Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EXERCISE SAMUDRA LAKSAMANA Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: Exercise Samudra Laksamana is underway from 28 Feb – 02 Mar 24 at/ off Visakhapatnam. Background:- Exercise Samudra Laksamana holds strategic significance as it reinforces the enduring partnership between the Indian and Royal Malaysian Navies. About EXERCISE SAMUDRA LAKSAMANA:-   It is a joint naval exercise between the navies of India and Malaysia. This is the third edition of the exercise; first of which was conducted in 2019. Indian Naval Ship Kiltan and Royal Malaysian Ship KD Lekir are participating in the 3rd edition. It has both harbour phase and sea phase At harbour, crew of both ships will have various professional interactions, Subject Matter Expert Exchange on topics of mutual interest, sports fixtures, and other interactions. These interactions are aimed to enhance knowledge base, share best practices and further cooperation on maritime aspects. During sea phase, units would be jointly honing skills while conducting various operations at sea. Source: PIB India-built airstrip inaugurated in Agaléga, Mauritius Syllabus Prelims and Mains – GS2 Context: On February 29, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth of Mauritius jointly inaugurated an airstrip and a jetty that India has built on Agaléga, a two-island Mauritian dependency 1,100 km to the north of Port Louis and 2,500 km southwest of Malé. Background: As Indian Ocean outposts, Mauritius have great strategic significance for India. New Delhi’s maritime security and strategic imperatives in the Indian Ocean are linked to the presence and increased activities of China in the region. About Mauritius Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about 2,000 kilometres (1,100 nautical miles) off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Agaléga, and St. Brandon . The main island of Mauritius, where the population is concentrated, hosts the capital and largest city, Port Louis. Significance and the china angle: The new facilities are intended to project India’s power in the southwestern Indian Ocean, in response to the increasing forays of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in the region. The inauguration of the airstrip and the jetty at Agaléga Island in Mauritius took place even as President Mohammed Muizzu’s government in the Maldives, another Indian Ocean nation, of late started steering his nation into China’s orbit of geopolitical influence, ignoring the security concerns of India. The presence of India would lead to more effective monitoring of Mauritius’ vast 2.3 million sq km Exclusive Economic Zone, and equip it to better counter-piracy, terrorism, narcotics and human trafficking, and illegal and unregulated fishing as per Mauritius PM. New Delhi started building the facility after signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Port Louis “for the Improvement in sea and air transportation facilities” in Agaléga Island in March 2015. India officially maintains that the facility is intended to help Mauritius enhance its maritime security capabilities. However, given the strategic location of Agaléga Island, speculation has been rife that India may consider deploying some of its Boeing Poseidon 8I maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft in the newly constructed facilities, ostensibly to keep watch on the movement of the Chinese PLA Navy’s vessels in the Indian Ocean region. The project triggered protests from a section of the local people with the opposition parties in Mauritius, accusing the successive governments of undermining the sovereignty of the nation. Indian believes the protest has been triggered by china. Source: Deccan Herald UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (UNHRC) Syllabus Prelims- Current Event Context: The 55th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council has commenced Background: The attendees of the 55th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council includes representatives from various nations, each contributing their perspectives and expertise. About UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (UNHRC) The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is an intergovernmental body within the United Nations system. It is responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe. The UNHRC is composed of 47 Member States. India was re-elected to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) for the 2022-2024 term with an overwhelming majority in the General Assembly. This re-election marks India’s record sixth term as a member of the UNHRC. The UNHRC has the ability to discuss all thematic human rights issues and situations that require its attention throughout the year. The UNHRC meets at the United Nations Office at Geneva. It was established in 2006 by the General Assembly. It responds to human rights emergencies and makes recommendations on how to better implement human rights on the ground. The UNHRC reviews the human rights records of all United Nations Member States via the Universal Periodic Review. It authorizes commissions of inquiry and fact-finding missions, which produce evidence on war crimes and crimes against humanity. Source: UNHCR RBI REGULATORY SAND BOX SCHEME Syllabus Prelims : Economy Context:Reserve Bank of India revised the guidelines for the Regulatory Sandbox (RS) scheme. Background: Updated framework requires sandbox entities to ensure compliance with provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. About Regulatory Sandbox (RS) scheme : The Regulatory Sandbox (RS) scheme is an initiative by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It involves live testing of new financial products or services in a controlled regulatory environment with potential relaxations for testing purposes. It allows regulators, innovators, financial service providers, and customers to test new financial innovations, collecting evidence on benefits and risks. The objective of the Regulatory Sandbox (RS) is to foster responsible innovation in financial services, promote efficiency, and bring benefit to consumers. Fintech companies, startups, banks, financial institutions, and other entities partnering with or supporting financial services businesses are eligible to participate in the RS. The RBI has recently extended the RS timeline from seven months to nine months. RS scheme Participants must ensure compliance with provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Source: Economic Times INDIAN LEOPARD Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: According to a recent report, India’s leopard population rose by 8% from 12,582 in

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Science Context: In a historic milestone marking entry into the vital second stage of India’s three stage nuclear program, Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi witnessed , commencement of “Core Loading” at India’s first indigenous Fast Breeder Reactor (500 MWe) at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. Background:- The government had approved in 2003, the creation of Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd (BHAVINI) to construct and operate India’s most advanced nuclear reactor-Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). About PFBR and Indias Three stage nuclear program The PFBR is a machine that produces more nuclear fuel than it consumes. Its core-loading event is being hailed as a “milestone” because the operationalisation of the PFBR will mark the start of stage II of India’s three-stage nuclear power programme. In the first stage, India used pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWRs) and natural uranium-238 (U-238), which contains minuscule amounts of U-235, as the fissile material. In nuclear fission, the nucleus of an atom absorbs a neutron, destabilises, and breaks into two while releasing some energy. If the destabilised nucleus releases more neutrons, the reactor’s facilities will attempt to use them to instigate more fission reactions. The heavy water in PHWR – water molecules containing the deuterium isotope of hydrogen – slows neutrons released by one fission reaction enough to be captured by other U-238 and U-235 nuclei and cause new fission. The heavy water is pressurised to keep it from boiling. The reactions produce