Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Chile Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS/ GEOGRAPHY Context: Recently, Chile became the 95th member of the International Solar Alliance. About Chile:- IMAGE SOURCE: maps-chile.com Capital: Santiago Geography: Situated along the western seaboard of South America. Chile’s relief is for the most part mountainous, with the Andes range dominating the landscape. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the south. The Atacama desert is one of the driest places in the world that touches Chile on its northern side and is a source of sodium nitrate fertilizer. Much of northern Chile is desert; the central part of the country is a temperate region where the bulk of the population lives and where the larger cities, including Santiago, are located. South-central Chile, with a lake and forest region, is temperate, humid, and suitable for grain cultivation; and the southernmost third of the country, cut by deep fjords, is an inhospitable region—cold, wet, windy, and limited in resources. Climate and Natural events: A land of extreme natural events: volcanic eruptions, violent earthquakes, and tsunamis. Fierce winter storms and flash floods alternate with severe summer droughts. Economy: It is based on primary economic activities: agricultural production; copper, iron, and nitrate mining; and the exploitation of sea resources. Chuquicamata is the World’s largest copper town in Chile. Australia, Chile, China and Argentina are the world’s top four lithium-producing countries. MUST READ: Renewable Energy Transition SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) “Climate Action Tracker” which monitors the emission reduction pledges of different countries is a: (2022) Database created by a coalition of research organisations Wing of “International Panel of Climate Change” Committee under “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” Agency promoted and financed by the United Nations Environment Programme and World Bank Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2016) The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Zika Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent genomic studies are opening new windows into understanding the complex interplay of Zika infections. About Zika:- The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus. It was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys. It was later identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Most infections in humans are asymptomatic or with mild symptoms, including fever, rash, and joint pain. Transmission:- It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It can also spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, and from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or childbirth. The Zika virus became notorious during the 2015-2018 outbreak that swept through the Americas. The outbreak was characterized by an alarming increase in the number of microcephaly cases in newborns, prompting the World Health Organization to declare it a public health emergency of international concern in early 2016. Treatment:- There is no vaccine or medicine for Zika. Instead, the focus is on relieving symptoms and includes rest, rehydration and acetaminophen for fever and pain. MUST READ: Controlling Dengue Using Wolbachia Bacteria SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2022) Aarogya Setu COWIN DigiLocker DIKSHA Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. The Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Apollo 13 Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, Ken Mattingly, an astronaut who helped the Apollo 13 crew return safely home, died at age 87. He is best remembered for his efforts on the ground that helped bring the damaged Apollo 13 spacecraft safely back to Earth. About Apollo 13:- Launched: April 11, 1970 Launched from: Cape Canaveral, Florida. Agency: NASA (India – USA space cooperation) Rocket: Saturn V SA-508 rocket Seventh manned mission in the Apollo Space program (1961-1975). Its crew consisted of astronauts James Lovell Jr, Fred Haise Jr, and John Swigert Jr. Apollo 11 and 12 – the previous two missions had landed on Lunar Maria, the dark patches on the near side of the Moon which provide comparatively easier landing abilities. (Moon’s Wobble Effect) Apollo 13 was supposed to make a more challenging landing near the Fra Mauro, a crater which was formed as ejecta from the impact that formed the Imbrium Basin. While Apollo 13 did not land on the lunar surface, it was able to return with photographs that it took when it looped around the Moon. MUST READ: Luna 25 mission SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) GPS and navigation systems could fail. Tsunamis could occur in equatorial regions. Power grids could be damaged. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 4, and 5 only 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 only 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Tuberculosis Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent reports suggest that India, Indonesia and the Philippines account for over 60% drop in tuberculosis reporting in 2020 and 2021. Background:- TB remained the world’s second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent in 2022, after COVID-19 and caused almost twice as many deaths as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), being the leading cause of death among people with HIV. About Tuberculosis:- Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs. TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs but may also affect other parts. Tuberculosis is preventable and curable. About a quarter of the global population is estimated to have been infected with TB bacteria. About 5–10% of people infected with TB will eventually get symptoms and develop TB disease. Risk factors: The most common risk factor associated with TB is HIV and other conditions that impair the immune system. Symptoms:- prolonged cough (sometimes with blood) chest pain weakness fatigue weight loss fever night sweats Transmission:- Bacteria are spread through the air, just like a cold or the flu. It spreads through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or spit. Those who are infected but not (yet) ill with the disease cannot transmit it. Treatment:- TB disease is usually treated with antibiotics and can be fatal without treatment. In certain countries, the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given to babies or small children to prevent TB. The vaccine prevents TB outside of the lungs but not in the lungs. Prevention:- Seeking medical attention if you have symptoms like prolonged cough, fever and unexplained weight loss as early treatment for TB can help stop the spread of the disease and improve your chances of recovery. Getting tested for TB infection if you are at increased risk, such as if you have HIV or are in contact with people who have TB in your household or your workplace. Practicing good hygiene when coughing, including avoiding contact with other people and wearing a mask, covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and disposing of sputum and used tissues properly.  MUST READ: India’s TB Elimination Programme SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. The Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Which of the following statements is not correct? (2017) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV. Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine. Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses is several times more than those infected with HIV. Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years. Badrinath Dham Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: Recently, President Draupadi Murmu visited the Badrinath Dham. Background:- The president is scheduled to address the 11th convocation of Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University in Srinagar. The president will also attend a program organized in Dehradun tomorrow to celebrate Uttarakhand State Foundation Day. About Badrinath Dham:- Location: Uttarakhand, India. Badrinath or Badrinarayan Temple is a Hindu temple. It is situated in the town of Badrinath. It is dedicated to lord Vishnu. It forms one of the four Char Dham and Chota Char Dham pilgrimage sites. (Srisailam Temple) The four char dhams include:- Badrinath Kedarnath Gangotri Yamunotri The temple is located on Garhwal hill tracks in Chamoli district. It is along the banks of the Alaknanda River. The temple has three structures: the Garbhagriha (sanctum), the Darshan Mandap (worship hall), and Sabha Mandap (convention hall). The Tapt Kund, a group of hot sulphur springs just below the temple, are considered to be medicinal. The Badrinath Dham, which symbolizes a synthesis of religious, cultural and spiritual mystic beauty, is undergoing reconstruction and beautification. MUST READ: Khajuraho temples SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (2017) It is a song and dance performance Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1, 2 and 3 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1 only Q.2) Kalamkari painting refers to (2015) a hand-painted cotton textile in South India. a handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in Northeast India. a block-painted woollen cloth in the Western Himalayan region of India. a hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North-Western India. National Investigation Agency Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT AGENCIES Context: The National Investigation Agency, has carried out coordinated searches at eight locations across Punjab, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh in a heroin seizure case recently. Background:- The searches relate to the seizure of a substantial quantity of narcotics, specifically heroin, which was intercepted upon its arrival in India through the Integrated Check Post in Attari, Amritsar in April last year. About National Investigation Agency:- NIA is functioning as the Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency in India. Establishment: 2008. It was established by the National Investigation Agency Act, enacted on 31-12-08. (NIA) Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs. HQ: New Delhi. It is a central agency to investigate and prosecute offences:- affecting the sovereignty, security and integrity of India, security of the State, and friendly relations with foreign States. against atomic and nuclear facilities. smuggling in High-Quality Counterfeit Indian Currency. Objectives:- It implements international treaties, agreements, conventions and resolutions of the United Nations, its agencies and other international organizations. Historical Background:- The agency at the Central level was created for the investigation of offences related to terrorism and certain other Acts post-2008 Mumbai

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Sharjah International Book Fair 2023 Syllabus Prelims – IMPORTANT EVENTS Context: The 42nd edition of the Sharjah International Book Fair (SIBF) is currently underway. Background:- The current edition of SIBF features an impressive participation of 2,033 publishers representing 109 countries. The India Pavilion is a vibrant and bustling hub at the book fair, representing the rich literary diversity of the country About Sharjah International Book Fair 2023:- Date: 1- 12th ,November,2023. Organized by: Sharjah Book Authority (SBA). Venue: Sharjah Expo Centre, UAE. (CEPA between India and the UAE) Theme: “We Speak Books” The 12-day agenda is a comprehensive cultural, creative, and entertaining extravaganza. Over 1,700 activities are being led by 215 guests hailing from 69 countries, catering to a wide range of interests and age groups. A highlight of the event is the participation of 600 authors who are present to sign their latest works. South Korea is taking centre stage as the Guest of Honour at SIBF this year. The festival is shining a spotlight on South Korea’s unique knowledge and cultural landscape, covering literature, art, technology, and culture. Historical Background:- The 10-day event which started in 1982 under the patronage of His Highness Dr Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, is a leading literary event that profiles the written work throughout the Middle East, Asia and Africa. The book fair is considered to be the 3rd largest fair in the world and saw 2.4 million visitors attend in 2021. The event also features a lineup of book signings, workshops and panel discussions. Significance:- It has been reported that UK and European publishers who attended past Sharjah International Book Fairs, said the fair had brought in new business opportunities for them. MUST READ: India-UAE relations SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following countries : (2023) Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Latvia Lithuania Romania How many of the above-mentioned countries share a land border with Ukraine? Only two Only three Only four Only five Q.2) The term “Levant” often heard in the news roughly corresponds to which of the following regions? (2022) Region along the eastern Mediterranean shores The region along North African shores stretches from Egypt to Morocco The region along the Persian Gulf and Horn of Africa The entire coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) Syllabus Prelims – IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS Context: Recently, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) has issued a show cause notice to Air India. Background:- In order to ensure compliance of passenger-centric CARs, DGCA has been carrying out inspections of scheduled domestic airlines, at various major airports since May this year. During the inspections, it was found that Air India was not complying with the provisions of the relevant CAR. About Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA):- Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation. HQ: New Delhi The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is an attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. It has regional offices in various parts of India. Functions of the DGCA:- It is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation primarily dealing with safety issues. It is responsible for the regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for the enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards. It is responsible for the Registration of civil aircraft. It is responsible for the Certification of airports. It is responsible for the Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers, air traffic controllers and flight engineers, and conducting examinations and checks for that purpose. It is responsible for promoting indigenous design and manufacture of aircraft and aircraft components by acting as a catalytic agent. It is responsible for approving training programmes of operators for carriage of dangerous goods, issuing authorizations for carriage of dangerous goods, etc. It also coordinates all regulatory functions with the International Civil Aviation Organization. Aviation Safety Ranking:- In 2022, the DGCA made a significant leap in the International Civil Aviation Organization’s coordinated validation mission (or audit) that was conducted in November 2022. As a result, India’s effective implementation score has risen from the previous 69.95% to nearly 85.49%, thereby changing India’s Safety Oversight rank from 102 to 48, among the 193 contracting states. MUST READ: Reforms in the Civil Aviation Industry SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Central Bank digital currencies, consider the following statements : (2023) It is possible to make payments in a digital currency without using the US dollar or SWIFT system. A digital currency can be distributed with a condition programmed into it such as a timeframe for spending it. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) In India, which one of the following compiles information on industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments and lay-offs in factories employing workers? (2022) Central Statistics Office Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Labour Bureau National Technical Manpower Information System Horn of Africa Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Recently, Horn of Africa faced deadly floods due to El Nino-linked ‘above average’ rains. Background:- Several people in the Greater Horn of Africa are feared dead, property worth millions destroyed and populations displaced due to heavy rainfall in the region, according to officials. About Horn of Africa:- IMAGE SOURCE: iStock Countries: Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. Location: northeast of the African It lies along the southern boundary of the Red Sea. It extends hundreds of kilometers into the Guardafui Channel, the Gulf of Aden, and the Indian Ocean. It is equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It extends out into the Arabian Sea for hundreds of kilometres. It is located along the south of the Gulf of Aden. The Horn of Africa is a UNESCO Biodiversity Hotspot and one of the two entirely arid ones. Biodiversity Hotspot: To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, an area must meet two strict criteria:- Contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants found nowhere else on Earth (known as “endemic” species).

