) with an annual family income below ₹2.5 lakh. Monthly cash transfer of ₹1,500, starting from July 2024; Expected annual cost: ₹46,000 crore; Delhi: Mukhyamantri Mahila Samman Yojana (Announced on March 5, 2024) Targets 50 lakh women (ages 18+) with ₹1,000 monthly cash transfer. Outlay: ₹2,000 crore; Implementation delayed due to CM Kejriwal’s arrest. Madhya Pradesh: Mukhyamantri Ladli Behna Yojana (Launched before March 2023 elections) Targets married women (ages 21-60) with an annual family income below ₹2.5 lakh. Monthly cash transfer started at ₹1,000, increased to ₹1,250, with plans to reach ₹3,000; 1.29 crore women enrolled; Budget: ₹18,984 crore for 2024-25. West Bengal: Lakshmir Bhandar Scheme (Launched in 2021) Targets women (ages 25-60): Monthly cash transfer: ₹1,200 for SC/ST, ₹1,000 for others. 2023-24 expenditure: ₹10,101.87 crore; 2024-25 budget: ₹12,000 crore. 55% of beneficiaries report increased financial decision-making power. Jharkhand: Mukhyamantri Maiya Samman Yojana (August 18, 2024) Targets women (ages 21-50) with an annual family income below ₹3 lakh. Monthly cash transfer of ₹1,000 via DBT; 48 lakh women targeted; budget not disclosed. Karnataka: Gruha Lakshmi Scheme (Launched after Congress election victory in 2023) Targets women heads of families (BPL, APL, AAY cardholders); Monthly cash transfer: ₹2,000. 33 crore enrolled; 2023-24 expenditure: ₹11,726 crore; 2024-25 budget: ₹28,608 crore. Tamil Nadu: Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam (Launched on September 15, 2023) Targets women heads of families (annual income below ₹2.5 lakh). Monthly cash transfer: ₹1,200; 1.06 crore eligible women; budget: ₹12,000 crore annually. Effectiveness of Cash Transfer Schemes As per a study by Observer Research Foundation (ORF), the DBT facility, which was first launched in 2013 for women bank account holders, has seen ₹16.8 lakh crores transfered from inception till 2022. Of this, 33% was transferred during during COVID-19 lockdown. DBT has benefited women’s decision-making within households and helped boost their education and job opportunities. The PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), which is the Centre’s financial inclusion scheme to open a savings bank account, has allowed the Centre to easily identify female beneficiaries for DBT. This has helped the Centre to transfer ₹500 for three months to women during the COVID-19 national lockdown. Despite such DBT schemes, more than 32% of women-owned bank accounts in India are inactive, according to the Findex survey 2021.A large number merely use the account for withdrawal, availing government benefits and emergencies. Digital literacy is also an issue which hampers women – 60% of those between ages 15 and 49 own a mobile phone but only 30% can read texts or use the internet, as per the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5). These schemes have boosted women’s decision-making in financial matters, but issues such as low digital and financial literacy, restrictive social norms, and insufficient assets for collateral are hindering India’s attempts to close the gender gap. Source: Hindu PRIME MINISTER NARENDRA MODI’S VISIT TO UKRAINE  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi is holding talks with Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv. Background: Modi will be the first Indian prime minister to visit Ukraine after diplomatic relations were established in 1992. On July 6, Modi met Russia’s President Vladimir Putin in Moscow — a visit that both Zelenskyy and the United States had criticised. Shift in India’s Policy Toward Ukraine Prime Minister Modi’s visit signals a significant change in India’s traditional foreign policy regarding Ukraine. Historically, India maintained close ties with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, but this affinity didn’t extend to Ukraine post-independence in 1991. India’s relationship with Ukraine has been lukewarm, similar to its approach to Poland after the Cold War. Poland’s case During the Cold War, three Indian Prime Ministers visited Poland when it was a Warsaw Pact member. After the Warsaw Pact’s dissolution and Poland’s shift towards the West, India’s engagement with the country diminished. Both Poland and Ukraine are important countries in Europe, but India’s bias towards Russia, in retrospect, likely prevented New Delhi from full engagement with central and eastern Europe. Modi’s visits to Poland and then to Kyiv mark a significant departure from past policies and indicate a broader engagement with Central and Eastern Europe. Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War The Russia-Ukraine war, which began in February 2022, strained India-Ukraine relations, with bilateral trade dropping from $3.39 billion in 2021-22 to around $0.7 billion in subsequent years. Despite maintaining a balanced stance on the conflict, India has used this period to re-engage with Ukraine at the highest levels. Strengthening Bilateral Relations Over the past year, Modi has met with Ukrainian President Zelenskyy at various forums, including the G-7 summit. Indian leaders, including External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, have maintained regular contact with their Ukrainian counterparts. Modi’s visit is a part of a broader effort to strengthen ties with Ukraine, with potential opportunities in post-war reconstruction, defence cooperation, and agriculture. Impact on India-Russia Relations Modi’s visit is unlikely to negatively impact India-Russia relations, as India’s engagement with Ukraine is independent of its ties with Russia. India remains a key partner for Russia, helping it navigate Western sanctions and continuing defence cooperation. Just as Russia’s relationship with China does not undermine its ties with India, India’s engagement with Ukraine will not alter its relationship with Russia. Evolving Foreign Policy If India aims to play a peacemaking role, it must engage with all

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   JAL JEEVAN MISSION (JJM)  Syllabus Mains -GS 2 Context: The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), launched in 2019, has recently completed five years. Background: – The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on August 15, 2019, with the goal of providing tap water supply to every rural household by 2024. At the time of its inception, only 3.23 crore (17%) of rural households had tap water connections. Progress Under the Jal Jeevan Mission (as of August 14, 2024): As of August 12, 2024, the Jal Jeevan Mission has successfully provided tap water connections to 11.82 crore additional rural households, bringing the total coverage to more than 15.07 crore households, which accounts for 77.98% of all rural households in India. This milestone has significantly impacted rural lives by providing reliable access to potable water at home. Household Coverage:07 crore (77.98%) of rural households have been provided with tap water connections. ‘Har Ghar Jal’ Status: Achieved in 188 districts, 1,838 blocks, 1,09,996 Gram Panchayats, and 2,33,209 villages. JE-AES Affected Regions: Over 2.35 crore households (79.21%) in Japanese Encephalitis (JE)-Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) affected districts now have access to clean tap water. States/UTs with 100% Coverage: Goa, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Dadra Nagar Haveli & Daman Diu, Haryana, Telangana, Puducherry, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh. Schools and Anganwadi Centers: 9,27,421 schools and 9,63,955 Anganwadi centers have been provided with tap water supply. The broad objectives of the Jal Jeevan Mission include: Providing Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household. Prioritizing FHTC provision in quality-affected areas, drought-prone regions, desert areas, and Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) villages. Ensuring functional tap connections in schools, Anganwadi centers, gram panchayat buildings, health and wellness centers, and community buildings. Monitoring the functionality of tap connections. Promoting voluntary ownership among the local community through contributions in cash, kind, or labor (shramdaan). Ensuring the sustainability of water supply systems, including water sources, infrastructure, and funding for regular operations and maintenance. Empowering and developing human resources in the water sector, covering construction, plumbing, electrical work, water quality management, water treatment, catchment protection, and more. Raising awareness about the significance of safe drinking water and