Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Good Governance Day Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNANCE Context: Good Governance Day was celebrated recently. Background:- There are many examples of good governance in Bharat’s long history. About Good Governance Day:- Origin: 2014. Good Governance Day will be celebrated today on the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The day is celebrated on the 25th of December every year. Objective: to foster awareness among the people of the country about accountability in Governance and Government. Good governance is concerned with the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development. The concept is related to the responsibility of governments and governing bodies to meet the needs of the masses. Elements of good governance:- Participation: People should be able to voice their own opinions through legitimate immediate organisations or representatives. Consensus-oriented Oriented: Mediates differing interests to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community. Example: GST council- centre and states together. Equity and Inclusiveness: People should have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. Example: affirmative policies for women, children and backward classes. Effectiveness and Efficiency: Processes and institutions should be able to produce results that meet the needs of their community while making the best of their resources. Accountability: Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations should be held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders. Example: elections. Transparency: Information should be accessible to the public and should be understandable and monitored. Example: RTI, Draft bills made public to get feedback. Responsiveness: Institutions and processes should serve all stakeholders, and respond to their grievances. (Global Digital Governance) Significance:- Spread Awareness on Governance Fair Treatment of Citizens Promote e-governance MUST READ: Corruption SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother a minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘stand up India scheme’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Its purpose is to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs. It provides for refinancing through SIDBI. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Forex reserves Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, Forex reserves jumped $2.816 billion to $606.859 billion. Background:- India’s forex reserves jumped $2.816 billion to $606.859 billion in the week ended December 8, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) said on December 15. About Forex reserves:- Foreign Exchange Reserves are assets held on reserve by a central bank in foreign currencies. This can include bonds, treasury bills and other government securities. Reserves are denominated and expressed in the US dollar, which is the international numeraire for the purpose. RBI is the custodian of the Foreign exchange reserves in India. India’s Forex Reserve includes:- Foreign Currency Assets(FCA) Assets that are valued based on a currency other than the country’s own currency. It is the largest component of the forex reserve. Gold reserves Special Drawing Rights Assets that are valued based on a currency other than the country’s own currency. It is the largest component of the forex reserve. Reserve position with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) It is the largest component of the forex reserve. Significance:- They are used to back liabilities on their own issued currency, support the exchange rate and set monetary policy. It serves as a cushion in the event of a Balance of Payment (BoP) crisis on the economic front. To ensure that RBI has backup funds if their national currency rapidly devalues or becomes altogether insolvent. If the value of the Rupee decreases due to an increase in the demand for foreign currency, and then RBI sells the dollar in the Indian money market so that depreciation of the Indian currency can be checked. Reserves will provide a level of confidence to markets and investors that a country can meet its external obligations. A good forex reserve helps in attracting foreign trade and earns a good reputation with trading partners. MUST READ: Rupee Depreciation SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2021) The effect of the devaluation of a currency is that it necessarily Improves the competitiveness of the domestic exports in the foreign markets Increase the foreign value of the domestic currency Improves the trade balance Which of the above statements is/are  1 only  1 and 2 3 only 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following is not the most likely measure the Government/RBI takes to stop the slide of the Indian rupee? (2019) Curbing imports of non-essential goods and promoting exports Encouraging Indian borrowers to issue rupee-denominated Masala Bonds Easing conditions relating to external commercial borrowing  Following an expansionary monetary policy Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Syllabus Prelims –HISTORY/ IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES Context: PM remembered Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya on his birth anniversary recently. Background:- On the occasion of the 162nd birth anniversary of Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi will release first series of 11 volumes of ‘Collected Works of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya’. About Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya:- The birth anniversary of Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya is celebrated on 25th He is an Indian educationist and politician notable for his role in the Indian Independence movement. Madan Mohan Malaviya, the illustrious founder of Banaras Hindu University. He occupies a leading place among the makers of modern India. He is remembered as an outstanding scholar and freedom fighter who worked immensely to raise national consciousness among people. Contributions:- He Founded Hindu Mahasabha in 1906. He Founded Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1915. He served as Vice-Chancellor from 1919 to 1938. He

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Context: Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs initiated the IEC Campaign on Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN). Background:- With an aim of reaching out to 22000 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) majority tribal habitations and PVTG families in 200 districts across the country, Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs has initiated an Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaign for the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN). About Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN):- Launched: December,2023. Ministry: Ministry of Tribal Affairs+ 8 other Ministries. Objective: to raise awareness and ensure 100% saturation of Government Schemes in PVTG majority tribal habitations. Seventy-five communities spread across 18 states and the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands have been identified as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Focus areas include 11 critical interventions, encompassing various sectors such as housing, infrastructure, healthcare, education, and connectivity. mission will operate over the next three year. Salient Features:- The comprehensive IEC campaign has started initially in 100 districts, covering approximately 500 blocks and 15,000 PVTG habitations across 18 