plutonium-239 (Pu-239) and energy. Only U-235, not U-238, can sustain a chain reaction but it is consumed fully in stage I. In stage II, India will use Pu-239 together with U-238 in the PFBR to produce energy, U-233, and more Pu-239. In stage III, Pu-239 will be combined with thorium-232 (Th-232) in reactors to produce energy and U-233. Homi J. Bhabha designed the three-stage programme because India hosts roughly a quarter of the world’s thorium. The three stages are expected to allow the country complete self-sufficiency in nuclear energy. How does the PFBR work? PHWRs use natural or low-enriched U-238 as the fissile material and produce Pu-239 as a byproduct. This Pu-239 is combined with more U-238 into a mixed oxide and loaded into the core of a new reactor together with a blanket. This is a material the fission products in the core react with to produce more Pu-239. A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it consumes. In a ‘fast’ breeder reactor, the neutrons aren’t slowed, allowing them to trigger specific fission reactions. The PFBR is designed to produce more Pu-239 than it consumes. It uses liquid sodium, a highly reactive substance, as coolant in two circuits. Coolant in the first circuit enters the reactor and leaves with (heat) energy and radioactivity. Via heat-exchangers, it transfers only the heat to the coolant in a secondary circuit. The latter transfers the heat to generators to produce electricity. Source: The Hindu SIMILIPAL TIGER RESERVE(STR) Syllabus Prelims -Environment Context: The Odisha government has sought the National Tiger Conservation Authority’s (NTCA) nod to introduce some female tigers to the Similipal Tiger Reserve. Background: Odisha wants to bring in female big cats from the Central Indian landscape, which includes areas like Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra to improve the tigers’ gene pool and improve the sex ratio. About Similipal Tiger Reserve: Similipal Tiger Reserve is a national park and tiger reserve located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, India. It is part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve. The reserve derives its name from the abundance of red silk cotton trees, known as ‘Simul’ in the local language. It is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including the Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, gaur, and chausingha. Notably, it is Asia’s second-largest biosphere and the country’s only wild habitat for melanistic royal Bengal tigers. The tigers of Similipal belong to a unique lineage with higher-than-normal levels of melanin, which gives them black-and-yellow-interspersed stripes on their coats. These tigers are not entirely black, and are therefore more accurately described as pseudo-melanistic. The reserve features two impressive waterfalls: the Barehipani Falls and the Joranda Falls. Similipal was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1979 and a biosphere reserve in 1994. It has been part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009. The region around STR is home to a variety of tribes including Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia and Sahara. Tiger Relocation Process The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) ’s approval is mandatory for any tiger relocation project within India. Before relocating tigers, the state government must seek permission from the NTCA. In the case of Similipal Tiger Reserve, the NTCA technical committee is expected to visit the reserve soon to study its landscape, climate, whether it has the required prey base and other aspects before giving its go-ahead. Source: Indian Express Previous Year Question Q1. Consider the following protected areas: Bandipur Bhitarkanika Manas Sunderbans Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves? 1 and 2 only 1, 3 and 4 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 NATIONAL URBAN COOPERATIVE FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED (NUCFDC) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Recently, Shri Amit Shah inaugurated the National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC). Background: The minister suggested the Board of the NUCFDC to set up one urban cooperative bank in each unrepresented town/city in a time-bound program. About NATIONAL URBAN COOPERATIVE FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED (NUCFDC) : The National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC) is an umbrella organization for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) in India. Its primary role is to modernize and strengthen the Urban Cooperative Banking Sector in India. The National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC) has received Certificate of Registration (CoR) from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to operate as a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC). Additionally, the NUCFDC is allowed to function as a Self-Regulatory

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY (BEE) Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: Recently, 22nd Foundation Day of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency was celebrated in New Delhi. Background:- It was created in March 2002 under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act 2001. About Bureau of Energy Efficiency:-   The The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Power, Government of India. The agency’s primary function is to encourage the efficient use of energy in India by developing programs and strategies that promote energy conservation. BEE focuses on self-regulation and market principles to enhance energy efficiency across various sectors. Key Initiatives of BEE Standards & Labelling Scheme: BEE provides consumers with information on energy-efficient appliances and equipment, allowing them to make informed choices. Energy Conservation Building Code: BEE promotes energy-efficient practices in building construction and design. Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT): This program targets energy-intensive industries and encourages them to achieve specific energy-saving targets. Energy Efficiency in Large Industry: BEE collaborates with large industries to enhance energy efficiency. Energy Efficiency in Small & Medium Industry: Similar to large industries, BEE works with small and medium-sized enterprises to improve energy efficiency. Energy Efficiency in States: BEE supports state-level initiatives to promote energy conservation. The State Energy Efficiency Index 2023 was released by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in India. This index evaluates and ranks states based on their energy efficiency efforts, policies, and programs. Demand Side Management (DSM): BEE focuses on managing energy demand through various strategies. National Energy Conservation Awards: Recognizing outstanding efforts in energy conservation. Awareness Campaigns: BEE runs campaigns to raise awareness about energy efficiency, such as the recent #RaiseItBy1Degree campaign encouraging optimal space cooling settings. Source: PIB Kaveri and Tungabhadra Rivers Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Acute scarcity of water has been reported in various parts of Karnataka as rivers carry less and less water Background: Most of the areas in the arid Kalayana Karnataka region that are dependent on Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers are bracing for a crisis as south west monsoon failed. About Kaveri River: The Cauvery River (Kaveri) is designated as the ‘Dakshin Bharat ki Ganga’ or ‘the Ganga of the South’. The Cauvery River rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri range near Cherangala village, Kodagu (Coorg), Karnataka. It flows through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and descends the Eastern Ghats in a series of great falls. Before emptying into the Bay of Bengal south of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu the river breaks into a large number of distributaries forming a wide delta called the “garden of southern India” It is bounded by the Western Ghats on the west, by the Eastern Ghats on the east and the south, and by the ridges separating it from the Krishna basin and Pennar basin on the north. About Tungabhadra River The Tungabhadra River is a river in India that starts and flows through the state of Karnataka