involving stakeholders to make water everyone’s responsibility. Components supported under JJM: Development of in-village piped water supply infrastructure to provide tap water connections to every rural household. Development and augmentation of reliable drinking water sources to ensure long-term sustainability. Bulk water transfer, treatment plants, and distribution networks where necessary. Technological interventions for contaminant removal in areas with water quality issues. Retrofitting of ongoing and completed schemes to provide FHTCs at a minimum service level of 55 liters per capita per day (lpcd). Greywater management. Support activities such as Information, Education, and Communication (IEC), Human Resource Development (HRD), training, utility development, water quality laboratories, research and development, capacity building of communities, etc. Addressing unforeseen challenges due to natural disasters or calamities, as per Ministry of Finance guidelines on Flexi Funds. Impact of JJM: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that achieving JJM’s goals will save over 5.5 crore hours daily, primarily for women, otherwise spent collecting water. WHO projects that ensuring safely managed drinking water for all households in India could prevent nearly 400,000 deaths from diarrheal diseases, saving approximately 14 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Nobel laureate Prof. Michael Kremer’s research suggests that safe water coverage could reduce mortality among children under five by nearly 30%, potentially saving 136,000 lives annually. The Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, in partnership with the International Labour Organization (ILO), estimates that JJM will generate 59.9 lakh person-years of direct and 2.2 crore person-years of indirect employment during its capital expenditure phase. Additionally, the operation and maintenance phase could generate 13.3 lakh person-years of direct employment. Source: PIB NEED TO PROHIBIT USE OF PESTICIDES  Syllabus Mains GS-3 Context: To address the concerns over the usage of pesticides, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has proposed the formation of an inter-ministerial committee. Background: – The proposal was discussed by the FSSAI’s 44th meeting of the Central Advisory Committee (CAC) between 22 and 23 August. The initiative is aimed at ensuring that agricultural practices remain safe and sustainable, thereby protecting consumers from potential health risks associated with pesticide residues in food. Pesticides: Pesticides are substances used to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests. They include various chemicals such as herbicides (for weeds), insecticides (for insects), fungicides (for fungi), and rodenticides (for rodents). Why Indian Farmers Use Pesticides? Crop Protection: To protect crops from pests and diseases, ensuring higher yields and better-quality produce. Economic Stability: Reducing crop losses helps in maintaining the economic stability of farmers. Increased Productivity: Pesticides help in achieving higher productivity per hectare, which is crucial for meeting the food demands of a growing population. Benefits of Pesticides: Higher Crop Yields: Protecting crops from pests leads to increased agricultural productivity. Disease Control: Reducing the population of disease-carrying pests helps in controlling outbreaks. Economic Benefits: Higher yields and reduced crop losses contribute to economic stability for farmers. Challenges: Environmental Impact: Pesticides can contaminate soil, water, and non-target species, leading to biodiversity loss. Health Risks: Exposure to pesticides can cause acute and chronic health issues in humans. Resistance: Overuse of pesticides can lead to pests developing resistance, making them harder to control. Government Initiatives: Regulation and Monitoring: The government sets regulations to control the use of pesticides and monitors their impact on health and the environment. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The government promotes Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, which combine biological, cultural, and chemical methods to manage pests sustainably. This approach reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides and encourages the use of biopesticide National Pest Surveillance System: An Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based platform, the National Pest Surveillance System, has been introduced to monitor pest populations and predict outbreaks. This helps in timely and targeted application of pesticides, reducing overall usage. Promotion of Organic Farming: Several states in India have policies and schemes to promote organic

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   THE ROAD TO 2047 FOR INDIAN AGRICULTURE  Syllabus Mains: GS-3 Context: India’s goal of becoming a developed nation by 2047 hinges on transforming its agricultural sector through sustainable practices, technological innovations, and strategic government initiatives. Background: – A key factor in achieving the goal of developed nation status by 2047 is a sixfold increase in per capita Gross National Income (GNI). What is agriculture? Agriculture is the science, art, and practice of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising animals to produce food, fiber, and other products essential for human life. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including: Crop Cultivation, Animal Husbandry, Horticulture, Agroforestry, Aquaculture. Agriculture sector of India: India is one of the major players in the agriculture sector worldwide and it is the primary source of livelihood for ~43% of India’s population. India has the world’s largest cattle herd (buffaloes), the largest area planted for wheat, rice, and cotton, and is the largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices in the world. It is the second-largest producer of fruit, vegetables, tea, farmed fish, cotton, sugarcane, wheat, rice, cotton, and sugar. Contribution of Agriculral Sector to Indian Economy (Data from the Economic Survey 2023-24) : GDP Contribution: The agriculture sector contributed approximately 7% to India’s Gross Value Added (GVA) at current prices in FY 2024. Growth Rate: The sector recorded an average annual growth rate of 18% over the past five years. However, in FY 2024, the growth rate slowed to 1.4% due to delayed and poor monsoons. Employment: Agriculture provides livelihood support to about 3% of the population. Exports: India recorded agricultural exports worth $50.2 billion, marking a 20% increase from the previous year. Challenges Facing Indian Agriculture: Fragmented Landholdings: Around 89.4% of agricultural households own less than two hectares of land, leading to inefficiencies and low productivity. Climate Change: Erratic monsoon patterns and rising temperatures disrupt crop yields and farming schedules. Water Scarcity: Over-exploitation of groundwater and inadequate irrigation infrastructure limit productivity. Market Inefficiencies: Lack of access to well-developed markets and fair pricing affects farmers. Middlemen and complex supply chains lead to price gaps. Inadequate Storage and Transportation: Poor storage infrastructure and transportation networks result in significant post-harvest losses. Limited Access to Credit and Insurance: Small farmers struggle to access affordable credit and crop insurance. Soil Degradation: Overuse of chemical fertilizers and inadequate soil conservation practices lead to soil degradation. Government Initiatives: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Provides financial assistance to farmers in case of crop loss due to natural calamities. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): Offers direct income support to farmers, providing ₹6,000 annually to over 11.8 crore farmers. Soil Health Card (SHC) Scheme: Aims to improve soil health by providing farmers with information on nutrient status and recommendations for soil amendments. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund: Supports the development of infrastructure for post-harvest management. Electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM): Integrates markets through an electronic platform, enhancing market access for farmers. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Focuses on enhancing agricultural productivity, especially in rainfed areas, through integrated farming, water use efficiency, and soil health management. Source: National Council of Applied Economic Research BIOE3 POLICY (BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT, AND EMPLOYMENT)  Syllabus Mains: GS-3 Context: The Union Cabinet has recently approved the BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) to boost biotechnology manufacturing in India. Background: – The BioE3 Policy aims to address critical societal challenges and seize opportunities in the biotechnology sector. This initiative aims to revolutionize the biotech sector, similar to the IT boom of the 1990s. BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) The BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) is a transformative initiative by the Indian government aimed at leveraging biotechnology to drive economic growth, environmental sustainability, and job creation. Key Features: High-Performance Biomanufacturing: Focuses on producing products through advanced biotechnological processes, including medicines, materials, and bio-based products for agriculture and industry. Strategic Thematic Sectors: The policy covers six thematic areas: Bio-based chemicals, biopolymers, and enzymes Smart proteins and functional foods Precision biotherapeutics Climate-resilient agriculture Carbon capture and utilization Marine and space research Innovation and R&D: Promotes innovation-driven research and development (R&D) and entrepreneurship across these sectors. Capacity Building: Supports the creation of internships for students and fellowships for graduate and post-graduate research. Sustainable Growth: Prioritizes regenerative bioeconomy models of green growth, promoting a circular bioeconomy to address climate change and environmental sustainability. Expected Impacts: Economic Growth: By fostering innovation in biotechnology, the policy aims to drive economic growth through the development of new products, technologies, and processes that can be commercialized. Job Creation: Establishing biomanufacturing and bio-AI hubs is expected to create substantial employment opportunities. Environmental Benefits: The focus on sustainable practices and the circular bioeconomy will help mitigate climate change and promote environmental conservation. Global Competitiveness: The policy aims to position India as a global leader in biotechnology, enhancing its competitiveness in the international market. Health and Agriculture: Advancements in precision biotherapeutics and climate-resilient agriculture will improve healthcare outcomes and agricultural productivity. Conclusion: BioE3 Policy will further strengthen Government’s initiatives such as ‘Net Zero’ carbon economy & ‘Lifestyle for Environment’ and will steer India on the path of accelerated ‘Green Growth’ by promoting ‘Circular Bioeconomy’. Source: The Hindu PRIME MINISTER’S VISIT TO UKRAINE  Syllabus Mains: GS-2 Context: Prime Minister Modi’s recent visit to Kyiv highlights India’s strategic balancing act in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. This visit comes just six weeks after his trip to Moscow, where he met with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Background: In Kyiv, Modi held talks with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, emphasizing India’s call for diplomacy and dialogue to resolve the conflict. This move underscores India’s non-alignment policy, aiming to maintain strong relations with both Russia and Ukraine while advocating for peace and stability. India Ukraine Relations India-Ukraine relations have evolved significantly since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992. India recognized Ukraine as a sovereign nation in December 1991, shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Diplomatic relations were formally established in January

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   IMD’S COLOUR-CODED WEATHER ALERTS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: IMD issued ‘red alert’ in Gujarat due to heavy rainfall and severe waterlogging. Background: – India Meteorological Department (IMD) issues colour-coded weather alerts from time to time. These keep citizens informed and help in greater preparedness About colour coded warnings ‘Green’ stands for ‘No warning’: no action needs to be taken by the authorities, and the forecast is of light to moderate rain. According to the weather department, 15.6 mm to 64.4 mm rain is considered “moderate”. ‘Yellow’ alert signifies “Watch”, and authorities are advised to “Be updated” on the situation. According to the weather department, 64.5 mm to 115.5 mm rain is considered “heavy”. ‘Orange’ warning stands for “Alert”, and authorities are expected to “Be prepared”. The forecast during an Orange warning is of heavy to very heavy rainfall. According to IMD, 115.6 mm to 204.4 mm rain is considered “very heavy”. ‘Red’ alert stands for “Warning”, and asks authorities to “Take action”. The forecast is for extremely heavy rainfall. According to IMD, more than 204.5 mm rain is considered “extremely heavy”. Additional Information India’s weather forecasting capabilities are set for a major upgrade with a new mission, boasting a budget of at least Rs 10,000 crore. This initiative will surpass the Monsoon Mission launched in 2012, which significantly enhanced the India Meteorological Department’s (IMD) infrastructure and capabilities. Unlike previous upgrades that concentrated on infrastructure improvements, the new mission will focus on developing advanced computer simulation models tailored for India and incorporating climate change scenarios. It will also enhance the deployment of sophisticated instruments such as Doppler radars and integrate artificial intelligence and machine learning into weather forecasting. India currently operates three meteorological satellites—INSAT-3D, INSAT-3DR, and INSAT-3DS. With INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR nearing the end of their mission lives, and INSAT-3DS recently launched, the next-generation INSAT-4 series satellites are in development. These new satellites will feature cutting-edge technology for high-resolution data essential for improving weather forecasts. Source: Indian Express TWO-NEW US-INDIA AGREEMENTS  Syllabus Mains GS-2 Context: India and the US have signed a Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA) and Memorandum of Agreement regarding the Assignment of Liaison Officers. Background: – Defence Minister Rajnath Singh concluded his four-day official visit to US on August 25. Key takeaways: During Defence Minister Rajnath Singh’s recent four-day visit, India and the US agreed to advance key co-production projects under the 2023 US-India Roadmap for Defence Industrial Cooperation. These projects include jet engines, unmanned platforms, munitions, and ground mobility systems. Two new agreements SOSA (Support for One Another): Under SOSA, the US and India will provide reciprocal priority support to each other for goods and services that promote national defence. It will enable both countries to acquire the industrial resources they need from one another to resolve unanticipated supply chain disruptions to meet national security needs. India becomes the 18th partner in this initiative. While SOSA is a significant mechanism for strengthening interoperability with US defense trade partners, it is non-binding. US Department of Defense (DoD) has been working to conclude another agreement with India, the Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) Agreement, which will be binding. MoU on Liaison Officers: The new Memorandum of Agreement on the Assignment of Liaison Officers builds on a previous decision to enhance information-sharing between India and the US. This agreement will see Indian armed forces officers posted to key US Commands, starting with the deployment of a Liaison Officer to the US Special Operations Command headquarters in Florida. The roadmap for defence industrial cooperation, released last year, anticipated the completion of SOSA and the RDP Agreement. Additionally, the US-India initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET), aims to expand strategic technology partnerships and defense industrial cooperation. In 2023, during Prime Minister Modi’s official visit to the US, the DoD and Ministry of Defence launched the India-US Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X), to take forward the commitment to build a defence innovation bridge under iCET. Additional Information: In 2002, India and the US signed the General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) to facilitate military information sharing. Four more agreements were signed between 2016 and 2020. In 2016, the US designated India as a Major Defence Partner. This status led to India’s elevation to Strategic Trade Authorisation