states and the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In phase II, will cover the remaining districts. This campaign is an effort aimed at saturating PVTG families with individual entitlements and habitations with basic facilities, by making these tribal communities aware of their entitlements. During the campaign period, Aadhar cards, Community certificates and Jan Dhan accounts will be provided as these are basic requirements for other schemes such as the issue of Ayushman card, PM Kisan Samman Nidhi, Kisan credit card etc. This initiative will ensure to cover every PVTG household that has remained unreached because of distance, lack of road and digital connectivity. It will provide facilities at their doorstep. (National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)) Places like Haat Bazar, CSC, Gram panchayat, Anganwadi, Multipurpose Centre, Vandhan Vikas Kendras, and Krishi Vigyan Kendras will be used to organize these events. MUST READ: Significance of Tribal Culture in Sustainable Development SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (2022) This would prevent the transfer of land of tribal people to non-tribal people. This would create a local self-governing body in that area. This would convert that area into a Union Territory. The State having such areas would be declared a Special Category State. Q.2) With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’ pertain to (2021) dance forms of Northwest India musical instruments pre-historic cave paintings tribal languages National Consumer Helpline 2.0 Syllabus Prelims – GOVERNANCE/ ECONOMY Context: The Consumer Helpline 2.0 was inaugurated recently on National Consumer Day. Background:- The National Consumer Day is observed every year in India on 24th December. On this day the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 had received the assent of the President. The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 was passed by the Parliament in August 2019 to replace the Consumer Protection Act, of 1986. The World Consumer Rights Day is observed on 15 March. About National Consumer Helpline 2.0:- Launched: 2023. Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution. Objective: to provide telephonic advice, information and guidance to empower Indian consumers and persuade businesses to reorient their policy and management systems to address consumer concerns and grievances adopting world-class standards. Salient Features:- At the pre-litigation level, the National Consumer Helpline 2.0 serves as an alternative dispute resolution method. It is available in over 17 languages, including the newly added Maithili, Kashmiri, and Santhali. National Consumer Helpline operates under the Centre for Consumer Studies at Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA). It recognizes the need of consumers for a Telephone Helpline to deal with a multitude of problems arising in their day-to-day dealings with business and service providers. It provides a National Toll-Free Number 1800-11-4000 OR 1915. The Helpline is available on all days Except National Holidays between 09:30 AM To 05:30 PM. Sectors covered:- Service sectors : LPG, Electricity, Telecom, Banking, Insurance, Credit cards, Automobiles, Postal, Courier, water, Transport, Education and Medical etc. Products : Domestic Home Appliances in the range of ACs, Geysers, Fans, pressure cookers, Gas burner, Food Products, drinking water, Sindhur, etc. Benefits of NCH:- National Consumer Helpline supports consumers by:- Guiding consumers in finding solutions to problems related to Products and services. Providing information related to Companies and Regulatory Authorities. Facilitating consumers in filing complaints against defaulting Service Providers. Empowering consumers to use available Consumer Grievances Redressal Mechanisms, Educating Consumers about their Rights and Responsibilities. Developing awareness among Consumers about their Rights and Responsibilities. MUST READ: Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana : (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) With reference to the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements: (2022) Private and public hospitals must adopt it. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately. It has seamless portability across the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Viola arvensis Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recent studies show shows signs of self-pollination in plant Viola arvensis. Background:- In the first evidence of rapid evolution, scientists have discovered a flower growing in Paris, France is producing less nectar and smaller flowers to attract fewer pollinators. The scientists also found evidence that the plant field pansy,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Telecommunications Bill, 2023 Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNANCE/ POLITY Context: The Telecommunications Bill, 2023, was passed in Parliament recently. Background:- When it receives the assent of the President, the Bill will replace three archaic laws such as the Telegraph Act of 1885, the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act of 1933 and The Telegraph Wires (Unlawful Possession) Act, 1950. About Telecommunications Bill, 2023:- It aims to consolidate the law for wireless networks and Internet service providers and simplify the process of application for licenses and permits for telecom operators. The Bill governs authorization of telecommunication networks and services, provides for auctioning as well as administrative allocation of spectrum, and defines the mechanism for exercising the right of way for laying telecom infrastructure such as cables in public as well as private property. It states that prior authorization will be needed from the central government for providing telecom services, establishing, operating, maintaining, or expanding telecom networks, and possessing radio equipment. The existing licenses remain valid for the grant period or five years if unspecified. It also spells out emergency measures the government can take in the interest of national security and public safety such as intercepting messages, suspending telecommunication services as well as taking temporary possession of any telecommunication service or network. It states that spectrum will only be assigned through auction, except for specified uses such as national security, defence, disaster management, weather forecasting, transport, satellite services (DTH and satellite telephony), BSNL, MTNL, and public broadcasting. The Bill also states that rules will be framed to protect consumers with the setting up of a ‘Do Not Disturb’ register to ensure they don’t receive a specified class of messages without prior consent. Entities have also been mandated to carry out biometric authentication of their users as a measure to curb fraud. The Bill allows the government to curb the import of telecom equipment from potentially adversarial nations. The bill prescribes punishment for unauthorized provision of telecom services or access to networks/data punishable with imprisonment, fines, or both. (The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)) The central government will appoint an adjudicating officer (rank of joint secretary and above) for civil offences. Appeals to Designated Appeals Committee and Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT). Territorial Applicability: It now extends to offences committed outside India if the offence in question involves a telecom service provided in India. Significance:– Replaces Archaic Laws. Provides Clarity for Satellite broadband services. Provides technology-based Solutions for Governance. MUST READ: Telecom industry in India SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements : (2018) It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 3 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.1) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) GPS and navigation systems could fail. Tsunamis could occur in equatorial regions. Power grids could be damaged. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 4, and 5 only 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 only 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 India- Israel Relations Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: The Delhi Police has intensified its probe into a low-intensity blast that occurred near the Israel Embassy recently. Background:- Areas around the Israel embassy and Jewish establishments in Delhi have been put under the watch of the security personnel. About India- Israel Relations:- IMAGE SOURCE: WORLDATLAS Diplomatic Relations:- India had voted against partitioning Palestine at the UN, rejecting the notion of two nations based on religious criteria in 1947. India and Israel established diplomatic ties in India officially recognized Israel in 1950. In 1992 India established full diplomatic relations with Israel. In 2000, L K Advani became the first Indian minister to visit Israel. And in 2003, Ariel Sharon became the first Israeli Prime Minister to visit India. In 2017, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Israel, becoming the first Indian prime minister to do so. The two countries have since elevated their ties to a strategic partnership. Economic and trade Relations:- Bilateral merchandise trade surged from USD 200 million in 1992 to USD 6.35 billion (excluding defense) by 2022. India emerged as Israel’s third-largest trade partner in Asia and seventh globally, with trade diversifying into pharmaceuticals, agriculture, IT, telecom, and homeland security. Defense Relations:- India imports crucial defence technologies from Israel. India uses Israeli defence systems such as Phalcon AWACS, Heron drones, and Barak anti-missile defense systems. Agricultural Relations:- A three-year joint work program was signed in 2021 to enhance agricultural cooperation, focusing on Centers of Excellence, value chains, and private investment. Israel’s expertise and technologies have benefitted India in horticulture, irrigation, and dairy farming. Relations in Science and Technology: The Joint Committee on Science and Technology, established in 1993. The India-Israel Industrial R&D and Technological Innovation Fund (I4F) supports joint industrial projects in specific sectors. In 2002, India and Israel signed a cooperative agreement promoting space collaboration. India has successfully launched TecSAR and RISAT-2 radar imaging satellites of Israel from PSLV of ISRO. I2U2 Grouping:- It stands for India, Israel, the UAE, and the US. It aims to strengthen economic partnerships, identify areas of cooperation, and encourage joint investments six key sectors: water, energy, transportation, space, health, and food security. Challenges in the relations:- Since 2010, the two countries have been talking about a free-trade deal for

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES/ INITIATIVES Context: Recently, the Ministry of Rural Development signed a MoU with Reliance Retail’s JioMart, to onboard  Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM’s) SHGs. Background:- The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Reliance Retail’s JioMart towards its efforts to help enhance the outreach of the products of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) of Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) thereby empowering the rural SHG artisans. About Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM):- Launched: June 2011. Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development. Objective: to reduce poverty by enabling the poor household to access gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities resulting in sustainable and diversified livelihood options for the poor. The Mission seeks to reach out to around 10 Crore rural poor households in a phased manner by 2022-23 and impact their livelihoods significantly. Historical Background:- The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) was launched in 2011 by the Government of India by restructuring the erstwhile Swarnajayanti Grameen Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY). The new programme design was based on the experiences gained from the large-scale community-based projects in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. In November 2015, the program was renamed Deendayal Antayodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM). Salient Features:- DAY-NRLM is a flagship poverty alleviation program of the Government of India. It is the world’s largest initiative to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor. Values:- Inclusion of the poorest, and meaningful role to the poorest in all the processes. Transparency and accountability of all processes and institutions Ownership and key role of the poor and their institutions in all stages – planning, implementation, and monitoring Community self-reliance and self-dependence Components of mission:- The Mission seeks to achieve its objective through investing in four core components:- Social mobilization and promotion and strengthening of self-managed and financially sustainable community institutions of the rural poor: At least one woman member from each identified rural poor household, is to be brought under the Self Help Group (SHG) network in a time-bound manner. Financial inclusion of the rural poor:- It works on both the demand and supply sides of financial inclusion. On the demand side, it promotes financial literacy among the poor and provides catalytic capital to the SHGs and their federations. Sustainable livelihoods: NRLM focuses on stabilizing and promoting the existing livelihood portfolio of the poor through its three pillars: vulnerability reduction, livelihood enhancement and employment. Social inclusion, social development and convergence:- NRLM places a high emphasis on convergence with other programmes of the MoRD and other Central Ministries. MUST READ: Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay SOURCE: PIB  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother a minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative with UNDP support covers which of the following? (2012) Deprivation of education, health, assets and services at the household level Purchasing power parity at the national level Extent of budget deficit and GDP growth rate at the national level Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 National Programme on Anganwadi-cum-Crèche Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Context: A National Level Programme on Anganwadi-Cum-Crèche Under Palna was held at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi recently. Background:- It was to release the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) of the scheme. About National Programme on Anganwadi-cum-Crèche:- Launched: 2023. Ministry: Ministry of Women and Child Development. Objective: the central aim of Anganwadi-cum- Crèches is to meet the demand for quality childcare facilities and enable women to actively participate in the workforce. Salient Features:- The Anganwadi-Cum- Crèche initiative under the Palna Scheme underwent revisions and was included as part of the Samarthya sub-component of Mission Shakti, starting from April 2022. The government has expanded childcare services through Anganwadi cum Crèche (AWCC) as part of the Palna scheme, a sub-component of Mission Shakti. Palna scheme: it is intended to offer a safe and secure environment for the children of working women to function as a catalyst for increasing female labour force participation. Its objectives are:- To provide day-care facilities for children (6 months to 6 years) of working mothers in the community. To improve the nutrition and health status of children. To promote physical, cognitive, social and emotional development (Holistic Development) of children. To educate and empower parents /caregivers for better childcare. The scheme will provide an integrated package of the following services: Daycare Facilities including Sleeping Facilities. Early Stimulation for children below 3 years and preschool education for 3 to 6 years old children. Supplementary Nutrition (to be locally sourced) Growth Monitoring. Health Check-up and Immunization. Palna is a Mission Shakti sub-scheme. Mission Shakti: it is the Government of India’s Integrated Women Empowerment Programme. It was launched as an Umbrella Scheme for Women’s Safety, Security, and Empowerment, with implementation dates from 2021-22 to 2025-26. The Ministry of Women and Child Development has established a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the administration and execution of the AWCC scheme to enable states and districts to operationalize Palna. AWCC aims to provide high-quality crèche services in a safe and secure setting for children aged 6 months to 6 years. Anganwadi facilities are the world’s greatest childcare institutions, committed to providing children with vital care and assistance. The government aims to establish 17,000 Crèches under the Palna scheme. Two additional Crèche workers and helpers will be deployed along with existing Anganwadi workers and helpers under the Palna scheme. (Mid-day Meal (MDM) scheme) The program emphasizes the role of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: Recently, President Droupadi Murmu has nominated Justice Sanjiv Khanna, the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court, as the Executive Chairperson of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA). Background:- Justice Khanna would replace Justice SK Kaul who retired on December 25, 2023. About National Legal Services Authority (NALSA):- The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has been constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. Objective: to provide free Legal Services to the weaker sections of the society and to organize Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes. HQ: New Delhi. Hon’ble Dr Justice D. Y. Chandrachud, the Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief. The second senior-most judge of the Supreme Court of India is the Executive Chairman. NALSA is housed at the Supreme Court of India. In every State, the State Legal Services Authority has been constituted to give effect to the policies and directions of the NALSA and to give free legal services to the people and conduct Lok Adalats in the State. The State Legal Services Authority is headed by Hon’ble the Chief Justice of the respective High Court who is the Patron-in-Chief of the State Legal Services Authority. A Seniormost Judge of the High Court is nominated as Executive Chairman, SLSA. NALSA, through the State Legal Services Authorities, also conducts legal literacy programmes. Free legal services include:- Payment of court fees, process fees, and all other charges payable or incurred in connection with any legal proceedings; Providing the service of lawyers in legal proceedings; Obtaining and supply of certified copies of orders and other documents in legal proceedings. Preparation of appeal, paper book, including printing and translation of documents in legal proceedings. Persons eligible for free legal services include:- Women and children Members of SC/ST Industrial workmen Victims of mass disasters, violence, flood, drought, earthquake, and industrial disasters. Disabled persons. Persons in custody Persons whose annual income does not exceed Rs. 1 lakh (in the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee the limit is Rs. 5,00,000). Victims of trafficking in human beings or beggars. MUST READ: District Legal Services Authority SOURCE: THE TRIBUNE PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2021) Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such an accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) With reference to the National Legal Services Authority, consider the following statements: (2013) Its objective is to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society on the basis of equal opportunity. It issues guidelines for the State Legal Services Authorities to implement the legal programmes and schemes throughout the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Card-on-File Tokenization Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has enabled card-on-file tokenisation (CoFT) through card-issuing banks and institutions. Background:- It is to make digital payments more secure, safe and sound. About Card-on-File Tokenization:- The central bank introduced Card-on-File Tokenization (CoFT) in September 2021 and began implementation on October 1, 2022. Objective: to enhance convenience for cardholders in getting tokens created and linking them to their existing accounts with e-commerce applications. Tokenization is the replacement of actual credit and debit card details with an alternate code called the “token”, which will be unique for a combination of card, token requestor, and device. A CoF transaction occurs when a cardholder authorizes a retailer to store the cardholder’s Mastercard or Visa payment information. The cardholder then authorizes the business to charge the stored Mastercard or Visa account. Card information is typically stored in the systems of e-commerce companies, airlines, and supermarket chains. Significance: The move will facilitate the creation and linking of tokens to cardholders’ existing accounts with e-commerce applications. Benefits of tokenization:- Enhanced safety and security: It eliminates the risk of storing card details online and ensures the uncompromised convenience of storing customer’s token details on the merchant site. Quicker checkouts: Tokenized Mastercard will allow the convenience of quick checkouts as one doesn’t need to punch in the card number for each purchase. No more ‘False Declines’: Many times, legitimate online payments using valid cards are declined on the grounds of the transaction looking like a fraud. With tokenization, this becomes a thing of the past as the usage of tokens for payments confirms the security of the highest order. Easy card management: With tokenization, one can also keep track of all their cards and the merchants they have been tokenized with. No need for a physical card Added benefits: Tokenization also comes with cashback benefits when secured with platforms like Amazon, Paytm, Swiggy, etc MUST READ: Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) SOURCE: BUSINESS STANDARD PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements: If the inflation is too high, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is likely to buy government securities. If the rupee is rapidly depreciating, RBI is likely to sell dollars in the market. If interest rates in the USA or European Union were to fall, that is likely to induce RBI to buy dollars. Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022) 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), consider the following statements: They enable the digital representation of physical assets. They are unique cryptographic tokens that exist on a blockchain. They can be traded or exchanged at equivalency and therefore can be used as a medium transactions of commercial Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022) 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Wang’s Garden Lizard Syllabus Prelims

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023 Syllabus Prelims –POLITY/ GOVERNANCE Context: Recently, President Droupadi Murmu has given her assent to Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023. Background:- These three new criminal justice bills were passed by the Parliament. About Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023:- Key Provisions of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bill 2023:- The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 replaced the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, which is the principal law on criminal offences in the country. The new act adds community service as a form of punishment. (Section 153A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC)) For the first time terrorism has been defined in the criminal justice system. Sedition: Under the IPC, section 124-A deals with the offence of sedition and prescribes a sentence of life imprisonment or imprisonment which may extend to three years, to which a fine may be added. In the BNS Bill, provision 150 under the chapter pertaining to ‘offences against the State’ talks about acts endangering the sovereignty unity and integrity of India. The offence of defamation now carries a simple imprisonment of up to two years, or with a fine, or with both or with community service. For the first time capital punishment has been introduced for the offence of mob lynching apart from the offence being made punishable with 7 years of imprisonment or life imprisonment. Sexual exploitation of women on the pretext of marriage, job, promotions or by concealing identity will be considered a crime. Adultery: The new Bill omits the provision for the offence of Homosexuality: The new Bill does not include any punishment for ‘unnatural sexual offences against men’. Key Provisions of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023:- The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 has replaced the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC). The CrPC provides for the procedure for arrest, prosecution, and bail. Trials, appeal proceedings, and recording of depositions including those of public servants and police officers, may be held in electronic mode. The statement of the accused too can be recorded through video-conferencing. Summons, warrants, documents, police reports, and statements of evidence can be done in electronic form. The Bill adds electronic communication including “communication devices”. On the directions of a court or police officer, a person is required to produce any document/ device that is likely to contain digital evidence for the purpose of an inquiry. A police officer may be permitted to use handcuffs while arresting a person if he is a repeat offender who escaped from custody, or has committed an organized crime, terrorist act, offences against the state, etc. There is a provision on procedures for the timeframe to file mercy petitions in death sentence cases. A decision to grant or reject sanction to prosecute a public servant must be reached by the government within 120 days of receiving a request. If the government fails to do so, the sanction will be deemed to have been accorded. No sanction is required in cases including sexual offences, trafficking, etc. There are provisions for police to detain or remove any person resisting, refusing or ignoring, or disregarding directions given as part of preventive action. Key Provisions of Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Bill, 2023:- The Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Bill, 2023 replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The Act governs the admissibility of evidence in Indian Courts. It applies to all civil and criminal proceedings. It retains most provisions of the IEA including those on confessions, relevancy of facts, and burden of proof. The IEA provides for two kinds of evidence – documentary and oral. Documentary evidence includes primary (original documents) and secondary (that proves the contents of the original). It retains the distinction. It classifies electronic records as documents. Under the IEA, electronic records are categorized as secondary evidence. It classifies electronic records as primary evidence. It expands such records to include information stored in semiconductor memory or any communication devices (smartphones, laptops). It expands secondary evidence to include: (i) oral and written admissions, and (ii) the testimony of a person who has examined the document and is skilled in the examination of documents.  MUST READ: Rape and sexual crimes law in India SOURCE: AIR  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2022) When a prisoner makes out a sufficient case, parole cannot be denied to a such prisoner because it becomes a matter of his/her right. State Governments have their own Prisoners Release on Parole Rules. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2022) Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such an accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Minimum Support Price (MSP) Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs( CCEA) has approved the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Copra for the 2024 season. Background:- Briefing media in New Delhi yesterday, Information and Broadcasting Minister Anurag Singh Thakur said, the MSP for the coming season is an increase of 300 rupees per quintal for milling copra and 250 rupees per quintal for ball copra over the previous season. About Minimum Support Price (MSP):- IMAGE SOURCE: AIR Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. The Cabinet Committee of Economic Affairs announces the MSP at the start of each sowing season, considering the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). CACP is an attached office of the Ministry of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NITI Ayog Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNANCE/ECONOMY Context: Recent studies by NITI Aayog show that the levy of 20-30% health tax on food high in sugar, salt, and fat. Background:- The study by Niti Aayog, studied the impact of imposing health taxes and warning labels on food products to encourage healthy eating practices. About NITI Aayog:- Establishment: 2015. HQ: New Delhi. Objective:- To evolve a shared vision of national development priorities, sectors and strategies with the active involvement of States. To foster cooperative federalism through structured support initiatives and mechanisms with the States on a continuous basis. To develop mechanisms to formulate credible plans at the village level and aggregate these progressively at higher levels of government. To ensure, in areas that are specifically referred to it, that the interests of national security are incorporated in economic strategy and policy. To focus on technology upgradation and capacity building for implementation of programmes and initiatives. To actively monitor and evaluate the implementation of programmes and initiatives. Salient Features:- NITI Aayog was formed via a resolution of the Union Cabinet on 1 January 2015. It replaced the Planning Commission which was a non-constitutional body formed in 1950. NITI Aayog is a state-of-the-art resource centre with the necessary knowledge and skills. It aims to enable it to act with speed, promote research and innovation, provide strategic policy vision for the government, and deal with contingent issues. It is supported by an attached office, the Development Monitoring and Evaluation Organisation (DMEO), a flagship initiative, Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) and an autonomous body, the National Institute of Labour Economics Research and Development (NILERD). Structure:- The Governing Council is the premier body tasked with evolving a shared vision of national priorities and strategies. The Governing Council of NITI Aayog, comprising Chief Ministers of all the States and Union Territories with legislatures and Lt Governors of other Union Territories. Functions and activities:- NITI Aayog’s entire gamut of activities can be divided into four main heads:- Policy and Programme Framework Cooperative Federalism Monitoring and Evaluation Think Tank, and Knowledge and Innovation Hub About Taxation on High Fat Sugar Salt (HFSS) foods:- According to the Ministry of Women and Child Development, HFSS foods may be defined as foods (any food or drink, packaged or non-packaged) which contain low amounts of proteins, vitamins, phytochemicals, minerals and dietary fibre but are rich in fat (saturated fatty acids), salt and sugar and high in energy (calories) that are known to have a negative impact on health if consumed regularly or in high amounts. The WHO and the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) recommend the FSSAI to clearly define High Fat Sugar Salt foods, ensuring transparency, and recommends a nutrient-based tax model. The tax on these foods is required due to:- Health Risks Economic Burden of Obesity in India which was $23 billion in 2017. Growing Consumption of such foods in India. Benefits of taxing HFSS foods:- Promotion of healthier food choices. Improved public health outcomes. Reduction of the burden on the health-care system. MUST READ: Report on National Nutrition Mission: NITI Aayog SOURCE: THE HINDU  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana : (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the (2019) Department of Science and Technology Ministry of Labour and Employment NITI Aayog Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently it was announced that Aadhaar-linked pay will be made mandatory for Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) workers from the new year. Background:- From the New Year, wages under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) will be paid only through an Aadhaar-based payment system (ABPS), which requires the Aadhaar details of workers to be seeded to their job cards. About Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS):- Launched: 2005. Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development (MRD). Objectives: improving the purchasing power of the rural people, primarily semi or unskilled work to people living below the poverty line in rural India. Salient Features:- The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), also known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS) is Indian legislation enacted on August 25, 2005. The MGNREGA provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage. The Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), Govt of India is monitoring the entire implementation of this scheme in association with state governments. It guarantees a hundred days of wage employment in a financial year, to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Individual beneficiary-oriented works can be taken up on the cards of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, small or marginal farmers or beneficiaries of land reforms or beneficiaries under the Indira Awaas Yojana of the Government of India. Within 15 days of submitting the application or from the day work is demanded, wage employment will be provided to the applicant. Right to get unemployment allowance in case employment is not provided within fifteen days of submitting the application or from the date when work is sought. Benefits:- MGNREGA focuses on the economic and social empowerment of women. (PM SVANidhi scheme) Social Audit of MGNREGA works is mandatory, which lends to accountability and transparency. MGNREGA works to address the climate change vulnerability. MUST READ: Issues with MGNREGA SOURCE: THE HINDU  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   National Transit Pass System (NTPS) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Context: Recently, Minister Bhupendra Yadav launched the National Transit Pass System (NTPS). Background:- It is a unified system for forest goods’ transport across India. About National Transit Pass System:- Launched: 29 DEC 2023. Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Objective: to facilitate the seamless transit of timber, bamboo, and other forest produce across the country. Salient Features:- National Transit Pass System (NTPS) pan-India to facilitate the seamless transit of timber, bamboo, and other forest produce across the country. Currently, transit permits are issued for the transport of timber and forest produce based on state-specific transit rules. The NTPS is envisioned as a “One Nation-One Pass” regime, which will enable seamless transit across the country. (Green Tug Transition Programme) This initiative will streamline the issuance of timber transit permits by providing a unified, online mode for tree growers and farmers involved in agroforestry across the country, contributing to the ease of doing business. Key Features:- It is a role-based and workflow-based application available as a desktop-based web portal as well as a mobile application. Online registration and submission of the applications for Transit Permit (TP) or No Objection Certificate (NOC) through web portal and mobile app. Online application for Species grown on private land which are exempted from the transit pass regime and Online application submission for Species grown on private land which are not exempted from transit pass regime. Online generation of Transit Permit or NOC on the basis of category of species. E-payment system: Payment can be made online through the mobile app/web portal before downloading T.P. Benefits:- Expedite issuance of transit permits for timber, bamboo and other minor forest produce without physically going to forest offices. Replace manual paper-based transit system with online transit system. One permit for the whole of India for transit of timber, bamboo and other minor forest produce for ease of doing business. Seamless movement across state borders from origin to destination through the help of a Mobile App. (North-East Cane and Bamboo Development Council (NECBDC)) Promotion of agro-forestry activities. Saving of transportation costs and time .  MUST READ: National Rail Plan for Infrastructure Capacity Enhancement SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1)Which one of the following best describes the term “greenwashing”? (2022) Conveying a false impression that a company’s products are eco-friendly and environmentally sound Non-inclusion of ecological/ environmental costs in the Annual Financial Statements of a country Ignoring the consequences of disastrous ecological while infrastructure development undertaking Making mandatory provisions for environmental costs in a government project/programme Q.2) With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements (2018) The National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) is operated under the guidelines and ‘directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development. ‘The Agricultural and Processed Food Product Export Development Authority ‘(APEDA) functions as the Secretariat for the implementation of NPOP. Sikkim has become India’s first fully organic State. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Goods and Services Tax (GST) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: India’s Goods and Services Tax (GST) revenues crossed ₹1,64,800 crore in December 2023 as per recent reports. Background:- December’s GST kitty, for transactions undertaken in November 2023, is about 1.8% lower than the nearly ₹1.68 lakh crore collected a month earlier, which marked the third highest monthly receipts from the tax that was launched in July 2017. About Goods and Services Tax (GST):- Launched:2017. Ministry: Ministry of Finance. Historical Background:- The idea of a Goods and Services Tax (GST) for India was first mooted during the Prime Ministership of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee. In March 2011, the Constitution (115th Amendment) Bill, 2011 was introduced in the Lok Sabha to enable the levy of GST. However, due to a lack of political consensus, the Bill lapsed after the dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha in August 2013. On 19th December 2014, The Constitution (122nd Amendment) Bill 2014 was introduced in the Lok Sabha and was passed by Lok Sabha in May 2015. The Constitutional amendment was notified as Constitution (101st Amendment) Act 2016 on 8th September, 2016. The Constitutional amendment paved the way for the introduction of Goods and Services Tax in India. Salient Features:- Goods and Services Tax is an indirect tax used in India on the supply of goods and services. It is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold for domestic consumption. It was launched as a comprehensive indirect tax for the entire country. It is of three types:- CGST: levied by the Centre SGST: levied by the States and IGST: levied on all Inter-State supplies of goods and/or services. GST Council:- The 101st Amendment Act of 2016 (122nd Amendment Bill), paved the way for the implementation of GST. (GST Appellate Tribunal) The GST Council is a joint forum of the Centre and the states under Article 279-A of the constitution. Article 279-A. gives the President the authority to appoint a GST Council by executive order. The members of the Council include the Union Finance Minister (chairperson), and the Union Minister of State (Finance) from various states. As per Article 279, it is meant to “make recommendations to the Union and the states on important issues related to GST, like the goods and services that may be subjected or exempted from GST, model GST Laws”. It also decides on various rate slabs of GST. Benefits of GST:- Automated tax ecosystem: It helped the country in transitioning to an automated indirect tax ecosystem. Better Compliance: GST helped in achieving better tax compliance by subsuming multiple taxation and reducing in taxation burden in the last four years. E-invoice and More Revenue: The E-invoicing system helped reduce fake invoicing. Lesser transaction costs: After the introduction of GST, there has been a significant reduction in transaction costs. Cooperative Federalism: The customs portals are linked with the GST portal for credit availing on imports constitution of the GST Council and ensuring Centre-State partnership in the decision-making process. Challenges of GST:-

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   electronic Supreme Court Reports (e-SCR) project Syllabus Prelims –POLITY/GOVERNANCE Context: Recently, CJI announced the launch of the electronic Supreme Court Reports (e-SCR) project. Background:- In another step towards digitalization, Chief Justice of India (CJI) D Y Chandrachud announced the launch of the electronic Supreme Court Reports (e-SCR) project to provide free access to its about 34,000 judgements to lawyers, law students and the common public. About the electronic Supreme Court Reports (e-SCR) project:- The e-SCR Project is an initiative that will provide the digital version of the Supreme Court’s judgments in the manner as they are reported in the official law report – ‘Supreme Court Reports’. Objective: to bring in a positive change for the benefit of all the stakeholders of justice, primarily litigants and members of the Bar as well as the High Courts, National Law University, Judicial Academies, etc. The e-SCR project will showcase replica soft copies of SCRS by utilizing the verifiable authentic soft copies as available in the PF format. This project will take a step forward toward fulfilling the objective of digitization of the Indian Judiciary. The Supreme Court has developed a search engine with the help of the National Informatics Centre (NIC), which uses elastic search techniques in the database of e-SCR. The search facility in e-SCR provides several options, including free text search, search within search, case type and case year search, judge search, year and volume search, and bench strength search. These initiatives will provide easy access to the judgments of the apex court and facilitate research and understanding of legal matters. The deadline for head-noted judgments of 2022 to be made available online will provide greater transparency and accessibility to the Supreme Court’s work and decisions. With the launch of the e-SCR project, all judgments of the Supreme Court will be made available online within 24 hours. These judgments will be accessible on the Supreme Court’s mobile app and on the National Judicial Data Grid’s judgment portal. The NJDG portal is a national repository of data relating to cases instituted, pending, and disposed of by the courts across the length and breadth of the country. Advantages:- Reduction in the burden of travelling. Browsing through huge volumes of journals in libraries Enhancing its accessibility to those with visual disabilities.  MUST READ: Delegated Legislation SOURCE: THE ECONOMIC TIMES  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to India, consider the following statements: Government law officers and legal firms are recognized as advocates, but corporate lawyers and patent attorneys are excluded from recognition as advocates. Bar Councils have the power to lay down the rules relating to legal education and recognition of law colleges. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (2022) 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) With reference to India, consider the following statements: Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in police station, not in jail. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (2021) 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Sagar Parikrama Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Context: Recently, the 10th phase of Sagar Parikrama began from Chennai Port. Background:- The tenth phase of Sagar Parikrama began from Chennai Port today. Union Minister for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Parshottam Rupala and Union Minister of State Dr L. Murugan jointly inaugurated the mission which will travel through Nellore, Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam. About Sagar Parikrama:- Ministry: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying. First phase Began :5th March 2022 . First phase location: Mandvi, Gujarat. Organized by: Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, and National Fisheries Development Board along with- Department of Fisheries, Government of Gujarat, Indian Coast Guard, Fishery Survey of India, Gujarat Maritime Board and Fishermen representatives. Objective: to address the challenges faced by fishers and stakeholders while uplifting their economic prospects through various fisheries schemes and programs, such as Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) & and Kisan Credit Cards (KCC). Sagar Parikrama is a navigation journey to be conducted in all coastal states/UTs through a pre-decided sea route to demonstrate solidarity with all fisherfolk, fish farmers, and concerned stakeholders. It is envisioned as a part of ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsava’ saluting our great freedom fighters, sailors, and fishers. The Parikrama shall be accompanied by the State Fisheries officials, Fishermen representatives, Fish-Farmers entrepreneurs, stakeholders, professionals, officials, and Scientists from across the nation. It is to be celebrated through a pre-decided sea route down right from Gujarat, Diu, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands. The Sagar Parikrama Program is to have an interaction with fishermen, fisher communities, and stakeholders in these locations and districts. (Conserving Marine Resources) Significance:- The Sagar Parikrama Program is being celebrated as a part of the 75th “Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsava”. It is an initiative to know the problems of Coastal Fisherfolk. It will demonstrate solidarity with all fisherfolk, fish farmers, and concerned stakeholders  MUST READ:  Marine Spatial Planning Framework SOURCE: AIR  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements regarding mercury pollution: (2023) Gold mining activity is a source of mercury pollution in the world. Coal-based thermal power plants cause mercury pollution. There is no known ·safe level of exposure to mercury. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Consider the following in respect of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017) Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime cooperation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Income Tax Returns Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: A Record 8.18 crore Income Tax Returns

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   New law against hit-and-run Syllabus Prelims –POLITY/ GOVERNANCE Context: Recently, the truck driver’s strike was called off after the government assured to keep the new law against hit and run on hold. Background:- Truck drivers’ associations have called off the three-day strike after the government assured to hold the new Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) replacing the Indian Penal Code. About the New law against hit-and-run:- The new law in Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) under Section 106(2) replaces IPC Section 304A (causing death by negligence). It has more Severe Penalties. The Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) was passed by Parliament in December 2023 and will replace the IPC. Under it, if a driver causes a serious road accident due to careless driving and then leaves without informing the police or any official, they could be punished with up to 10 years in jail and a fine of Rs 7 lakh. The BNS has established two distinct categories under the umbrella of “causing death by negligence.” First category: addresses causing death through any rash or negligent act that does not amount to culpable homicide. Offenders in this category may face imprisonment for up to five years and a fine. Second category: deals with causing death through rash and negligent driving, not amounting to culpable homicide. If the individual escapes without promptly reporting the incident to a police officer or magistrate, they could be subjected to up to 10 years of imprisonment and a fine. Need: According to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India recorded 1.51 lakh road deaths in 2019, of which 50,000 were due to hit-and-run incidents. Currently, the accused in hit-and-run cases are tried under Section 304A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which provides for penalties of up to two years in jail. Argument against it: Transport operators argue that the law may unfairly penalize drivers and could expose them to mob violence, especially when attempting to transport the injured to hospitals.  MUST READ: Road to Safety SOURCE: BUSINESS STANDARD  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2022) When a prisoner makes out a sufficient case, parole cannot be denied to a such prisoner because it becomes a matter of his/her right. State Governments have their own Prisoners Release on Parole Rules. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2022) Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such an accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Bilateral Agreement on Prohibition of Attack on Nuclear Installations and Facilities Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: India, and Pakistan exchange a list of nuclear installations as per the Bilateral Agreement on Prohibition of Attack on Nuclear Installations and Facilities recently. Background:- It was done simultaneously through diplomatic channels in New Delhi and Islamabad. About Bilateral Agreement on Prohibition of Attack on Nuclear Installations and Facilities:- The agreement was signed on December 31, 1988, and came into force on January 27, 1991. The pact mandates the two countries to inform each other of nuclear installations and facilities to be covered under the agreement on January 1 of every calendar year. This is the 33rd consecutive exchange of such lists between the two countries. The agreement’s definition of ‘nuclear installation or facility’ is comprehensive, encompassing a broad range of facilities, including nuclear power and research reactors, fuel fabrication, uranium enrichment, isotope separation, reprocessing facilities, and establishments storing significant quantities of radioactive materials in various forms. Significance:- The Agreement stands as a pivotal diplomatic tool, fostering transparency, confidence, and a secure environment in the realm of nuclear capabilities between India and Pakistan. It reinforces stability and trust between the two nations. Current Issues in India-Pakistan Relations:- Cross Border Terrorism Indus Water Treaty Siachen Glacier(Challenges to secure India’s Land Borders) Sir Creek Reorganization of Jammu & Kashmir (Manasbal Lake, Kashmir)  MUST READ: The status of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: Region often mentioned in the news:     Country Anatolia                                                     Turkey Amhara                                                      Ethiopia Cabo Delgado                                             Spain Catalonia                                                     Italy How many pairs given above are correctly matched? (2022) Only one pair Only two pairs Only three pairs All four pairs Q.2) When you travel in the Himalayas, you will see the following: (2012) Deep gorges U-turn river courses Parallel mountain ranges Steep gradients causing land sliding Which of the above can be said to be the evidence for the Himalayas being young fold mountains? 1 and 2 only 1, 2 and 4 only 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 World Braille Day Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT EVENTS Context: World Braille Day was celebrated across globe recently. Background:- On this occasion, National Institutes and Composite Regional Centres under the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities are organizing several programs in the country. About World Braille Day:- This day marks the birthday of Louis Braille, the visionary inventor of the Braille script. He was born in France in 1809. The day also