Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) 37th National Games Syllabus Prelims –SPORTS Context: The 37th National Games will be held in Margao. He will also address athletes taking part in the Games. About 37th  National Games:- Time period: 25 October- 9th November,2023. Venue: Margao, Goa. The National Games are being held in Goa for the first time. The Games will conclude on 9th November. More than 10 thousand athletes from across the country will compete in over 43 sports disciplines across 28 venues. The National Games of India stand as a prestigious multi-sport event. Often referred to as the “Indian Olympics,” these games serve as a dynamic platform for athletes from every corner of India to come together, and compete across various sports disciplines. (Indian Olympic Association) Beyond the medals and accolades, the National Games nurture young talent, promote unity, and instil a sense of pride across the country. Historical Background:- The roots of the National Games trace back to the early 1920s when India sent its first national Olympic team to the 1920 Antwerp Olympics, marking a pivotal moment in the nation’s sporting history. The inaugural Indian Olympic Games took place in February 1924 in Delhi, serving as a crucial event to select athletes for the 1924 Paris Olympics. A provisional Indian Olympic Committee (IOA) was established to oversee this event. The Olympic Games were eventually rechristened as the National Games during the 9th edition, held in Bombay in 1940. The IOA recognized the National Games as a concept to foster sports development and the Olympic movement in India. During the British colonial era, the Indian Olympic Games were held 12 times until 1946. Organizing Authority:- The National Games are a collaborative effort between the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) and the respective state governments. Each edition of the games is hosted by a different Indian state. MUST READ: Sports Code SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that the Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi’. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. · How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: (2021) The official motto for this Olympics is ‘A New World’. Sports climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate, and Baseball are included in this Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Hurricane Otis Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Hurricane Otis recently made landfall on the coast of southern Mexico. Background:- In Mexico, Hurricane Otis has made landfall on the coast of southern of the country, bringing wind speeds of up to 270 kilometres per hour. About Hurricane Otis:- Hurricane Otis had strengthened rapidly, going from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in 12 hours, catching many off guard. Otis also became the first Category 5 landfall for the East Pacific, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Hurricane Database, surpassing the 2015 Hurricane Patricia, which made landfall as a Category 4 storm. This made Otis the fastest intensifying hurricane in the Eastern Pacific since 1966. (Naming of Cyclone) About Hurricane:- Hurricanes are tropical storms that form in the Atlantic Ocean. Wind speeds: at least 119 kilometres (74 miles) per hour. Hurricanes derive their energy from the heat released when moist air rises and condenses into clouds and rain. Key characteristics of hurricanes:- Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters when the sea surface temperature is typically above 26 degrees Celsius (79 degrees Fahrenheit). Low-Pressure Centre: Hurricanes have a well-defined centre of low atmospheric pressure, known as the eye. Strong Winds: winds can reach sustained speeds of at least 74 miles per hour (119 kilometres per hour) or higher. Heavy Rainfall. MUST READ: Climate Change fuelling Hurricanes SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth’s surface and thus cause a warming effect. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2018) The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 3 only 1 and 3 Curcuma kakchingense Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, a new flowering plant species Curcuma kakchingense was discovered in Manipur. About Curcuma kakchingense:- Location: Kakching district, Manipur. It was found dwelling along the bank of the Sekmai River of Kakching district. It has been named Curcuma kakchingense, in honour of the place where it was found. The species has a close resemblance to C. phrayawan and C. longa but is distinguished by having lemon-yellow coloured rhizomes with a very bitter taste, and glabrous dark reddish-brown bladeless sheaths. It has reddish-brown petioles fading towards the edges. It has densely pubescent coma and upper fertile bracts on both surfaces with mucronate tips. It is a broadly ovate bracteole, elongated and revolute apex of the middle lobe of the labellum. It has a stigma protruding through the anther lobes. Significance:- Curcuma is important for its use in cuisines, traditional medicines, spices, dyes, perfumes, cosmetics, and as ornamental plants. Therefore, the discovery of a new species of Curcuma will definitely open up new vistas for investigation of their phytochemistry, biological activity and application in the development of new nutraceuticals or pharmaceutical novelties. MUST READ: Lakadong Turmeric

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Hunter’s Moon Lunar Eclipse Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Hunter’s Moon Lunar Eclipse is predicted to be seen on October 28th,2023. Background:- The “Hunter’s Moon” will officially be 100% illuminated at 3:35 p.m. EST on Saturday, October 28, 2023. About Hunter’s Moon Lunar Eclipse:- The Hunter’s Moon is one of the many names given to the full moons throughout the year. Each of these names have its own unique cultural and historical significance. Historical Significance:- Rooted in Native American, Colonial American, and other traditional North American cultures, the names of these moons were used to track the changing seasons and were adopted by colonial settlers. The Hunter’s Moon follows the Harvest Moon, which is the full moon closest to the autumnal equinox. Naming:- Historically, the Harvest Moon allowed farmers to work late into harvesting their crops by the moon’s light. Once the harvest was completed, the Hunter’s Moon would rise signaling a time when game would be fattened and hunted to store for the winter. This moon was a beacon for hunters to begin stocking up for the colder months ahead. Features:- The Hunter’s Moon can sometimes appear red or orange in color, due to the way that sunlight is scattered by the Earth’s atmosphere. This is especially common when the moon is low in the sky, such as during sunrise and sunset. This year’s Hunter’s Moon” will look both more colorful and larger than it will at any other time of night. It will only for about 15 minutes. It will also be more impactful because it’s being viewed in twilight, not darkness. Europe and Africa will be the best placed to see watch the entire event, but it’s a very slight partial lunar eclipse. At the peak of the event about 6% of the full moon will be inside Earth’s dark central shadow . It may look like a small bite has been taken from it. However, as it drifts through Earth’s lighter, outer penumbral shadow it will mostly just seem less bright than usual. About Lunar Eclipse:- An eclipse happens when a planet or a moon gets in the way of the sun’s light. (Eclipses ) A lunar eclipse occurs when the Sun, Earth, and Moon align so that the Moon passes into Earth’s shadow. In the Lunar Eclipse, the Earth arrives in between the sun and the moon. In this way, the shadow of the earth falls on the moon. The lunar eclipse can only happen during the Full Moon. But, the orbits of the moon and earth are different. That’s why the lunar eclipse happens only up to 3-4 times a year. There are three types of lunar eclipses: Total lunar eclipses, partial lunar eclipses, and penumbral lunar eclipses. Total lunar eclipse: entire Moon falls within the darkest part of Earth’s shadow, called the umbra. When the Moon is within the umbra, it will turn a reddish hue. Lunar eclipses are sometimes called “Blood Moons” because of this phenomenon. Partial lunar eclipse: An imperfect alignment of Sun, Earth and Moon results in the Moon passing through only part of Earth’s umbra. The shadow grows and then recedes without ever entirely covering the Moon. Penumbral eclipse: The Moon travels through Earth’s penumbra, or the faint outer part of its shadow. The Moon dims so slightly that it can be difficult to notice  MUST READ: Supermoon SOURCE: SCIENCE ALERT PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year normally occurs on the: (2022) The first half of the month of June The second half of the month of June The first half of the month of July The second half of the month of July Q.2) On 21st June, the Sun (2019) does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle does not set below the horizon at Antarctic Circle shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn World Development Information Day Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, the United Nations (UN) celebrated the World Development Information Day. About World Development Information Day:- IMAGE SOURCE: AIR Established :1972. Date: 24th, October. Objective: to draw the attention of the world to development problems and the need to strengthen international cooperation to solve them. Historical Background:- The UN Conference on Trade and Development proposed measures for information dissemination and public opinion mobilization regarding trade and development problems on May 17, 1972. This came to be known as resolution 3038 (XXVII). This Resolution was passed by the UN General Assembly in 1972 to institute World Development Information Day on October 24. Salient Features:- The day also coincides with the adoption of the ‘International Development Strategy’ for the Second United Nations Development Decade in 1970. The purpose of this day is to highlight global development challenges and the importance of international cooperation in addressing these issues. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) believes that by enhancing information dissemination and public opinion mobilization, we can raise greater awareness about development issues, particularly among the younger generation. In this article, we’ll delve into the history and significance of this important day. This day coincides with the United Nations Day, celebrated to commemorate the day UN began operating in 1945. (Need for Reforms in UN) Significance:- The day aims to explain to the general public why it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation to solve development problems.  MUST READ: Right to Information (RTI) Act SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana : (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Atal Innovation Mission

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Shi Yan 6 Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, a Chinese research ship, Shi Yan 6 docked at Colombo port. Background:- The Chinese research vessel ‘Shi Yan 6’ has stirred concerns due to its visit to Sri Lanka, with both the US and India voicing objections. Shi Yan 6 was given permission to enter the (Colombo) port for replenishment. US Under Secretary Victoria Nuland, who met Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Ali Sabry in New York on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly session, had reportedly raised concerns about the visit of ‘SHI YAN 6’. Reasons behind India’s Object to Chinese Vessels Docking in Sri Lanka:- India’s objection to Chinese vessels docking in Sri Lanka stems from security concerns. (India-Sri Lanka relations) India perceives Chinese ships in close proximity to its mainland as potential security threats, suspecting espionage activities even when their stated purpose is scientific research. This apprehension has led to objections to Chinese vessels docking in Sri Lankan ports. China’s Statement on the matter:- China has maintained that the marine scientific research activities of Yuan Wang 5 and similar vessels align with international law and common practice and do not jeopardize the security or economic interests of any country. Sri Lanka’s Response:- In response to the US’ concerns, the Sri Lankan Foreign Minister emphasized Sri Lanka’s commitment to neutrality. ( Sri Lanka’s India First Policy) About Shi Yan 6:- Shi Yan 6 is a Chinese Research/Survey Vessel. It has a carrying capacity of 1115 DWT (deadweight tonnage). Its current draught is reported to be 5.3 meters. It has an overall length of 90.6 meters and a width of 17 meters. This three-month voyage seeks to gather extensive fundamental data. It aims to study and uncover how dynamic processes impact the biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems, and sedimentary processes in the region. It wants to elucidate the geographical patterns of biodiversity, understand the response of biological communities to physical processes and gain insights into paleoclimate changes. MUST READ: India-Sri Lanka: Colombo Port SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Home Guards, consider the following statements: (2023) Home Guards are raised under the Home Guards Act and Rules of the Central Government. The role of the Home Guards is to serve as an auxiliary force to the police in the maintenance of internal security. To prevent infiltration on the international border/ coastal areas, the Border Wing Home Guards Battalions have been raised in some states. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries? (2019) Japan Russia The United Kingdom The United States of America NASA’s Roman Space Telescope Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent reports suggest that NASA is preparing to embark on a remarkable journey into the depths of our Milky Way Galaxy using the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Background:- It will scan the vast expanse of space, searching for subtle signals and telltale flickers that could unlock secrets about the cosmos . About NASA’s Roman Space Telescope:- Planned launch: 2027. Agency: NASA. Country: USA. The Roman Space Telescope is a NASA observatory designed to unravel the secrets of dark energy and dark matter, search for and image exoplanets, and explore many topics in infrared astrophysics. It has a 2.4m telescope, the same size as Hubble’s, but with a view 100 times greater than Hubble’s. It was the top-ranked large space mission in the 2010 Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astrophysics. It is slated to launch in the mid-2020s. It has a field of view that is 100 times greater than the Hubble infrared instrument, capturing more of the sky with less observing time. It will have a primary mission lifetime of 5 years, with a potential 5-year extended mission. (Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope)  MUST READ: SARAS radio telescope SOURCE: HINDUSTAN TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on its Calixcoca Vaccine Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, Brazil scientists developed a new ‘vaccine’ Calixcoca” Vaccine, for cocaine addiction. About“Calixcoca” Vaccine:- Calixcoca’, is a therapeutic vaccine that promises to prevent the addictive effects of cocaine or crack.( Drug Addiction) It is offering new hope to millions battling cocaine addiction worldwide. (mRNA Vaccine) Working:- Calixcoca functions by inducing an immune response that generates antibodies capable of binding to cocaine molecules in the bloodstream. This binding process results in the enlargement of cocaine molecules, rendering them too large to pass into the brain’s “reward centre” or mesolimbic system. This area of the brain is typically stimulated by cocaine to release dopamine, the pleasure-inducing neurotransmitter. Consequently, individuals who receive the vaccine will not experience the desired euphoric effects of cocaine, potentially assisting them in breaking the cycle of addiction. Furthermore, it reduces the risk of overdose as cocaine molecules are retained in the blood, bound to the antibodies, and thus, unable to act on the heart or arteries. Following encouraging results in animal trials, Calixcoca is poised to enter the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri – Jan Arogya Yojana (AB- PMJAY) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recent reports show that 26 crore Ayushman Cards have been created under Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri – Jan Arogya Yojana (AB- PMJAY) so far. About Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri – Jan Arogya Yojana (AB- PMJAY):- IMAGE SOURCE: NHA Launched:2018. Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. (PMBJP) Implementing Agency: National Health Authority. Objectives: to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its underlining commitment, which is to “leave no one behind.” Historical Background: Ayushman Bharat, a flagship scheme of the Government of India, was launched as recommended by the National Health Policy 2017, to achieve the vision of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Salient Features:- This scheme aims to undertake path-breaking interventions to holistically address the healthcare system (covering prevention, promotion and ambulatory care) at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. (Ayushman Bharat PMJAY) Ayushman Bharat comprises two inter-related components:- Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs):– In February 2018, the Government of India announced the creation of 1,50,000 Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) by transforming the existing Sub Centres and Primary Health Centres. (Pradhan Mantri Janaushadhi Kendra (PMJK)) These centres are to deliver Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) bringing healthcare closer to the homes of people. They cover both, maternal and child health services and non-communicable diseases, including free essential drugs and diagnostic services. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY):- This scheme was launched on 23rd September, 2018. Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY is the largest health assurance scheme in the world. It provides health cover of five lakh rupees per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization to twelve crore beneficiary families. The households included being based on the deprivation and occupational criteria of the Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011 (SECC 2011) for rural and urban areas respectively. PM-JAY was earlier known as the National Health Protection Scheme (NHPS) before being rechristened. It subsumed the then-existing Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) which had been launched in 2008. It provides cashless access to health care services for the beneficiary at the point of service, that is, the hospital. It covers up to 3 days of pre-hospitalization and 15 days of post-hospitalization expenses such as diagnostics and medicines. There is no restriction on the family size, age or gender. All pre–existing conditions are covered from day one. Benefits:- PM-JAY envisions to help mitigate catastrophic expenditure on medical treatment which pushes nearly 6 crore Indians into poverty each year. Benefits of the scheme are portable across the countrye. a beneficiary can visit any empanelled public or private hospital in India to avail cashless treatment. MUST READ: Ayushman Bharat PMJAY, AB-PMJAY and COVID treatment. SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy : (2023) It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents and pregnant women. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Tej Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY Context: Extremely severe cyclonic storm Tej has weakened into a very severe cyclonic storm recently. About Tej:- Location: Arabian Sea. Impacts in different regions:- Light to moderate rainfall at most places with isolated heavy rainfall over Mizoram and heavy to very rainfall over Tripura is likely to occur today and tomorrow. Isolated heavy rainfall is likely over the same region on the 25th of this month. Rainfall intensity will decrease on 26th November with light to moderate rainfall at a few places over the region. Light to moderate rainfall is likely at many places over south Assam and eastern Meghalaya with isolated heavy rainfall over south Assam. In coastal Districts of Odisha, light to moderate rainfall is expected to occur in most places. Fishermen have been advised not to venture into the adjoining east-central Bay of Bengal. About Cyclone:- A cyclone is a pattern of winds (or air mass) that circulates a low-pressure system. It rotates counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. It is typically associated with wet and stormy weather. (Naming of Cyclone) Classification:- There are two types of cyclones: Tropical cyclones and Extra-tropical cyclones (also called Temperate cyclones) Tropical cyclone:- It is an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans. It is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. ( Colour Coded Weather Warning) These are formed over slightly warm ocean waters. The temperature of the top layer of the sea, up to a depth of about 60 meters, needs to be at least 28°C to support the formation of a cyclone. April-May and October-December periods are conducive for cyclones. Then, the low level of air above the waters needs to have an ‘anticlockwise’ rotation (in the northern hemisphere; clockwise in the southern hemisphere). During these periods, there was an ITCZ in the Bay of Bengal. Temperate cyclones:- It occurs in temperate zones and high-latitude regions, though they are known to originate in the Polar Regions. These are active above the mid-latitudinal region between 35° and 65° latitude in both hemispheres. The direction of movement is from west to east and is more pronounced in the winter seasons. MUST READ: Cyclones forecast SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) High

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Ambaji temple Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: Prime Minister will offer prayers at the famous Ambaji temple in Banaskantha during his visit to Gujarat. About Ambaji temple:- Location: Ambaji in Gujarat, India. Time period: 8th century A.D. Administration: The temple is under the administrative control of a temple trust. Shri Ambaji Mata Temple, is considered one of the major Shakti Peethas in Hinduism. (Kalika Mata temple) This temple honours Ambaji, an incarnation of Amba Mataji. It is one of the fifty-two Shakti Peeths. It is best known for its festivals like Navratri and Diwali, celebrated with joyous ceremonies and poojas. The main temple complex houses the revered Shree Visa Yantra, which many believe symbolizes divine power and grace. The whole of Ambaji town is surrounded by many temples near Ambaji temple and pilgrim spots, attracting thousands of tourists from around the country and even overseas annually. MUST READ: Somnath Temple SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple? (2022) Somnath Temple is one of the Jyotirlinga shrines. A description of the Somnath Temple was given by Al-Biruni. Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of the present-day temple) was done by President S. Radhakrishnan. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q.2) With reference  to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following statements: (2021) It is a circular temple built during the reign of the Kachchhapaghata Dynasty. It is the only circular temple built in India. It was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region. Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it was the inspiration behind the Indian Parliament building. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 2 and 3 only 1 and 4 2, 3 and 4 Asian Para Games 2023 Syllabus Prelims –SPORTS Context: Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated India’s para-athletes for their outstanding achievements at the Asian Para Games 2023. About Asian Para Games 2023:- Time period: 22 to 28 October 2023. Venue: Hangzhou, China. The last edition of the Asian Games in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2018. India dispatched its largest-ever contingent to the fourth edition of the Asian Para Games. It consisted of 303 athletes, including 191 men and 112 women. This marks a notable increase from the 190 athletes India sent to the 2018 Asian Para Games, where they delivered their best-ever performance, clinching 72 medals, including 15 gold. (Indian Olympic Association) India finished with 111 medals at the Asian Para Games:- 29 gold 31 silver and 51 bronze The Asian Para rich haul is also a hat-tip to the parents, coaches and administrators who spotted and nurtured the sporting passion in the hearts and minds of children with physical disabilities. MUST READ: Sports Code SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that the Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi’. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. · How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: (2021) The official motto for this Olympics is ‘A New World’. Sports climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate, and Baseball are included in this Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Air Quality Index (AQI) Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: The air quality in Delhi continued to be hazardous as the overall Air Quality Index (AQI) in the city stood at 322 recently. About Air Quality Index (AQI):- IMAGE SOURCE: aqi. in Air Quality Index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies to measure air pollution levels and communicate it to the population. (Air pollution) There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe. Each of these categories is decided based on ambient concentration values of air pollutants and their likely health impacts (known as health breakpoints). AQ sub-index and health breakpoints are evolved for eight pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) for which short-term (up to 24-hours) National Ambient Air Quality Standards are prescribed. As the AQI increases, it means that a large percentage of the population will experience severe adverse health effects. The measurement of the AQI requires an air monitor and an air pollutant concentration over a specified averaging period. The results are grouped into ranges. Each range is assigned a descriptor, a colour code and a standardized public health advisory. The pollution sources in India and in most Asian countries are numerous and incompletely understood. In Delhi, for example, it comes mostly from light and heavy-duty vehicle traffic emissions, road dust, solid fuel combustion for heating and cooking, biomass, waste burning, thermal power plants, diesel generators, construction and small-scale local industries. ( Delhi and Air Pollution) Government Initiatives:- The National Air Quality Index Standard (NAQI): It was launched by The Minister for Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Shri Prakash Javadekar, on 17 September 2014. The initiative constitutes part of the Government’s mission to introduce the “culture of cleanliness”, as air pollution has been a huge concern in the country, especially in urban areas The National Air Monitoring Program (NAMP): it covers 240 cities in the country, has been operated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT), providing data in the public domain, on a real-time basis. System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR)

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Cloud seeding Syllabus UPSC Prelims – GEOGRAPHY UPSC Prelims – Science & Technology Context: Recently, IITM Pune demonstrated that cloud seeding can produce rainfall. Background:- A cloud seeding experiment was carried out in Solapur city, which falls on the leeward side of the Western Ghats. About Cloud seeding:- IMAGE SOURCE: IASBABA Cloud seeding is a kind of weather modification technology to create artificial rainfall. The goal of this work is to change the amount of precipitation that falls from the sky or to alter the type that would reach the ground. Mechanism:- It is a way of changing the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds, by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation. Drones are charged into the clouds and cause an electric shock due to which they clump together and cause rainfall. Silver iodide, dry ice, and potassium iodide are the most common items used to initiate the cloud-seeding process. Types:- There are three cloud seeding methods: static, dynamic and hygroscopic. Static cloud seeding: involves spreading a chemical like silver iodide into clouds. Dynamic cloud seeding: aims to boost vertical air currents, which encourages more water to pass through the clouds, translating into more rain. Hygroscopic cloud seeding: disperses salts through flares or explosives in the lower portions of clouds. Advantages of Cloud Seeding:- Cloud seeding can help to produce more precipitation. (Cloudbursts) It can make the land more suitable for living. It helps to regulate weather patterns in specific locations. Disadvantages of Cloud Seeding:- Specific atmospheric conditions must exist for cloud seeding to work: It works only when there are enough pre-existing clouds in the atmosphere. The effectiveness of cloud seeding is still under review. It is an expensive venture. MUST READ: Cloud Wars SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year normally occurs on the: (2022) The first half of the month of June The second half of the month of June The first half of the month of July The second half of the month of July Q.2) On 21st June, the Sun (2019) does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle does not set below the horizon at the Antarctic Circle shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn Carbon nano florets Syllabus UPSC Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, IIT Bombay researchers discovered that Carbon nanoflorets can convert incident sunlight to heat . Background:- Carbon nanoflorets made by IIT Bombay researchers can convert incident sunlight to heat with 87% efficiency. About Carbon nanoflorets:- Carbon nanoflorets are like tiny marigold flowers made only of carbon. They have an unprecedented ability to absorb sunlight at multiple frequencies and convert it into heat with exceptional efficiency. The carbon nanoflorets’ high efficiency comes from three properties:- They can absorb infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light, unlike traditional solar-thermal conversion materials that only absorb visible and ultraviolet light. As light falls on the material, the carbon cones ensure that very little is reflected back. Parts of the structure at some distance from each other possess different physical properties. As a result, heat waves in the material aren’t carried over long distances, reducing the amount of heat dissipated away. Making:- To create the carbon nanoflorets, the DFNS powder was heated in a furnace and introduced acetylene gas into the chamber. The white powder turned black, indicating that carbon had been deposited on the DFNS. After dissolving the DFNS with a strong chemical, what remained were spherical nanostructures made of carbon cones. The nanoflorets resemble tiny marigold flowers. Advantages:- Carbon is inexpensive and the nanoflorets can generate heat sustainably, without having to burn fossil fuels. (Carbon Trading) They can offer a sustainable solution for heating homes. They offer sterilizing surfaces in hospitals without relying on fossil fuels. (Climate Change) MUST READ: Mitigating Climate Change SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (2020) Automobile exhaust Tobacco smoke Woodburning Using varnished wooden furniture Using products made of polyurethane Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2 and 3 only 2 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Q.2) With reference to ‘fuel cells’ in which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electricity, consider the following statements : (2015) If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products. Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings and not for small devices like laptop computers. Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of Alternating Current (AC). Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar Syllabus UPSC Prelims –IMPORTANT AWARDS UPSC Prelims – Polity Context: Recently, the Union government instituted the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar. About Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar:- Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar includes 56 prizes to felicitate scientists, technologists and innovators. The 56 proposed awards are a stark reduction from the almost 300 science prizes that used to be given by Union Ministries. The awards will commence in 2024. The awards will be announced annually on May 11, which is National Technology Day. They will be awarded on National Space Day, August 23. They will be given by the President or the Vice President. Eligibility:- Scientists/ technologists/innovators working in government, private sector organizations or any individual working outside any organization, who have made distinguished contributions in terms of path-breaking research or innovation or discovery in any field of science, technology, or technology-led- led innovation shall be eligible for the awards. People of Indian Origin staying abroad with exceptional contributions benefiting the Indian communities or society shall also be eligible for the awards. Categories:- Categories: 3 Vigyan Ratna, 25 Vigyan Shri, 25 Vigyan Yuva–Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, and 3 Vigyan Team. Vigyan Ratna: will recognize the lifetime achievement of scientists.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) India and Portugal Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar addressed the Indian Community in Portugal. Background:- Foreign Minister of Portugal Joao Cravinho also joined Dr Jaishankar. In his address, the External Affairs Minister highlighted Portugal’s contribution to promoting closer India-European Union ties. About India and Portugal:- IMAGE SOURCE: pinterest.ca Portugal is an important country for India in Southern Europe. (Indo-Portuguese Bilateral Relations) The bilateral ties have witnessed steady progress in the last 15 years. Portugal is supportive of India’s bid for a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council. Both countries participate actively in other multilateral forums and support each other for candidatures. Historical Background:- 1947: The relations between India and Portugal began in 1947 after India’s independence. 1949The diplomatic relations were established. The bilateral relations, however, went through a troubled phase, after Portugal refused to surrender its enclaves of Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli on India’s west coast. The diplomatic relations had been completely cut off by 1955. Goa was liberated by the Indian military forces in 1961 through Operation Vijay. 1974: India and Portugal signed a treaty recognizing the sovereignty of India over Goa, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli. The signing of the treaty was a watershed moment for bilateral relations between India and Portugal. 1977: The India-Portugal Joint Commission on Economic Matters was instituted and it has met four times so far. 2017-18: bilateral trade reached a total value of USD 937 million. Indian exports stood at USD 747 million and Portuguese exports at USD 190 million. Significance:- India and Portugal have signed seven agreements to boost cooperation in areas including maritime transport, port development, audio-visual co-production, and industrial and intellectual property rights in recent times. The trade balance has consistently been in India’s favour. MUST READ: Russia-Ukraine war SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q1) With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022) A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries? (2019) Japan Russia The United Kingdom The United States of America Enforcement Directorate Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: The Enforcement Directorate is scheduled to question Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal in the excise policy-linked money-laundering case soon. Background:- The investigation agency will record the statement of the Delhi Chief Minister after he deposes before the investigating officer of the case in Delhi. About Enforcement Directorate:- Establishment: 1956. Ministry: Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. Headquarters: New Delhi. The Enforcement Directorate is a multi-disciplinary organization It is a law enforcement organization tasked with enforcing economic laws and combating economic crime in India, such as money laundering and foreign exchange irregularities. Functions:- The functions of the Directorate include the enforcement of the following Acts:- The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) (Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002) The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA): A civil law under which ED conducts an investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations. (Foreign Exchange Management Act) The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1973 Sponsoring Organizations under the 1974 Foreign Exchange Conservation and Smuggling Activity Prevention Act The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA): A law whereby the Directorate is mandated to attach the properties of fugitive economic offenders who have escaped from India warranting arrest and providing for the confiscation of their properties to the Central Government. (Fugitive Economic Offenders) Structure:- Director of Enforcement:- Appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a committee chaired by the Central Vigilance Commissioner and members comprising of Vigilance Commissioners, Home Secretary, Secretary DOPT and Revenue Secretary. Tenure: up to 5 years. Recruitment of other officers:- Other officers may be recruited directly from other investigative agencies or indirectly. It is made up of representatives from the police, excise, customs, and income tax departments of the Indian Revenue Services (IRS), the Indian Police Services (IPS), and the Indian Administrative Services (IAS). Powers of ED:- Statements recorded before an ED investigation officer (IO) are admissible as evidence in court under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). All offences under the PMLA, which the ED deals with, are classified as non-bailable. Individuals in ED custody are sent to the nearest police station’s lock-up, irrespective of their status. Once the ED attaches properties belonging to an accused, it can be a lengthy and challenging process to retrieve those assets. Unlike regular criminal law, under the PMLA, the burden of proof lies with the accused rather than the prosecutor. Accused individuals are required to furnish proof in their defence, making it harder to deal with the ED’s investigations. MUST READ: CBI and ED SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Prevention of Money Laundering Act,2002 (PMLA) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) began searching properties of top Rajasthan bureaucrats in connection with the PHED scam under the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA). Background:- According to the FIR, Padamchand Jain, proprietor of Shree Shyam Tubewell Company, and Mahesh Mittal, proprietor of Shree Ganpati Tubewell Company, and others were involved in bribing public servants “in order to obtain illegal protection, obtaining tenders, getting bills sanctioned and covering up irregularities in respect of work executed by them in respect of various tenders received by them from PHED department. About the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA):- Enacted: January 2003. The Act along with the Rules framed thereunder has come into force with effect from 1st July 2005. (Corruption) Objective: aims to prevent instances of money laundering and prohibits the use of the ‘proceeds of crime’ in India. It is a criminal law. It was introduced due to India’s commitment at the Vienna Convention to combat money laundering. It aims to sternly deal with the menace of money laundering of proceeds of a crime having transnational consequences on the financial systems of the countries. Money laundering: concealing or disguising the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources. It forms the core of the legal framework in India to combat Money Laundering. The provisions of this act are applicable to all financial institutions, banks (Including RBI), mutual funds, insurance companies, and their financial intermediaries. It has provided for provisional attachment and confiscation of property of any person involved in such activities. The act provides for provisional attachment and confiscation of property of any person (for a period not exceeding 180 days). The act has delegated the powers upon the Director to call for records of transactions or any additional information that may be required for the purposes of investigation. PMLA (Amendment) Act, 2012 Added the concept of ‘reporting entity’ which would include a banking company, financial institution, intermediary etc. PMLA, 2002 levied a fine up to Rs 5 lakh, but the amendment act has removed this upper limit. MUST READ: Supreme Court verdict on PMLA SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Along with the Budget, the Finance Minister also places other documents before the Parliament which include ‘The Macro Economic Framework Statement’. The aforesaid document is presented because this is mandated by(2020) Long-standing parliamentary convention Article 112 and Article 110(1) of the Constitution of India Article 113 of the Constitution of India Provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988 (PBPT Act), consider the following statements: (2017) A property transaction is not treated as a benami transaction if the owner of the property is not aware of the transaction. Properties held benami are liable for confiscation by the Government. The Act provides for three authorities for investigations but does not provide for any appellate mechanism. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only Asian Champions Trophy 2023 Syllabus Prelims – SPORTS Context: India recently beat Korea by  5-0 at the Asian Champions Trophy 2023 to enter the semi-finals. Background:- Salima Tete (6′, 36′), Navneet Kaur (36′), Vandana Katariya (49′) and Neha (60′) were the scorers for India. About Asian Champions Trophy 2023:- Date: 27th October – 5th November, 2023. Venue: Ranchi, Jharkhand. All matches in the seventh edition of the Women’s Asian Champions Trophy will be played at the Marang Gomke Jaipal Singh Astroturf Hockey Stadium. The Indian hockey team will compete against the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Malaysia and Thailand for the Women’s Asian Champions Trophy 2023 title. The Indian women’s hockey team, world No. 7, is the best-ranked team at the Asian hockey championships. (Sports Code) The Women’s Asian Champions Trophy was held in 2010 and 2011 and then in 2013. It was made into a biennial event in 2016. India has made it to the finals three times – 2013, 2016 and 2018 but won it just once in 2016, defeating China in the final. Team India:- Goalkeepers: Savita Punia (Captain), Bichu Devi Kharibam Defenders: Nikki Pradhan, Udita, Ishika Chaudhary, Deep Grace Ekka (Vice-captain) Midfielders: Nisha, Salima Tete, Neha, Navneet Kaur, Sonika, Monika, Jyoti, Baljeet Kau Forwards: Lalremsiami, Sangita Kumari, Deepika, Vandana Katariya Reserves: Sharmila Devi, Vaishnavi Vitthal Phalke Goalkeeper Savita Punia will lead the Indian team at the Asian Champions Trophy 2023, while defender Deep Grace Ekka will serve as her deputy. MUST READ: Chess Olympiad SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that the Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi’. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. · How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: (2021) The official motto for this Olympics is ‘A New World’. Sports climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate, and Baseball are included in this Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 COSTA SERENA Syllabus Prelims – GOVERNANCE Context: Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Sarbananda Sonowal will launch the domestic sailing of the first International Cruise Liner ‘COSTA SERENA’ in India at Mumbai soon. Background:- Costa Cruises is expected to carry approximately 45,000 passengers in its next 2 months voyages. About COSTA SERENA:- Costa Serena is a Concordia-class cruise ship for the Italian cruise line, Costa Crociere. The name Serena was intended to symbolize harmony and serenity. Costa Serena

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Cuba Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS/GEOGRAPHY Context: The UN General Assembly recently, voted against US’ economic and trade embargo against Cuba. Background:- A total of 187 states voted for the resolution put forward against the embargo with only the US and Israel voting against and Ukraine abstaining. The UN General Assembly voiced concern that despite its resolutions dating back to 1992 the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba is still in place and that the adverse effects of such measures are on the Cuban people and on Cuban nationals living in other countries. The US Representative said the nation recognizes the challenges the Cuban people face, explaining that sanctions include exemptions and authorizations relating to exports of food, medicines, and other humanitarian goods to Cuba. The General Assembly reiterated its call for all states to refrain from promulgating and applying such restrictive laws and measures, in line with their obligations under the UN Charter and international law. The United States embargo against Cuba prevents US businesses, and businesses organized under US law or majority-owned by US citizens, from conducting trade with Cuban interests. The US’ economic and trade embargo against Cuba was first imposed in 1960. (US – Cuba Relations) About Cuba:- IMAGE SOURCE: WorldAtlas Continent: North America. Capital: Havana. Neighboring Countries: Jamaica, Haiti, Bahamas, Dominican Republic. Cuba, a country in the West Indies. It is the largest single island of the archipelago. Spanish is the principal language of Cuba. Cuba is a multicultural, largely urban nation. Groups of mountains and hills cover about one-fourth of the island of Cuba. The plains covering about two-thirds of the main island have been used extensively for sugarcane and tobacco cultivation and livestock raising. Cuban topography and geology have produced at least 13 distinct groups of soils, the majority of which are fertile and cultivated throughout the year. The annual mean temperature is 79 °F (26 °C). Tropical plant life includes thousands of flowering plant species, half of which may be endemic to the archipelago. Animal life is abundant and varied in Cuba, which is the habitat of numerous small mammals and reptiles, more than 7,000 insect species, and 4,000 species of land, river, and sea molluscs. About India-Cuba relations:- India-Cuba relations have been traditionally warm and friendly. India was amongst the first countries to recognize Cuba after the 1959 Revolution. Both countries have maintained close contacts with each other in various international fora, such as the UN, NAM, WTO, etc. India supports resolutions in the UN General Assembly calling for the lifting of US sanctions against Cuba. Cuba supports India’s inclusion as a permanent member in the restructured UN Security Council. India and Cuba have signed agreements on Bilateral Trade, Cultural, S&T, Standardization, Sports, Renewable Energy and Consumer Protection and Cultural Exchange Program. Commercial Relations:- India-Cuba two-way trade which used to be around USD 300 million annually in the 1980s, saw a steep fall following the demise of the former USSR and changes in India’s economic policies in the 1990s. Economic Relations:- India’s major export items to Cuba are pharmaceutical products, organic chemicals, plastic & rubber articles, machinery and mechanical appliances, etc., while major import items from Cuba are pharmaceutical products, tobacco items, raw hides and skins, leather, etc. Cultural Relations:- Yoga and Vipassana meditation are practised and the former forms part of the health curriculum of the Government. MUST READ: Indo-Pacific Relations SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following is a part of the Congo Basin? (2023) Cameroon Nigeria South Sudan Uganda Q.2) With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022) A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Earthquake Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY Context: Recently, a magnitude-6.4 earthquake was witnessed in Nepal. Background:- In Nepal, at least 128 people were killed and 140 injured when a magnitude-6.4 earthquake shook the northwestern part of the country late last night, officials said. About Earthquake:- IMAGE SOURCE: SlideServe An earthquake is the shaking or trembling of the earth’s surface. It is caused by the seismic waves or earthquake waves that are generated due to a sudden movement (sudden release of energy) in the earth’s crust (shallow-focus earthquakes) or upper mantle (some shallow-focus and all intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes). A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument used to detect and record earthquakes. Hypocentre/Focus: The point where the energy is released. Epicentre: The point on the surface directly above the focus. Isoseismic line: A line connecting all points on the surface where the intensity is the same. Causes of Earthquakes:- Fault Zones Plate tectonics Volcanic activity Human-Induced Earthquakes Types of Earthquakes:- Tectonic Earthquakes The most common ones are tectonic earthquakes. The Earth is made of four basic layers (generally three): a solid crust, a hot, nearly solid mantle, a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. Tectonic plates (Lithospheric plates) are constantly shifting as they drift around on the viscous, or slowly flowing, mantle layer below. When tectonic plates move, it also causes movements at the (Anatolian Plate) Thus, the slipping of land along the faultline along convergent, divergent and transform boundaries causes earthquakes. Volcanic Earthquake Earthquakes produced by stress changes in solid rock due to the injection or withdrawal of magma (molten rock) are called volcano earthquakes. Human Induced Earthquakes In areas of intense mining activity, sometimes the roofs of underground mines collapse causing minor tremors. These are called collapse earthquakes. Ground shaking may

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NITI Aayog Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, NITI Aayog organised a workshop on the theme “Inclusive Trade for Prosperity”. Background:- NITI Aayog organized a one-day workshop on the theme “Inclusive Trade for Prosperity”. Date: 6th November 2023. Venue: Hotel Taj Mahal, New Delhi. This workshop is part of a series of 10 feeder thematic workshops being held on varied themes discussed in the G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration (NDLD). About NITI Aayog:- Establishment: 2015. HQ: New Delhi. NITI Aayog was established on 1st Jan 2015. Before NITI Aayog, there was a Planning Commission formed on 15 March 1950. The Planning Commission was non-constitutional. It serves as an advisory Think Tank. It focuses upon a ‘Bottom-Up’ approach to Planning. It does not possess mandate to impose policies. Objectives NITI Aayog:- Shared vision and participation of both central and state governments for the national development of sectors. Cooperative federalism. Credible Planning Focusing on the weaker sections Making Strategies and long-term policies Innovation for creating knowledge. Technology up-gradation Composition of NITI Aayog:- Chairperson: Prime Minister. Vice-Chairperson: To be appointed by the Prime Minister. Governing Council: Chief Ministers of all states and Lt. Governors of Union Territories. Regional Council: To address specific regional issues, Comprising Chief Ministers and Lt. Governors Chaired by the Prime Minister or his nominee. Adhoc Membership: 2 members in ex-officio capacity from leading Research institutions on a rotational basis. Ex-Officio membership: Maximum four from the Union Council of ministers to be nominated by the Prime minister. Chief Executive Officer: Appointed by the Prime Minister for a fixed tenure, in the rank of Secretary to the Government of India. Special Invitees: Experts and specialists with domain knowledge nominated by the Prime-minister. Functions:- Policy Formulation Monitoring and Evaluation Inter-governmental Coordination Promoting Reforms Research and Knowledge Sharing MUST READ: NITI AAYOG -TRIFED join hands for successful implementation SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following infrastructure sectors: (2023) Affordable housing Mass rapid transport Health care Renewable energy On how many of the above does the UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative focus on its investments? Only one Only two · Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana : (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four SURAT Warship Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: Recently, the Crest unveiling ceremony of the Indian Navy’s Warship “SURAT”. Background:- The Crest of Indian Navy’s latest, indigenous under-construction, guided missile destroyer, ‘Surat’, is scheduled to be unveiled by Shri Bhupendra Patel, the Chief Minister of Gujarat in the presence of Adm R Hari Kumar, the Chief of the Naval Staff, at a ceremony to be held in the city of Surat on 06 November 2023. About SURAT:- Constructed by: Mazagon Docks Shipbuilders Ltd. Mumbai. Naming: The Destroyer has been named after Gujarat’s commercial capital- Surat, which has a rich maritime and ship-building history. INS Surat is the fourth and the last ship of the Project 15B Indian Navy Destroyers. These are called the Visakhapatnam class after the lead vessel INS Visakhapatnam. The Indian Naval Destroyers are named after Indian cities as per the naval tradition. It began with Project 15, under which three destroyers were built: INS Delhi in 1997, INS Mysore in 1999 and INS Mumbai in 2001. Project 15 was followed by the three-destroyer Project 15A, under which INS Kolkata was commissioned in 2014, INS Kochi in 2015 and INS Chennai in 2016. It was followed by the ‘Project 15B’ programme involves the construction of four next-generation stealth-guided missile destroyers, of which ‘Surat’ is the fourth and the last ship. Under project 15-B:- The first: INS Visakhapatnam. The second: INS Mormugao. The third: INS Imphal. The fourth: INS Surat. While INS Morm­ugao will be commissioned in 2022, INS Imphal will be commissioned in 2023 and INS Surat is likely to be commissioned in 2024, all at one-year intervals. INS Surat has been built using Block construction methodology that involves hull construction in two different locations and then joined together at one hub. It is a Guided-missile destroyer. This is the first capital warship to be named after the city of Gujarat. Significance:- Construction of this warship testifies to the nation’s dedication to indigenous cutting-edge warship-building technology and commitment to strategic military advancements. MUST READ: Dunagiri, a Project 17A Frigate SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 only Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya Syllabus Prelims – ART AND CULTURE Context: Recently, Shuttle Bus service began from Metro Stations to Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya. Background:- The visitors were experiencing issues with connectivity between metro stations and Sangrahalaya. About Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya:- Location: Teen Murti, New Delhi. The Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya is a tribute to every Prime Minister of India since Independence. It is a narrative record of how each one has contributed to the development of our nation over the last 75 years. It is a history of collective effort and powerful evidence of the creative success of India’s democracy. The Teen Murti