during most of its course, Andhra Pradesh and ultimately joining the Krishna River near Murvakonda in Andhra Pradesh. The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams viz., the Tunga, about 147 km long and the Bhadra, about 178 km long. The Tunga and the Bhadra rise at Gangamoola, in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 1458 metres The river after the confluence of the two streams near Shimoga, runs for about 531 km till it joins the river Krishna at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. It runs for 382 km in Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for 58 km and further runs for the next 91 km in Andhra Pradesh. The confluence of Tungabhadra and Krishna River is a holy pilgrimage site – The Sangameswaram Temple. Hampi one of the important heritage locations being listed by UNESCO is on the banks of the Tungabhadra River. It is influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. It is a perennial river but the summer flows dwindle to as low as 2.83 to 1.42 cumec Source: The Hindu Hangul Syllabus Prelims- Environment Context: Mating calls of endangered hangul  indicate record uptick in population Background: Kashmir’s highly shy and sensitive animal, hangul, has reported one of the healthiest rutting or mating season in the previous autumn. It is the state animal of Jammu & Kashmir. About Hangul: It is the state animal of Jammu & Kashmir. The Kashmir stag also called hangul, is a subspecies of Central Asian red deer endemic to Kashmir and surrounding areas. The subspecies is battling for its survival in its last bastion: they are now scattered within 141sq km of the Dachigam National Park located on foothills of Zabarwan range on the outskirts of The Hangul was once widely distributed in the mountains of Kashmir and parts of Chamba district in neighbouring Himachal Pradesh. A survey in 2019 conducted by collaring the hangul has revealed that the species is no longer confined within the walls of Dachigam National Park. The endangered subspecies has now begun to use an old migratory route which spread through Sind Valley up to Tulail in Gurez Valley. The corridor was last known to be active in the early 1900s. As of 2023, of the 289 Hanguls, 275 are in Dachigam National Park and 14 are inTral Wildlife Sanctuary, which is considered as the second home of Hangul Conservation Status:- IUCN’s Red List:Critically Endangered. Previous Year Question Q1. What is/are unique about ‘Kharai Camel’, a breed found in India? (2016) It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater It survives by grazing on mangroves It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Source: The Hindu NANO UREA Syllabus Prelims : Science Context: India will replace the consumption of 2.5 million tonnes of conventional urea with nano urea in FY24, the union chemicals and fertilizers minister said at a press conference recently. Background: This is in line with India’s goal of achieving self-sufficiency in urea production by 2025. About UREA: Urea is a significant component in Indian agriculture due to its high nitrogen content

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Black Sea Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Ukraine said on Tuesday that its forces destroyed a Russian military patrol ship in the Black Sea near annexed Crimea, the latest naval attack on Moscow’s fleet in the key waterway. Background:- The Black Sea has been a vital battleground in the two-year war between Russia and Ukraine About Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. The Black Sea is supplied by major rivers, principally the Danube, Dnieper and Dniester. The Bosporus strait connects it to the small Sea of Marmara which in turn is connected to the Aegean Sea via the strait of the Dardanelles. To the north, the Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Kerch Strait. While the net flow of water through the Bosporus and Dardanelles (known collectively as the Turkish Straits) is out of the Black Sea, water generally flows in both directions simultaneously: Denser, more saline water from the Aegean flows into the Black Sea underneath the less dense, fresher water that flows out of the Black Sea. This creates a significant and permanent layer of deep water that does not drain or mix and is therefore anoxic. This anoxic layer is responsible for the preservation of ancient shipwrecks which have been found in the Black Sea. Source: NDTV Article 371(A- J) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: In the backdrop of protests across Ladakh, the Centre is mulling granting Article 371-like protection to the Union Territory. Background: Ladakh witnessed massive protests demanding statehood, legislature and inclusion in the Sixth Schedule, apart from concerns about environmental degradation due to possible industrialisation. About Article 371 (A-J): Article 371 of the Constitution includes special provisions for 11 states, including six of the Northeast. Articles 369 through 392 (including some that have been removed) appear in Part XXI of the Constitution, titled ‘Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions’. Article 370 dealt with Temporary Provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.It was repealed in 2019; Articles 371, 371A, 371B, 371C, 371D, 371E, 371F, 371G, 371H, and 371J define special provisions with regard to another state (or states).Articles 370 and 371 were part of the Constitution at the time of its commencement on January 26, 1950; Articles 371A through 371J were incorporated subsequently. Article 371 has provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat. Article 371A (13th Amendment Act, 1962), Nagaland: This provision was inserted after a 16-point agreement between the Centre and the Naga People’s Convention in 1960, which led to the creation of Nagaland in 1963. Parliament cannot legislate in matters of Naga religion or social practices, Naga customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law, and ownership and transfer of land without concurrence of the state Assembly. Article 371B (22nd Amendment Act, 1969) has provisions for Assam; Article 371C (27th Amendment Act, 1971) has provisions for Manipur. Article 371D & E – has provision for Andhra Pradesh. Article 371F (36th Amendment Act, 1975) has provision for Sikkim; Article 371G (53rd Amendment Act, 1986) has provision for Mizoram, Article 371H (55th Amendment Act, 1986) has provision for Arunachal Pradesh. Article 371I deals with Goa, but it does not include any provision that can be deemed ‘special’. Article 371J (98th Amendment Act, 2012) has provision for Karnataka. Examples/details of provisions for some northeast states: Article 371G (53rd Amendment Act, 1986), Mizoram: Parliament cannot make laws on “religious or social practices of the Mizos, Mizo customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Mizo customary law, ownership and transfer of land unless the Assembly so decides”. Article 371A (13th Amendment Act, 1962), Nagaland : Parliament cannot legislate in matters of Naga religion or social practices, Naga customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law, and ownership and transfer of land without concurrence of the state Assembly. Source: Indian Express CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 2019 Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context: Recently, the Supreme Court of India issued the contempt notice and passed an interim order imposing a ban on advertisements of Patanjali Ayurved’s medicines. Background: According to Section 2(28) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, an advertisement is deemed misleading when it gives a false guarantee or is likely to mislead consumers regarding the nature, substance, quantity, or quality of the product or service. About The Consumer Protection Act : The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 is a comprehensive legislation enacted in India to safeguard the rights and interests of consumers. Key provisions of the Act: Definition of Consumer: The Act defines a consumer as any person who: Buys goods or avails services for personal use. Uses goods with the consent of the buyer. Hires or avails services for consideration. It also covers legal heirs and representatives of consumers. Rights of Consumers Right to Safety: Protection from hazardous goods and services. Right