Tier 1 in 2018, granting it license-free access to various military and dual-use technologies regulated by the US Department of Commerce. The Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) of 2016 established the framework for reciprocal logistic support, supplies, and services between the two militaries. In 2018, the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA), an India-specific version of the CISMOA, was signed to secure military communications and facilitate the use of advanced US defense systems by India. The Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) of 2020 was designed to facilitate the sharing of military information, including maps, nautical charts, and other unclassified data. Source: Indian Express THE GAGANYAAN MISSION  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) finalises the design of skull for the humanoid on Gaganyaan mission. Background: Before launching astronauts on the Gaganyaan mission, ISRO will send a humanoid robot, Vyommitra, into space to test spacecraft safety. Key takeaways The humanoid’s skull, designed at ISRO’s Thiruvananthapuram unit, weighs 800 grams and measures 200 mm x 220 mm, made from a high-strength aluminum alloy to endure pressure and vibration. Vyommitra will resemble the upper human body, featuring movable arms, face, and neck equipped with sensors to perform human-like functions and assess the impacts of space travel. Ahead of putting an actual human into space, several studies are done using humanoids. They collect vital data on the impacts of space travel on human bodies, enabling scientists to design the space capsule for a safe and comfortable flight. India’s Gaganyaan mission, aimed at sending humans into space, is slated for next year. Before this, two uncrewed preparatory missions—Gaganyaan-1 (G1) and Gaganyaan-2 (G2)—will be conducted, with G1 scheduled for December. G1 will primarily test the spacecraft’s safe re-entry and orientation upon splashing down at sea. G2

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   COMBINATION DRUGS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The government has banned 156 fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs, including popular medicines such as Cheston Cold and Foracet, used for cold and fever and pain respectively. Background: – The ban is the most sweeping crackdown on FDCs since 2018, when 328 such drugs were banned. A total 499 FDCs have been banned since 2014. About Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) drugs Definition: FDCs are medications that combine two or more active ingredients (chemical compounds in medicines that have an effect on the body) into a single pill, capsule, or injection. Purpose: Designed to simplify treatment for conditions like tuberculosis and diabetes, FDCs reduce the number of pills a patient needs, aiming to improve adherence to medication regimens. Examples: For instance, Cheston Cold combines paracetamol (for fever), cetirizine (for allergies), and phenylephrine (for nasal congestion). While this may be beneficial for allergy-related symptoms, it is unnecessary and potentially harmful for bacterial infections. Potential Risks: FDCs may include unnecessary drugs or components, leading to ineffective treatment or adverse effects. Excessive use of certain FDCs, particularly those containing antibiotics, can contribute to antibiotic resistance, making future infections harder to treat. Regulatory Actions: Reason for Ban: The ban targets irrational FDCs containing combinations that either do not work well together or are not needed. A significant concern is the misuse of antibiotics, which can lead to increased resistance. Market Impact: Despite previous bans, a 2023 study showed that the proportion of FDCs among antibiotics sold in India rose from 32.9% in 2008 to 37.3% in 2020. India has one of the highest numbers of FDCs globally, with many considered inappropriate. Pricing Issues: Companies sometimes use FDCs to bypass government price controls on essential medicines. Recent Government Action: The government is addressing irrational FDCs that were approved without comprehensive trials. Banned drugs were initially approved by various state licensing authorities without any trials for combinations because the ingredients were individually approved. New regulations from the 2019 Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules classify FDCs as new drugs, requiring approval from the central drug regulator, thereby reducing the presence of irrational combinations in the market. Source: Indian Express HIMACHAL PRADESH’S BILL RAISING WOMEN’S MINIMUM MARRIAGE AGE  Syllabus Mains GS-2 Context: The Himachal Pradesh Assembly on August 27, passed a Bill raising the minimum marriageable age for women from 18 to 21 years Background: – The Prohibition of Child Marriage (Himachal Pradesh Amendment) Bill, 2024, was passed by voice vote. It seeks to amend the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (2006 Act) to advance gender equality and encourage higher education among women. Why was the Bill passed? Commitment to Women’s Welfare: Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu stated that the Bill reflects government’s dedication to improving the welfare of women. Himachal Pradesh is the first state in India to legislate the increase of the minimum marriage age for girls to 21 years. Educational and Health Concerns: Health Minister emphasized that early marriage hinders girls’ education and career progress, negatively impacts their physical development, and leads to early pregnancies, affecting women’s health. Gender Equality and Opportunities: The Bill aims to provide gender equality and enhance opportunities for higher education by increasing the minimum marriageable age for girls. Key Provisions: Redefinition of “Child”: Section Section 2(a) of the 2006 Act defines a “child” as someone “who, if male, has not completed twenty-one years of age, and if female, has not completed eighteen years of age.” The Bill removes this gender-based distinction, redefining a “child” as a male or female who has not completed 21 years of age. Extended Petition Period: Bill extends the time period for filing a petition to annul a marriage. Under Section 3 of the 2006 Act, an individual who was a minor at the time of marriage can file for annulment within two years of attaining majority —before turning 20 for women and 23 for men. The Bill extends this period to five years, allowing both women and men to file petitions before they turn 23. Precedence of the Bill: A new provision, Section 18A, has been introduced to ensure that the Bill’s provisions take precedence over all other existing laws. This means that the new minimum marriageable age for women will apply uniformly across Himachal Pradesh, regardless of any conflicting laws or religious and cultural practices. Why will the President’s Assent Be Required? Concurrent List Conflict: The Bill deals with marriage, a subject on the Concurrent List, where both central and state governments can legislate. Potential Conflict with Central Law: since the Bill introduces a different minimum marriageable age for women, its provisions will be deemed inconsistent with the 2006 Act —a law enacted by Parliament. Article 254: Under Article 254 of the Constitution, if state legislation contradicts central law, it becomes void unless the President’s assent is obtained. With the President’s assent, the state law will override the central law within Himachal Pradesh. Expert Opinions: Child and women’s rights activists argue that raising the minimum marriage age may increase parental control over young adults, especially in a patriarchal society. Potential Misuse of Law: Activists highlight that the existing law is often misused by parents to penalize daughters who marry against their wishes, and increasing the age to 21 could exacerbate this issue, leading to further persecution of young women. Such a legislative reform could also leave a vast majority of Indian women who marry before the age of 21 years without the legal protections that the institution of marriage otherwise provides. It is also likely to endanger the life and liberty of the marginalised communities exposing them to further brutal policing. The 2008 Law Commission Report recommended setting a uniform age of marriage for both men and women at 18 years. The National Human Rights Commission in 2018 too proposed a similar reform. Source: The Hindu JUSTICE VERMA PANEL AND DEATH PENALTY FOR RAPE  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: After the brutal rape and murder of a doctor on duty at Kolkata’s R.G. Kar

