Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Cannabis Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Recently, Union Minister Jitendra Singh expressed satisfaction with the research work conducted on Cannabis Project by CSIR-IIIM. Background:- Union Minister of State for Science and Technology, Dr Jitendra Singh, recently visited the cannabis cultivation field of CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu at its Chatha Farm. About Cannabis Project:- IMAGE SOURCE: vecteezy.com It is the first-ever cannabis medicine project in India. Location: Jammu. Implementing Agencies: CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine. CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine International Collaborations: It will be established in collaboration with Canada. This project will be the first major foreign investment in Jammu and Kashmir after it became a Union Territory (UT). Significance: The medicine prepared from Cannabis is used to produce pain-relief medicine. About CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine:- Established: 1941 Historical Background:- It was established as a research and production center, known as the Drug Research Laboratory of J&K State. It was later taken over by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) of Govt. of India in 1957 as Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu. The Mandate of Institute was redefined in 2007 and its name changed to the Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM). Mandate: to discover new drugs and therapeutic approaches from Natural Products, both of plant and microbial origin, enabled by biotechnology, to develop technologies, drugs and products of high value for the national and international markets. Function and duties: Discovery of novel pharmacologically active natural products from plants and microbial species and translating them into drug leads and candidates by medicinal chemistry, preclinical pharmacology and clinical development. About Cannabis:- According to the WHO, cannabis is a generic term used to denote the several psychoactive preparations of the plant Cannabis sativa. ( UN Decides Cannabis Not A Dangerous Narcotic) Cannabis, weed, pot, and marijuana all refer to the same group of plants known for their relaxing and calming effects. Cannabis is made up of more than 120 components, which are known as cannabinoids. Medical uses:- The most common uses for medical cannabis are in severe or long-term pain, due to:- Chemotherapy (cancer treatments) Painful muscle spasms. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Cancer-related pain Glaucoma HIV/AIDS-related weight loss or nausea/vomiting Huntington’s disease Inflammatory bowel disease Multiple sclerosis Muscle spasms Neuropathy Parkinson’s disease Short-term effects of cannabis:- relaxation giddiness experiencing things around you, such as sights and sounds, more intensely increased appetite altered perception of time and events focus and creativity Side effects:- coordination issues delayed reaction time nausea lethargy anxiety increased heart rate decreased blood pressure paranoia Long-term effects of cannabis:- Brain development: According to some research, people who start using cannabis in their teens may have more memory and learning problems than those who don’t use cannabis in their teens. Dependence: Some people can also become dependent on cannabis or even experience withdrawal symptoms when not using cannabis, such as irritability, low appetite, and mood swings. Respiratory problems: Smoking cannabis carries similar risks to smoking tobacco. Legal Regulations in India:- Under India’s Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act 1985, the production, manufacture, possession, sale, purchase, transport, and use of cannabis is a punishable offence. (Status of Cannabis) The Act was enacted in 1985 which succeeded the Dangerous Drugs Act 1930. The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) is vested with the power to charge individuals in cases related to the illegal use and supply of narcotics. The NDPS Act defines:- Ganja: flowering or fruiting tops of the cannabis plant but it clearly excludes the seeds and leaves. Charas: the separated resin extracted from the cannabis plant. The Act illegalizes any mixture with or without any neutral material, of any of the two forms of cannabis, charas and ganja, or any drink prepared from it. The legislature left seeds and leaves of the cannabis plant out of the ambit of the Act because the serrated leaves of the plant have negligible tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content. ‘Bhang’, which is a paste made out of the leaves of the cannabis plant is hence not outlawed. Similarly, CBD oil, an acronym for cannabidiol derived from the leaves of the cannabis plant, would not come under the NDPS Act. The NDPS Act does not permit the recreational use of cannabis in India. MUST READ: Drug Addiction SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following trees: (2023) Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus.) Mahua (Madhuca indica) Teak (Tectona grandis) How many of the above are deciduous trees? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2023) Some mushrooms have medicinal properties. Some mushrooms have psychoactive properties. Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties. Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Syllabus Prelims – Defense Context: Recently, Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurated the Aviation Security Control Centre (ASCC) of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) in New Delhi. About ASCC:- It will monitor all threats and social media chatter for the 66 civil airports currently under the CISF’s security cover. It will access 24×7 real-time data monitoring and trend analysis of passengers and air traffic. It is equipped with cutting-edge technologies such as a data center, research and development lab and a war room to deal with emergencies. The center will get real-time feed from each of the security operations control centers (SOCCs) operational at these 66 airports. These include the “extremely busy and hyper-sensitive” civil aviation facilities in Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Jammu, Srinagar and Amritsar among others. The facility will provide “realistic” inputs about passenger traffic at a given point in time. It will help in mobilizing the resources for “optimum utilization. It will also monitor bomb threat calls, VVIP movements, other major incidents, passenger clearance time, and utilization of security gadgets and queue management systems among others at the 66 airports. About Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Establishment: 1969. (Ayushmaan CAPF) Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs. CISF is an armed force of the Union established under the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Chandra Shekhar Azad Syllabus Prelims –Indian History/Important Personalities Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid his tributes to Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Chandra Shekhar Azad on their birth anniversaries on July 23. Background:- Saluting Indian nationalist and freedom fighter Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Prime Minister Modi said in a tweet, Lokmanya Tilak shook the foundation of British rule by demanding complete Independence. While remembering revolutionary freedom fighter Chand Shekhar Azad fondly, the Prime Minister called him a gallant son of ‘Bharat Mata’ and a remarkable man. About Bal Gangadhar Tilak:- Birth: July 23, 1856. Birthplace: Ratnagiri (now in Maharashtra state), India. Death: August 1, 1920, in Mumbai. He was a scholar, mathematician, philosopher, and ardent nationalist who helped lay the foundation for India’s independence by building his own defiance of British rule into a national movement. He was also known as Lokmanya Tilak. His famous declaration “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it” served as an inspiration for future revolutionaries during India’s struggle for freedom. The British Government termed him the “Father of Indian Unrest”. (Sedition Law) Important Institutions Started by Tilak:- Deccan Education Society (1884): He was the founder of the Deccan Education Society along with his associate Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and others. Fergusson College (1885): He was one of the founders of the Fergusson College in Pune. The ideology of Tilak:- He vocalized his strong opposition to the moderate views of the Indian National Congress (INC) on self-rule. He maintained that simple constitutional agitation in itself was futile against the British. He wanted an armed revolt against the British. Following the partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon, Tilak wholeheartedly supported the Swadeshi (Indigenous) movement and the Boycott of British goods. Due to this fundamental difference in outlook, Tilak and his supporters came to be known as the extremist wing of INC. He was a great reformer and throughout his life, he advocated the cause of women’s education and women’s empowerment. Tilak proposed Grand celebrations on ‘Ganesh Chaturthi’ and ‘Shivaji Jayanti’. He envisioned these celebrations inciting a sense of unity and inspiring nationalist sentiment among Indians. Political ventures of Tilak:- 1890: He joined the Indian National Congress (INC). Tilak protested against the oppressive nature of the British efforts and wrote provocative articles on it in his newspapers on the epidemic of the Plague in Pune and adjacent regions. His article inspired the Chapekar brothers and they carried out the assassination of Commissioner Rand and Lt. Ayerst on June 22, Because of this, Tilak was imprisoned for 18 months on Sedition charges for inciting murder. Indian Home Rule League (1914): He founded the Indian Home Rule League. Lucknow Pact (1916): he concluded the Lucknow Pact with Mohammed Ali Jinnah, which provided for Hindu-Muslim unity in the nationalist struggle. Newspapers by Tilak:- Weeklies: Kesari (Marathi) and Mahratta (English) Books by Tilak:- Gita Rhasya Arctic Home of the Vedas. About Chandra Shekhar Azad:- Birth: 23rd July 1906. Birth Place: Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh. ( Chandra Shekhar Azad) Death: On February 27, 1931. He died at Azad Park in Allahabad on 27th February 1931. Chandrashekhar Azad was a great Indian freedom fighter. He was the mentor of Bhagat Singh. He is considered one of the greatest revolutionaries that India has produced. Political ventures of Chandrashekhar Azad:- 1921: when Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement, Chandra Shekhar, then a 15-year-old student, joined. He was arrested. On being presented before a magistrate, he gave his name as “Azad” (The Free), his father’s name as “Swatantrata” (Independence) and his residence as “Jail”. From that day, he came to be known as Chandra Shekhar Azad among the people. 1925: Involved in the Kakori train Robbery. 1926: he was involved in an attempt to blow up the Viceroy of India’s train. 1928: he was involved in the shooting of J. P. Saunders at Lahore to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai. Organizations by Chandrashekhar Azad:- Hindustan Republican Association: After the suspension of the non-cooperation movement in 1922 by Gandhi, Azad joined Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). MUST READ: Dayanand Saraswati SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) By which one of the following Acts was the Governor General of Bengal, designated as the Governor General of India? (2023) The Regulating Act The Pitt’s India Act The Charter Act of 1793 The Charter Act of 1833 Q.2) Consider the following freedom fighters: (2022) Barindra Kumar Ghosh Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee Rash Behari Bose Who of the above was/were actively associated with the Ghadar Party? 1 and 2 2 only 1 and 3 3 only National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: An international symposium on sustainable livestock transformation was inaugurated at the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). About National Dairy Development Board (NDDB):- Establishment: Ministry: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying. HQ: Anand, Gujarat, India. Objective: to replace exploitation with empowerment, tradition with modernity, stagnation with growth, transforming dairying into an instrument for the development of India’s rural people. The NDDB is a statutory body set up by an act of Parliament and was founded by Dr Verghese Kurien. Historical Background of NDDB:- It was initially constituted as a society under the Societies Act 1860. It was later merged with the former Indian Dairy Corporation, which was created and registered under the Companies Act 1956, by the NDDB Act 1987, which took effect on October 12, 1987. Significance of NDDB:- Empowering Rural economy: The NDDB’s initiatives altered India’s rural economy by making dairying a viable and profitable business for millions of milk producers. ( Women and Cooperative Dairy Farming) Long-term livelihood: The NDDB reaches out to dairy farmers and provides them with alternative income-generating opportunities, allowing them to build long-term livelihoods. NDDB has been effective in combining dairy farmers’ traditional wisdom and experience with modern management strategies in order to capture the milk and milk products market while also assisting farmers. Operation Flood: Its most notable achievement is Operation Flood, which lasted 26 years and transformed India into

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Silver cockscomb Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Studies have shown that Silver cockscomb is not a troublesome weed for Karnataka’s Soliga tribe. Background:- Silver cockscomb is a troublesome weed. ( Expansion of the Invasive Plants) If left unchecked, it can spread quickly and suppress the growth of other crops, affecting their yield. But for the Soliga tribe, silver cockscomb is a nutritious leafy green vegetable that grows well even on fallow land and in drought-like conditions. About Silver cockscomb:- Silver cockscomb is a short-lived 50-60 cm-tall plant. It is also known as Lagos spinach. Scientific name: Celosia argentea . Local Names:- In Karnnada: Anne soppu In Marathi: Kurdu In Tamil: Pannai keerai Family: Amaranthaceae family. The family includes economically important plants like spinach, beetroot and quinoa. It bears simple, spirally arranged leaves around the stem with pinkish or silky white flowers. It grows well even on fallow land and in drought-like conditions. Its leaves have lower levels of oxalic acid and phytic acid. Uses of Silver cockscomb:- It grows widely on farmlands across the country and most farmers use the plant as Soliga tribe use it as a nutritious leafy green vegetable, as it is high in nutrients such as beta-carotene and folic acids, and has vitamin E, calcium and iron. It is frequently used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine for treating eye diseases and ulcers. (WHO and Traditional Medicine) About the Soliga tribe:- They are an indigenous tribe of Karnataka. Location: They reside in the peripheral forest areas near Biligiri Rangana Hills and Male Mahadeshwara in the Chamarajnagar district of Karnataka. They are the first tribal community living inside the core area of a tiger reserve in India to get their forest rights officially recognised by a court of law. MUST READ: New genus of parasitic flowering plant SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following trees: (2023) Jackfruit (Artoca7pus heterophyllus) Mahua (Madhuca indica) Teak (Tectona grandis) How many of the above are deciduous trees? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Consider the following statements (2023) Statement-I: Marsupials are not naturally found in India. Statement-II: Marsupials can thrive only in montane grasslands with no predators. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I Statement-I is correct but Statement II is incorrect Statement-I is incorrect but Statement II is correct Ludwigia peruviana Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: As per recent reports, Ludwigia Peruviana is threatening the elephant habitats in Tamil Nadu. Background:- Ludwigia peruviana, has infested the majority of the hill station’s swamps, where elephants used to find lush grass even in the summer. It is among the 22 priority invasive plants in Tamil Nadu. About Ludwigia peruviana:- Ludwigia peruviana is an invasive aquatic weed. (Invasive alien plants in Nilgiri Biosphere Region) Habitat: it is originally native to Central and South America. It is an aquatic plant, which is now challenging the existence of local vegetation in various swampy areas around the world. It is a perennial shrub. Perennial: A plant that lives for more than two years. It is deciduous in cooler climates and evergreen in warmer tropical climates. It can form floating islands on the water’s surface. The plant can grow to a height of about 12 feet. Leaves are:- Oval to lance-shaped with a pointed tip and narrow base. Hairy and prominently veined. Flowers are:- Its flower is pale yellowish in colour. Each flower lasts for only one day. Issues with Ludwigia peruviana:- It is an aquatic plant, which is now challenging the existence of local vegetation in various swampy areas around the world. It grows faster in wetlands than other harmful weeds. It has shaken the balance of these perennial foraging grounds, limiting the growth of grass and native plants that are palatable to elephants and other animals including gaur. It grows in swamps and there is little scope to use machinery. Even if Ludwigia is pulled out manually, the soft plant easily breaks and it spreads again from the root or broken stems that fall in the swamp Ways to control Ludwigia peruviana:- Prevention: Reducing nutrient runoff into the waterway can limit growth. Physical removal: Seedlings can be pulled or dug out. Disposal: Plants can be destroyed by burning or deep burial. Slashing/Fire: Larger infestations may be slashed and burnt. Chemical control: Spraying glyphosate. Cut stump method: Cut the main stems, and apply herbicide gel to the stump within 15 seconds of cutting. MUST READ: Water Hyacinth SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) Some mushrooms have medicinal properties. Some mushrooms have · psychoactive properties. Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties. Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties. How many of the above statements are correct? · Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) ‘Invasive Species Specialist ·group’ (that develops Global Invasive Species Database) belongs to which one of the following organizations? (2023) The International Union for Conservation of Nature The United Nations Environment Programme The United Nations World Commission for Environment and Development The World Wide Fund for Nature National Statistical Organisation (NSO) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: The Government of India recently appointed a panel to review the methodology used by the National Statistical Organisation (NSO). Background:- The panel is appointed under the chairmanship of Pronab Sen, former Chief Statistician of India. This happened in the backdrop of articles by Shamika Ravi and Bibek Debroy arguing the usage of outdated survey methodology by national surveys. According to them, this archaic methodology has failed to capture reality in the recent past as the “Indian economy has been incredibly dynamic in the last 30 years”. The Pronab Sen Committee will attempt to address these concerns to make the sample adequately representative. About National Statistical Organisation (NSO):- Established: 2019. The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Namami Gange Programme Syllabus Prelims –Government Schemes Context: Recently, the Government said that 254 projects have been completed so far under Namami Gange Programme. About Namami Gange Programme:- IMAGE SOURCE: revexpo.com Launched: 2014. Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti. Objectives: to accomplish the objectives of abatement of pollution, conservation and rejuvenation of the National River Ganga. (6 Mega development projects inaugurated under Namami Gange Mission) Namami Gange Programme, is an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as a ‘Flagship Programme’ by the Union Government in June 2014. The program would be implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and its state counterpart organizations i.e., State Program Management Groups (SPMGs). Working Mechanism:- A three-tier mechanism has been proposed for project monitoring comprising of: A high-level task force: chaired by Cabinet Secretary assisted by NMCG at the national level. State-level committee: chaired by Chief Secretary assisted by SPMG at the state level. District level: committee chaired by the District Magistrate. Implementation:- Its implementation has been divided into:- Entry-Level Activities: for immediate visible impact Medium-Term Activities: to be implemented within 5 years of the time frame and Long-Term Activities: to be implemented within 10 years. Main pillars of the programme:- Sewage Treatment Infrastructure River-Front Development River-Surface Cleaning Biodiversity Afforestation Public Awareness Industrial Effluent Monitoring Ganga Gram Key achievements under the Namami Gange programme:- Creating Sewerage Treatment Capacity: 48 sewage management projects are under implementation and 99 sewage projects have been completed in the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, and Rajasthan. Creating River-Front Development: 71 Ghats/Crematoria projects for construction, modernization, and renovation of 270 Ghats/Crematoria and Kunds/Ponds have been initiated. River Surface Cleaning: River Surface cleaning for collection of floating solid waste from the surface of the Ghats and River and its disposal are afoot and pushed into service at 11 locations. Bio-Diversity Conservation: Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Kolkata & Uttar Pradesh State Forest Department has been awarded projects to develop science-based aquatic species restoration plans for Ganga River by involving multiple stakeholders along with conservation & restoration of aquatic biodiversity. Afforestation: One of the major components of Ganga rejuvenation is ‘forestry interventions’ to enhance the productivity and diversity of the forests in headwater areas and all along the river and its tributaries. Public Awareness: A series of activities such as events, workshops, seminars and conferences were organized to make a strong pitch for public outreach and community participation in the programme. Industrial Effluent Monitoring: Regulation and enforcement through regular and surprise inspections of Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) are carried out for compliance verification against stipulated environmental norms. Ganga Gram: 578 Crores has been released to the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS) for the construction of toilets in 1674 Gram Panchayats of 5 Ganga Basin States. MUST READ: Cleaning of River Ganga SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) Statement-I: According to the United Nations ‘World Water Development Report,2022’, India extracts more than a quarter of the world’s groundwater withdrawal each year. Statement-II: India needs to extract more than a quarter of the world’s groundwater each year to satisfy the drinking water and sanitation needs of almost 18% of the world’s population living in its territory. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I Statement-I is correct but Statement II is incorrect Statement-I is incorrect but Statement II is correct Q.2) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana: (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy Industry Coalition (RECEIC) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: The Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy Industry Coalition (RECEIC) was launched recently. Background:- RECEIC was launched at the side event during the fourth Environment and Climate Sustainability Working Group and Environment and Climate Ministers meeting in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It was conceptualized under India’s G20 Presidency. About Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy Industry Coalition (RECEIC):- Launched in:2023. Launched at Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Launched by: Hon’ Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Shri Bhupender Yadav. It was launched in the presence of the Commissioner on Environment from the European Union and Honorable Ministers from Canada, France, Italy, Denmark, Mauritius, and the United Arab Emirates RECEIC is an industry-driven initiative aimed at promoting resource efficiency and circular economy practices globally. Circular economy: it is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible. Circular economy) The coalition is envisioned to be a self-sustaining entity that will continue to operate beyond India’s G20 Presidency, making a lasting impact on environmental sustainability. Founding members: 39 companies headquartered in 11 different countries have joined the coalition as its founding members. As a collaborative platform, RECEIC aims to facilitate knowledge-sharing, best practice sharing, and sustainable practices among the participating industries. Principles:- The coalition has three guiding principles – Partnerships for impact Technology Cooperation Finance for scale MUST READ: G20 Presidency of India SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements with reference to India: (2023) According to the ‘Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006’, the ‘medium enterprises’ are those with investments in plant and machinery between (15 crore and 25 crore). All bank loans to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises qualify under the priority sector. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI) Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: The Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI) recently said, that the Census exercise in the country may not take place in 2024. Background:- The Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI) said this replying to an RTI query received. The ORGI’s response said, “It is very difficult to conduct the Census and general elections simultaneously.” About the Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI):- Establishment:1961. Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Current ORGI: Shri Mritunjay Kumar Narayan. Role: Arranging, conducting and analyzing the results of the demographic surveys of India including the Census of India and Linguistic Survey of India.(Census – Challenges & Importance) It provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the country’s population. The decennial Census of India has been conducted 15 times, as of 2011. Beginning of Census: 1872; under British Viceroy Lord Mayo. First complete census: 1881. Post-1949: it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. ( Census 2021) The Census Commissioner, India is the statutory authority vested with the responsibility of conducting the Housing & Population Census in India under the Census Act, of 1948 and the Rules framed thereunder. The Census Commissioner, India is also designated as Registrar General, India under the Registration of Births & Deaths (RBD) Act, 1969, which provides for the compulsory registration of births and deaths. (UPSC CSE: Registrar-General and Census Commissioner of India) Functions of ORGI:- Housing & Population Census: Planning, coordination and supervision of the field activities; data processing; compilation, tabulation and dissemination of Census results are the primary duties of this office. Civil Registration System (CRS): In the role of the Registrar General, India the Census Commissioner coordinates the functioning of the civil registration and vital statistics system in the country through all States and UTs. Sample Registration System (SRS): Implementation of a Sample Registration System, wherein a large-scale sample survey of vital events is conducted on a half-yearly basis, is also the responsibility of the ORG&CCI. SRS is an important source of vital rates like Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Rate at the State level in the country. National Population Register (NPR): In pursuance to provisions contained in Citizenship Rules, 2003 framed under the Citizenship Act, 1955. The National Population Register is prepared by collecting information relating to all persons who are usually residing in the country. Mother Tongue Survey: The project surveys the mother tongues, which are returned consistently across two and more Census decades. The research programme documents the linguistic features of the selected mother tongues.  MUST READ: Caste Census SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2023) Demographic performance Forest and ecology Governance reforms Stable government Tax and fiscal efforts For the horizontal tax devolution, the Fifteenth Finance Commission used how many of the above as criteria other than population area and income distance? Only two Only three Only four All five Q.2) In essence, what does ‘Due Process of Law’ mean? (2023) The principle of natural justice The procedure established by law Fair application of law Equality before law Standing Committee on Statistics (SCoS) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the new Standing Committee on Statistics (SCoS) held its first meeting. Background:- The newly-formed Standing Committee on Statistics held its first meeting recently and discussed the yet-to-be-released results of the Annual Survey of Industries and Annual Survey of Unincorporated Enterprises in detail. The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI): it covers all factories registered under the Factories Act across the country, and is considered an important source of industrial statistics of the registered organized manufacturing sector of the economy. The survey results for 2020-21 are expected to be released in 2023. About Standing Committee on Statistics (Sos):- Formation: 2023. It was constituted on July 13, 2023. Historical background: The government renamed and expanded the scope of coverage of the Standing Committee on Economic Statistics (SCES) formed in December 2019 as the Standing Committee on Statistics (SCoS). The SCoS has a broader mandate to review the framework and results of all surveys conducted under the aegis of the National Statistical Office (NSO). NSO: It is the Statistics Wing of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI). It was created in 2019 by merging the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and the Central Statistical Office (CSO). Objective: it will provide a new internal oversight mechanism for official data, revamping a SCES set up in 2019. Headed by: Pronab Sen (former Chief Statistician and former Chairman of the National Statistical Commission). Ministry: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI). Members of the Standing Committee on Statistics (SCoS):- The Standing Committee on Economic Statistics had 28 members which made reaching consensus difficult. ( Standing committee) Currently, the Standing Committee on Statistics is composed of 14 members. It includes four non-official members, 9 official members, and a member secretary. The committee can have a total of 16 members, with the possibility of extending this number based on future requirements. The mandate of the Standing Committee on Statistics (SCoS):- To provide a new internal oversight mechanism for official data. To review the framework and results of all surveys conducted under the aegis of the NSO. While the panel will help finalize survey results. The National Statistical Commission (NSC) will have the ultimate authority to approve the publication of those results. (NSC) Terms of reference (ToR) of the Standing Committee on Statistics (SCoS):- To review the extant framework. To address the issues raised from time to time on the subject/ results/ methodology, etc. related to all surveys as brought before the SCoS by MoSPI. To advise on survey methodology including sampling frame, sampling design, survey instruments, etc. To finalize the tabulation plan of surveys. Finalization of survey results. Need for the new Standing Committee on Statistics (SCoS):- Survey design: The members of the Economic

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: Recently, the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) denied the rumours of irregularities in the Assistant Provident Fund Commissioner (APFC) Examination. Background:- The Assistant Provident Fund Commissioner (APFC) Examination was conducted in July. Following the exam, some images of question paper portions were allegedly uploaded on social media, which led to speculations about potential irregularities. About Union Public Service Commission (UPSC):- The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is the central recruiting agency in India. It is an independent constitutional body. The provisions regarding the composition of UPSC, the appointment and removal of its members and the powers and functions of UPSC are provided in Part XIV of the Indian Constitution under Article 315 to Article 323. Parallel to the UPSC at the Centre, there is a State Public Service Commission (SPSC) in the state. The provisions regarding the composition of SPSC, the appointment and removal of its members and the powers and functions of SPSC are provided in Part XIV of the Indian Constitution under Article 315 to Article 323. Constitutional Provisions:- Article 315: Constitution of Public Service Commissions (PSC) for the Union and for the States of India. Article 316: Appointment and term of office of members of UPSC as well as SPSC. Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of both the UPSC or SPSC. Article 318: Power to make regulations for the conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission. Composition of Union Public Service Commission:- Appointment of Members: The Chairman and other members of the UPSC are appointed by the President of India. Term of Office: Any member of the UPSC shall hold office for a term of six years or till the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. Reappointment: Any person who has once held the office as a member of a Public Service Commission is ineligible for reappointment to that office. Resignation: A member of the Union Public Service Commission may resign from his/her office by submitting a written resignation to the President of India. Removal/Suspension of Members: The Chairman or any other member of UPSC shall only be removed from his/her office by order of the President of India. The President can suspend the Chairman or any other member from his/her office in respect of whom a reference has been made to the Supreme Court. Conditions for Removal: The Chairman or any other member of UPSC may be removed if he/she: is adjudged engages during his/her term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his/her office. is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body. Regulating the Conditions of Service: In the case of the UPSC, the President of India shall:- Determine the number of members of the Commission and their conditions of service. Make provisions with respect to the number of members of the staff of the Commission and their conditions of service. Expenses of UPSC: The expenses of the UPSC including salaries, allowances and pensions of the members or staff of the Commission are charged to the Consolidated Fund of India. Submission of Reports: The UPSC shall present an annual report to the President of India containing the work done by the Commission.  MUST READ: Finance Commission SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following organizations/bodies in India: (2023) The National Commission for Backward Classes The National Human Rights Commission The National Law Commission The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission How many of the above are constitutional bodies? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2). Consider the following statements: (2023) The Attorney General of India and Solicitor General of India are the only officers of the Government who are allowed to participate in the meetings of the Parliament of India. Accotrding to the Constitution of India, the Attorney General of India submits his resignation when the Government which appointed him resigns. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in the National Capital Region (NCR) has announced a revision in the existing Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP). About Graded Response Action Plan:- IMAGE SOURCE: Hindustan Times Formulated in 2016. It was officially notified in 2017 for Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR). The plan was formulated after several meetings were held by Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) with state government representatives and experts. These are institutionalized measures to be taken when air quality deteriorates, hence work only as an emergency measure. GRAP includes the measures, which will be taken by different government agencies to prevent the worsening of the Air Quality of Delhi-NCR and prevent PM10 and PM2.5 levels to go beyond the ‘moderate’ national Air Quality Index (AQI) category. (Air pollution) If air quality reaches the severe+ stage, GRAP talks about shutting down schools and implementing the odd-even road-space rationing scheme. The plan requires action and coordination among 13 different agencies in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan (NCR areas). Measures announced- Moderate to poor- (when PM2.5 is in the range of 61-120 or when PM10 is in the range of 101-350.):- Heavy fines for garbage burning. Close/enforce pollution control regulations in brick kilns and industries. Mechanised sweeping on roads with heavy traffic and water sprinkling. Strictly enforce a ban on firecrackers. Very Poor- (PM2.5 is in the range of 121-250 or PM10 is in the range of 351-430):- Stop the use of diesel generator sets. Enhance parking fee by 3-4 times. Increase bus and Metro services. Apartment owners to discourage burning fires in winter by providing electric heaters during winter. Advisories to people with respiratory and cardiac conditions to restrict outdoor movement. Severe- (PM 2.5 over 250 or PM10 over 430):- Close brick kilns, hot mix plants, and stone

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) SAGE PORTAL Syllabus Prelims –Government Schemes Context: Recently, the outcomes of the SAGE (Senior Care Aging Growth Engine) PORTAL and SACRED portal were reviewed. Background:- About SAGE (Senior Care Aging Growth Engine) PORTAL:- Launched: 2021. Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The SAGE scheme identifies, evaluate, verify, aggregate, and deliver products, solutions and services directly to the stakeholders. Implementation: The Government acts as a facilitator, enabling the elderly to access the products through these identified start-ups. ( SAGE) Objectives:- To support the needs of India’s elderly persons. (Quality of Life for Elderly Index) To select, support and create a “one-stop access” to elderly care products and services. To encourage the selected “startups” based on innovative products and services to address the services from health, housing, care centers, and technology access linked to needs ranging from finances, food and wealth management to legal guidance. To promote private enterprises to bring out innovation in products to benefit elders. Eligibility:- The start-ups selected under SAGE will be those which will provide new innovative products and services to elderly persons. These include various areas like health, travel, finance, legal, housing, and food among others. Funding:- The selected Start-Ups / Start-up ideas are provided equity support of up to 1 crore per project through IFCI. The fund of up to Rs.1 crore is provided as one-time equity. This is done while ensuring that the total Govt. equity in the start-up should not exceed 49%.  Benefits of the SAGE portal:- The SAGE portal would encourage entrepreneurs and start-ups to enter the “silver economy“. Silver economy: the system of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services aimed at using the purchasing potential of older and ageing people and satisfying their consumption, living and health needs. It will promote business innovation to cater elderly. It will provide “one-stop access” to elderly care products and services by credible start-ups.  About Senior Able Citizens for Re-Employment in Dignity (SACRED) Portal:- Launched:2021 Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. It is a unique & innovative technology-driven Employment marketplace. Objective: To devise ways to ensure Senior Citizens live healthy, happy, empowered, dignified and self-reliant life. Significance: It brings together both Job providers & Job seekers on a transparent online portal. Mechanism of Working:- Any job provider can register on the portal. The Interested and eligible senior citizens can apply for the job as per the matching criteria of his/her eligibility. Benefits:- It will help Private & Public sector enterprises across sectors to share their demand for human resources. It will help Senior experienced citizens get themselves registered for visibility of the emerging workplace demands, and apply for relevant job opportunities. It will bring people together by virtual matching of preferences by providing the senior citizens with a platform to connect with private enterprises for certain positions. MUST READ: Elder Line SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana: (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements: (2022) Private and public hospitals must adopt it. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately. It has seamless portability across the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Justice Rohini Commission Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context: The Justice Rohini Commission has submitted its report to President Droupadi Murmu. Background:- Justice G Rohini, Retd. Chief Justice, Delhi High Court, is the chairperson of the Commission. The Commission for Other Backward Classes was appointed to examine the sub-categorization of Other Backward Classes. The Commission had been entrusted with the task to study the various entries in the Central List of OBCs and recommend the correction of any repetitions, ambiguities, inconsistencies and errors of spelling or transcription. About Justice Rohini Commission:- Formed in 2017. Chairperson: Justice G Rohini, Retd. Chief Justice, Delhi High Court. The commission was set up by the President of India, under Article 340 of the Indian Constitution. Article 340: The President may, by order, appoint a Commission consisting of such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes within the territory of India and the difficulties under which they labour and to make recommendations as to the steps that should be taken by the Union or any State to remove such difficulties and to improve their condition. Mandate: To examine the issues related to the sub-categorization of Other Backward Classes. ( OBC Subcategorization) Need for sub-categorization:- The sub-categorization will ensure those communities that are more backward among the OBC communities can access the benefits of reservation in educational institutions and government jobs. (OBC Reservations) Other commissions for OBCs:- Kalelkar Commission:- It was set up in 1953. It was the first to identify backward classes other than the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) at the national level. Mandal Commission:- It was set up in 1979. It submitted the report, 1980 estimated the OBC population at 52% and classified 1,257 communities as backward.  Constitutional body for OBCs:- National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC): The 102nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018 provided constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC). It was previously a statutory body under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. MUST READ: OBC reservation in local bodies SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following organizations/ bodies in India : (2023) The National Commission for Backward Classes The National Human Rights Commission The National Law Commission The National

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Kuril Islands dispute Syllabus Prelims –International Relations Context: Recently, the dispute over the Kuril Islands between Tokyo and Moscow came up again in the midst of the Russia -Ukraine war. Background:- As Russia’s invasion of Ukraine drags on, Moscow is forced to funnel more and more of its military and economic resources to its western border. In Tokyo, conservative voices are hinting that the war could give Japan a chance to take control of what the Japanese call the Northern Territories. About the Kuril Islands dispute:- Historical Background: Soviet forces seized the strategically located Kuril Islands in Russia, in the closing days of WWII. Russia administers all the Kuril Islands. However, Japan considers them as part of its Northern Territories. These are Iturup (Etorofu in Japanese), Kunashir (Kunashiri), Shikotan, and Habomai Islets. No Treaty so far: Moscow and Tokyo have held talks about these islets several times in the past but failed to agree on a solution. This led to the two sides never formally signing a peace treaty to end the war. China’s interest: There are speculations that China may have a vested interest in taking over the Kuril islands. The Kuril Islands would give China access to the Arctic region as well as naval ports directly in the North Pacific. About the Kuril Islands:- IMAGE SOURCE: bewilderingstories.com The Kuril Islands are a chain of islands stretching from the Japanese island of Hokkaido to the southern tip of Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula. The islands separate the Okhotsk Sea from the North Pacific Ocean. The archipelago comprises 22 major islands, 36 smaller islets, and several rocks covering. The Kuril Islands are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is a region in the Pacific Ocean that experiences frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Administration: Russia administers all the Kuril Islands as part of its easternmost territory. Importance of South Kuril Islands:- Natural resources: Rich fishing grounds surround the islands. They are thought to have offshore reserves of oil and gas. Rare rhenium deposits have been found on the Kudriavy volcano on Iturup. Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. Tourism is also a potential source of income, as the islands have several volcanoes and a variety of birdlife. Strategic Importance: Russia has deployed missile systems in the region. (India – Russia Relations) Russia also plans a submarine project and intends to prevent any American military use of the islands. Cultural Importance: The Japanese people, especially conservatives in Hokkaido, are emotionally attached to the islands. ( India – Japan Cooperation) MUST READ: Perspectives on Russia-Ukraine War SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) About three-fourths of the world’s cobalt, a metal required for the manufacture of batteries for electric motor vehicles, is produced by (2023) Argentina Botswana the Democratic Republic of the Congo Kazakhstan Q.2) Consider the following countries: (2023) Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Latvia Lithuania Romania How many of the above-mentioned countries share a land border with Ukraine? Only two Only three Only four Only five Jalesar Dhatu Shilp Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: Recently, seven products from across India, including Jalesar Dhatu Shilp, were given the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. Background:- The GI tags were secured by ‘Jalesar Dhatu Shilp’ (a metal craft), ‘Goa Mankurad Mango’, ‘Goan Bebinca’, ‘Udaipur Koftgari Metal Craft’, ‘Bikaner Kashidakari Craft’, ‘Jodhpur Bandhej Craft’, and ‘Bikaner Usta Kala Craft’. Jalesar Dhatu Shilp:- Jalesar is located in the Etah district of Uttar Pradesh. It was the capital of Magadha King Jarasandha. The metal art of Jalesar is highly esteemed for its intricate designs and exceptional craftsmanship, blending elements of both traditional and contemporary styles. Skilled artisans employ various techniques such as casting, molding, hammering, engraving, and filigree work to create a diverse array of metal products. The Jodhpur Bandhej Craft:- It is the Rajasthani art of tying and dyeing. It is one of the most famous textile art forms of Rajasthan. The fabrics used: muslin, silk, and voile. Cotton thread is used for tying the fabric. The Bikaner Usta Kala Craft:- It is also known as gold nakashi or gold manauti It shows the prominence of its long-lasting golden colour. Untreated raw camel hide is processed and molded by the Dapgar community of leather craftspeople for the requirements of the Usta. Udaipur Koftgari Metal Craft:- The ancient art of Koftgari is used to create exquisitely ornamental weaponry. Technique: This damascene technique involves a complex process of etching designs, heating, and cooling the metal, while also embedding gold and silver wire into the surface. Unlike inlaid metal ornamentation, the wire does not sink into the iron; instead, it remains on the surface and is mechanically bound through pressing, burnishing, and polishing. After the design is complete, burnishing tools known as Opani are used to push and bind the overlaid silver firmly. Lastly, the surface is polished using a hakek stone to achieve the final stunning appearance. The term ‘Koftgari’ originates from the Persian and Urdu words ‘kuft-gari,’ meaning ‘beaten work’. The artisans who practice this art are called ‘kuftgars’ or gilders. Historically, Koftgari was brought to India by Persian craftsmen during the 16th century when they served Mughal rulers. The Mughal Emperors had a significant iron workshop called the Mughal Silehkhana that produced ornamented swords and weapons for the imperial army. Bikaner Kashidakari Craft:- It is traditionally created on cotton, silk, or velvet with a variety of fine stitches and mirror-work, mainly for objects associated with marriage, especially gift items. The mirrors are believed to repel the ‘evil eye’ with their reflective surfaces. The weaving of fabrics by hand used to be done by the Meghwal community in Bikaner and nearby districts. Goa Mankurad mango:- The mango was given the name ‘Malcorada’ by the (GI Tag for Mithila Makhana) The name translates to ‘poor coloured. Over time, this word evolved into ‘Mankurad’. In the Konkani language, it came to be known as ‘aamo’, which means mango. Goan Bebinca:- Bebinca,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) busted the country’s biggest darknet Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) cartel. About Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD):-   IMAGE SOURCE: southcoastrecoverycentre.co.za LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a type of synthetic and mind-altering substance. This psychedelic belongs to a class of drugs called (Drug Addiction) Psychedelic: a subclass of hallucinogenic drugs whose primary effect is to trigger non-ordinary mental states. Hallucinogens: a drug that causes hallucinations.. It is a white or colorless crystalline powder. Oduor: It has no smell. Taste: it might taste bitter. But in this form, even the smallest dose can be strong and dangerous. Other names for LSD: Sugar cubes, White Lightning, Dose, Tripping, Blotter, Mellow Yellow, Dots, Windowpane, etc. It belongs to the same class of drugs, ergolines, that treats migraine and Parkinson’s disease. LSD affects the brain and central nervous system. It causes psychoactive effects that make one see colors, hear sounds, or lose the sense of time. Effects of LSD:- Dilated pupils High body temperature High heart rate High blood pressure Lots of sweating Loss of appetite Sleeplessness Dry mouth Tremors (body shakes) Serious feelings of anxiousness Panic Confusion Violence Duration of effects: These effects are typically experienced within an hour or so of dosing and can last 12 to 15 hours. About Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB):- Establishment: 1986. HQ: Delhi. Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs. Background:- The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 which came into effect in 1985. It made an express provision for constituting a Central Authority to exercise the powers and functions of the Central Government under the Act. ( Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985) In the presence of this provision, the Government of India constituted the Narcotics Control Bureau on the 17th of March, 1986. Narcotics Control Bureau is the drug law enforcement and intelligence agency of India. It is responsible for fighting drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal substances. Objectives of NCRB:- To function as a clearing house of information on crime and criminals operating at National and International levels. To assist the investigators, and others in linking crimes to their perpetrators. To store, coordinate and disseminate information on inter-state and international criminals from and to respective States, national investigating agencies, courts, and prosecutors in India without having to refer to the Police Station records. To collect and process crime statistics at the National level. To receive and supply data to penal and correctional agencies. To coordinate, guide and assist the functioning of the State Crime Records Bureau. To provide training facilities to personnel of the Crime Records Bureau. To evaluate, develop and modernize Crime Records Bureau. Functions of NCB:- Coordination of actions by various offices, State Governments, and other authorities under the NDPS Act, Customs Act, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, and any other law for the time being in force in connection with the enforcement provisions of the NDPS Act, 1985. Implementation of the obligation in respect of countermeasures against illicit traffic under the various international conventions and protocols that are in force at present or which may be ratified or acceded to by India in the future. Assistance to concerned authorities in foreign countries and concerned international organizations to facilitate coordination and universal action for prevention and suppression of illicit traffic in these drugs and substances. Coordination of actions taken by the other concerned Ministries, Departments, and Organizations in respect of matters relating to drug abuse. MUST READ: NIDAAN Portal – National Integrated Database on Arrested Narco-offenders SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) “Triclosan” considered harmful when exposed to high levels for a long time, is most likely present in which of the following? (2022) Food preservatives Fruit ripening substances reused plastic containers Toiletries Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps Public Sector Banks develop strategies and capital-raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 PM-KUSUM Scheme Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: Recently, the government said that nearly 2.46 lakh farmers have benefitted from the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM Scheme). About (PM-KUSUM Scheme:- IMAGE SOURCE: MyGov.in Launched: 2019. Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Objectives of PM KUSUM:- To subsidize farmers to install solar irrigation pumps for cultivation. To ensure energy security for farmers in India, To honour India’s commitment to increase the share of installed capacity of electric power from non-fossil-fuel sources to 40% by 2030 as part of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs): these are the intended reductions in greenhouse gas emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Each farmer will receive a 60% subsidy to set up tube wells and pump sets. They will also get 30% of the total cost as a loan from the Government. ( PM KUSUM) Benefits of PM KUSUM:- For Discoms:- Electricity for agriculture is highly subsidized and is often termed as the main cause of the poor financial position of Discoms. ( State of DISCOMs) This scheme will support the financial health of discoms by reducing the burden of subsidy to the agriculture sector. For States:- The scheme will promote decentralized solar power production, and reduce transmission losses. For state governments, this is a potential way to reduce their subsidy outlay towards irrigation. It will also help States meet the RPOs (renewable purchase obligation) targets. For Farmers:- If farmers are able to sell surplus power, they will be incentivized to save power. This will mean the reasonable and efficient use of groundwater. It will also provide water security to farmers. For Environment:- The expansion of the irrigation cover by providing decentralized solar-based irrigation will help in moving away from

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Is Venice on UNESCO Heritage Danger List? Syllabus Prelims: International Relations Context: The Italian city of Venice should be added to a list of world heritage sites in danger, experts from UNESCO have stated in a new report. More sites that are under recommendations: Kyiv and Lviv in Ukraine Historic centre of Odessa, Ukraine The town of Timbuktu in Mali Several sites in Syria, Iraq and Libya. Urgent Need to Address long-standing problems in Venice Venice has been grappling for years with too many tourists and the effects of climate change. Mass tourism Development projects: High-rise buildings can have a significant negative visual impact on the city and they should be built far from the city Centre. Rising sea levels due to Climate change [Global Risks due to Climate Change] – The increase in the frequency and levels of high tides, in addition to the phenomenon of wave motion caused by motor boats, is one of the main causes of deterioration and damage to the building structures and urban areas. These issues are causing Deterioration and damage to building structures and urban areas Degrading the cultural and social identity of the property Threatening the integrity of its cultural, environmental and landscape attributes and values A few instances that were noted In February 2023, the city was in the grips of a drought such that Italian lakes and rivers had dried up. In November 2019, historical treasures and buildings were endangered due to flooding. Two years back, the decision to include in ‘Danger List’ was averted Some emergency measures were adopted by the Italian government. One of those measures was the decision to ban large ships like cruise ships from the San Marco Basin-Giudecca Canal, which is still being enforced. The UNESCO panel recommended finding new options for docking large ships outside the lagoon. Another recommendation: Launch an ambitious conservation plan for the city. But the plan to save Venice was never implemented and has remained a mirage. About Venice The UNESCO World Heritage property comprises the city of Venice and its lagoon situated in the Veneto Region of Northeast Italy. Founded in the 5th century AD and spread over 118 small islands, Venice became a major maritime power in the 10th century. The whole city is an extraordinary architectural masterpiece in which even the smallest building contains works by some of the world’s greatest artists such as Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese and others. