Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Rhodamine B Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: On February 17, Tamil Nadu banned the sale of cotton candy or candy floss after analysis confirmed the presence of Rhodamine-B.Since then, the Karnataka Government has banned the use of harmful colouring agents in cotton candy and Gobi Manchurian. Background:- When taken even in small quantities for many years, Rhodamine B can cause a lot of health problems including cancers. About Rhodamine B:-   Rhodamine-B is a fluorescent dye used in cosmetics, textile and leather industries. It gives you brilliant pinks, greens and blues. Unfortunately, it is used as a food colouring agent not only in cotton candy but also in the preparation of sweets, various manchurian items and pakodas and in the preparation of sauces for Chinese food. Rhodamine-B has been routinely used in many coloured foods such as cotton candy to make it look appealing and attractive to young persons and children. Studies have shown that Rhodamine-B can cause cell death. In long-term use, it can damage the cerebellum tissue and brainstem. There is recent evidence that it damages the kidney, liver and increases the risk of stomach tumour. It is toxic to the human body and is a carcinogen. FSSAI has approved certain food colours and flavors as safe for consumption. These include: Caramel, Riboflavin (Lactoflavin), Saffron, Annatto, Curcumin (Turmeric), Carotene and carotenoids, including Beta-carotene, red colour from Ponceau 4R, Carmoisine, and Erythrosine, yellow colour (Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF), blue colour (Indigo Carmine and Brilliant Blue FCF) and green colour (Fast Green FCF). Source: The Hindu One Nation, One Election Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: The High-level Committee (HLC) on One Nation, One Election submitted its report to President Droupadi Murmu on Thursday (March 14) morning. Background: HLC was chaired by former president Ram Nath Kovind. What is meant by simultaneous elections? Simultaneous elections, popularly referred to as “One Nation, One Election”, means holding elections to Lok Sabha, all state Legislative Assemblies, and urban and rural local bodies (municipalities and panchayats) at the same time. Currently, all these elections are held independently of one another, following timelines dictated by the terms of every individual elected body. Simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and state assemblies used to happen in India until the fourth general elections of 1967. However, as successive central governments used constitutional provisions to dismiss state governments before the end of their term, and as coalition governments in the states and the Centre kept collapsing, country came to see elections at different times through the year. According to the HLC report, the country now sees five to six elections in a year — if municipalities and panchayat elections are also included, the number of elections will increase manifold. What is the need for holding simultaneous elections? Frequent elections burden the government exchequer with additional expenditure. If the expenditure incurred by political parties is also added, these figures will be even higher. Asynchronous elections cause uncertainty and instability, thwarting supply chains, business investments and economic growth. Disruption of government machinery due to asynchronous elections causes hardship to citizens. Frequent use of government officials and security forces adversely affect discharge of their duties. Frequent imposition of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) causes policy paralysis and slows down the pace of the developmental programmes. Staggered elections induce ‘voters’ fatigue’ and present a significant challenge in ensuring their participation. Important  recommendations of HLC AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION: The Constitution should be amended to enable simultaneous elections in two steps.In the first step, simultaneous elections will be held to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. For this, no ratification by the states will be required for the constitutional amendment.In the second step, elections to municipalities and the panchayats will be synchronised with elections to Lok Sabha and state Assemblies in such a way that local body elections are held within 100 days of the elections to Lok Sabha and state Assemblies. This will require ratification by not less than one-half of the states. SINGLE ELECTORAL ROLL AND ELECTION ID: For the purpose of preparation of single electoral roll and electoral photo identity cards for use in elections to all the three tiers of government, the Constitution should be amended, so that the Election Commission of India can prepare a single electoral roll and election ID in consultation with the State Election Commissions. These amendments will require ratification by not less than one-half of the states. SINGLE ELECTORAL ROLL AND ELECTION ID: For the purpose of preparation of single electoral roll and electoral photo identity cards for use in elections to all the three tiers of government, the Constitution should be amended, so that the Election Commission of India can prepare a single electoral roll and election ID in consultation with the State Election Commissions. These amendments will require ratification by not less than one-half of the states. Source: The Indian Express GLOBAL METHANE TRACKER 2024 Syllabus Prelims & Mains -Environment Context: Recently, International Energy Agency (IEA) has released Global Methane Tracker 2024. Background: The Global Methane Pledge, led by the US and EU, aims to slash methane emissions by 30% by 2030 About Global Methane Tracker The Global Methane Tracker is an annual report released by the International Energy Agency (IEA). It provides the most recent data on methane emissions from the energy sector, incorporating new scientific studies, measurement campaigns, and satellite-collected information. Key Highlights of the 2024 Report: Methane emissions from fuel use in 2023 were nearly the highest ever, at 120 million tonnes (Mt). This is a slight increase compared to 2022. Bioenergy, a renewable energy form generated by plant and animal waste, contributed an additional 10 million tons of emissions. Of the 120 Mt of methane released into the atmosphere, around 80 million tons came from just 10 countries. The United States led in methane emissions from oil and gas operations, closely followed by Russia. China led in emissions from coal operations. To achieve the Paris Agreement goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C, the world needs to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Democratic Republic of the Congo Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Over the past few weeks, many have died and hundreds of thousands displaced after the fighting between the Congolese army and Rwandan-backed M23 rebel group escalated. Background:- The growing tensions between Congo and Rwanda, which has been accused of supporting the rebels, have not only increased the risk of an all-out conflict but also pose a threat to food security for millions. About Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country in Central Africa. By land area, the DRC is the second-largest country in Africa.The country has a 25-mile (40-km) coastline on the Atlantic Ocean but is otherwise landlocked. It is named after the Congo River, which flows through the country.The national capital and largest city is Kinshasa. The country is often referred to by its acronym, the DRC, or called Congo (Kinshasa), with the capital added parenthetically, to distinguish it from the other Congo republic, which is officially called the Republic of the Congo and is often referred to as Congo (Brazzaville). The country is bordered by the Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (across Lake Tanganyika), Zambia, Angola and the South Atlantic Ocean. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in natural resources (It boasts vast deposits of industrial diamonds, cobalt, and copper) but has suffered from political instability, lack of infrastructure, corruption, and centuries of both commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation. Congo River The Congo River , formerly also known as the Zaire River, is the second-longest river in Africa, shorter only than the Nile, as well as the third-largest river in the world by discharge volume, following the Amazon and Ganges rivers. It is the world’s deepest recorded river, with measured depths of around 220 m. It is the only major river to cross the Equator twice. The river and its tributaries flow through the Congo rainforest, the second largest rainforest area in the world.It drains into the Atlantic Ocean. Source: The Hindu Ethanol 100 or E100 Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Shri Hardeep Singh Puri, Union Minister for Petroleum & Natural Gas and Housing and Urban Affairs, launched ‘ETHANOL 100. Background: ETHANOL 100 fuel has the potential to transform our transportation sector and reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. About Ethanol 100 OR E100: Contrary to popular belief, E100 fuel is not 100 percent ethanol. In accordance with specifications, E100 fuel includes 93-93.5 percent ethanol blended with 5 percent petrol and 1.5 percent co-solvent, which is a binder. Currently, E100 is priced the same as petrol — Rs 94.72/litre in Delhi, Rs 104.21/litre in Maharashtra and Rs 100.75/litre in Chennai. However, with wider adoption of the fuel, E100 will definitely be cheaper than petrol or diesel since ethanol is cheaper. In addition, the government’s keenness to provide a fillip to biofuels which help in crude oil import substitution is also likely to make it competitive in comparison to the conventional fuels. Ethanol is made from agricultural feedstock, which also provides income to farmers, making them a stakeholder in decarbonisation of the economy. E100 can be used as fuel in any flex fuel engine car. A flex fuel engine car is designed to run on a variety of fuels. It comes equipped with an internal combustion engine (ICE) which can run on petrol or ethanol or methanol, giving consumers choice at the point of sale of the fuel. ETHANOL 100 stands as a cleaner, greener alternative, boasting lower emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants, thus aiding in combating climate change and enhancing air quality. With its high-octane rating, typically between 100-105, ETHANOL100 proves ideal for high-performance engines, ensuring improved efficiency and power output all while minimizing environmental impact. Source: PSU WATCH FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION Syllabus Prelims- Environment Context: Recently, Fluoride contamination was detected in three districts of Kerala. Background: According to the State Environment department, the source of contamination is likely geogenic, meaning these constituents are naturally present in the rock or soil matrix and enter groundwater through various chemical processes. About FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION Fluoride contamination in water is a critical issue worldwide. While fluoride is essential for dental health at low concentrations, excessive exposure can lead to health problems. Key Points: Essential Element: Fluoride is naturally present in water and certain foods. It plays a crucial role in preventing tooth decay. Threshold: However, when fluoride levels exceed 1.5 mg/L, it becomes toxic to humans. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the maximum permissible limit of arsenic in groundwater meant for drinking is 0.01 mg/l, while the corresponding limit of fluoride is 1.0 mg/l, which can be extended to 1.5 mg/l in case no alternative source of water is available. Health Impacts: Dental Fluorosis: Excessive fluoride causes dental fluorosis, characterized by staining, pitting, and weakening of tooth enamel. Skeletal Fluorosis: Chronic exposure leads to skeletal fluorosis, affecting bones and joints. Neurological Effects: High fluoride levels may impact the nervous system. Sources of Contamination: Geochemical Reactions: Fluoride leaches from rocks and soil into groundwater. Geological Factors: High fluoride content in specific geological formations. Anthropogenic Factors: Industrial processes, fertilizers, and mining contribute to contamination. Preventive Measures: Water Treatment: Implementing effective water treatment methods to reduce fluoride levels. Monitoring: Regular monitoring of fluoride content in drinking water. Awareness: Educating communities about safe water practices. Alternative Sources: Providing alternative water sources in affected areas. Endemic Areas: Certain regions are endemic for fluorosis due to natural geological factors. Balancing Act: Balancing the benefits of fluoride for dental health with the risks of toxicity is crucial. Other Pollutants that Affect Water Quality: Arsenic reaches groundwater through industrial and mining discharges, as well as fly ash ponds from thermal power plants. Chronic exposure to arsenic-contaminated water may lead to diseases such as black foot disease, diarrhea, lung cancer, and skin cancer. Certain regions in India have localized occurrences of elevated uranium concentrations in groundwater. Other elements that act as water pollutants include mercury (causing Minamata disease), cadmium (associated with Itai-Itai disease and nephritis), chromium (linked to lung cancer and reduced photosynthetic activities in plants), copper (causing various health issues), zinc, and lead (associated with anaemia, mental retardation, and other health problems). Source:

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Rising sea surface temperature Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Environment Context: The average global sea surface temperature (SST) — the temperature of the water at the ocean surface — for February 2024 stood at 21.06 degree Celsius, the highest ever in a dataset that goes back to 1979. Background:- The previous record of 20.98 degree Celsius was set in August 2023. Why are the oceans getting warmer? Since the Industrial Revolution kicked off in the 19th Century, human activities such as burning fossil fuels have released high levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide are some of the notable GHGs, which essentially trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. As a result, the average global temperature has risen at least 1.2 degree Celsius above pre-industrial times. Notably, almost 90 per cent of the extra heat trapped by GHGs has been absorbed by the oceans, making them steadily warmer over the decades. There are other factors which have led to a spike in ocean temperatures. For instance, El Niño — a weather pattern that refers to an abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean — has contributed to both ocean warming and rising global surface temperatures. There is also less dust blowing off the Sahara Desert recently due to weaker-than-average winds. Typically, the dust forms a “giant umbrella that shades” the Atlantic water and reduces ocean temperatures. Why are rising sea surface temperatures a cause of worry? Higher ocean temperatures can have irreversible consequences for marine ecosystems. For instance, warmer oceans lead to an increase in ocean stratification — the natural separation of an ocean’s water into horizontal layers by density, with warmer, lighter, less salty, and nutrient-poor water layering on top of heavier, colder, saltier, nutrient-rich water. Usually, ocean ecosystems, currents, wind, and tides mix these layers. The rise in temperatures, however, has made it harder for water layers to mix with each other. Due to this, oceans are able to absorb less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the oxygen absorbed isn’t able to mix properly with cooler ocean waters below, threatening the survival of marine life. Nutrients are also not able to travel up to the surface of the oceans from below. This could threaten the population of phytoplankton — single-celled plants that thrive on the ocean surface and are the base of several marine food webs. Phytoplankton are eaten by