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   SPACEFLIGHT AND THE HUMAN BODY  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: On August 24, NASA announced that Boeing’s Starliner crew capsule, which took astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore to the International Space Station (ISS) on its first crewed test flight, was deemed unsafe for their return. Background: – Williams and Wilmore will stay on the ISS until February 2025 and return in a SpaceX crew capsule launching in September 2024. The Starliner meanwhile will undock and return uncrewed. What is Space? Defining Space: Space is easier to identify far from Earth than near it due to the gradual transition from ‘earth-like’ to ‘space-like’ conditions. In aeronautics, space begins at the Karman line, 100 km above sea level. Gravity in Space: While gravity diminishes over distance, it never entirely disappears. Astronauts on the ISS experience microgravity, not zero gravity. Varying Conditions: Different parts of space expose astronauts to different conditions. For example, the Van Allen radiation belts, located from 640 km to 58,000 km above Earth, contain charged particles trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. Effects of Space on the Human Body: Research Limitations: Although hundreds of astronauts have flown to space, their numbers are too small to fully understand all the effects of spaceflight on the human body. However, broad trends have been observed. Bone and Muscle Loss: In microgravity, bones weaken, which might force the body to deposit the ‘excess’ mineral content in the kidneys leading to kidney stones. Because of the body’s weightless experience, the heart is required to do less work and could shrink. Similarly, other parts of the musculature could shed muscle mass and strength. Digestive Changes: Food may move more slowly through the gut, leading to weight gain. Vision Issues: Around 20% of astronauts, and 70% of those on long missions, develop spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), where fluids build up in the head and affect eyesight. Blood Changes: Astronauts lose more red blood cells in space, requiring dietary adjustments to produce more cells. Balance and Orientation: The brain works harder in space to maintain balance and orientation due to altered signals from the body. Causes and Countermeasures: Key Causes: Radiation, confined environments, distance from Earth, and microgravity are major factors affecting astronauts’ health. Exercise and Routines: Astronauts follow strict exercise regimes and routines to maintain physical health and reduce stress. Technological Solutions: Proposals include portable devices to monitor SANS and countermeasures like lower body negative pressure and artificial gravity. Human Time in Space: Increased Duration: The average time an astronaut spends in space has increased from one month in the 1960s to six months in the 2020s. Future Challenges: With plans for permanent lunar stations and missions to Mars, new long-duration missions will bring additional safety challenges. Source: Hindu SANCTION FOR PROSECUTION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The issue of granting sanction to prosecute a public servant has resurfaced after the Karnataka Governors approval to open an investigation and to prosecute Chief Minister Siddaramaiah over alleged irregularities in allotting compensatory plots to his wife, following the acquisition of her land by the Mysore Urban Development Authority. Background: – The law relating to a Governor granting sanction for a serving CM’s prosecution is governed not by statutory provisions alone, but also a string of court judgments. Why is Sanction Required to Prosecute a Public Servant? Sanction for prosecuting a public servant has been a mandatory feature of anti-corruption law. Protection from Vexatious Prosecution: It is required to protect them from malicious or vexatious prosecutions for actions taken during official duties. Legal Provisions: Section 197, CrPC: No court can take cognisance of a case against a public servant without sanction from an authority competent to remove them. Applies to those currently or formerly public servants. Similar to CrPC, Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, has provision for sanction. Under both the CrPC and the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA), the State and Central governments had the authority to sanction prosecution of their respective employees. Latest Provisions on Granting Sanction Section 218 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), the procedure code that has replaced the CrPC, retains the sanction provisions. Prevention of Corruption Act (2018 Amendment): Section 17A: Government approval is required even to begin an investigation. Section 19: Sanction is a prerequisite for any court to take cognisance of a charge sheet or complaint of corruption. Applies to Current and Former Public Servants: The amendment covers those who are and were public servants. Governor’s Role in Cases Against a Chief Minister Authority to Grant Sanction: The Governor, who has the power to dismiss a Chief Minister, is considered the authority to grant sanction for prosecuting a Chief Minister. Governor’s Discretion: According to the Supreme Court (A.R. Antulay case), the Governor should act in his discretion and not on the advice of the Council of Ministers when granting sanction to prosecute a Chief Minister. Court Rulings on Sanction Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment vs. State of MP and others (2004): The Supreme Court upheld the Governor’s decision to grant sanction against two Ministers despite the Council of Ministers’ decision to the contrary. The Court found the Council’s decision irrational and emphasized that the Governor can act in his discretion when there is apparent bias or irrationality in the Council’s decision. Source: Hindu CHILE  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: On a three-day visit to India, Chile’s Foreign Minister  held a meeting with External Affairs minister S Jaishankar on Wednesday and discussed bilateral cooperation in trade and investment, agriculture, critical minerals, defence and space among other issues. Background: Chile is a key partner of India in the Latin American region. About Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago. Geography Location: Chile stretches over 4,300 km (2,700 miles) from north to south, making it one of the longest countries in the world. It is bordered by Peru to the north,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   INS ARIGHAAT  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: India bolstered its deterrence capability on Thursday with the commissioning of its second nuclear submarine, INS Arighaat, into the Navy. Background: – The discreet commissioning ceremony of the Arihant-class vessel in Visakhapatnam was attended by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh. Key takeaways INS Arighaat will join its predecessor INS Arihant strengthening the country’s nuclear triad — the ability to fire nuclear missiles from platforms in the air, land and sea. The 6,000-tonne nuclear-propelled submarine will be armed with indigenously made K-15 missiles which have a range of over 700 km, and have undergone extensive trials over the last few months. Like INS Arihant, it is powered by 83 MW pressurised light-water reactors which allows it to remain submerged for longer periods when compared to conventional submarines. INS Arihant Project The INS Arihant project was initiated over three decades ago, involving Russian assistance, private companies and the research establishment. The lead vessel of the Arihant class, INS Arihant, was laid down in 2004, launched in 2009, and commissioned into the Navy in 2016. It was the first ballistic missile submarine built by a country outside the United Nations Security Council’s five. Additional Information A robust, survivable and assured retaliatory capability is in line with India’s policy to have a credible minimum deterrence capacity to underpin its ‘no first use’ commitment. In 2003, India declared its nuclear doctrine, reserving the right of massive retaliation if it is struck with nuclear weapons. Source: Indian Express SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION (SCO)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: Pakistan on Thursday said that it has invited India and Prime Minister Modi to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’s Council of Heads of Government meeting to be held in October. Background: Pakistan holds the rotating chairmanship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Council of Heads of Government (CHG) and in that capacity, will host the two-day in-person SCO Heads of Governments Meeting in October. About Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)  The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a significant permanent intergovernmental organization that focuses on political, economic, and security-related cooperation across Eurasia. Formation and Evolution Origins: The SCO evolved from the “Shanghai Five” group, which was established in 1996 by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. With the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 into 15 independent countries, there were concerns in the region about extremist religious groups and ethnic tensions. It was to manage these issues, the group was created. Establishment: The SCO was officially founded on June 15, 2001, in Shanghai, China, with the addition of Uzbekistan. Expansion: India and Pakistan joined as full members in 2017, Iran in 2023, and Belarus in 2024. Member States and Structure Members: The SCO currently includes China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan, Iran, and Belarus. Observers and Dialogue Partners: The organization also has several observer states and dialogue partners, including Afghanistan, Mongolia, and Turkey. Headquarters: The SCO Secretariat is based in Beijing, China. The goals of the SCO are: to strengthen mutual trust, friendship and good-neighborliness between the Member States; to encourage the effective cooperation between the Member States in such spheres as politics, trade, economy, science and technology, culture, education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection, etc; to jointly ensure and maintain peace, security and stability in the region; and to promote a new democratic, fair and rational international political and economic international order. Key Initiatives and Activities Annual Summits: The Heads of State Council (HSC) is the supreme decision-making body of the SCO, meeting annually to discuss and decide on major issues. The SCO council of heads of government level is the second-highest body in the grouping. Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS): This body coordinates efforts to combat terrorism, separatism, and extremism within the member states. RATS is headquartered in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Economic Projects: The SCO has initiated various projects to enhance regional connectivity, including the Digital Silk Road and infrastructure development programs. Significance and Impact Geopolitical Influence: The SCO is the world’s largest regional organization in terms of geographic scope and population, covering approximately 80% of Eurasia and 40% of the world’s population. Strategic Balance: The organization plays a crucial role in maintaining regional stability and fostering a multipolar world order. Source: Hindu NORTHERN BALD IBIS  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: After being extinct in Central Europe for 300 years, the northern bald ibis has made a comeback. Now, scientists acting as “foster parents” are guiding the birds to relearn their long-lost migration routes, leading them aboard a tiny plane. Background: Thirty-six of these endangered birds are now following an ultralight aircraft on a 2,800 km journey from Austria to Spain, a trip that could take up to 50 days. During the flight, human foster parents sit at the back of the microlight, waving and shouting encouragement to the birds as they fly. About Northern Bald Ibis  The Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita), also known as the Hermit Ibis or Waldrapp, is an endangered bird species. Description Appearance: The Northern Bald Ibis is a large bird, measuring about 70–80 cm in length with a wingspan of 125–135 cm. It has glossy black plumage with bronze-green and violet iridescence. One of its most distinctive features is its unfeathered red face and head, along with a long, curved red bill. Behavior: Unlike many other ibises, the Northern Bald Ibis is non-wading and prefers open areas such as grasslands, rocky mountains, and semi-deserts. Habitat and Distribution Historical Range: Historically, this species was widespread across the Middle East, northern Africa, and southern and central Europe. Current Range: Today, the majority of the remaining wild population is found in southern Morocco, with smaller numbers in Syria and Turkey. Breeding: The Northern Bald Ibis breeds colonially on coastal or mountain cliff ledges, where it typically lays two to three eggs in a stick nest. Conservation Status Threats: The species has faced significant threats from hunting, habitat loss, and slow reproduction rates. Conservation Efforts: Thanks to international reintroduction programs and natural population growth in Morocco, the Northern Bald Ibis was downlisted from Critically Endangered to Endangered on the IUCN

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   VANDE BHARAT TRAINS  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Prime Minister flags off 3 Vande Bharat trains. Background: – The trains flagged off by PM through video conferencing connect Meerut with Lucknow, Madurai with Bengaluru, and Chennai with Nagercoil, taking the number of Vande Bharat trains above 100. Key takeaways The Vande Bharat Express, also known as Train 18, is a significant project by Indian Railways aimed at modernizing and speeding up rail travel in India. Launch: The first Vande Bharat Express was launched in 2019. Purpose: It is designed to provide a high-speed, comfortable, and efficient travel experience. Features Speed: The train can reach speeds up to 180 km/h, although it typically operates at around 130 km/h due to track conditions. Design: It features a sleek, aerodynamic design with fully air-conditioned chair car coaches. Vande Bharat sleeper coaches will be available soon. The Integral Coach Factory (ICF) in Chennai, designs and manufactures the Vande Bharat Express trainsets. The ICF is the largest rail coach manufacturer in the world and is owned and operated by the Indian Railways. Comfort: The train offers modern amenities such as onboard Wi-Fi, GPS-based passenger information systems, and bio-vacuum toilets. Self-Propelled: Unlike traditional trains, the Vande Bharat Express is self-propelled, meaning it doesn’t require a separate locomotive. This is called a distributed traction power system. Distributed power gives the train higher acceleration and deceleration compared to loco-hauled trains, which take a much longer time to reach top speed or to gradually come to a halt. Energy Efficiency: It is equipped with regenerative braking systems that save energy by converting kinetic energy into electrical energy during braking. Source: Indian Express CENSOR BOARD YET TO CLEAR KANGANA’S FILM  Syllabus Prelims : Polity Context: The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) has not yet given certification to the film Emergency, starring actor and Lok Sabha member Kangana Ranaut. Additional Solicitor General (ASG) stated that the Board will consider the feelings of all communities, including the Sikh community, when making its decision. Background: – ASG represented the Union Government and the CBFC before the Punjab and Haryana High Court, during a hearing on a petition filed by Mohali residents challenging the certification of the film. The ASG informed the court that the certification process is still ongoing and that anyone with concerns can submit their views to the Board. About Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC), commonly known as the Censor Board, is a statutory body under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in India. It was established under the Cinematograph Act of 19521. Key Functions and Responsibilities: Film Certification: The CBFC certifies films, trailers, documentaries, and advertisements for public exhibition. Films can only be publicly exhibited in India after receiving certification from the CBFC. Categories of Certification: U (Universal): Suitable for all age groups. UA (Parental Guidance): Suitable for children above 12, but parental guidance is advised for those under 12. A (Adult): Restricted to adult audiences (18 years and above). S (Special): Restricted to specialized audiences, such as doctors or scientists. Legal Framework: The CBFC operates under the Cinematograph Act, 1952, which outlines the guidelines for film certification. The Act allows for reasonable restrictions on the freedom of