to Information: Access accurate and transparent information about products and services. Right to Choose: Choose from a variety of goods and services. Right to Redressal: Seek redressal for unfair trade practices and defective products. Right to Consumer Education: Be informed about their rights and responsibilities. Unfair Trade Practices The Act prohibits various unfair practices, such as: False representation: Misleading advertisements or false claims. Unfair contracts: Imposing unfair terms on consumers. Defective goods: Selling goods with defects. Restrictive trade practices: Monopolistic behaviour. Consumer Disputes Redressal The Act establishes Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions at the district, state, and national levels. Consumers can file complaints related to unfair trade practices, defective goods, or deficient services. Source: Livemint Previous Year Question Q1. With reference to consumer’s rights/privileges under the provisions of the law in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? Consumers are empowered to take samples for food testing. When a consumer files a complaint in any consumer forum, no fee is required to be paid. In case of the death of a consumer, his/her legal heir can file a complaint in the consumer forum on his/her

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Biosimilars Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Science Context: Clinical trials are being conducted by an Indian pharmaceutical company to test a biosimilar of Pertuzumab (drug for treatment of breast cancer) that was invented by swiss company Roche. Background:- Since Comparator clinical trials have to be conducted in comparison to a “reference product”, which in this case is Roche’s product, the Indian company had to procure Roche’s products for their clincal studies.Roche, which presumably keeps close track of the sales of its drugs (which are expensive and subject to stringent storage protocols) has now raised questions on how and where the Indian company accessed the “reference products” for the purpose of its clinical trials. About Biosimilars:- Biosimilars are similar copies of a class of drugs called biologicals. Biological medicines have created new opportunities to treat diseases, including cancers, autoimmune conditions and diabetes, to name a few. As their name suggests, biologics are made with biological materials, including materials from humans, plants, animals, bacteria, and other microorganisms; they go through a rigorous, tightly controlled manufacturing process and tend to be patented. Biologics are highly complex molecules that are grown rather than synthesized and have an inherent level of micro-variability. Because of this variability in the structure of reference biologics, biosimilars cannot be exact copies. Instead, biosimilars mimic the active ingredient in the reference biologic. A biosimilar has a structure that is highly similar to, but not exactly the same, as a brand name biologic. A biosimilar behaves in much the same way, so that there are “no meaningful differences” between it and its brand name biologic. This means that the biosimilar is also considered as safe and effective as the biologic. Biosimilars vs. Generic Medications Biosimilars are often compared to generic medications, but there are key differences. The active ingredient within generic versions (of drugs that aren’t biologics) are exact copies of name brand medications, made with an easily repeatable manufacturing process. In contrast, due to the variability of biologics, biosimilars cannot be exact copies but they do have the same mechanism of action and the same expected benefits and risks as the original biologics. Similar to generics, biosimilars provide patients with lower-cost medicines, often making these treatments more accessible and improving quality of life for patients. Source: Scroll Women in constituent assembly of India Syllabus Prelims -History Context: Remembering the stories of  women leaders on Women’s Day Background: Even after seven decades of Independence, the gendered writing of our history and popular narratives present only men as the architects of our Constitution. However, the 299-member Constituent Assembly had a bright set of 15 women who came from diverse backgrounds and endured patriarchy, caste oppression, child marriage and widowhood. Women in constituent assembly of India : The women members of the Constituent Assembly were Ammu Swaminathan, Dakshayani Velayudhan, Begum Aizaz Rasul, Durgabai Deshmukh, Hansa Mehta, Kamla Chaudhary, Leela Roy, Malati Choudhury, Purnima Banerjee, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Renuka Ray, Sarojini Naidu, Sucheta Kriplani, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit and Annie Mascarene. Annie Mascarene:She fought to integrate the princely state of Travancore into the newly independent India and became the first woman to hold a ministerial and legislative assembly position in Travancore(erstwhile princely state; part of Kerala after its formation). Hansa Jivraj Mehta:She remained committed to women’s issues throughout her life and, in the Constituent Assembly, made strong arguments against reservations for women as a tool for equality and justice. Dakshayani Velayudhan:Born into the Pulaya community of Kerala, Dakshayani Velayudhan faced acute discrimination from the upper caste communities in Cochin and Travancore. Amrit Kaur:She played an important role both during the freedom struggle and in shaping independent India. Kaur joined Gandhi in the Civil Disobedience movement in 1930.Kaur also served as the first women Health Minister Ammu Swaminathan:She started becoming politically involved in 1917 when she formed the Women’s India Association along with Annie Besant to address the social and economic problems of women workers. Durgabai Deshmukh:Remembered as the ‘Mother of Social Work’, Durgabai Deshmukh was one of the drivers of rigorous nation-building and social reform.She pioneered the Andhra Mahila Sabha in 1937, which became an institution of education and social welfare. Begum Aizaz Rasul: She was the only Muslim woman member in the Constituent Assembly and advocated for minority rights in a secular state. She opposed reservations and separate electorates on communal lines. Vijaya Laxmi Pandit: She was the first woman cabinet minister in the British era and also one of the first leaders to call for an Indian constituent assembly to frame a Constitution.She was also the first woman President of the UN General Assembly in 1953. Source: Indian Express DIGITAL INTELLIGENCE PLATFORM (DIP) Syllabus Prelims : Current event Context: Recently, Union Minister for Communications launched the Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP). Background: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) introduced two initiatives, Chakshu and the Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP), to combat spam and fraud calls through the Sanchar Saathi portal. About Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP) The Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP) is an integrated and secure platform developed by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) in India. Its purpose is to enhance information exchange, real-time intelligence sharing, and coordination among various stakeholders. The DIP aims to curb the misuse of telecom resources in cyber-crime and financial frauds. It empowers citizens to proactively report suspected fraudulent communication through the Chakshu (चक्षु) facility on the Sanchar Saathi portal. Key Features of DIP: Case Recording and Information Sharing: The DIP records details of instances related to telecom misuse and fraud. It shares this information with relevant stakeholders, allowing them to take action within their respective domains. Backend Repository for Citizen-Initiated Requests: The DIP serves as a backend repository for requests initiated by citizens on the Sanchar Sathi portal. These requests pertain to cyber fraud or misuse of telecom resources. Stakeholders can use this repository to address cases effectively. Chakshu Platform: As part of the Sanchar Sathi portal, the government introduced the Chakshu platform. Citizens can use Chaksu to report suspected cyber or telecommunication fraud. It enhances the capability to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   