zooplankton, which are consumed by other marine animals such as crabs, fish, and sea stars. Therefore, if the phytoplankton population plummets, there could be a collapse of marine ecosystems. Warmer oceans cause marine heat waves (MHWs), which occur when the surface temperature of a particular region of the sea rises to 3 or 4 degree Celsius above the average temperature for at least five days. MHWs contribute to coral bleaching, which reduces the reproductivity of corals and makes them more vulnerable to life-threatening diseases. They also impact the migration pattern of aquatic animals. Higher ocean temperatures may also result in more frequent and intense storms like hurricanes and cyclones. Warmer temperatures lead to a higher rate of evaporation as well as the transfer of heat from the oceans to the air. When storms travel across hot oceans, they gather more water vapour and heat. This results in more powerful winds, heavier rainfall, and more flooding when storms reach the land — meaning heightened devastation. Source: Indian Express Indo Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: India has decided to join at least one of the four cooperative work programmes unveiled last week under the ‘clean energy pillar’ of the U.S.-led Indo Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) – the one on facilitating and promoting carbon-market activities. Background: The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) is an economic initiative launched by U.S. President Joe Biden on May 23, 2022. The framework launched with fourteen participating founding member nations in the Indo-Pacific region with an open invitation for other countries to join. About Indo Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF): IPEF was launched jointly by the USA and other partner countries of the Indo-Pacific region on May 23, 2022 at Tokyo. IPEF has 14 partner countries including Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam & USA. It seeks to strengthen economic engagement among partner countries with the goal of advancing growth, peace and prosperity in the region. The framework is structured around four pillars relating to Trade (Pillar I); Supply Chains (Pillar II); Clean Economy (Pillar III); and Fair Economy (Pillar IV). Seen by many analysts as an attempt by the U.S. to counter China’s growing influence in the region, the IPEF aims at having a common set of rules and standards around the four pillars. Source: PIB GHOST PARTICLES Syllabus Prelims : Science Context: Recently, astronomers detected 7 potentials ‘ghost particles’ that passed through planet. Background: Scientists using data from the Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica believe they have potentially found the first evidence for astrophysical tau neutrinos, called “ghost particles”. About Ghost Particles: “Ghost Particles” is a nickname for neutrinos, which are tiny subatomic particles. They are often called ‘ghost particles’ because they barely interact with anything else. Key points about Neutrinos: Source: Neutrinos come from various sources and are often the product of heavy particles turning into lighter ones, a process called “decay”. Family: They belong to the family of particles known as leptons. There are three main leptons, namely electrons, muons, and tau particles. The last has proven to be especially difficult to observe and detect, earning the moniker of “ghost particle.” Characteristics: A neutrino is very similar to an electron, but has no electrical charge and a very small mass. They are the most common particle in the universe. Approximately 100 trillion neutrinos pass completely harmlessly through our body every second. Detection: They are extraordinarily difficult to detect, as they rarely collide with atoms. Of the four fundamental forces in the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) said it has granted One97 Communications Ltd (OCL) to participate in Unified Payments Interface (UPI) as Third-Party Application Provider (TPAP) under multi-bank model.NPCI said four banks – Axis Bank, HDFC Bank, State Bank of India and YES Bank – will act as PSP (Payment System Provider) banks to OCL, which is the parent company of Paytm. Background:- Last month, RBI directed NPCI, which owns and operates the UPI platform, to consider a request by OCL to become a TPAP. A Third-Party Application Provider is an entity that provides UPI compliant app(s) to the end-user customers to facilitate UPI-based payment transactions. These applications could be mobile wallets, merchant apps, or any other platform that utilises UPI for payments. About National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), is an umbrella organisation for operating retail payments and settlement systems in India. It was launched in 2008 by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) under the provisions of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007. It has been incorporated as a “Not for Profit” Company under the provisions of Section 25 of Companies Act 1956 (now Section 8 of Companies Act 2013). The ten core promoter banks are State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Canara Bank, Bank of Baroda, Union Bank of India, Bank of India, ICICI Bank Limited, HDFC Bank Limited, Citibank N. A. and HSBC. In 2016 the shareholding was broad-based to 56 member banks to include more banks representing all sectors. In 2020, new entities regulated by RBI were inducted, consisting of Payment Service Operators, payment banks, Small Finance Banks, etc. NPCI offers a range of payment solutions and services, including the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), Immediate Payment Service (IMPS), National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT), Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS), Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AePS), National Automated Clearing House (NACH), and RuPay, India’s own card payment network. The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is one of NPCI’s most significant initiatives. Payment systems that the NPCI operate include National Financial Switch.National Financial Switch (NFS) is the largest network of shared Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in India facilitating interoperable cash withdrawal, card to card funds transfer and interoperable cash deposit transactions among other value added services in the country. Source: Hindu Businessline Anthropocene Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: An expert commission rejected a proposal to mark the start of the Anthropocene at a particular date. Background: The SQS-AWG is a commission responsible for recognising time units within our most recent period of geologic time. Its members have been looking into the question of formalising the Anthropocene Epoch as the youngest epoch, superposing the Holocene. On March 4, 2024, the commission, which consists of topical experts, rejected the proposal with a majority voting against it. About Anthropocene: Earth’s history is divided into a hierarchical series of smaller chunks of time, referred to as the geologic time scale. These divisions, in descending length of time, are called eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages. These units are classified based on Earth’s rock layers, or strata, and the fossils found within them. From examining these fossils, scientists know that certain organisms are characteristic of certain parts of the geologic record. The study of this correlation is called stratigraphy. Officially, the current epoch is called the Holocene, which began 11,700 years ago after the last major ice age. However, the Anthropocene Epoch is an unofficial unit of geologic time, used to describe the most recent period in Earth’s history when human activity started to have a significant impact on the planet’s climate and ecosystems. The word Anthropocene is derived from the Greek words anthropo, for “man,” and cene for “new,” coined and made popular by biologist Eugene Stormer and chemist Paul Crutzen Scientists still debate whether the Anthropocene is different from the Holocene, and the term has not been formally