speech and expression in films, in the interests of sovereignty, integrity, security of the state, public order, decency, or morality. Certification process When a filmmaker applies for certification, the Regional Officer appoints an Examining Committee. For short films, the committee includes an advisory panel member and an examining officer, with at least one being a woman. For other films, the committee has four members from the advisory panel and an examiningofficer, with at least two women. The Regional Officer decides the film’s certification—U, U/A, A, or S—based on the Examining Committee’s unanimous or majority report. If the committee is divided, the chairperson makes the final decision. If a filmmaker is dissatisfied with the certification, they can request a second viewing by a Revising Committee. This committee must exclude members from the initial review and must include at least one Board member, whose involvement is mandatory only at this stage. A Board member can participate in the initial review, but their presence is required only during the revising stage. Recent Initiatives: Accessibility Standards: The CBFC has introduced guidelines to make films accessible to persons with hearing and visual impairments. Digital Transformation: The CBFC has launched a revamped website and a mobile app (e-cine app) to streamline the certification process. Source: Indian Express RETIRED SPORTSPERSON EMPOWERMENT TRAINING (RESET) PROGRAMME  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Union Minister of Youth Affairs & Sports and Labour & Employment, Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya launched “Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training” (RESET) Programme recently. Background: RESET Programme represents a significant step towards recognizing and utilizing the invaluable experience and expertise of our retired athletes. About Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training (RESET) Programme The Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training (RESET) Programme is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports in India to support retired athletes. Launch Date: August 29, 2024, on National Sports Day. Objective: To empower retired sportspersons with career skills and knowledge, enhancing their employability and enabling them to contribute to the sports ecosystem. Eligibility Criteria Age: Retired athletes aged between 20 and 50 years. Achievements: Winners of an International Medal/participants in international events or have been National medallists/State medallists/participants in competitions recognized by National Sports Federations/Indian Olympic Association/Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports are eligible to apply for courses under RESET Programme. Initially, the programmes will be of two levels based on educational qualifications viz., Class 12th and above and Class 11th and below. Mode of Learning: Hybrid mode, combining self-paced online learning with on-ground training. Lead Institute: Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE) is the lead institute for implementing the programme. Support and Opportunities Placement Assistance: Guidance and support for job placements. Entrepreneurial Guidance: Support for starting entrepreneurial ventures. Internships: Opportunities for internships in sports organizations, competitions, training camps, and leagues. Implementation and Benefits Self-Paced Learning: Participants can learn at their own pace through a dedicated online portal. On-Ground Training:

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NAMIBIA PLANS TO KILL HUNDREDS WILD ANIMALS FOR MEAT  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Namibia plans to cull hundreds of wild animals, including dozens of elephants and hippopotamuses, to provide meat for its 1.4 million people  who are reeling under the worst drought in a century. Background: – Namibia, located in drought-prone southern Africa, frequently experiences severe droughts, having declared national emergencies in 2013, 2016, and 2019. Key takeaways The drought, which began in Botswana in October 2023, has spread and intensified across Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Namibia, affecting most of southern Africa. The severity of the situation is largely attributed to El Niño. Numerous studies have shown that rising global temperatures due to climate change are making extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, more frequent and intense. Food availability in Namibia, typically low from July through September, has been further strained by the drought. Staple crops like maize have withered, large numbers of livestock have perished, and nearly 84% of the country’s food reserves are depleted. As food stocks dwindle, prices have soared, severely limiting access to food for many people. The Namibian government is considering culling wild animals, not just for meat, but to prevent them from migrating in search of food and water, which could lead to conflicts with humans. Namibia is home to a significant number of wild animals, including approximately 24,000 elephants, one of the largest populations in the world. About Namibia: Namibia is located on the southwestern coast of Africa. Geography Bordered by Angola to the north, Zambia to the northeast, Botswana to the east, South Africa to the southeast and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Known for its diverse landscapes, including the Namib Desert along the coast, the Kalahari Desert in the east, and savannas and mountains. Climate: Mostly arid to semi-arid, with the coastal areas being cooler due to the Benguela Current. Additional Information Colonial Era: Formerly known as South West Africa, it was colonized by Germany in the late 19th century and later administered by South Africa after World War . Independence: Gained independence from South Africa on March 21, 1990. Government Type: Republic with a semi-presidential system. Capital: Windhoek. Main Industries: Mining (diamonds, uranium, gold), agriculture, and tourism2. Source: Down To Earth ASEAN  Syllabus Prelims : Polity Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi set out Tuesday on a three-day visit to Brunei Darussalam and Singapore in a bid to boost ties and celebrate diplomatic milestones. The Prime Minister’s visit aims to strengthen these relationships and expand India’s engagement with the broader ASEAN region. Background: – ASEAN is central to India’s Act East policy, which focuses on the extended neighbourhood in the Asia-Pacific region. About ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten Southeast Asian countries. Formation and Purpose Established: August 8, 1967, with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Purpose: To promote economic growth, social progress, cultural development, regional peace, and stability. Its  official motto is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”. Member States ASEAN currently has ten member states: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. Structure and Leadership Secretariat: Located in Jakarta, Indonesia. Chairmanship: Rotates annually among member states. Laos holds the chairmanship for 2024. Key Pillars ASEAN operates through three main pillars: Political-Security Community: Aims to ensure regional peace and stability. Economic Community: Focuses on creating a single market and production base, enhancing economic integration. Socio-Cultural Community: Promotes social development and cultural exchange. Economic Impact Population: Over 683 million people. GDP: Combined GDP (PPP) of approximately $12 trillion in 2024. Trade: ASEAN is a significant global trading bloc, engaging in numerous free trade agreements with countries and regions worldwide. Initiatives and Partnerships ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Established to increase ASEAN’s competitive edge as a production base in the global market. ASEAN Plus Three: Includes China, Japan, and South Korea, focusing on East Asian cooperation. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): A platform for security dialogue in the Asia-Pacific region. Source: Indian Express CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY  Syllabus Prelims: POLITY Context: The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) recently approved an important proposal to procure 240 aero-engines for the Su-30 MKI aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF) at a cost of over Rs 26,000 crore. Background: The engines will be sourced from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), furthering the nation’s self-reliance in military technology. About Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) is led by the Prime Minister and includes the Ministers for Finance, Defence, Home Affairs, and External Affairs. The CCS is tasked with making major decisions regarding national security, significant appointments in security bodies, and defence expenditure. In addition to defence matters, the CCS addresses issues related to law and order, internal security, and security-related foreign policy matters. It also considers matters concerning atomic energy. About Cabinet committees After the Union Cabinet is sworn in and ministerial portfolios are allocated, the Prime Minister forms various high-profile Cabinet committees with selected Cabinet members, assigning specific functions to each. The Prime Minister has the authority to create, modify, or dissolve committees and adjust their functions. Membership typically ranges from three to eight members, predominantly Cabinet ministers, though non-Cabinet ministers or special invitees may also be included. When the Prime Minister is a member of a committee, he serves as the committee’s head. These committees resolve issues, propose solutions for Cabinet consideration, and make decisions on assigned matters, with the Cabinet having the power to review these decisions. During the Manmohan Singh government, there were 12 Cabinet committees, in addition to numerous Groups of Ministers (GoMs) and Empowered Groups of Ministers (EGoMs). Currently, there are eight Cabinet committees: Appointments Committee of the Cabinet Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth Cabinet Committee on Security Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs Cabinet Committee on Employment & Skill Development Cabinet Committee on Accommodation The Modi government introduced the Cabinet Committee on Investment

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   JUDICIAL DELAY  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Flagging the culture of adjournment in deciding cases, President Droupadi Murmu recently said that the poor from the villages are still anxious to approach courts as they feel that fighting for justice will make their lives even more difficult, and termed it the ‘Black Coat Syndrome’. Background: – According to information available on the National Judicial Data Grid, over five crore cases are pending across different levels of the system Case Pendency Statistics: Over five crore cases are pending across various courts in India. Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of pending cases, exceeding 1.18 crore in subordinate courts. Pending cases are distributed as follows: Supreme Court: 84,045 cases High Courts: 60,11,678 cases District and subordinate courts: 4,53,51,913 cases Factors Contributing to Case Pendency: Infrastructure and Staffing: Inadequate physical infrastructure and court staff. Case Complexity: Complexity of facts, nature of evidence, and cooperation of stakeholders including the bar, investigation agencies, witnesses and litigants. lack of prescribed time frame by courts for disposal of various kinds of cases, frequent adjournments and lack of adequate arrangement to monitor, track and bunch cases for hearing Judge Shortage: India has 15 judges per 10 lakh people, significantly below the 50 judges per 10 lakh recommended by the Law Commission’s 120th report in 1987. Recent Case Highlights: Ajmer Case: On August 20, a POCSO court convicted six individuals to life imprisonment, 32 years after a blackmail and sexual abuse case involving hundreds of girls was exposed. Delhi High Court: On August 29, a complainant was allowed to withdraw a case due to “litigation fatigue” caused by frequent court appearances impacting her work. These two cases, in two different courts, illustrate the problem that President Droupadi Murmu sought to highlight in her address at the National Conference of the District Judiciary — “Black Coat Syndrome”. Reform Needs: Long-term Planning: A comprehensive plan is needed to address systemic issues causing prolonged case pendency. Balancing Act: Reforms should aim to speed up case resolution while ensuring due process and maintaining judicial integrity. Source: Indian Express WINDFALL TAX  Syllabus Prelims : ECONOMY Context: The Centre has cut windfall tax on domestically produced crude oil to one thousand 850 rupees per tonne from two thousand 100 rupees per tonne. Background: – Windfall tax, a relatively new taxation policy, was introduced in India in 2022 About Windfall tax Windfall tax is a special tax imposed by the government on companies that experience unexpected and above-average profits due to external events. In India, this tax was introduced in 2022, primarily targeting the oil and gas sector, which saw significant profit increases due to global events like the Russia-Ukraine war. Key Points About Windfall Tax in India: Purpose: The main aim is to redistribute unexpected profits that companies gain due to external factors, ensuring that these profits benefit society as a whole. How It Works: Windfall tax is levied as an additional tax over the regular corporate tax. It is typically calculated as a percentage of the excess profits that exceed a certain threshold. Impact on Industries: Oil and Gas: Companies like ONGC, Oil India, and GAIL have been significantly affected. The tax aims to curb excessive profits and ensure fair distribution. Other Sectors: While primarily focused on oil and gas, the windfall tax can also apply to other sectors like mining and telecommunications if they experience similar profit surges. Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages: Increased government revenue, fair distribution of wealth, and contribution to sustainable development. Disadvantages: Market uncertainty, reduced business profits, and potential deterrence for investors. Source: News on AIR PM MODI IN BRUNEI  Syllabus Mains : GS 2 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi landed in Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital of Brunei Darussalam, on Tuesday (September 3) for his official visit to the country. Background: Narendra Modi is the first Indian PM to visit the Southeast Asian nation. His trip also marks 40 years since India and Brunei officially established diplomatic ties. Brunei’s population and Indian diaspora As of 2023, Brunei has an estimated population of 450,500. Brunei citizens make up approximately 76% of the population, while the rest are permanent or temporary residents. Ethnically, over 80% of the population is Malay or Chinese. Indian migration to Brunei began in the 1920s, coinciding with the discovery of oil. Currently, around 14,000 Indians reside in Brunei. The significant contributions of Indian doctors and teachers to the development of Brunei’s healthcare and education sectors have been widely recognized. Strategic Importance of Brunei Brunei holds strategic significance within India’s ‘Act East’ Policy and Indo-Pacific Vision. The ‘Act East’ Policy evolved from the ‘Look East’ Policy, which was initiated in the 1990s. In the post-Cold War era, following the dissolution of the USSR — India sought to deepen its relationships with countries in Southeast Asia. The northeastern states of India, due to their geographic proximity, were envisioned as key players in this engagement. In 2014, the policy was revitalized as ‘Act East,’ emphasizing more proactive efforts to strengthen these connections. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has identified ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) as the “central pillar” of this policy, with Brunei being one of the ASEAN members. Economic growth in Southeast Asia over the past few decades has made commerce a central focus of India’s ties with the region. Brunei, as one of the largest oil and gas producers in Southeast Asia, plays a significant role in this economic engagement. The emphasis on Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific also gains importance in light of China’s rising global influence. Under President Xi Jinping, China has adopted a more authoritarian stance, and while its economic power enables it to finance numerous projects and provide loans to other countries, its actions—such as its conduct in the South China Sea—have caused friction in the region. India’s engagement in Southeast Asia, including its relationship with Brunei, serves as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence. Source: Indian Express Digital Agriculture Mission  Syllabus Prelims & Mains: ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Union