India’s first underwater Metro Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: PM Modi inaugurates India’s first underwater Metro in Kolkata Background:- According to officials, from its inception in 1984 till 2014, only 27.99 km of the Metro network was functional in Kolkata. After 2014, the Metro network was expanded by 25.34 km. About underwater Metro:- PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the Howrah Maidan-Esplanade section of Kolkata Metro’s East-West corridor, signalling India’s first venture into underwater Metro services. According to an official release, the 4.8-km stretch of the East-West Metro has been built at a cost of₹4,965 crore and will have the deepest Metro station in India at Howrah – 30 metres below the ground level. The Howrah Maidan-Esplanade section underwater Metro line has the first transportation tunnel under a river in India. It passes under the Hooghly River. About Hooghly river The Hooghly River is a distributary of the Ganges River in West Bengal, India. The Hooghly River is approximately 260 kilometers (162 miles) long. It starts at Nurpur in the Murshidabad district, where it branches off from the Ganges. The river flows southwards through the state of West Bengal and eventually merges with the Bay of Bengal. The Kolkata Port, one of India’s major ports, is located on the Hooghly River and serves as a gateway for trade. The city of Kolkata is situated along the banks of the Hooghly River. The iconic Howrah Bridge spans the river, connecting the city with the Howrah district. The annual Ganga Sagar Mela, a pilgrimage and festival, takes place at Sagar Island at the confluence of the Hooghly River and the Bay of Bengal. Source: The Hindu Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards Syllabus Prelims – Art & Culture Context: President Droupadi Murmu on Wednesday conferred the Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards for the years 2022 and 2023 to eminent artists in the field of performing arts, including music, dance, drama, folk and tribal arts. Background: Twelve people from the field of music, and equal number from dance, 9 from the field of theatre and 11 from folk and tribal arts have received the Akademi awards for 2023. About Sangeet Natak Akademi: Sangeet Natak Akademi, the apex body in the field of performing arts in the country, was set up in 1953 for the preservation and promotion of the vast intangible heritage of India’s diverse culture expressed in forms of music, dance and drama. The management of the Akademi vests in its General Council. The Chairman of the Akademi is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years. The functions of the Akademi are set down in the Akademi’s Memorandum of Association, adopted at its registration as a society on 11 September 1961. The registered office of the Akademi is at Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi. Sangeet Natak Akademi is an autonomous body of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. The Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards are the highest national recognition conferred on practising artists. The Akademi also confers Fellowships on eminent artists and scholars of music, dance and drama; and has in 2006 instituted annual awards to young artists – the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar. The Akademi’s archive, comprising audio and video tapes, photographs, and films is one of the largest in the country and is extensively drawn upon for research in the performing arts. Source: The Hindu e-KISAN UPAJ NIDHI Syllabus Prelims : Current Event Context: Recently, the Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution launched the ‘e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi’ (Digital Gateway) in India. Background: This initiative, led by the Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA), aims to transform the agricultural landscape by leveraging technology. About e-KISAN UPAJ NIDHI: The e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi is a Digital Gateway initiative launched by the Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA). Its primary objective is to assist farmers in obtaining post-harvest loans against their stock stored in WDRA-registered warehouses. These loans are provided against electronic negotiable warehouse receipts, known as e-NWRs Key Points: Purpose: The platform intends to ease farmers’ warehousing logistics and ensure fair prices for their produce. Storage Opportunity: Farmers can store their produce at any registered WDRA warehouse for up to six months at an interest rate of 7% per annum. No Collateral: The e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi initiative allows farmers to store their produce without collateral, encouraging them to utilize WDRA-registered warehouses. Integration with e-NAM: By integrating with the e-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM), farmers can access interconnected markets beyond the government’s Minimum Support Price (MSP). Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) The Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) is a Statutory Authority under the Department of Food and Public Distribution, Government of India. It was established on October 26, 2010, with the objective of implementing the provisions of the Warehousing (Development & Regulation) Act, 2007. The WDRA regulates warehouses, promotes negotiability of warehouse receipts, and facilitates the orderly growth of the warehousing business in India. WDRA ensures the orderly growth of the warehousing business by setting standards, guidelines, and regulations. It promotes the use of negotiable warehouse receipts (NWRs). These electronic receipts represent commodities stored in registered warehouses. WDRA’s initiatives, such as the e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi, aim to benefit farmers by providing better storage options, reducing distress sales, and facilitating post-harvest loans against stored produce. Source: PIB VOLCANIC WINTER Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: A new study suggested that a catastrophic super volcano eruption could severely impact Earth’s climate and lead to a volcanic winter. Background: To qualify as a super eruption, a volcano must release more than 1,000 cubic kilometers of magma. These eruptions are extremely powerful and rare. The most recent super-eruption occurred more than 22,000 years ago in New Zealand. About VOLCANIC WINTER Volcanic winter refers to a cooling effect on Earth’s surface caused by large-scale volcanic eruptions. Volcanic winter occurs after a particularly explosive volcanic eruption that is rich in sulfur. During such an eruption, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is emitted into the atmosphere. The emitted SO₂ reacts with other atmospheric components, leading to the formation of sulfuric acid

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Kerala declares man-animal conflict a state-specific disaster Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GS 3 Context: Kerala on Wednesday (March 6) declared man-animal conflict as a state-specific disaster (as per Disaster Management Act), becoming the first state in the country to do so. Background:- Kerala has been reeling under increasing count of man animal conflicts What difference will it bring? At present, managing man-animal conflict is the responsibility of the forest department, which acts as per the Wild Life Protection Act. Once the issue is declared a state-specific disaster, the onus to deal with it shifts to the state disaster management authority, which, powered by the Disaster Management Act, can take quicker and more decisive action. The Chief Minister is theex officio chairman of state disaster management authority and several departments, including the forest department, are stakeholders. In the districts, the district disaster management authority is headed by the district collector, who is also the executive magistrate. Once an issue is declared a state-specific disaster or a national disaster, the disaster management authority can take quick decisions and actions overriding all other norms. Also, district collectors can directly intervene in their capacity as the chairman of the district disaster body. In the past, every time a life has been lost to man-animal conflict, there has been mounting chorus to tranquilise/capture/kill the animals responsible.At present, the chief wildlife warden — there is only one such post in the state — is the only authority to take a call on a wild animal wreaking havoc in human settlement. Also, in the past, there have been cases where the decision to tranquilise a killer animal, such as a wild elephant, has been questioned in court.Once the issue is under the disaster management authority, it can take actions overriding other norms, including those under the Wildlife Protection Act. As per section 71 of the Disaster Management Act, no court (except the Supreme Court or a High Court) shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of anything done by relevant authorities in pursuance of any power conferred by the Disaster Management Act. Section 72 of the Act says that the provisions of this Act will have an overriding effect on any other law during the specific period that a disaster has been declared. Other state-specific disasters: In 2015, Odisha had declared snakebite a state-specific disaster. In 2020, Kerala declared Covid as a state specific disaster. Source: Indian Express Chhau Dance Syllabus Prelims – Art & Culture Context: As an independent art form, Chhau stands at a critical crossroad. Its easy adaptability has diluted its essential form, rising concerns about its originality. Background: Chhau, the dance form, defies every label. It is too codified to be folk, too folk to be classical, and too classical and too folk to be martial. About Chhau Dance : Chhau dance is a tradition from eastern India (West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha.) that enacts episodes from epics including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, local folklore and abstract themes. Its three distinct styles hail from the regions of Seraikella, Purulia and Mayurbhanj, the first two using masks. The Seraikella Chhau developed in Seraikela, the present day administrative headquarters of the Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand, the Purulia Chhau in Purulia district of West Bengal and the Mayurbhanj Chhau in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. The Chhau dance is mainly performed during regional festivals, especially the spring festival of Chaitra Parva which lasts for thirteen days and in which the whole community participates Its origin is traceable to indigenous forms of dance and martial practices. The Chhau blends within it forms of both dance and martial practices employing mock combat techniques (called khel), stylized gaits of birds and animals (called chalis and topkas) and movements based on the chores of village housewives (called uflis) The dance is performed at night in an open space to traditional and folk melodies, played on the reed pipes mohuri and shehnai. The reverberating drumbeats of a variety of drums dominate the accompanying music ensemble. In 2010 the Chhau dance was inscribed in the UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Source: Scroll CITY-SPECIFIC ZERO CARBON ACTION PLAN (ZCBAP) Syllabus Prelims : Current event Context:India’s first city-specific Zero Carbon Buildings Action Plan (ZCBAP) has been launched in Nagpur. Background: The plan seeks to contribute towards India’s net-zero emission goal by 2070. About CITY-SPECIFIC ZERO CARBON ACTION PLAN (ZCBAP) Zero Carbon Buildings Action Plan (ZCBAP) by Nagpur aims to achieve net-zero carbon emissions from buildings by 2050. This initiative by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) and the Nagpur Smart and Sustainable City Development Corporation Limited (NSSCDCL) aligns with India’s climate goals and global commitments. The ZCBAP focuses on transforming buildings within Nagpur to meet net-zero emission goals. By doing so, it contributes toward India’s broader net-zero emission target by 2070. The plan encompasses various types of buildings, including: public buildings, affordable housing, commercial buildings, and homes with a strong focus on decarbonization and sustainable development. It addresses greenhouse gas emissions reduction through considerations related to building materials, design, construction, management, and even deconstruction, targeting a significant portion of Nagpur’s energy consumption and emissions. Source: Times of India ‘FY’ ALGAE Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Recently, ‘Fy’ algae was spotted in Yellowstone National Park. Background: The Yellowstone National Park, located in the western United States.It holds the distinction of being the world’s first national park, established on March 1, 1872. About ‘FY’ ALGAE ‘Fy’ algae is a fungus. It belongs to the Fusarium strain flavlolapis family and has been trademarked as ‘Fy’. It has been discovered in 2009 by NASA researcher Mark Kozubal. ‘Fy’ algae is an extremophilic organism, meaning it can thrive under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and acidity. One of its remarkable traits is its ability to break down various materials and convert them into food. Scientists have recognized its potential as a source of packed proteins for space missions. This protein-packed microbe has potential use in meatless burgers, dairy

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Spratly Islands & Second Thomas Shoal Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: Tensions are rising in the South China Sea after Chinese vessels attempted to block a Philippine mission to resupply their troops on the contested reef Background:- A recent incident in the area, where the Philippines claims that China Coast Guard ships caused two collisions with their boats and water cannoned one of them, has renewed global interest in the flashpoint.The Philippine vessels were part of a routine mission to deliver provisions to troops stationed on the grounded navy vessel BRP Sierra Madre at Second Thomas Shoal. About Spratly Islands:-   The Spratly Islands are a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea. Composed of islands, islets, cays and more than 100 reefs, the archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines, Malaysia and southern Vietnam. The islands are largely uninhabited, but offer rich fishing grounds and may contain significant oil and natural gas reserves. China, the Philippines, Taiwan (ROC) and Vietnam claim the whole Spratly Islands while Brunei and Malaysia claim part of the Islands. China claims sovereignty over most of the South China Sea based on the historical and controversial Nine-dash line. In 2013, the Philippines had filed a case against China with the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, challenging the legality of China’s claims and activities in the South China Sea. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in The Hague, Netherlands, ruled that China’s claims of historical rights over South China Sea (SCS) has no legal basis. About Second Thomas shoal Second Thomas Shoal is a submerged reef in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea. It is a disputed territory and claimed by several nations. The reef is occupied by Philippine Navy personnel aboard ship, the BRP Sierra Madre, that was intentionally grounded on the reef in 1999 and has been periodically replenished since then. Source: Hindu Sela Tunnel Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Saturday inaugurated the strategically significant Sela Tunnel in Arunachal Pradesh. Background: According to a Bloomberg report, India has freed up thousands of soldiers to strengthen its disputed border with China. As a response, China has said that deploying more troops at the border would not ease tensions. About Sela Tunnel The foundation of the project was laid by Modi in February 2019, with a cost estimation of Rs 825 crore, but work got delayed due to various reasons, including the Covid-19 pandemic. The Sela Tunnel, situated at an elevation of 13,000 feet, will provide all-weather connectivity to Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. Strategically crucial, the Sela Tunnel project includes two tunnels and 8.780 km of approach road. The total length of the project, including the tunnels, the approach and the link roads, will be around 12 km. Of the two tunnels, the first is a single-tube tunnel of 980 metres in length, and the second is 1.5 km long with an escape tube for emergencies. An official said that the tunnel, stretching through the Sela-Charbela ridge and constructed with the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), will be the world’s longest bi-lane tunnel at an altitude of 13,000 feet. The tunnel has been made on the road connecting Assam’s Tezpur to Arunachal Pradesh’s Tawang. It will enable all-weather connectivity to the Tawang region and is said to be strategically significant due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control (LAC). It has been excavated below the 4,200-metre (13,800 ft) Sela Pass, which connects the Tawang district with the rest of Arunachal Pradesh and is often closed due to snowfall and landslides. Source: Economic Times DESERT STAR DUNES Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: The age of one of Earth’s largest and most complex types of star shaped sand dune has been calculated for the first time. Background: Star dunes are among Earth’s largest and most complex types of sand dunes. Experts had never before been able to put a date on when they were formed. Now scientists have discovered that a dune called Lala Lallia in Morocco formed 13,000 years ago. About sand dune: A sand dune is an accumulation of sand grains that takes the form of a mound or ridge due to the influence of wind and gravity. Star dunes – or pyramid dunes – are named after their distinctive shapes and reach hundreds of metres in height. Star dunes resembling stars when viewed from above. Star dunes are massive sand dunes characterized by arms radiating from a central peak. Star dunes are widespread in modern deserts across the globe, including sand seas in Africa, Arabia, China, and North America. Dynamic Movement: Star dunes are not static; they shift and evolve over time. Star dunes are formed by opposing winds with changing directions. The Sahara’s star dunes move at an impressive pace—about 50 centimeters per year across the desert. Unlike other dunes, star dunes never collapse due to this continuous reorganization process. Source: BBC NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SCHEDULED CASTES (NCSC) Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context: Recently, the Union government has reconstituted the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC). Background: Kishor Makwana has taken charge as the Chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC). This appointment follows the resignation of former Chairman Vijay Sampla. About NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SCHEDULED CASTES (NCSC): The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) is a constitutional body established under Article 338 of the Indian Constitution. Its primary goal is to fully protect the rights of Scheduled Castes (SCs). The NCSC operates under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. It was established to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and Anglo-Indian communities and to promote and protect their social, educational, economic, and cultural interests. Structure The NCSC consists of five members including Chairperson. The President of India appoints the chairperson of the NCSC. The appointment is made by warrant under the President’s hand and seal. The term of office for the chairperson, vice-chairperson, and each member is three years from the date they assume charge of their office Duties and Functions Investigate and monitor all matters related to the safeguards

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Nuclear waste Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Science Context: Recently, India loaded the core of its long-delayed prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) vessel. Background:- Large-scale use of nuclear power is accompanied by a difficult problem: waste management. About Nuclear Waste:-   In a fission reactor, neutrons bombard the nuclei of atoms of certain elements. When one such nucleus absorbs a neutron, it destabilises and breaks up, yielding some energy and the nuclei of different elements. For example, when the uranium-235 (U-235) nucleus absorbs a neutron, it can fission to barium-144, krypton-89, and three neutrons. If the ‘debris’ (barium-144 and krypton-89) constitute elements that can’t undergo fission, they become nuclear waste. Fuel that is loaded into a nuclear reactor will become irradiated and will eventually have to be unloaded.At this stage it is called spent fuel. The spent fuel contains all the radioactive fission products that are produced when each nucleus breaks apart to produce energy, as well as those radioactive elements, produced when uranium is converted into heavier elements following the absorption of neutrons and subsequent radioactive decays. Handling the spent fuel is the main challenge: it is hot and radioactive, and needs to be kept underwater. Once it has cooled, it can be transferred to dry casks for longer-term storage. All countries with longstanding nuclear power programmes have accumulated a considerable inventory of spent fuel. For example, the U.S. had 69,682 tonnes (as of 2015), Canada 54,000 tonnes (2016), and Russia 21,362 tonnes (2014). Depending on radioactivity levels, the storage period can run up to a few millennia, meaning they have to be isolated from human contact for periods of time that are longer than anatomically modern Homo sapiens have been around on the planet. How is nuclear waste dealt with? Once spent fuel has been cooled in the spent-fuel pool for at least a year, it can be moved to dry-cask storage, and is placed inside large steel cylinders and surrounded by an inert gas. The cylinders are sealed shut and placed inside larger steel or concrete chambers. Reprocessing — the name for technologies that separate fissile from non-fissile material in spent fuel — is another way to deal with the spent fuel. Here, the material is chemically treated to separate fissile material left behind from the non-fissile material. Because spent fuel is so hazardous, reprocessing facilities need specialised protections and personnel of their own. Such facilities present the advantage of higher fuel efficiency but are also expensive. Source: Hindu Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Assam Cabinet on March 10 decided to de-notify a prime one-horned rhino habitat – the Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary about 48km east of Guwahati. Background: Environment activists says the decision, taken 26 years after the Assam Forest Department notified Pobitora as a wildlife sanctuary on March 17, 1998, is the first of its kind for any protected area in the country. About Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary  Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary on the southern bank of the Brahmaputra in Morigaon district in Assam, India. The sanctuary has the highest concentration of the one-horned rhinos on earth. The Grasslands of Pobitora offer sightings of the Greater One Horned Rhinoceros, Wild Water Buffalo, Monitor Lizard, Wild Boar, etc. Pobitora also holds the distinction of being the source population of the Indian Rhinoceros Vision, 2020 (IRV), Eight Rhinos were translocated from Pobitora Wild life Sanctuary and introduced into Manas National Park Source: Hindu AGNI-5 MISSILE WITH MIRV TECHNOLOGY Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Recently, India successfully conducted the first flight test of indigenously developed Agni-5 missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology from Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha. Background: The flight test was conducted as part of India’s ‘Mission Divyastra’. About Agni-V: The Agni-V is an advanced surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) in India. The Agni-V is an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed indigenously by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. It’s a fire-and-forget missile, which means once fired, it doesn’t require further guidance and can’t be stopped without an interceptor missile. The missile has a range of over 5000 km, making it capable of hitting targets beyond this range. It can carry a warhead of about 1500 kg. The Agni series of missiles, which includes Agni-1 to Agni-5, forms the backbone of India’s nuclear launch capability. Agni-V has been successfully tested multiple times since 2012. Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) Technology The latest variant of the Agni missile is equipped with MIRV (Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle) technology. MIRV technology allows a single missile to deploy multiple warheads at different locations or at the same location with a time gap. This technology significantly enhances the missile’s effectiveness by enabling it to hit multiple targets simultaneously. Agni-V’s MIRV capability is aimed primarily at countering challenges from China. These missiles can be launched from land or from sea from a submarine. Global Context: Currently, only a handful of countries possess MIRV-equipped missiles. These countries include the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom. While Pakistan is developing such a missile system, there are suspicions that Israel may also possess or be developing one. Previous Year Question Q1. With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct? It is a surface-to-surface missile. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 SABROOM LAND PORT Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually inaugurated the 3rd Land Port at Sabroom in South Tripura. Background: In addition to the modern Land Port in Sabroom, the Prime Minister inaugurated 11 projects in Tripura. About SABROOM LAND PORT : The Sabroom Land Port is strategically located in the South Tripura district of the state of Tripura, India, along the international border with Bangladesh. It

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   TRAFFIC (Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce) Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: An analysis by TRAFFIC and WWF-India between January 2010 and December 2022 has revealed that Tamilnadu accounted for almost 65% of illegal trade in shark body parts. Background:- Illegal trade in wildlife species is a serious conservation threat. About TRAFFIC:-   TRAFFIC (Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce), the Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network, is a global non-governmental organization monitoring the trade in wild plants and animals. TRAFFIC focuses on preserving biodiversity and sustainable legal wildlife trade while working against unsustainable illegal wildlife trade TRAFFIC’s mission is built on the long-term vision of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: a world living in harmony with nature where by 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored, and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people. It was originally created in 1976 as a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and evolved into a strategic alliance of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the IUCN TRAFFIC IS part of the Cambridge Conservation Initiative – based in the David Attenborough Building – a hub which brings together Cambridge University and several international NGOs striving for sustainability and to conserve nature. TRAFFIC came to India in 1991, operating as a division of WWF-India. Source: Hindu Gulbadan Begum Syllabus Prelims – History Context: Historian Ruby Lal has written a book on Gulbadan Begum titled ‘Vagabond Princess: The Great Adventures of Gulbadan’. Background: She is one of the most prominent women of Mughal era. About Gulbadan Begum: Gulbadan Begum (1523 – 1603) was a Mughal princess and the daughter of Emperor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. She is best known as the author of Humayun-Nama, the account of the life of her half-brother, Emperor Humayun, which she wrote on the request of her nephew, Emperor Akbar. Akbar asked his aunt to write the book as she had known and interacted with three Mughal emperors. Her book is not political unlike the other accounts of the time. It provides details of everyday life in the royal palace and is also an account of the empire as it was taking shape. Gulbadan wrote in simple Persian, without the erudite language used by better-known writers. Her father Babur had written Babur-nama in the same style. Gulbadan is the first and only woman historian of the Mughal era. Gulbadan Begum is mentioned throughout the Akbarnama of Abu’l Fazl. Source: Hindu OCEANSAT-3 Syllabus Prelims- Science Context: ISRO’s Oceansat-3 reveals phytoplankton bloom that maintains marine ecosystem. Background: The satellite revealed the seasonal greening and browning of continents, alongside the dynamic movements of chlorophyll blooms in the oceans, from April to December 2023. Phytoplankton are microscopic, photosynthetic organisms that form the foundation of the marine food web. They play a crucial role in the Earth’s ecosystems as primary producers, converting sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. About OCEANSAT-3 Oceansat-3, also known as Earth Observing Satellite 6 (EOS-6), is a remarkable oceanographical Earth observation mission launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Oceansat-3 was launched on 26th November 2022. It is part of India’s ocean observation program and is the third satellite in the Oceansat series. The satellite is designed to operate until 2027. Oceansat-3 is equipped with multiple sensors to observe various parameters: Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM-3): Measures Ocean colour data, providing insights into phytoplankton distribution and other biological processes. Ku-band Scatterometer (SCAT-3): Provides high-resolution global ocean surface wind speed and direction information. Sea Surface Temperature Monitor (SSTM): Measures Sea surface temperature (SST) variations. Oceansat-3’s data is crucial for: Oceanography: Studying ocean currents, upwelling zones, and marine ecosystems. Climatology: Monitoring climate patterns and changes. Meteorology: Enhancing cyclone prediction. Fisheries: Identifying potential fishing zones. Continuity and Enhancement: Oceansat-3, in conjunction with Oceansat-2, improves the frequency of measurements:Ocean colour measurements are now available every 24 hours, Wind vector measurements are available every 12 hours. Source: India Today JUNO SPACECRAFT Syllabus Prelims : Science Context: Recently, NASA posted an image of Great Red Spot on Jupiter captured by Juno spacecraft. Background: The Great Red Spot is a giant anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth itself. It has been observed since the 17th century and continues to be a fascinating subject of study for scientists. Juno’s mission to Jupiter has provided us with unprecedented views of this iconic feature, allowing us to delve deeper into its mysteries. About JUNO SPACECRAFT: NASA’s Juno spacecraft is a space probe orbiting Jupiter. It was built by Lockheed Martin and is operated by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on August 5, 2011, as part of the New Frontiers program. Juno entered a polar orbit of Jupiter on July 5, 2016, after a five-year, 1,740-million-mile journey. The spacecraft’s mission is to measure Jupiter’s composition, gravitational field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere. It also aims to search for clues about how the planet formed, including whether it has a rocky core, the amount of water present within the deep atmosphere, mass distribution, and its deep winds. Juno is the first explorer to peer below Jupiter’s dense clouds to answer questions about the gas giant itself and the origins of our solar system. Now in an extended mission phase, the agency’s most distant planetary orbiter continues its investigation. This extension tasks Juno with becoming an explorer of the full Jovian system – Jupiter and its rings and moons – with additional rendezvous planned for two of Jupiter’s most intriguing moons: Europa and Io. Source: Business Today REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS (REITS) Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: SEBI Chairperson Madhabi Puri Buch recently highlighted the remarkable growth of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), Infrastructure Investment Trusts (INVITs), and Municipal bonds in India. Background: The Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), Infrastructure Investment Trusts (INVITs), and Municipal bonds are all investment vehicles that allow investors to earn income from specific sectors. About REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS (REITS) Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are financial instruments that allow investors to