adopted. The primary question that scientists needs to answer before declaring the Anthropocene an epoch is if humans have changed the Earth system to the point that it is reflected in the rock strata. Source: National Geographic AGNIPATH SCHEME Syllabus Prelims- Current Event Context: The Passing Out Parade (POP) of the third batch of Agniveers was held at INS Chilka, Odisha. Background: Agniveers are a special group within the Indian Armed Forces, created under the Agnipath recruitment scheme. About AGNIPATH SCHEME The Agnipath Scheme is a short-service manpower model introduced by the Indian government for recruiting soldiers across the Army, Navy, and Air Force. It is a transformative initiative under the Ministry of Defence. Objective and Eligibility: The scheme aims to provide an opportunity for patriotic and motivated youth to serve in the Armed Forces. It applies to personnel below officer ranks, excluding commissioned officers. Recruitment and Duration: Around 45,000 to 50,000 soldiers (referred to as “Agniveers”) are recruited annually under this scheme. These recruits serve on a short-term contract of four years. After the initial four years, only 25% of the batch will continue for an additional 15 years under permanent commission. Benefits for Agniveers: Upon completing the four-year service, Agniveers receive a one-time “Seva Nidhi” package of Rs 11.71 lakhs, including accrued interest. They also enjoy a life insurance cover of Rs 48 lakhs during the service period. In case of death, the payout exceeds Rs 1 crore, including pay for the unserved tenure. The government assists in rehabilitating soldiers who leave the services after four years by providing skill certificates and bridge courses. Challenges and Concerns: Job Prospects: Agniveers may find it challenging to secure other jobs after their four-year service. No Pension Benefit: Unlike regular servicemen, Agniveers do not receive pension benefits. Source: PIB REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE PUSHPAK Syllabus Prelims : Current Event Context: ISRO plans to conduct the second landing test of the Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Pushpak soon. Background: This ongoing research and development aim to reduce space launch costs and advance India’s space exploration missions. In 2023,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Dark Sky Reserve Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: By the end of 2022, India will establish the country’s first Dark Sky Reserve in the cold desert regions of Ladakh, Dr Jitendra Singh, Minister of State (Independent charge) for Science and Technology, announced. Background:- India is still in the process of filing its nomination to IDSA.The Ladakh Union Territory administration is leading the efforts in establishing the country’s first Dark Sky Reserve. About Dark Sky Reserve A Dark Sky Reserve is public or private land with a distinguished nocturnal environment and starry nights that has been developed responsibly to prevent light pollution. According to the International Dark Sky Association (IDSA), these reserves “consist of a core area meeting minimum criteria for sky quality and natural darkness, and a peripheral area that supports dark sky preservation in the core.” How does a site become a ‘Dark Sky Reserve’? Individuals or groups can nominate a site for certification to the International Dark Sky Association (IDSA). There are five designated categories, namely International Dark Sky parks, communities, reserves, sanctuaries and Urban Night Sky Places. Between 2001 and January 2022, there have been 195 sites recognised as International Dark Sky Places globally, the IDSA said. The IDSA considers a piece of land suitable for dark sky place only if it is either publicly or privately owned; is accessible to the public partially or entirely during the year; the land is legally protected for scientific, natural, educational, cultural, heritage and/or public enjoyment purposes; the core area of the land provides an exceptional dark sky resource relative to the communities and cities that surround it and the land offers prescribed night sky brightness either for a reserve, park or sanctuary. Why was Ladakh chosen for the project? To be situated at a height of 4,500 metres above sea level, the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR) will come up within the Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary. Ladakh is a unique cold desert located about 3,000 metres above sea level with high mountainous terrains. Long and harsh winters with minimum temperatures dropping to minus 40 degrees Celcius make large parts of the UT highly inhabitable. This aridity, limited vegetation, high elevation and large areas with sparse populations – all make it the perfect setting for long-term astronomical observatories and dark sky places. But the primary objective of the proposed Dark Sky Reserve is to promote astronomy tourism in a sustainable and environment-friendly manner. Scientific methods will be used here to preserve the night sky from ever-increasing light pollution. Source: Indian Express Bangalore Water Crisis Syllabus Mains- GS 3 Context: An acute drinking water crisis in Bengaluru has been creating international headlines for the past few days. Background: Karnataka Chief Minister said Bengaluru was facing a shortage of 500 million litres of water every day, which is about a fifth of the city’s daily total demand. Reasons behind water crisis: Monsoon : During last year’s monsoon, Karnataka received rainfall that was 18 per cent below normal.Even the post-monsoon period did not bring much rain to the state. Like most other parts of the country, Karnataka receives a bulk of its annual rainfall during the monsoon. A rainfall deficit in the monsoon months almost inevitably results in water stress. Another direct consequence of low rainfall has been the relatively low level of water in reservoirs. Latest data from the Central Water Commission shows that Karnataka reservoirs are currently holding water at only 26 per cent of their full capacity. Aquifers : South India has a very different kind of aquifer system. It is very rocky. The aquifers don’t hold a lot of water. They empty out quickly, and they also get recharged pretty quickly. What this means is that groundwater resources are not able to sustain for very long in the event of a prolonged dry spell. This is very different from the aquifers in north India, which have a much better capacity to hold water. This is why Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, which got even less rainfall last year than Karnataka, have not seen similar water scarcity.Aquifers in north India, once full, can hold enough water to sustain the demand for a couple of years. Dealing with Shortage Unregulated construction, systematic destruction of lakes, hindrances to the natural underground flow of water, and climate change, all affect the availability of water in Bengaluru.But these do not seem to be the immediate triggers for this particular ongoing shortage. This one has to do largely with the seasonal fluctuation in rainfall and the state’s inability to create capacities to deal with these kinds of variabilities. States need to develop capacities to deal with the disruptions through planning. The key is to put value on water. It is not a free resource. Low or optimum consumption needs to be incentivised while wastage must be discouraged. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL INTERNET EXCHANGE OF INDIA (NIXI) Syllabus Prelims- Current Event Context: The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI), in collaboration with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), has successfully launched the BhashaNet portal during the Universal Acceptance (UA) Day event. Background: The BhashaNet portal endeavours to establish a multilingual internet, where website names and email addresses in local languages function seamlessly worldwide. About NATIONAL INTERNET EXCHANGE OF INDIA (NIXI) The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI), established in 2003 as a not-for-profit organization. National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) is a statutory body established under the Companies Act 2013. Purpose and Function: NIXI was created to enhance the use of Internet Service Protocols (ISPs) within India. Instead of routing domestic internet traffic abroad, NIXI facilitates routing it within the country. This results in better service quality (reduced latency) and lower bandwidth charges for ISPs by saving on international bandwidth. It aims to increase internet penetration and adoption in India by managing and enabling the internet ecosystem for the masses. .IN Domain Management: NIXI manages India’s Country Code Top Level Domain (ccTLD), which is.IN. The Government of India delegated the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Vechur Cow and other indigenous cattle Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Agriculture Context: Member of Parliament Shashi Tharoor has written an article regarding vechur cow and Sosamma Iype who pioneered the initiative to conserve the breed. Background:- In its pursuit to boost milk production through the crossbreeding of indigenous cattle with high-yielding foreign breeds, the White Revolution’s corollary was the erasure of breeds such as the Vechur cow. Cross-breeding served to dilute the genetic purity of native breeds and diminish their population. Vechur Cow The Vechur Cow is a rare breed named after the village Vechoor in Vaikom Taluk, Kottayam district of the state of Kerala in India. With an average length of 124 cm (about 4 feet and 1 inch) and height of 87 cm (about 2 feet and 10 inches), it is the smallest cattle breed in the world. The Vechur animals were saved from extinction due to conservation efforts by Sosamma Iype, a Professor of Animal breeding and Genetics along with a team of her students. Siri Cow Siri is a small sized draught purpose breed of hilly region of West Bengal and Sikkim. The animals can graze in the steep slope of hilly forest. The males are mainly reared for draught purpose in the hilly area and sometimes they are the only source of draught power. The breed produces very less amount of milk. Tharparkar Tharparkar is an important dual-purpose breed originating from the THAR desert of Rajasthan. The home tract of this breed is in the Tharparkar district of southeast Sindh in present day Pakistan. In India, these animals are now found along the Indo-Pak border covering western Rajasthan and up to the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. The animals can thrive well on small bushy vegetation (Sewan grass) during drought and fodder scarcity condition and produce reasonabe amount of milk. Due to better heat tolerance and disease resistance, this breed was used for producing “Karan Fries” breed – a synthetic crossbred cattle breed at National Dairy Research institute (NDRI) The local breeds have following merits over exotic breeds Better disease resistance than exotic breeds. More suitable for low input management system. Survive better in local environment. Suitable for draught work Source: Mongabay India Front-running Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) on Wednesday said it has sacked an employee involved in a stock market front-running case which was under investigation by market regulator Sebi. Background: In April 2023, Sebi barred five entities, including an employee of Life Insurance Corporation from the securities market and impounded illegal gains of Rs 2.44 crore made by them, in a case pertaining to front-running the trades of the state-owned insurer. About Front-running : Front-running means usage of non-public information to directly or indirectly, buy or sell securities or enter into options or futures contracts, in advance of a substantial order, on an impending transaction, in the same or related securities or futures or options contracts, in anticipation that when the information becomes public, the price of such securities or contracts may change. For example; a broker receives a request from a client to purchase 50,000 Company A shares. He keeps the order from the client until he executes an order for his personal account for the same stock. Then, when he places the customer’s request, share price increases due to the scale of the customer’s order.The rise creates the broker an immediate benefit. Front-running offers unfair profits to the entity who has confidential information that will affect the price of the asset. Front running is also known as tailgating. Source: Indian Express PAPIKONDA NATIONAL PARK Syllabus Prelims : Environment Context: More than 200 bird species have been recorded in the Papikonda National Park (PNP) in a recent survey. Background: The three-day survey was carried out under the aegis of the Andhra Pradesh Forest department in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER-Tirupati). About PAPIKONDA NATIONAL PARK: Location: Papikonda National Park (PNP) is located in the East and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. Area: The park spans over 1012.86 square kilometers. Geography: The park lies on both banks of the River Godavari and cuts through the Papikonda hill range of Eastern Ghats. Flora and Fauna: The majority of the park is covered with moist deciduous forest. It is home to various animal species such as tigers, mouse deer, gaur, and others. The park also has a unique dwarf breed of goat known locally as the “kanchu mekha”. Conservation History: The park has experienced varying levels of protection, beginning as a reserved forest in 1882, a wildlife sanctuary in 1978, and as a national park from 2008. Significance: The park has been recognized as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area. Source: The Hindu Previous Year Question Q1. Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin? Nagarhole National Park Papikonda National Park Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 EQUINOXES Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: The March equinox, also known as the vernal equinox, occurs around March 20th each year. Background: During this celestial event, the sun crosses the celestial equator, moving from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern Hemisphere.   About EQUINOXES Equinoxes are astronomical events that occur twice a year when the Sun is exactly above the Equator, resulting in nearly equal lengths of day and night across the globe. The term “equinox” literally means “equal night”. The primary cause of equinoxes lies in the tilt of Earth’s axis. Earth orbits the Sun at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees. As Earth revolves around the Sun, different parts of our planet receive varying amounts of solar radiation at different times of the year. Vernal Equinox: Vernal Equinox, also known as the Spring Equinox, marks the transition from winter to spring in the Northern Hemisphere. The Vernal Equinox typically occurs between March 19 and 21, depending on the specific year. In 2024, it falls on

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   E V Ramaswamy Naicker or Periyar Syllabus Prelims & Mains – History Context: Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin has voiced his backing for Carnatic vocalist T M Krishna in the midst of a debate surrounding the conferral of the Sangita Kalanidhi title by the Music Academy, Madras. The matter has attracted political and societal interest, particularly regarding critiques of the social reformer Periyar. Background:- Over the years, Periyar has transcended the political divide as well as the faultlines of religion and caste, and come to be revered as Thanthai Periyar, the father figure of modern Tamil Nadu. About Periyar Born in 1879, Periyar is remembered for the Self Respect Movement aimed at achieving social equality for those oppressed by the caste system. Periyar started his political career as a Congress worker. He quarrelled with Gandhi over the question of separate dining for Brahmin and non-Brahmin students at Gurukkulam, a Congress-sponsored school owned by nationalist leader V V S Iyer in Cheranmahadevi near Tirunelveli. At the request of parents, Iyer had provided separate dining for Brahmin students, which Periyar opposed. Gandhi proposed a compromise, arguing that while it may not be a sin for a person not to dine with another, he would rather respect their scruples. After failing to bend the Congress to his view, Periyar resigned from the party in 1925, and associated himself with the Justice Party and the Self Respect Movement, which opposed the dominance of Brahmins in social life, especially the bureaucracy. The Justice Party had a decade earlier advocated reservation for non-Brahmins in the bureaucracy and, after coming to power in the Madras Presidency, issued an order to implement it. The Self Respect Movement he led promoted weddings without rituals, and sanctioned property as well as divorce rights for women. He appealed to people to give up the caste suffix in their names, and to not mention caste. He instituted inter-dining with food cooked by Dalits in public conferences in the 1930s. Periyar’s fame spread beyond the Tamil region during the Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924, a mass movement to demand that lower caste persons be given the right to use a public path in front of the famous Vaikom temple. Periyar took part in the agitation with his wife, and was arrested twice. He would later be referred to as Vaikom Veerar (Hero of Vaikom). He reconstructed the Tamil identity as an egalitarian ideal that was originally unpolluted by the caste system.He argued that caste was imported to the Tamil region. Under him, the Dravidian Movement became a struggle against caste and an assertion of Tamil national identity. In the 1940s, Periyar launched Dravidar Kazhagam, which espoused an independent Dravida Nadu comprising Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, and Kannada speakers. For the average Tamil, Periyar today is an ideology. He stands for a politics that foregrounded social equality, self-respect, and linguistic pride. As a social reformer, he focused on social, cultural and gender inequalities, and his reform agenda questioned matters of faith, gender and tradition. He asked people to be rational in their life choices. Source: Indian Express GIBRALTAR ARC Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: A modelling study suggests that a dormant subduction zone beneath the Gibraltar Strait (Gibraltar Arc) could become active and migrate into the Atlantic Ocean, potentially forming an Atlantic “Ring of Fire” in about 20 million years. Background: The Gibraltar arc’s potential awakening could significantly impact the configuration of the Atlantic Ocean over millions of years. About GIBRALTAR ARC: The Gibraltar Arc, also known as the Gibraltar Subduction Zone, is a geological formation located beneath the Gibraltar Strait. The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow passage connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. It serves as a natural boundary between Europe and Africa. This region marks the meeting point of two tectonic plates: the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate. The African Plate is currently subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate in this area. Subduction occurs when one tectonic plate slides beneath another, leading to seismic activity, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountain ranges. The Gibraltar Arc represents a dynamic boundary where these immense forces shape the Earth’s crust. Other Subduction Zones in Atlantic region is Lesser Antilles Arc in the Caribbean and Scotia Arc near Antarctica. Source: Live Science Income and Wealth Inequality Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: In 2022, the top 0.1 per cent in India earned nearly 10 per cent of the national income, while the top 0.01 per cent earned 4.3 per cent share of the national income and top 0.001 per cent earned 2.1 per cent of the national income, according to a paper released by World Inequality Lab Background: Co-authored by economists Nitin Kumar Bharti, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, and Anmol Somanchi, the paper stated that the “Billionaire Raj” headed by “India’s modern bourgeoisie” is now more unequal than the British Raj headed by the colonialist forces. Key findings of the report: Inequality declined post-independence till the early 1980s, after which it began rising and has skyrocketed since the early 2000s. Between 2014-15 and 2022-23, the rise of top-end inequality has been particularly pronounced in terms of wealth concentration. By 2022-23, top 1 per cent income and wealth shares (22.6 per cent and 40.1 per cent) are at their highest historical levels and India’s top 1 per cent income share is among the very highest in the world, higher than even South Africa, Brazil and US. Wealth is highly concentrated even within the top 1 per cent. In 2022-23, the top 1 per cent wealth share was 39.5 per cent, 29 percentage points went just to the top 0.1 per cent, 22 percentage points to just the top 0.01 per cent and 16 percentage points to just the top 0.001 per cent. The sharp rise in top 10 per cent shares from 1991 onwards came at the loss of both bottom 50 per cent and middle 40 per cent shares. From stagnating at 11 per cent during 1961-1981,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Black Carbon Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Environment Context: At the COP26 climate talks in Glasgow in November 2021, India pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, positioning itself as a frontrunner in the race to carbon neutrality.While carbon dioxide mitigation strategies will yield benefits in the long term, they need to go hand-in-hand with efforts that provide short-term relief. Background:- Prioritising black carbon reduction through initiatives such as the PMUY scheme can help India become a global leader in addressing regional health concerns and help meet its Sustainability Development Goal of providing affordable clean energy to everyone and contributing to global climate mitigation. About Black Carbon Black carbon is the dark, sooty material emitted alongside other pollutants when biomass and fossil fuels are not fully combusted. It contributes to global warming and poses severe risks. Studies have found a direct link between exposure to black carbon and a higher risk of heart disease, birth complications, and premature death. Most black carbon emissions in India arise from burning biomass, such as cow dung or straw, in traditional cookstoves. According to a 2016 study, the residential sector contributes 47% of India’s total black carbon emissions. Industries contribute a further 22%, diesel vehicles 17%, open burning 12%, and other sources 2%. Decarbonisation efforts in the industry and transport sectors in the past decade have yielded reductions in black carbon emissions, but the residential sector remains a challenge. Role of Govt: In May 2016, the Government of India said the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) would provide free liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections to households below the poverty line. The primary objective was to make clean cooking fuel available to rural and poor households and reduce their dependence on traditional cooking fuels. The PMUY has established infrastructure to go with LPG connections, including free gas stoves, deposits for LPG cylinders, and a distribution network. The programme has thus, been able to play a vital role in reducing black carbon emissions, as it offers a cleaner alternative to traditional fuel consumption. However, in 2022-2023, 25% of all PMUY beneficiaries — 2.69 crore people — availed either zero LPG refill or only one LPG refill, according to RTI data, meaning they still relied entirely on traditional biomass for cooking. Source:Hindu Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved two gene therapies, Casgevy and Lyfgenia, to treat SCD in people ages 12 and older. Casgevy, developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals and CRISPR Therapeutics and also approved in the U.K., is the first CRISPR-based therapy to have received regulatory approval in the U.S. Lyfgenia, manufactured by Bluebird Bio, doesn’t use CRISPR but depends on a viral vector to change blood stem-cells. Background: Genetic therapies have created a lot of hope for treating SCD, yet they require the same amenities still out of reach of those most affected by the disease. About Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) SCD is an inherited haemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells (RBCs) become crescent- or sickle-shaped due to a genetic mutation. These RBCs are rigid and impair circulation, often leading to anaemia, organ damage, severe and episodic pain, and premature death. India has the third highest number of SCD births, after Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Access to treatment as a major issue In 2023, the Government of India launched the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission, to eliminate SCD by 2047. At present, however, treatment and care for SCD remains grossly inadequate and inaccessible. Example is the unavailability of the drug hydroxyurea. It lessens the severity of pain, reduces hospitalisations, and improves survival rates by increasing the size and flexibility of RBCs and lowering their likelihood of becoming sickle-shaped. Blood transfusion is another important therapy for SCD, but its availability is limited to district-level facilities. Most block-level community health centres don’t offer them. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT), is out of reach for most SCD patients due to the difficulty in finding matched donors, the high cost of the treatment at private facilities, and long waiting times in public hospitals. In light of this, the application of the gene-editing technology called CRISPR (short for ‘Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats’) to treat SCD is important – for its novelty and promise but also for the health disparities it makes apparent. India has approved a five-year project to develop CRISPR for sickle cell anaemia. Under its Sickle Cell Anaemia Mission, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research is developing gene-editing therapies for SCD. Around Rs 34 crore has been allocated for this mission over 2020-2023. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) It is originally a feature of the bacterial immune system.It forms the basis for this technology. In a nutshell, the system in bacteria serves as a warehouse for past infections by storing a part of the viral genetic material and incorporating it into its own, so the next time it is attacked, the bacteria is capable of recognising the virus and destroying it.The bacteria, in short, is immunised when it employs the CRISPR system. Researchers have adapted it as a tool to cut, delete, or add DNA sequences at precise locations, opening different windows to treat genetic disorders, develop drought-resistant plants, modify food crops, or experiment with de-extinction projects involving the woolly mammoth and the dodo. Source: Hindu COFFEE VARIETIES IN INDIA Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Robusta coffee price touches all-time high amid global shortage. Background: The Price of Robusta coffee has spiked due to drastic fall in traditional growing regions – Vietnam and Indonesia. India primarily cultivates two main varieties of coffee: Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica): Grown in the higher altitudes of the Western Ghats. Arabica coffee is known for its smooth, mild flavour with hints of sweetness, acidity, and floral notes. Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora): Robusta is grown in the lowlands of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. It tends to have a stronger, more bitter taste compared to Arabica and contains higher caffeine levels.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Mumps Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Mumps, an acute viral infection which historically affects children, has been spreading like wildfire in Kerala, for the past few months. Background:- Not just Kerala, a resurgence in cases was being reported from several States, including Maharashtra, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh as well. Cases which began appearing sporadically around November 2023 in the Malappuram and Kozhikode districts of Kerala, have since then spread to Palakkad and Thrissur too, resulting in major community outbreaks. About Mumps Mumps is a self-limiting, airborne viral disease and presents as fever and headache in mostly children and adolescents, with painful swelling of the salivary glands (parotid glands) on both sides of the face. There is no specific treatment and the patient recovers with rest and symptomatic management in about two weeks. With only half of the infected children developing the classical disease and close to 30% remaining asymptomatic, cases mostly go unreported, indicating that the reported cases are a gross underestimation of the actual cases in the community. From the view point of public health, measles, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality, has always been considered a priority, rather than mumps. Despite being a vaccine-preventable disease, mumps has never been a part of the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) because of the disease’s no-mortality profile and the perception that it has low public health significance. Health officials maintain that creating public awareness about the disease and the importance of isolation is the most important tool in bringing down the transmission of the disease. Transmission of the disease begins before the symptoms actually manifest and isolation of the patient for a full three weeks is necessary to limit the spread of the disease. Source: The Hindu Campaigning in the name of religion Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Recently the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) lodged a complaint with the Election Commission of India (ECI) against Rahul Gandhi for hurting the sentiments of Hindus through his remark on ‘shakti’. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), in turn, filed a counter complaint against the Prime Minister for appealing to religious sentiments during his campaign on the same issue. Background: There have been innumerable instances in the past where various parties and its leaders have blatantly appealed for votes in the name of religion. There are leaders across political parties against whom cases have been registered under the RP Act and the Indian Penal Code in this regard. However, the only notable leader who was convicted by the Supreme Court for this corrupt electoral practice was Bal Thackeray of Shiv Sena in the year 1995. The ECI on such occasions at best bars leaders from campaigning, for violation of the MCC, for a short period of two to three days. How is Campaigning in the name of religion dealt with?: What does the law say? Section 123(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act) provides that appeals by a candidate, or any other person with the consent of a candidate, to vote or refrain from voting on the ground of his religion, race, caste, community or language is a corrupt electoral practice. Section 123(3A) denounces any attempt by a candidate to promote feelings of enmity or hatred among citizens on these grounds during elections. The RP Act further provides that anyone found guilty of corrupt electoral practice can be debarred from contesting elections for a maximum period of up to six years. What does the MCC provide? The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) for the guidance of political parties and candidates is a set of norms which has evolved with the consensus of political parties. It binds them to respect and observe it in its letter and spirit. This code, which began to be implemented strictly in the 1990s, provides that no party or candidate shall indulge in any activity which may aggravate existing differences or create mutual hatred or cause tension between different castes, religious or linguistic communities. It also provides that there shall be no appeal to caste or communal feelings for securing votes. Mosques, churches, temples or other places of worship shall not be used as a forum for election propaganda. Though the MCC does not have any statutory backing, it has come to acquire strength in the past three decades because of its strict enforcement by the ECI. History It is pertinent to note that before 1961, Section 123(3) of the RP Act provided that ‘systemic’ appeal by a candidate on the grounds of religion, race, caste or community will amount to a corrupt electoral practice. However, in order to curb communal, fissiparous and separatist tendencies, the word ‘systemic’ was omitted through an amendment in 1961. This meant that even a stray appeal for success in the elections on the ground of one’s religion or narrow communal affiliation would be viewed with disfavour by the law. Ruling of the Supreme Court In Abhiram Singh versus C. D. Commachen (2017) a seven-judge Bench by a majority of 4:3 held that candidates shall not appeal for votes on the basis of not just his/her religion but also that of the voters. The majority view provided a ‘purposive interpretation’ to Section 123(3) rather than just a literal one thereby rendering any appeal in the name of religion of even the voters as a corrupt electoral practice. The elections to Parliament or State legislatures are a secular exercise; constitutional ethos forbids the mixing of religious considerations with the secular functions of the State. Religion should remain a matter of personal faith. Source:The Hindu INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION (IAU) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has approved the Chandrayaan-3 landing site name ‘Shiva Shakti’. Background: The announcement defined the origin of the name as, a “compound word from Indian mythology that depicts masculine (Shiva) and feminine (Shakti) duality of nature; Landing site of Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram Lander. About International Astronomical Union (IAU) International Astronomical Union (IAU) is a significant body that governs international professional

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Small Scale LNG (SSLNG) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Current Event Context: Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri this month dedicated to the nation India’s first small-scale liquefied natural gas (SSLNG) unit at GAIL (India) Ltd’s Vijaipur complex in Madhya Pradesh. Background:- The government has been pushing for the adoption and use of natural gas across sectors, and aims to increase the share of natural gas in its primary energy mix to 15% by 2030 from a little more than 6% at present. Natural gas is far less polluting than conventional hydrocarbons like coal and oil; it is also cheaper than oil, more than 85% of India’s requirement for which is met through costly imports. Natural gas is seen as a key transition fuel in India’s journey towards green energy and future fuels. About Small Scale LNG (SSLNG) SSLNG refers to the liquefaction of natural gas and its transportation using unconventional means in a significantly smaller-scale operation than the usual large-scale liquefaction, regasification, and transportation infrastructure and processes. Simply put, LNG — gas in its liquid or super-chilled form — is supplied in specialised trucks and small vessels to industrial and commercial consumers in regions that are not connected by pipelines. In relatively traditional use cases such as supplying compressed natural gas (CNG) for vehicles and piped gas for households and manufacturing units, the buyer would regasify the LNG using small vapourisers, and then supply it to end-users. Where the fuel is to be used directly in its liquid form, it would be supplied to end-users without regasification. The SSLNG chain can start from a large-scale LNG import terminal from where the LNG, instead of being regasified and supplied through pipelines, can be transported to consumers by cryogenic road tankers or small vessels. The chain can also start at locations with ample natural gas supply or production, where small liquefaction plants can be set up. The SSLNG unit at Vijaipur, which is GAIL’s largest gas processing facility, is an example of the latter kind of location Why SSLNG? A major challenge in scaling up gas consumption lies in the transportation of gas to places that are not connected by the country’s natural gas pipeline grid — a problem that also hinders the use of LNG directly as fuel for long-haul trucks and inter-city buses. Large-scale pipeline projects that are in the works will take years to be completed; even so, last-mile delivery challenges may persist in many parts of the country. In this scenario, new-age solutions with fast turnaround times can help expand the reach, access, and consumption of natural gas.SSLNG is one such promising solution. Source: Indian Express Global Gender Gap Index Syllabus Mains- GS 3 Context: The Global Gender Gap Index for 2022 was released by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and it ranks India at 135 out of 146 countries. In 2021, India was ranked 140 out of 156 countries. Background: In 2021, India was ranked 140 out of 156 countries. About Global Gender Gap Index: The Global Gender Gap index “benchmarks the current state and evolution of gender parity across four key dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment. On each of the four sub-indices as well as on the overall index the GGG index provides scores between 0 and 1, where 1 shows full gender parity and 0 is complete imparity. In 2022, India’s overall score has improved from 0.625 (in 2021) to 0.629. “India’s (135th) global gender gap score has oscillated between 0.593 and 0.683 since the index was first compiled. In 2022, India scored 0.629, which is its seventh-highest score in the last 16 years,” states the report. Indias status with respect to four dimensions Political Empowerment This includes metrics such as the percentage of women in Parliament, the percentage of women in ministerial positions etc. Of all the sub-indices, this is where India ranks the highest (48th out of 146). However, notwithstanding its rank, its score is quite low at 0.267. Some of the best ranking countries in this category score much better. For instance, Iceland is ranked 1 with a score of 0.874 and Bangladesh is ranked 9 with a score of 0.546. Moreover, India’s score on this metric has worsened since last year – from 0.276 to 0.267. The silver lining is that despite reduction, India’s score is above the global average in this category. Economic Participation and Opportunity This includes metrics such as the percentage of women who are part of the labour force, wage equality for similar work, earned income etc. Here, too, India ranks a lowly 143 out of the 146 countries in contention even though its score has improved over 2021 from 0.326 to 0.350. Last year, India was pegged at 151 out of the 156 countries ranked. India’s score is much lower than the global average, and only Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan are behind India on this metric. Educational Attainment This sub-index includes metrics such as literacy rate and the enrolment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education. Here India ranks 107th out of 146, and its score has marginally worsened since last year. In 2021, India was ranked 114 out of 156. Health and Survival This includes two metrics: the sex ratio at birth (in %) and healthy life expectancy (in years). In this metric, India is ranked the last (146) among all the countries. Its score hasn’t changed from 2021 when it was ranked 155th out of 156 countries. Source: Indian Express SHANGHAI CORPORATION ORGANISATION (SCO) Syllabus Prelims- Current Event Context: Recently, the fourth edition of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Startup Forum was organized in New Delhi. Background: This initiative aimed to broaden startup interactions among the SCO Member States, foster an environment conducive to innovation, promote job creation, and inspire young talent to develop innovative solutions. About SHANGHAI CORPORATION ORGANISATION (SCO) The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent international intergovernmental organization that was