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT ORGANIZATIONS Context: Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) facilitated the export of the first trial shipment of fresh bananas to the Netherlands. Background:- The trial shipment of bananas to Europe was carried out by the APEDA-registered ‘INI Farms – a top exporter of fruits and vegetables from India. The first export consignment of bananas to the Netherlands was flagged off by APEDA Chairman Abhishek Dev from Baramati, Maharashtra. About APEDA:- Ministry: Ministry of Commerce and Industry. HQ: New Delhi. It is a statutory body established by the Government of India under the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act passed by the Parliament in 1985. The Authority replaced the Processed Food Export Promotion Council (PFEPC). APEDA has been entrusted with the responsibility of monitoring the import of sugar as well. APEDA also functions as the Secretariat to the National Accreditation Board (NAB) for the implementation of accreditation of the Certification Bodies under the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) for organic exports. Chairman – appointed by the Central Government (APEDA inks MoU with NAFED) Functions:- Development of industries relating to the scheduled products for export by way of providing financial assistance. Registration of persons as exporters of the scheduled products on payment of such fees as may be prescribed. Fixing standards and specifications for the scheduled products for the purpose of exports; Carrying out inspection of meat and meat products in slaughterhouses, processing plants, storage premises, conveyances, or other places Improving packaging of the Scheduled products. Improving marketing of the Scheduled products outside India. Promotion of export-oriented production and development of the Scheduled products. APEDA is mandated with the responsibility of export promotion and development of the following scheduled products: Fruits, Vegetables and their Products. Meat and Meat Products. Poultry and Poultry Products. Dairy Products. Confectionery, Biscuits, and Bakery Products. Honey, Jaggery, and Sugar Products. Cocoa and its products, chocolates of all kinds. Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages. Cereal and Cereal Products. Groundnuts, Peanuts, and Walnuts. Pickles, Papads, and Chutneys. Guar Gum. Floriculture and Floriculture Products. Herbal and Medicinal Plants. De–oiled rice bran. Green pepper in brine. Cashew Nuts and Its Products. Basmati Rice has been included in the Second Schedule of the APEDA Act. MUST READ: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following factors/policies were affecting the price of rice in India in the recent past? (2020) Minimum Support Price Government’s trading Government’s stockpiling Consumer subsidies Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, and 4 only 1,3, and 4 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? (2020) Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies Social Capital Development Free electricity supply to farmers Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments. In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, and 5 only 1, 3, 4, and 5 only 2, 3, and 6 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 National Ayurveda Day Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT DAYS Context: Recently, the Ayush Ministry celebrated the 8th National Ayurveda Day at Panchkula. Background:- Union AYUSH Minister Sarbanand Sonowal said that ayurvedic medicine is part of a thousands-year-old culture and has been present in the society, education, service and lifestyle of India since ancient times. About National Ayurveda Day:- The National Ayurveda Day is celebrated every year on Dhanteras which is the Birth Anniversary of Lord Dhanwantri. It is believed that Lord Dhanwantari is the Hindu God for Medicine and is an avatar of Lord Vishnu. It is celebrated to promote and globalize Ayurveda as one of the most ancient and holistic approaches to medicine globally. The theme of the 8th National Ayurveda Day 2023 celebration is “Ayurveda for One Health” with the tagline “Ayurveda for everyone on every day’. National Ayurveda Day was first celebrated in India on October 28, 2016. Objectives of National Ayurveda Day:- Celebration of National Ayurveda Day is an initiative to further promote Ayurveda into the mainstream. Its motives also includes a focus on the strengths of Ayurveda for the well-being of human and its unique treatment principle. Ayurveda also reduces the burden of disease morbidity and mortality. This also explores the potential of Ayurveda to contribute towards National Health Policy and Programs. This also aims to create a sense of awareness among the general masses and promote Ayurvedic principles of healing in society for the well-being of all living creatures. Significance:- National Ayurveda Day is an opportunity to learn more about Ayurveda and its benefits and to promote its use as a complementary and alternative medicine system. (WHO and Traditional Medicine) Various events are held across India on this day, including free health camps, seminars, and exhibitions. MUST READ: Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following infrastructure sectors : (2023) Affordable housing Mass rapid transport Health care Renewable energy On how many of the above does the UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative focus on its investments? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in  the context of interventions being  undertaken under the Anaemia Mukt  Bharat Strategy : (2023) It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents and pregnant women. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four El Nino Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Scabies Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent reports suggest that Malawi is battling an outbreak of scabies. Hospitals register thousands of people with infectious skin disease, months after a wave of cholera swept African country. About Scabies:- Scabies is a skin disease caused by a parasite named Sarcoptes scabie which is a tiny insect about 0.3 mm long called a mite. The female parasite burrows under the skin. It begins laying eggs within 2-3 hours of infection and generally lays 2-3 eggs daily. The eggs hatch and become adult mites (a term referring to this parasite) within 10 days. Scabies is a relatively contagious infection caused by a tiny mite (Sarcoptes scabie). Transmission is from person to person more by close skin contact. Symptoms:– Severe itch Itchy lines and bumps on the fingers, wrists, arms, legs, and belt area Larger rash in infants and small children, including on the palms, soles of the feet, ankles, and scalp. A more severe type of scabies, called crusted scabies, makes the skin crusty and scaly and affects large areas of the body. Treatment:- Several types of lotions (usually containing 5% permethrin) can be applied to the body and left on for 12-24 hours. One topical application is usually sufficient, although the scabicide may be reapplied after a week if mites remain. Itching can be lessened by the use of calamine lotion or antihistamine medications. Prevention:- Good hygiene is essential in the prevention of scabies. (Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)) MUST READ: Type 1 diabetes SOURCE: THE GUARDIAN PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of probiotics: (2022) Probiotics are made of both bacteria and yeast. The organisms in probiotics are found in foods we ingest but they do not naturally occur in our gut. Probiotics help in the digestion of milk sugars. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only 1 and 3 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body? (2022) They protect the environmental allergens. body They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation. They act as immunosuppressants in the body. They protect the body from the diseases caused by pathogens. Awaous Motla Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Researchers discover new freshwater fish species ‘Awaous Motla’ in Odisha’s Mahanadi River.  Background:- A group of scientists has discovered that an edible freshwater fish, available in the markets of western Odisha, is actually an unregistered species. About Awaous Motla:- The species belongs to the family ‘Awaous’ (Oxudercidae), thus named Awaous motla and ‘motla’ by fishermen. The fish has a vibrant yellow-coloured body and a fleshy upper lip. Can be consumed both fresh and dried. It was discovered from the Mahanadi River. It is one of the major east-flowing peninsular rivers in India. The river originates from the Sihawa range of hills in the Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh state. MUST READ: Zebrafish SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) ‘Microsatellite DNA’ is used in the case of which one of the following? (2023) Studying the evolutionary relationships among various species of fauna Stimulating ‘stem cells’ to transform into diverse functional tissues Promoting clonal propagation of horticultural plants Assessing the efficacy of drugs by conducting a series of drug trials in  a population Q.2) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022) Golden Mahseer Indian Nightjar Spoonbill White Ibis Jericho Missile System Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: Recently, a call was given by an Israeli lawmaker suggesting deploying a ‘ Jericho Missile System’ against Hamas and Palestine in the ongoing war. About Jericho Missile System:- Jericho is Israel’s original ballistic missile programme, initiated in the 1960s. It was named after the biblical city located in the West Bank. This programme was initially a collaboration with the French aerospace company Dassault, but when France withdrew in 1969, Israel continued its development. Jericho-1 Missile System:- The Jericho-1 missile system, retired in the 1990s. It had a weight of 6.5 tons, a length of 13.4 meters, and a diameter of 0.8 meters. Jericho-1 missile system had a range of 500 kilometres. It could carry a 1,000-kilogram payload, though it had a 50 per cent chance of hitting within a 1,000-meter radius of its target. Jericho-2 Missile System:- It was developed in the late 1980s. It has a length of 15 metres and a diameter of 1.35 metres while maintaining the same payload capacity and range between 1,500 and 3,500 kilometres. It has the same payload capacity as Jericho-1. Jericho-3 Missile System:- It is the first Israeli Intercontinental Missile (ICBM). It was first tested in 2008 and entered service in 2011. The payload capacity extended to about 1,300 kilograms. It has a range of 4,800 to 6,500 kilometres. MUST READ: BrahMos Missiles SOURCE: MSN PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on its Q.2) With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 only Alcalus fontinalis Syllabus

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Dubai Airshow 2023 Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: Recently, the 18th edition of the Dubai Airshow 2023 was commenced. Background:- The 18th edition of the highly anticipated Dubai Airshow is set to kick off on November 13, at Dubai World Central (DWC), under the patronage of Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai. About Dubai Airshow 2023:- Date: November 13, 2023. Venue: Dubai World Central (DWC), UAE. Theme: The Future of the Aerospace Industry. Time period: biennial. The airshow is set to welcome 1,400+ exhibitors from across the world of aviation, with 180+ aircraft set to be displayed. Key Highlights:- Dubai Airshow is strictly open to trade and media guests only but does offer a public grandstand to view the daily flying display with prior registration. A highlight of this year’s Dubai Airshow is the static display, boasting a new benchmark with over 180 commercial aircraft, including Airbus’ A320P2F, A321neo, A330neo, A400M Atlas CMk1, H225 (Helicopter), and C295. Embraer’s E195-E2 will make its public debut with a new livery. Boeing will showcase a flying demonstration of its highly anticipated 777-9. Leading and emerging airlines from around the world will showcase new concepts, with Saudia presenting a Boeing 787-10 featuring a new brand livery and a flyadeal Airbus 320neo. The world’s first premium leisure airline, Beyond, will feature its state-of-the-art Airbus A319 on static display, among other industry-leading aircraft. Special passport stamps at Dubai Airports Dubai Airports has revealed that travellers arriving at Dubai International Airport and Dubai World Central Airport between November 6th and November 18th will receive a special stamp on their passports commemorating the Dubai Airshow. Gulfstream is Planning To Debut The G700 Private Jet At The Dubai Airshow, MUST READ: Defence Acquisition Council SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q1. Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q2. Consider the following statements: (2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Tiger Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, a 60% increase in the overall tiger population was seen. Background:- The habitat & biodiversity loss is threatening Southeast Asian big cats. About Tiger:- Scientific Name: Panthera tigris. Indian Sub Species: Panthera tigris tigris. WEIGHT: 220–660 pounds. LENGTH: 6–10 feet. HABITATS: Tropical rainforests, evergreen forests, temperate forests, mangrove swamps, grasslands, and savannas. It is the largest cat species and a member of the genus Panthera. Distribution: Its habitat stretches from Siberian temperate forests to subtropical and tropical forests on the Indian subcontinent and Sumatra. Traditionally eight subspecies of tigers have been recognised, out of which three are extinct. Bengal Tigers: Indian Subcontinent Caspian tiger: Turkey through central and west Asia (extinct). Amur tiger: Amur Rivers region of Russia China, and North Korea Javan tiger: Java, Indonesia (extinct). South China tiger: South central China. Bali tiger: Bali, Indonesia (extinct). Sumatran tiger: Sumatra, Indonesia. Indo-Chinese tiger: Continental south-east Asia. Tigers are mostly solitary, apart from associations between mother and offspring. Tigers eat large prey animals like deer and wild pigs, though they make exceptions for some small animals, including porcupines. Threats:- Habitat destruction Habitat fragmentation and Poaching. Conservation Status:- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List: Endangered. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Appendix I. Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I MUST READ: Tiger Estimation SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following makes a tool with a stick to scrape insects from a hole in a tree or a log of wood? (2023) Fishing cat Orangutan Otter Sloth bear Q.2) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022) Golden Mahseer Indian Nightjar Spoonbill White Ibis Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Syllabus Prelims – IMPORTANT INSTITUTION Context: Globally, 21 million tonnes of plastics leaked into the environment last year as per a recent Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report. Background:- Report released two days before Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution for an international treaty on plastics. About the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD):- Establishment: 1961. HQ: Paris, France. Total Members: 38. The 38 Member Countries consist of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. India is not a member, but a key economic partner. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization that works to build better policies for better lives. It formulates policies to promote prosperity, equality, opportunity and prosperity for all. Its goal is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all. Organisational structure:- COUNCIL: Oversight and strategic direction. COMMITTEES: Discussion and review. SECRETARIAT: Evidence and analysis. Objectives:- The OECD’s main objective is to enhance the world economy and promote international trade. It offers the governments of various countries the opportunity to work jointly to find solutions to common problems. It includes working with democratic countries that share a commitment to enhance the general population’s economy and well-being. The main objective of the OECD is to support governments throughout the world: Increase confidence in the functioning of markets and institutions. To achieve future sustainable economic growth, obtain healthy public finances. To achieve growth through innovation, sustainable strategies and developing economies’ sustainability. Provide resources to enhance people’s productive skills. Reports and Indices by OECD:- Government at a Glance 2017 report. International Migration Outlook. OECD Better Life Index. MUST READ: Digital taxation &

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   International Trade Fair-2023 Syllabus Prelims – IMPORTANT EVENTS Context: The 42nd edition of the India International Trade Fair -2023 began recently. Background:- Union Minister of State for Commerce and Industry Anupriya Patel will inaugurate the fair which will continue till the 27th of this month. About International Trade Fair:- Date: 14th – 27th November 2023. Timings: The timings of the fair will be from 10 A.M. to 7.30 PM. Venue: Pragati Maidan in New Delhi. The 42 edition of the India International Trade Fair(IITF) will be held in the newly built halls of the International Exhibitioncum Convention Centre (IECC). It is a fourteen-day fair. Theme: The theme is Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. The theme emphasizes the significance of interconnectedness and cooperation in trade for achieving sustainable growth and well-being. In line with the G20, the theme shares India’s ancient wisdom and strength in diverse sectors, perspectives and opinions on key socio-economic issues and to participate in shaping global economic policies. Participants: Over three thousand exhibitors from both India and abroad will participate in the fair. Representatives from 13 countries including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Oman, Egypt, Nepal, Thailand, Turkiye, Vietnam, Tunisia, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Iran and UAE are participating in the event from overseas. The First five days of the Trade Fair will be reserved for the business category and for the general public, it will be open from the 19th of this month. Bihar and Kerala are the Partner States while Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh are the Focus States. Visitors can purchase the trade fair tickets online and also from select 55 metro stations. For Divyang and Senior citizens, entry into the fair will be free. It has a wide spectrum of Business, Social, Cultural and Educational Dimensions that are weaved together where visitors and exhibitors, media persons, marketing professionals, social activists, NGOs etc. source their needs and objectives. Significance:- A number of Government Organizations use this platform to spread awareness about their programmes and policies among the public. Almost all States and Union Territories of the Federal Government of India participate in this mega event. IITF 2023 will feature the country’s latest export potential in diverse fields especially when we are celebrating India’s presidency of the G20. (Free Trade Agreements regime) MUST READ: New Foreign Trade Policy SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q1) Consider the following statements about G-20: (2023) The G-20 group was originally established as a platform for the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss international economic and financial issues. Digital public infrastructure is one of India’s G-20 priorities. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2)  With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022) A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Aurora Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, NASA recently shared an incredible picture of an aurora captured from the International Space Station. Background:- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on Tuesday shared a remarkably beautiful image of an aurora taken from the International Space Station as it flew above the American state of Utah. About Aurora:- Auroras are a space weather phenomenon that occurs when electrically charged electrons and protons collide with neutral atoms in the upper atmosphere. An Aurora is a display of light in the sky predominantly seen in the high-latitude regions (Arctic and Antarctic). It is also known as a Polar light. In the Northern Hemisphere, the phenomenon is called the northern lights (aurora borealis), while in the Southern Hemisphere; it’s called the southern lights (aurora australis). Auroras result from emissions of photons in the Earth’s upper atmosphere (above 80 km), from ionized nitrogen atoms regaining an electron, and from electrons from oxygen and nitrogen atoms returning from an excited state to the ground state. The solar wind coming from the sun is the origin of the charged protons and electrons that excite oxygen and nitrogen and cause auroras. The aurora’s colour depends on the type of atom that is excited and how its electrons return from those excited states to the ground state. High-energy electrons cause oxygen to emit green light (the most familiar colour of the aurora), while low-energy electrons cause red light. Nitrogen generally gives off a blue light. The blending of these colours can also lead to purples, pinks, and whites. The oxygen and nitrogen also emit ultraviolet light, which can be detected by special cameras on satellites. Auroras are not just something that happens on Earth. If a planet has an atmosphere and magnetic field, they probably have auroras. Discrete Auroras on Mars: Unlike auroras on Earth, which are seen only near the north and south poles, Discrete Auroras (DA) on Mars are seen all around the planet at night time. (Discrete Auroras of Mars) Auroras have been observed on Saturn and Jupiter. MUST READ: Aditya-L1 Mission SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   National Children’s Day Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT DAYS Context: President  Droupadi Murmu stressed the need to inspire children from childhood to help others and have a feeling of love and respect for the environment on National Children’s Day. Background:- The President stated this while addressing the children from various schools and organisations at Rashtrapati Bhavan on Children’s Day. About National Children’s Day:- Children’s Day is also known as ‘Bal Diwas’ in India. Children’s Day is the annual celebration in the country that falls on the birthday of India’s first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, on November 14. Its celebrations date back to 1956, when the day was observed as ‘Universal Children’s Day’ on November 20, keeping with the United Nations. But, after Pt Nehru died in 1964, it was decided the celebrations be moved to commemorate his birth anniversary. Pt Nehru’s love for children was well-known. He was hailed as ‘Chacha Nehru’ owing to his popularity among children. It is said that he considered them to be the future assets of the country, for whom an all-rounded education would be of importance for their career, and for the country. (Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE)) Thus, Pt Nehru became a role model for many future generations. He also established pioneer scientific institutions like the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), the Indian Institutes of Management (IIM), and the National Institutes of Technology (NIT). Significance:- The day stands for the rights of children and prioritizes their needs and voices. (The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2021) It also raises awareness of the need for the education of children to enable them to be better citizens of the country in the coming years. MUST READ: Child Marriage in India SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother a minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘stand up India scheme’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Its purpose is to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs. It provides for refinancing through SIDBI. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 ASEAN Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh attended the 10th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM Plus). Background:- It will be held in Jakarta, Indonesia, from the 16th of November to the 17th of November,2023. Since 2017, the ADMM-Plus Ministers have been meeting annually to bolster cooperation between ASEAN and the Plus countries. About ASEAN:- Establishment: 8 August 1967. Secretariat: Jakarta, Indonesia. Members: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia. Bangkok Declaration, 1967, formally established the ASEAN. The first ASEAN Summit was in 1976. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional association that was founded to maintain social stability and political equilibrium among Asia’s post-colonial states amid escalating conflicts. “One Vision, One Identity, One Community” is its motto. The 8th of August is celebrated as the ASEAN Day. Institutional mechanism of ASEAN:- ASEAN Summit: It meets annually to discuss regional issues and set policy directions. ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC): It oversees the implementation of ASEAN agreements and decisions. ASEAN Secretariat: It supports and facilitates ASEAN’s activities and initiatives. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): It is a platform for dialogue and cooperation on political and security issues among ASEAN member countries and their partners. Decision Making: It is done through consultation and consensus. Significance of ASEAN for India:- India needs a close diplomatic relationship with ASEAN nations both for economic and security reasons. Connectivity with the ASEAN nations can allow India to improve its presence in the region. (India-ASEAN conclave) These connectivity projects keep Northeast India at the centre, ensuring the economic growth of the northeastern states. Improved trade ties with the ASEAN nations would mean a counter to China’s presence in the region and economic growth and development for India. ASEAN occupies a centralized position in the rules-based security architecture in the Indo-Pacific, which is vital for India since most of its trade is dependent on maritime security. Collaboration with the ASEAN nations is necessary to counter insurgency in the Northeast, combat terrorism, tax evasion etc. MUST READ: India-ASEAN FTA SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 only Helicobacter pylori Syllabus Prelims –SCIENC AND TECHNOLOGY Context: The National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases has made quick detection of drug-resistant ‘Helicobacter pylori possible recently. Background:- A two-step PCR-based assay of a small region of the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria can help detect H. pylori infection and also identify clarithromycin-resistant bacteria and those that are drug-sensitive in six-seven hours has been developed by a team of researchers from the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata. About Helicobacter pylori:- H pylori is a bacterium that infects the stomach lining. It is linked to gastrointestinal issues

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Alzheimer’s Disease Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, the World’s Leading Theory on Alzheimer’s in Crisis fail After Major Drug Trials. Background:- In two trials, a drug designed to eradicate the sticky plaques has failed to preserve the cognitive abilities of people with early Alzheimer’s disease compared to people given a placebo. The monoclonal antibody gantenerumab did significantly reduce the amount of amyloid beta in the brain as intended, but this did not translate into improvements in cognitive function. About Alzheimer’s Disease:-   Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological disorder. It causes brain cells to degenerate and die. This leads to loss of memory, problems with words in speaking or writing, poor judgment, changes in mood and personality, confusion with time or place, etc. It is a brain disorder that gets worse over time. Alzheimer’s is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. Alzheimer’s is an incurable disease, as the death of brain cells cannot be reversed. Women have a higher risk of having Alzheimer’s disease than men. Causes:- Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells. One of the proteins involved is called amyloid, deposits of which form plaques around brain cells and the other protein is called tau. Tau is a protein that when it occurs in tangled formations in the brain of Alzheimer patients, disrupts the ability of neurons to communicate with one another in the brain. Symptoms:- A gradual decline in some, most or all of the following:- Reasoning and handling of complex tasks. Understanding visual form and space relationship. Management and Treatment:- Medication: There’s no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but certain medications can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two types of drugs to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: Cholinesterase inhibitors. NMDA antagonists. Managing behaviour changes:- Maintaining a familiar environment for them. Monitoring patients’ comfort. Providing comfort objects, such as a favourite stuffed animal or blanket.   MUST READ: Need for stronger mental health strategy SOURCE: SCIENCE ALERT PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) ‘Microsatellite DNA’ is used in the case of which one of the following? (2023) Studying the evolutionary relationships among various species of fauna Stimulating ‘stem cells’ to transform into diverse functional tissues Promoting clonal propagation of horticultural plants Assessing the efficacy of drugs by conducting a series of drug trials in  a population Q.2) ‘Aerial metagenomics’ best refers to which one of the following situations? (2023) Collecting DNA samples from air in a habitat at one go Understanding the genetic makeup of avian species of a habitat Using air-borne devices to collect blood samples from moving animals Sending drones to inaccessible areas to collect plant and animal  samples from land surfaces and  water bodies Employees’ State Insurance Scheme Syllabus Prelims – GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recent data shows that over 18.88 lakh new workers enrolled under the Employees’ State Insurance Scheme in September 2023. Background:- Over nine lakh young employees, up to the age group of 25 years, constitute the majority of new registrations. About Employees’ State Insurance Scheme:- IMAGE SOURCE: AIR The Employees’ State Insurance Scheme (ESI)is an integrated measure of social Insurance embodied in the Employees’ State Insurance Act, of 1948. ( ESIC) Objectives: ESI Scheme is designed to accomplish the task of protecting ’employees’ as defined in the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 against the impact of incidences of sickness, maternity, disablement and death due to employment injury and to provide medical care to insured persons and their families. (Draft Social Security Code ) Implementing Agency: Employees’ State Insurance Corporation. Applicability of ESI Scheme:- It applies to factories and other establishments Road Transport, Hotels, Restaurants, Cinemas, Newspaper, Shops, and Educational/Medical Institutions wherein 10 or more persons are employed. However, in some States threshold limit for coverage of establishments is still Beneficiary Selection:- Employees of the aforesaid categories of factories and establishments, drawing wages up to Rs.15,000/- a month, are entitled to social security cover under the ESI Act. ESI Corporation has also decided to enhance the wage ceiling for coverage of employees under the ESI Act from Rs.15,000/- to Rs.21,000. Coverage of the ESI Scheme:- 1952: In the beginning, the ESI Scheme was implemented at just two industrial centres in the country, namely Kanpur and Delhi. The Scheme today, stands implemented at over 830 centres in 31 States and Union Territories. Funding of ESI Scheme:- The Employees’ State Insurance Scheme (ESI Scheme) is financed by contributions from employers and employees. The rate of contribution by employer is 3.25% of the wages payable to employees. The employees’ contribution is at the rate of 75% of the wages payable to an employee. Benefits under the ESI Scheme:- The main benefits provided under ESI Scheme are: Sickness Benefit Disablement Benefit Dependants’ Benefit Maternity Benefit Medical Benefit Other benefits: Confinement Expenses, Funeral Expenses, Vocational Rehabilitation, Physical Rehabilitation, Unemployment Allowance (RGSKY) and Skill Upgradation Training.   MUST READ: Finding Unemployment Benefits SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In India, which one of the following compiles information on industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments, and lay-offs in factories employing workers? (2022) Central Statistics Office Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Labour Bureau National Technical Manpower Information System Q.2)Consider the following statements with reference to India: (2023) According to the ‘Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006’, ‘medium enterprises are those with investments in plant and machinery between (‘ 15 crores and ’25 crore). All bank loans to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises qualify under the priority sector. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Rabhindra Bhavan Syllabus Prelims – ART AND CULTURE Context: Veteran artist Jatin Das inaugurated two curated Exhibitions at Rabhindra Bhavan recently. Background:- Lalit Kala Akademi, the apex cultural body under Ministry of Culture, Government of India, presents two exhibitions, namely ‘Imag(in)ing the Immediate- Curating from a National

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Reserve Bank of India Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, RBI tightened norms for unsecured personal loans for banks and non-banking financial companies. Background:- RBI in a circular said that it has been decided to increase the risk weights with respect to consumer credit exposure of commercial banks, both outstanding and new, including personal loans. About RBI:- Establishment:1935. HQ: Mumbai. The Reserve Bank of India is India’s central bank. It is the apex monetary institution which supervises, regulates controls and develops the monetary and financial system of the country. The Reserve Bank was established on April 1, 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, of 1934. Structure of RBI:- The Reserve Bank’s affairs are governed by a central board of directors. The board is appointed by the Government of India in keeping with the Reserve Bank of India Act. The directors are appointed/nominated for a period of four years. Functions of the Reserve Bank of India:- Monetary Policy of the Country (RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee) Inflation control: The RBI has targeted to keep the mid-term inflation at 4 four per cent (+/- 2 per cent). Decides benchmark interest rate RBI acts as a banker for both the central as well as state governments. It sells and purchases government securities on their behalf. Regulator of Foreign Exchange under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (“FEMA”). MUST READ: Financial Stability Report SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following brings out the ‘Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers’?(2017) The Reserve Bank of India The Department of Economic Affairs The Labour Bureau The Department of Personnel and Training Q.2) In the ‘Index of Eight Core Industries’, which one of the following is given the highest weight? (2015) Coal production Electricity generation Fertilizer production Steel production Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation CEO Summit took place recently. Background:- Speaking at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation CEO summit in San Francisco yesterday, President Biden stressed the importance of working together with India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore to strengthen the critical semiconductor industry. About APEC:- Established: 1989 HQ: Singapore. Members: 21 Member Nations: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Vietnam and the United States. India is not a Member. It is an inter-governmental forum that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region. (APEC virtual meet held) It was started in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional trade blocs in other parts of the world. It aimed to establish new markets for agricultural products and raw materials beyond Europe. Functions of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC):- APEC works to help all residents of the Asia-Pacific participate in the growing economy. APEC projects provide digital skills training for rural communities and help indigenous women export their products abroad. Recognizing the impacts of climate change, APEC members also implement initiatives to increase energy efficiency and promote sustainable management of forest and marine resources. India and APEC:- India has been an important destination for APEC members’ foreign investment over the past 25 years, with three APEC economies—Singapore, Japan, and the United States—among the top five countries providing FDI inflows into India. India was denied APEC membership in 2007 on the grounds that its economy was not integrated into the global system. India is the region’s third-largest and now fastest-growing major economy. APEC economies, which account for 60 per cent of global GDP, are experiencing sluggish growth and must look for opportunities to bring new markets India is also projected to be the world’s third-largest economy by 2030 and will need well over $1 trillion of investment in infrastructure over the next decade. MUST READ: APEC summit, 2021 SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2020) International agreement/ set-up Subject Alma-Ata Declaration – Healthcare of the people Hague Convention – Biological and Chemical Weapons Talanoa Dialogue – Global Climate Change Under2 Coalition – Child Rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 4 only 1 and 3 only 2,3 and 4 only Q.2) In which one of the following groups are all four countries members of G20? (2020) Argentina Mexico, South Africa and Turkey. Australia Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam Indonesia Japan Singapore and South Korea Ohio-class Submarine Syllabus Prelims –DEFENCE Context: Recently, a U.S. nuclear-powered Ohio-class submarine, equipped for precision missile strikes over considerable distances, has joined a fleet of Navy ships in the waters of the Middle East. Background:- In an unusual public announcement on November 5, the U.S. Central Command confirmed the arrival of an Ohio-class submarine in its designated area of responsibility. CENTCOM, responsible for directing U.S. military operations in the Middle East, shared this information succinctly through social media. About Ohio-class Submarine:- The Ohio class submarine is a class of nuclear-powered submarines. They are currently in service with the United States Navy. (India, Israel and Palestine) They are the largest submarines ever built for the U.S. Navy. The Ohio class submarines were developed during the Cold War to provide the United States with a robust and survivable sea-based strategic deterrent. The first Ohio class submarine, USS Ohio (SSBN-726), was commissioned in 1981. A total of 18 submarines were built between 1976 and 1997. These submarines are designed for extended underwater operations. They are equipped with advanced technology to support various missions, including strategic deterrence, surveillance, and special operations. Each of these submarines is provided with two complete crews, called the Blue Crew and the Gold Crew, with each crew serving typically on 70- to 90-day deterrent patrols. They can travel at speeds of 30+ knots. They can remain submerged indefinitely. Significance:- Ohio class submarines play a crucial role in the United States’ nuclear triad, serving as a platform for submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) armed with nuclear