Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, Palestine-based Hamas militants launched a barrage of rockets on Israel on Saturday infiltrating the towns near the Gaza Strip through land, air, and sea. Hamas or the Islamic Resistance Movement: is a militant group that governs the Gaza Strip. It emerged in 1987 as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood during the first Palestinian intifada, or uprising, against the Israeli occupation of Gaza and the West Bank. It was founded by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, a Palestinian cleric. Its military wing, the Izzedine al-Qassam Brigades, was established around 1991. About ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT:- Background of the war:- IMAGE SOURCE: express.co.uk Both Israelis and Palestinians have been in a struggle for self-determination and sovereignty over the territory, developing respective movements for their causes. Both Palestinians and Israelis see the territory between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea as their own, and Christians, Jews, and Muslims all hold parts of the land as sacred. The past seven decades have brought war and uprisings. (15th India-Israel Joint Working Group) Historic Timeline:- Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire had controlled that part of the Middle East from the early 16th century until control of most of the region was granted to the British after World War I. In 1916: the Sykes-Picot Agreement secretly negotiated between Britain and France planned to carve up the Middle East into spheres of influence, and determined that the land in question was to be internationalized. In 1917: Britain’s foreign secretary, Lord Arthur Balfour, expressed his government’s support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. 1947: UN resolution 1947: After World War II, nearing the end of the British Mandate for Palestine, the United Nations General Assembly in 1947 passed Resolution 181, urging the partition of the land into two independent states — one Arab and one Jewish. Religiously significant Jerusalem is to be under special international administration. The plan is not implemented after the Arab side rejects it, arguing that it is unfavorable to their majority population. Violence in the regional conflict grows. 1948: Israel declares independence. Israel declared independence in May 1948. The next day, a coalition of Arab states, allied with Palestinian factions, attacked Israeli forces in what became the first of several Arab-Israeli wars. In the end, Israel gains control of an even larger portion of territory — not including the areas of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. 1967: the Six-Day War In June of 1967, a war known as the “Six-Day War” or the 1967 Arab-Israeli War broke out amid lingering conflicts, including Egypt’s continued blockade of shipping into the Gulf of Aqaba. Israel ultimately took control of the Gaza Strip, Sinai, the West Bank, the Golan Heights, and predominantly Palestinian East Jerusalem. The Arab armies suffered massive losses. 1987: First intifada A Palestinian uprising, or intifada, brings largely spontaneous clashes, protests, and civil disobedience against Israeli occupation in the West Bank, Gaza, and Israel, leading to harsh Israeli military crackdowns. Unrest continues for years, with many killed or injured on both sides. 1993: Oslo Accords The first of two pacts, known as the Oslo Accords, was signed between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It set out a peace process based on previous U.N. resolutions. It charted out the expansion of a limited Palestinian self-rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. A follow-up accord was signed in 1995. However, key issues such as Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the status of Jerusalem, were left unresolved. 2006: Hamas elected in Gaza Israel withdrew its troops from Gaza in 2005. The Palestinian militant group Hamas wins legislative elections the next year, leading to political strains with the more moderate Fatah party controlling the West Bank. 2017: U.S. recognizes Jerusalem as capital The Donald Trump administration recognizes Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and announces that it plans to shift the U.S. Embassy from Tel Aviv, stirring outrage from Palestinians. 2023: Recent events:- January 2023: Israeli forces raid the Palestinian city of Jenin, killing nine people in a shootout. Summer 2023: Retaliatory attacks flare Israel launches surprise airstrikes across the Gaza Strip in May. October 2023: Israel is attacked by Hamas. Prime Minister of Israel, Netanyahu formally declared war on Hamas on Oct. 8 following a surprise assault by Hamas militants that came a day after the 50th anniversary of the start of the 1973 Yom Kippur War. MUST READ: India-Israel Industrial R&D & Technological Innovation Fund (I4F) SOURCE: HINDUSTAN TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following is a part of the Congo Basin? (2023) Cameroon Nigeria South Sudan Uganda Q.2) With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022) A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Chungthang dam Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY/DISASTER MANAGEMENT Context: The recent breach in the Chungthang dam breach hit the milk supply in Sikkim. Background:- Neighbouring Bihar stopped milk supply to Sikkim as the climate-change-induced flood-damaged roads in the state, causing supply chain disruptions. (National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)). Flash floods occurred in north Sikkim after the South Lhonak Lake burst due to incessant rains. Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF): A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a type of catastrophic flood that occurs when the dam containing a glacial lake fails, releasing a large volume of water. This type of flood is typically caused by the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Dengue Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Bihar witnesses 371 fresh cases of Dengue in 24 hours. Background:- Last month, Bihar officially reported a distressing tally of a dozen deaths attributed to dengue. About Dengue:- IMAGE SOURCE: Top 10 Home Remedies Dengue is a vector-borne disease. Caused by: dengue virus (DENV). Transmission: It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female Aedes Aegypti mosquito. The mosquito becomes infected when it feeds on the blood of a person infected with the virus. There are 4 serotypes of the virus that cause dengue. These are known as DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person. Most cases occur in tropical areas of the world, including the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Southern China, Taiwan, the Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, Mexico, Africa, and Central, and South America. It is more common in tropical and subtropical climates. It is mostly in urban and semi-urban areas. As per WHO, about half of the world’s population is now at risk of dengue with an estimated 100–400 million infections occurring each year. Symptoms:- High fever (40°C/104°F) Severe headache Pain behind the eyes Muscle and joint pains Nausea Vomiting Swollen glands Rash. Treatment Most cases of dengue fever can be treated at home with pain medicine. Prevention:- DNA Vaccines: DNA vaccines are often referred to as third-generation vaccines. (Dengue and DNA vaccines) Wear protective clothing. Use mosquito repellent. Reduce mosquito habitat. MUST READ: Zika Virus Disease SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) ‘Wolbachia method’ is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following? (2023) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes Converting crop residues into packing material Producing biodegradable plastics Producing biochar from the thermos-chemical conversion of biomass Q.2) With reference to recent developments regarding ‘Recombinant vector Vaccines’, consider the following statements: (2021) Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines. Bacteria and viruses are used as vectors. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNANCE Context: The Secretary of, the Department of Finance Services (DFS) chaired the stakeholder’s meeting on the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) recently. Background:- Dr Vivek Joshi, Secretary, Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, chaired a Stakeholders meeting on the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) in the presence of Dr M. P. Tangirala, Addl. Secretary, DFS, Chairman, NABARD; Managing Director, National Housing Board (NHB); Finance Secretaries and other senior officers from State and UT Governments. About Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF):- Establishment: 1995-96. Implementing Agency: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development(NABARD). Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) was instituted in NABARD with an announcement in the Union Budget 1995-96. Objective: giving low-cost fund support to State Govts. and State Owned Corporations for quick completion of ongoing projects relating to medium and minor irrigation, soil conservation, watershed management and other forms of rural infrastructure. Funding: The Fund is maintained by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development(NABARD). NABARD:- Establishment: 1982. Ministry: Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It was created by transferring the agricultural credit functions of RBI and refinance functions of the then Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). Consequent to the revision in the composition of share capital between the Government of India and RBI. NABARD today is fully owned by the Government of India. It is an apex regulatory body for the overall regulation of regional rural banks and apex cooperative banks in India. It is active in developing and implementing financial inclusion. Financed Activities:- The activities to be financed under RIDF as classified under three broad categories namely:- Agriculture and related sectors (Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)) Social sector (Rural Healthcare system) Rural connectivity. Eligible Institutions:- State Governments / Union Territories State Owned Corporations / State Govt. Undertakings State Govt. Sponsored / Supported Organisations Panchayat Raj Institutions/Self Help Groups (SHGs)/ NGOs Mode of Finance:- NABARD releases the sanctioned amount on a reimbursement basis except for the initial mobilization advance @30% to North Eastern & Hilly States and 20% for other States. Quantum of Loan and Margin/Borrower Contribution:- The project for rural connectivity, social and agri-related sectors, is eligible for loans from 80 to 95% of the project cost. Cost escalation proposals for certain genuine reasons are considered within two years of sanction. Rate of interest:- With effect from 01 April 2012, the interest rates payable to banks on deposits placed with NABARD and loans disbursed by NABARD from RIDF have been linked to the Bank Rate prevailing at that point in time. Repayment period:- Loan to be repaid in equal annual instalments within seven years from the date of withdrawal, including a grace period of two years. The interest shall be paid at the end of each quarter i.e. 31 March, 30 June, 30 September and 31 December every year, including a grace period. Penal Interest:- Interest on the overdue interest amount is to be paid at the same rate as applicable to the principal amount. Security for Loan:- Loans sanctioned would be secured by the irrevocable letter of authority/mandate registered with Reserve Bank of India/any other Scheduled Commercial Bank, Time promissory Note (TPN), Execution of unconditional Guarantee from State Governments (Additionally required for support to State Government sponsored organisations, etc.) and acceptance of terms and conditions of sanction in the duplicate copy of the sanction letter. Phasing of RIDF projects:- The implementation phase for projects sanctioned is spread over 2-5 years, varying with the type of the project and also the location of the State. MUST READ: Cooperative Sector Reforms SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider · the following statements in respect of the Constitution Day : (2023) Statement-I : Constitution Day is celebrated on 26th November every year to promote constitutional values among citizens. Statement-II: On 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India· set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI 5.0) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI 5.0), a campaign of the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare will conclude all 3 rounds on 14th October 2023. About Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI 5.0):- Launch:2023. Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Objective: to enhance immunization coverage for all vaccines provided under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) as per the National Immunization Schedule (NIS). It is the flagship routine immunization campaign of the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. (Mission Indradhanush) Salient Features:- The campaign will be conducted across the country during the months of August, September and October this year. During these three rounds, children of the 0-5 years age group and pregnant women, who have missed any dose of vaccine as per the National Immunization Schedule ( NIS), will be vaccinated. This year, for the first time the campaign is being conducted across all the districts in the country and includes children up to 5 years of age (Previous campaigns included children up to 2 years of age). Government of India is committed to achieving the target of Measles-Rubella Elimination ( MR Elimination) by December 2023 and the Intensified Mission Indradhanush 5.0 program is a major step toward achieving this goal. (India’s plan to eradicate measles, rubella) Every state/ UT, has been given a target of 95% for both MR doses (MR1, MR2) and 2 per lac population for Non Measles Non Rubella ( NMNR) Discard Rate, by GOI. Chandigarh has already achieved 103% ( MR1) , 95%(MR2) and 6 per Lac( NMNR Discard Rate). IMI 5.0 is being conducted in three rounds i.e., 7 -12 August, 11-16 September, and 9-14 October 2023 i.e., 6 days in a month with the inclusion of a Routine Immunization Day. All States/UTs except Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Punjab will conclude all three rounds of the IMI 5.0 campaign by 14 October 2023. As of 30th September 2023, over 34,69,705 children and 6,55,480 pregnant women were administered vaccine doses during the first 2 rounds of the IMI 5.0 campaign across the country. Significance:- IMI 5.0 ensures that routine immunization services reach the missed-out and dropped-out children and pregnant women across the country. MUST READ: mRNA Vaccine SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: (2023) It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents and pregnant women. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth. It provides for periodic deworming. to children and adolescents. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) ‘Wolbachia method’ is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following?  (2023) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes Converting crop residues into packing material Producing biodegradable plastics Producing biochar from. thermochemical conversion of biomass Indian Coast Guard (ICG) Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) conducted the 21st National Maritime Search and Rescue Board (NMSAR) meeting recently. Key highlights of the 21st NMSAR meeting:- Date: 12 October 2023. Venue: Kolkata. The meeting was chaired by Director General Rakesh Pal, ICG in his capacity as Chairman, of the NMSAR Board. ICG is the coordinating and executing agency for Maritime Search and Rescue in the Indian Search and Rescue Region. NMSAR Board:- It was formed in 2002 and since the Board meeting is being held annually. To discuss policy issues, formulate guidelines/ procedures and consider recommendations for reviewing the National Search and Rescue plan. During the meeting, National Search and Rescue (SAR) awards for the year 2022-23 were also presented. The United Kingdom Flag vessel MV Furious was awarded in the merchant vessel category. Indian Fishing Boat New Aparajita from West Bengal was awarded in the fishing boat category. ICG Ship Sujeet & ICG Air Squadron 835 Sqn(CG) in Govt owned SAR unit category. Gujrat Maritime Board and INMCC received the award in the ashore unit category. About the Indian Coast Guard (ICG):- Establishment: 1978. Ministry: Ministry Of Defence. HQ: New Delhi, Delhi It was established in August 1978 by the Coast Guard Act, 1978 as an independent armed force of India. It is the fourth largest Coast Guard in the world. For effective command and control, the Maritime Zones of India are divided into five Coast Guard Regions, namely, North-West, West, East, North-East and Andaman & Nicobar, with the respective Regional Headquarters located at Gandhinagar, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Port Blair. Historical Background:- The concept of forming ICG came into being after the 1971 war. The blueprint for a multidimensional Coast Guard was conceived by the visionary Rustamji Committee. Objectives and Functions:- To protect our ocean and offshore wealth including oil, fish and minerals. To assist mariners in distress and safeguard life and property at sea. (Indian Coast Guard Ships (ICGS)) To enforce maritime laws with respect to sea, poaching, smuggling and narcotics. To preserve marine environment and ecology and protect rare species. To collect scientific data and back up the Navy during war. To Prevent and Control of Marine Pollution. To ensure the safety and Protection of Artificial Islands and Offshore Terminals MUST READ: Defence Acquisition Council SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Home Guards, consider the following statements: (2023) Home Guards are raised under the Home Guards Act and Rules of the Central Government. The role of the Home Guards is to serve as an auxiliary force to the police in the maintenance of internal security. To prevent infiltration on the international border/ coastal areas, the Border Wing Home Guards Battalions have been raised in some states. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Global Hunger Index 2023 Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT INDICES Context: Global Hunger Index 2023 was released recently. Key Highlights:- IMAGE SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH The 2023 GHI shows that, after many years of advancement up to 2015, progress against hunger worldwide remains largely at a standstill. As the effects of crises multiply and intensify, more and more people are experiencing severe hunger, with the situation expected to worsen throughout the year. South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are the global regions characterized by the most severe hunger levels, both holding a GHI score of 27, signifying a serious state of hunger. India topped the list of countries with the highest child-wasting rate in the world, at 18.7 per cent, reflecting acute undernutrition. The country’s child wasting rate is higher than that of conflict-ridden Yemen (at 14.4 per cent) and Sudan at (13.7 per cent), which hold the second and third positions, respectively India has been ranked at the 111th position out of 124 countries, with neighbouring Pakistan (102th), Bangladesh (81st), Nepal (69th) and Sri Lanka (60th) faring better than it in the index. The country slipped four notches from its 107th position in 2022. Child wasting: refers to the share of children under age five who have low weight for their height. Indian government’s stand: The Indian government has questioned the methodology of GHI. Initiatives taken by the government:- National Food Security Act, 2013: It legally entitled up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population to receive subsidized food grains under the Targeted Public Distribution System. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme: Launched on 2nd October 1975, the ICDS Scheme offers a package of six services (Supplementary Nutrition, preschool non-formal education, Nutrition & health education, Immunization, Health check-up and Referral services) to children in the age group of 0-6 years, pregnant women and lactating mothers. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana: A centrally sponsored scheme executed by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, is a maternity benefit programme being implemented in all districts of the country with effect from 1st January 2017. POSHAN Abhiyan: Launched in 2018, it aims to reduce stunting, undernutrition, and anaemia (among young children, women and adolescent girls). Food Fortification: Food Fortification or Food Enrichment is the addition of key vitamins and minerals such as iron, iodine, zinc, and Vitamin A & D to staple foods such as rice, milk and salt to improve their nutritional content. About Global Hunger Index 2023:- Time period: Annual. Published by: Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool for comprehensively measuring and tracking hunger at global, regional, and national levels. GHI scores are based on the values of four component indicators: Undernourishment: the share of the population with insufficient caloric intake. Child stunting: the share of children under age five who have low height for their age, reflecting chronic undernutrition. Child wasting: the share of children under age five who have low weight for their height, reflecting acute undernutrition. Child mortality: the share of children who die before their fifth birthday, partly reflecting the fatal mix of inadequate nutrition and unhealthy environments. Based on the values of the four indicators, a GHI score is calculated on a 100-point scale. The scale reflects the severity of hunger, where 0 is the best possible score (no hunger) and 100 is the worst. Each country’s GHI score is classified by severity, from low to extremely alarming. (Understanding the Global Hunger Index) MUST READ: Food security SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following infrastructure sectors : (2023) Affordable housing Mass rapid transport Health care Renewable energy On how many of the above does the UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative focus on its investments? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in  the context of interventions being  undertaken under the Anaemia Mukt  Bharat Strategy : (2023) It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents and pregnant women. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Kawar Lake Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recent reports show that Bihar’s Kawar Lake has been neglected and is on the brink of drying up. Background:- While Bihar has many wetlands, only one is recognized Kawar Lake. About Kawar Lake:- Location: Begusarai, Bihar. It is also known as Gokhur Lake or Kabartal Wetland. It is a residual oxbow lake formed by the changing course of the River Gandak. It is the largest freshwater oxbow lake in Asia. It was declared a Ramsar site in August 2020. (COP14 of Ramsar Convention on Wetlands) It was declared a notified area under the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972. To check the poaching of birds, it was declared a protected zone by the Bihar state government in 1986. The government of India declared it a bird sanctuary in 1989. It is one of the most important wetlands for waterfowl in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It supports huge numbers of migratory ducks and Coot through the winter, as well as large concentrations of resident species such as ruficollis and Asian Openbill. The lake has been home to 58 migratory birds. It served as an important stopover along the Central Asian Flyway with at least 58 migratory water birds. Threats:- Encroachment Conflicts between farmers and fisherfolk Illegal activities exacerbate the degradation. The lake has been experiencing a steady decrease in water levels since 2010. The lake faces challenges due to policy implementation gaps, illegal activities like migratory bird hunting, and a lack of effective conservation measures. About Gandak River:- It is a tributary of the The Gandaki River system lies in the central part of Nepal. Its river

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Operation Ajay Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Two more flights Under Operation Ajay arrived in India carrying Indian nationals from war-torn Israel recently. Background:- More than 900 Indians brought back home from war-torn Israel. About Operation Ajay:- Beginning: 12 October 2023. Objective: the government will bring back its citizens through special chartered flights. Operation Ajay is a mission aimed at repatriating Indian citizens who were residing in Israel. The Indian government will be sending special chartered flights to repatriate citizens from Israel and Palestine. Indian Navy ships may also be sent if the need arises. Current Situation in Israel:- Israel continued its strikes against Hamas militants in Gaza, in response to a brutal assault in Israel by Hamas recently. So far, 2,300 lives have been lost on both sides. (ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT) The situation continues to be grim. Diaspora:- Around 18,000 Indians are currently in Israel. Of these, most of them are caregivers. There are also about 1,000 students, several IT professionals and diamond traders. At least 17 Indians are stranded in Palestine, which includes aid workers and those who went there for business. Communication helplines:- The Indian embassy in Israel communicates with registered Indian citizens through email, providing instructions and updates for subsequent flights. The Ministry of External Affairs has set up a 24-hour control room to monitor the ongoing developments. In addition, the Embassy of India in Tel Aviv has set up a 24-hour emergency helpline, which can be accessed. Further, the Representative Office of India in Ramallah has also set up a 24-hour emergency helpline. Significance: – Operation Ajay Acts as a model for effective and flexible evacuation procedures, guaranteeing the safety of people during trying circumstances. (Vande Bharat Mission and International Cooperation) MUST READ: Operation Sadbhavana SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Home Guards, consider the following statements: (2023) Home Guards are raised under the Home Guards Act and Rules of the Central Government. The role of the Home Guards is to serve as an auxiliary force to the police in the maintenance of internal security. To prevent infiltration on the international border/ coastal areas, the Border Wing Home Guards Battalions have been raised in some states. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries? (2019) Japan Russia The United Kingdom The United States of America Rasmussen’s encephalitis Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, doctors Shut down Half of a girl’s Brain to halt the rare disease Rasmussen’s encephalitis. Background:- To help a sick girl named Brianna Bodley, doctors at Loma Linda University Health in California turned off one half of her brain. This was because she had a condition called Rasmussen’s encephalitis, which causes swelling in the brain. About Rasmussen’s encephalitis:- IMAGE SOURCE: About.com Health Rasmussen’s encephalitis is an extremely rare, chronic inflammatory neurological disease. The patient usually experiences frequent episodes of uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that cause epileptic seizures (epilepsy) and progressive cerebral destruction. (Rare Diseases) With time, further symptoms may include:- progressive weakness of one side of the body (hemiparesis), language problems (if on the left side of the brain) and intellectual disabilities. Cause: The exact cause of this disorder is not known. The two leading ideas are that brain inflammation might be a reaction of a foreign antigen (infection) or an autoimmune disease limited to one side of the brain resulting in brain damage. Age Group:- It occurs mostly, but not always, in children between the ages of two and ten years. In many patients the course of the disease is most severe during the first 8 to 12 months. After the peak inflammatory response is reached, the progression of this disorder appears to slow or stop, and the patient is left with permanent neurological deficits. It often results in permanent disabilities such as epilepsy, paralysis, and cognitive problems. The severity varies among individuals. (Disease Surveillance System) Treatment:- Antiseizure Medications: These medications are often used to manage seizures, although they might not completely eliminate them. Immunotherapy: Early use of immunotherapy may help control seizures or prevent further immune-related brain damage. Brain Surgery (Hemispherectomy): It involves the removal or disconnection of half of the patient’s brain from the rest of the brain. MUST READ: Rare disease ‘GNB1 Encephalopathy SOURCE: CNN PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: (2023) It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents, and pregnant women. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies, and fluorosis. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements: (2021) Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from the mother and not from the father. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 BlueWalker 3 satellite Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent observations taken within weeks of its launch showed the BlueWalker 3 satellite was among the brightest objects in the sky. Background:- According to a new study, is as bright as the brightest stars in the 89 constellations of Canis Minor and Eridanus. About BlueWalker 3 satellite:- Launched: 9:20 p.m. ET Launch date: 10 September 2022. BlueWalker 3 is a prototype satellite. (NASA and ISRO collaborate on satellite NISAR) It is part of a satellite constellation planned by its owner AST SpaceMobile (a U.S.-based company). It

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Special Campaign 3.0 initiative Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: The Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation undertook the Special Campaign 3.0 initiative recently. Background:- The activities relating to cleanliness, review & simplification of rules & procedures, review of the record management system, productive use of space, and disposal of waste materials for enhancing workplace experience are being undertaken. (Water Crisis in India) About Special Campaign 3.0 initiative:- Launched: 2nd October, 2023. Time period: from 2nd October, 2023 to 31st October, 2023. Ministry: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions. Nodal Agency: Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances. Background:- The Special Campaign 3.0 was preceded by a preparatory phase from 15th September to 30th September 2023. The launch ceremony was attended by nodal officers of Special Campaign 3.0, Nodal Officers of Public Grievances and Appellate Authorities in all the 84 Ministries/Departments of Government of India. Objectives of the Campaign are:- Digitization – Creation of Intra-Ministerial portals 100% digital receipts Efficient Management of Office Spaces – Use of Compactors Clearing of scrap Enhancement of Office Spaces – Creation of Wellness 4 Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances  Centres Improvement of Office Corridors Environment-friendly Practices – Automatic power systems EV charging stations Inclusivity Measures – Enabling washrooms/Elevators/ Ramps for differently-abled persons Washroom for ladies Salient Features:- Special Campaign 3.0 focuses on Swachhata and Reducing Pendency in Government Offices with a saturation approach. It will focus on field/outstation offices responsible for service delivery or having a public interface in addition to the Ministries/Departments and their attached/subordinate offices. The Special Campaign 3.0 will be conducted in all Central Ministries / Departments, and attached/subordinate offices of the Government of India. The Preparatory part of the Special Campaign 3.0 will commence with the launch of the Special Campaign 3.0 portal and will continue till September 30, 2023. During this Ministries/Departments will identify the pendency in selected categories and finalize the campaign sites. The website https://scdpm.nic.in is a dedicated web portal for monitoring Special Campaign 3.0. All Ministries / Departments shall report monitored data on this website which is a single digital platform. The campaign thrust areas are MP’s References, Parliamentary Assurances, PMO Inter-departmental Memos, Inter-Ministerial Consultation References, State Government References, Public Grievances, Public Grievance Appeals, Record Management Practices, Swachhata Campaign sites and Scrap Disposal. The Special Campaign 3.0 portal will open for updation of achievements data for the campaign on October 2nd -31st and will be closed on November 5th, 2023. A third-party evaluation will be undertaken from November 14th -30th, 2023. DARPG has created Hashtag #SpecialCampaign3.0 for Social Media Posts. MUST READ: Swachh Bharat 2.0 SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements: (2022) Private and public hospitals must adopt it. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately. It has seamless portability across the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother a minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Chilobrachys natanicharum Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT ANT ECOLOGY Context: Recently, a new species of tarantula Chilobrachys natanicharum was recently found. around the mangrove forest of Thailand. About Chilobrachys natanicharum:- Family: Theraphosidae. It’s the first tarantula ever identified living in Thailand’s mangroves. The spider had been known for some time in the exotic spider trade. It is referred to as the Electric Blue Tarantula. Tarantulas are a type of large, hairy spider belonging to the family Theraphosidae. “Blue is one of the rarest colours to appear in nature, which makes blue colouration in animals particularly fascinating. The Tarantula derives its colours not from the presence of any blue pigmentation but rather from “the unique structure of their hair, which incorporates nanostructures that manipulate light to create this striking blue appearance. These hairs are present on various parts of the spider’s body, including its legs, pincer-like mouth appendages, and upper shell. The electric blue tarantula demonstrates remarkable adaptability. (Money Spider and Ant-mimicking Spider) These tarantulas can thrive in arboreal (within tree hollows) as well as terrestrial burrows in evergreen forests. However, when it comes to mangrove forests, their habitat is restricted to residing inside tree hollows due to the influence of tides. Significance:– Findings like these highlight the value of preserving these natural habitats, where unique species have carved out small but important ecological niches. MUST READ: Six spider species discovered SOURCE: SCIENCE ALERT PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following organisms ·perform the waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food? (2023) Butterflies Dragonflies Honeybees Wasps Q.2) Consider the following fauna : (2023) Lion-tailed Macaque Malabar Civet Sambar Deer How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset? Only one Only two All three None Appreciation of currency Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: The rupee appreciated by 5 paise to 83.22 against the US dollar recently. Background:- At the interbank foreign exchange, the rupee opened at 83.24 against the dollar and then touched an early high of 83.22. About Appreciation of currency:- It is an increase in the value of one currency in relation to another currency in a floating exchange rate system. Causes: Currencies appreciate against each other for a variety of reasons, including government policy, interest rates, trade balances and business cycles. Impact on trade: Currency appreciation discourages a country’s export activity as its products and services become costlier to buy. Factors affecting appreciation:- Appreciation is directly

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A recently conducted massive review found that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is more prevalent in adults than previously realized. Background:- A new estimate of the global prevalence of adult ADHD suggests the condition could be more common than previously realized. About Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD):- IMAGE SOURCE: counselling Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a mental health condition that includes challenges relating to inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity to the point that it interferes with everyday life. ADHD is one of the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurodevelopmental disorders: a condition that has its onset in the developmental period and impacts how the brain works. It affects around 5% of school-aged children. Adults also can be diagnosed with ADHD. (Mental Healthcare: Issues & solutions) Around two-thirds of children with ADHD continue to experience symptoms as adults. Signs and Symptoms:- Frequent forgetfulness Daydreaming and the appearance of not listening Trouble staying on task Disorganization Avoidance of tasks that require focus Trouble sitting still, fidgeting, and squirming Excessive talking Risky behaviour Carelessness, or lack of attention to details A pattern of making mistakes Trouble getting along with other kids Difficulty taking turns Causes ADHD:- The causes of ADHD are not well understood, although there is research that suggests that genetics likely play an important role. Treatment:- ADHD is typically treated with behavioral therapy, medication, or both. (Adderall drug) MUST READ: Mental Health SOURCE: SCIENCE ALERT PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of probiotics: (2022) Probiotics are made of both bacteria and yeast. The organisms in probiotics are found in foods we ingest but they do not naturally occur in our gut. Probiotics help in the digestion of milk sugars. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only 1 and 3 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body? (2022) They protect the environmental allergens. body They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation. They act as immunosuppressants in the body. They protect the body from the diseases caused by pathogens. VB_HmeY_H4907 Syllabus     Prelims – ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY/ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A new virus VB_HmeY_H4907 was discovered recently. Background:- It was discovered at Mariana Trench, the lowest point of earth, nearly 11,000 meters below the surface of the Pacific Ocean. Marine virologists analyzed sediment and identified a new bacteriophage. About VB_HmeY_H4907:- vB_HmeY_H4907 is a newly discovered virus. It has been classified as a Bacteriophage. A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria and replicates inside it. It is often referred to as a “bacteria eater.” They also infect the single-celled prokaryotic organisms known as archaea. This virus infects halophilic bacteria, which are bacteria that inhabit environments with high salt concentrations. These bacteria belong to the genus Halomonas and are commonly found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The virus is actually very genetically similar to its host and is a lysogenic phage. It means that it inserts its genetic material into the bacteria but usually doesn’t kill it instead, both virus and bacteria replicate at the same time. MUST READ: Zika Virus Disease SOURCE: BUSINESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements:(2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. The Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2)Consider the following : (2022) Bacteria Fungi Virus Which of the above can be cultured in an artificial/ synthetic medium? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Exclusome Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, Cell biologists identified a new organelle called exclusome. Background:- Researchers at ETH Zurich recently identified a previously unknown compartment in mammalian cells. They have named it the exclusome. About Exclusome:- It is present in mammalian cells made of rings of DNA. It is made up of DNA rings known as plasmids. It lies in the cell plasma. It is exceptional because eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei) usually keep most of their DNA in the cell nucleus, where it is organized into chromosomes. The exclusome primarily comprises plasmids, which are circular DNA molecules. These can replicate independently of chromosomes. They are usually found in bacteria and other microscopic organisms. Some of these plasmids are derived from external sources, while others are called telomeric rings as they originate from the telomeres or capped ends of chromosomes. These plasmids lack the genetic instructions required for protein synthesis. This sets them apart from chromosomal DNA. (DNA Technology Regulation Bill) MUST READ: The Human Genome Project SOURCE: THE SCIENCE TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2022) Aarogya Setu COWIN DigiLocker DIKSHA Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) What is the cas9 protein that is often mentioned in the news? (2019) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing. A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients. A gene that makes plants pest-resistant A herbicidal substance synthesized in generally modified crops CHAKRAVAT 2023 Syllabus Prelims –Defense Context: Recently, the Annual Joint HADR Exercise 2023 (AJHE-23) ‘CHAKRAVAT 2023’ concluded in Goa. Background:- It concluded with a Multi-Agency Capability Demonstration at Mole Berth, within the Port of Mormugao. About CHAKRAVAT 2023:- Hosted by: Indian Navy. (Exercise ‘Varuna’ 2023) Date: 09-11 October 23. Venue: Goa. First edition: 2015. CHAKRAVAT is an Annual Joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief HADR Exercise (AJHE). The exercise has been conducted by the Indian Army, Indian Navy (IN) and Indian

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) KatiBihu Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: The Prime Minister, Modi extended his best wishes on the auspicious occasion of KatiBihu. About KatiBihu:- Bihu is the collective name of 3 Assam festivals (all held in the state of Assam): Rongali Bihu or Bohag Bihu (mid-April), Kati Bihu or Kongaali Bihu (mid-October) and Magh Bihu or Bhogaali Bihu (mid-January). Kati Bihu is celebrated on the first day of the ‘Kati’ month in the Assamese calendar which usually falls somewhere in mid-October. This year, it is observed on October 18. Kati means to cut and during this time the rice-sapling is relocated. It is also called the Kangali Bihu — from ‘kangali,’ meaning ‘poor’ because by this time of year, the house of an ordinary family is without food grains, as the stock is usually consumed before the next harvest. The festival marks the relocation of the rice crop and the beginning of the fresh harvest season. Kati Bihu is an observation of service, penance, and the hope for a better future. The festival is celebrated across the state of Assam. Lamps are lit outside the homes, and a pathway of bamboo is constructed as a trail for the ancestors. The main lamp is placed in the courtyard where the Tulsi plant is present. The Tulsi plant is cleaned for the festival and is kept on an earthen platform called “Tulsi Bheti.” People make offerings and pray to Goddess Tulsi for the well-being of their family and to have a good harvest. ( Bihu) People also light a special lamp called “Akash Banti” (Sky candle) in their paddy fields. The festival is celebrated for the entire month of Kati. MUST READ: Kathakali dance SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (2017) It is a song and dance performance Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1, 2 and 3 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1 only Q.2) With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider the following statements: (2014) Sattriya is a combination of music, dance and drama It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir and Mirabai Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: The role of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) for India was scrutinized recently. Indian Ocean Region:- A third of the world’s population (2.6 billion people) live in the region. 80% of global oil trade, 50% of the world’s containerized cargo and 33% of its bulk cargo passes through it. The region produces a combined total of $1 trillion in goods and services and intra-IORA trade is billed at around $800 billion. India’s other regional organizations, like SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) and BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), face their own challenges. While the QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue), has made progress, it remains U.S.-led, along with military allies Australia and Japan. China is actively trying to rope in India’s neighbours with groupings like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China-Indian Ocean Region Forum on Development Cooperation, China-South Asian Countries Poverty Alleviation and Cooperative Development Centre, which exclude India. This makes IORA significant for India. About Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA):- Establishment: 1997. Secretariat: Cyber City, Ebène, Mauritius. Objective: to ensure the sustainable development of the Indian Ocean region. The IORA is an intergovernmental organization. It was formerly known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative and the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC). Membership: It comprises 23 member states and 11 dialogue partners hailing from regions surrounding the Indian Ocean. Members: Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, French Republic, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, the Maldives, and Yemen. In 2014, India hosted the first Indian Ocean Dialogue in Kochi, Kerala. Structure:- IORA’s apex body is the Council of Foreign Ministers (COM) which meets annually. It is the highest decision-making body of IORA. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) assumed the role of Chair from November 2019 – November 2021, followed by the People’s Republic of Bangladesh from November 2021 – November 2023. A committee of Senior Officials (CSO) meets twice a year to progress IORA’s agenda and consider recommendations by Working Groups and forums of officials, business and academics. Functions:- It manages, coordinates, services and monitors the implementation of policy decisions, work programmes and projects adopted by the member states. Strengthen regional cooperation and promote sustainable development within the Indian Ocean region. Development through economic cooperation. Focus Areas:- Maritime Security (GREEN MARITIME SECTOR) Trade and Investment Facilitation Fisheries Management Disaster Risk Reduction Academic and Scientific Cooperation (Indian Ocean Naval Symposium) Tourism Promotion and Cultural Exchanges Blue Economy Significance:- The association gains importance by the fact that the Indian Ocean carries half of the world’s container ships, one-third of the world’s bulk cargo traffic and two-thirds of the world’s oil shipments. It is a lifeline of international trade and transport and the Indian Ocean region is woven together by trade routes and commands control of major sea lanes. MUST READ:  International Maritime Exercise SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. GSLV Mk III

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Air Quality Index (AQI) Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, Mumbai’s overall Air Quality Index (AQI) touched 191, which was worse than Delhi’s 84. Background:- The SAFAR app on Monday showed AQI levels in multiple pockets of Mumbai going down to the “poor” category, with most of these pockets being in the suburban belt of the city. About Air Quality Index (AQI):- IMAGE SOURCE: aqi. in Air Quality Index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies to measure air pollution levels and communicate it to the population. (Air pollution) There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe. Each of these categories is decided based on ambient concentration values of air pollutants and their likely health impacts (known as health breakpoints). AQ sub-index and health breakpoints are evolved for eight pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) for which short-term (up to 24-hours) National Ambient Air Quality Standards are prescribed. As the AQI increases, it means that a large percentage of the population will experience severe adverse health effects. The measurement of the AQI requires an air monitor and an air pollutant concentration over a specified averaging period. The results are grouped into ranges. Each range is assigned a descriptor, a colour code and a standardized public health advisory. The pollution sources in India and in most Asian countries are numerous and incompletely understood. In Delhi, for example, it comes mostly from light and heavy-duty vehicle traffic emissions, road dust, solid fuel combustion for heating and cooking, biomass, waste burning, thermal power plants, diesel generators, construction and small-scale local industries. ( Delhi and Air Pollution) Government Initiatives:- The National Air Quality Index Standard (NAQI): It was launched by The Minister for Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Shri Prakash Javadekar, on 17 September 2014. The initiative constitutes part of the Government’s mission to introduce the “culture of cleanliness”, as air pollution has been a huge concern in the country, especially in urban areas The National Air Monitoring Program (NAMP): it covers 240 cities in the country, has been operated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT), providing data in the public domain, on a real-time basis. System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) Portal. Graded Response Action Plan. Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Reducing Vehicular Pollution: BS-VI Vehicles, Push for Electric Vehicles (EVs), Odd-Even Policy as an emergency measure. Subsidy to farmers for buying Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Machine. MUST READ:: Initiatives and Measures for Prevention of Air Pollution SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2023) Aerosols Foam agents Fire retardants Lubricants In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) In the context of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, consider the following statements: (2022) The 24-hour mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 15 ug/m3 and annual mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 5 ug/m3. In a year, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during periods of inclement weather. PM10 can penetrate the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream. Excessive ozone in the air can trigger asthma. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1, 3 and 4 1 and 4 only 2, 3 and 4 1 and 2 only Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently inaugurated the country’s first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) called Namo Bharat in Ghaziabad. Background:- It is capable of running at speeds up to 180 km/hour which will eventually cut the journey time between Delhi and Meerut to less than an hour. About Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS):- IMAGE SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Launched: October, 2023. Constructed by: The National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC). NCRTC: It is a joint venture company of the Central government and the governments of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Objective: to ensure “balanced and sustainable urban development” through better connectivity and access across the NCR. It is a state-of-the-art regional mobility solution, comparable to the best in the world. Historical Background:- The idea of such a network lies in a study that the Indian Railways was commissioned to carry out in the year 1998-99. The study identified the possibility of an RRTS network to connect various locations in the NCR through fast commuter trains. The proposal was re-examined in the year 2006 with the extension of the Delhi Metro lines to some NCR towns such as Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad. It was soon taken up by the National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB) while developing its “Functional Plan on Transport for NCR-2032”. Salient Features:- Rapid Transit System (RRTS) is also known as Namo Bharat. It is an integrated, mass transit network. The RRTS is modelled on systems such as the RER in Paris, Regional-Express trains in Germany and Austria as well as the SEPTA Regional Rail in the United States, among others. In line with PM GatiShakti’s National Master Plan, the RRTS network is to have extensive multi-modal integration with Railway stations, Metro stations, Bus services etc. Eight corridors will be developed under the project, of which three are being constructed under phase I: the 82-km Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut, the 164-km Delhi-Gurugram-SNB-Alwar, and the 103-km Delhi-Panipat corridors. The corridors to be developed in future include Delhi – Faridabad – Ballabgarh – Palwal; Ghaziabad – Khurja; Delhi – Bahadurgarh – Rohtak; Ghaziabad-Hapur; and Delhi-Shahadra-Baraut. Advantages:- The development of RRTS will boost economic activity. (National Rail Plan for Infrastructure Capacity Enhancement) It will provide improved access to employment, education & healthcare opportunities. It will help in the significant reduction of air pollution. The RRTS network is faster than the Metro. It will cater to commuters who want to travel relatively longer distances across the NCR in a short time. MUST READ: Rail Kaushal Vikas Yojana SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS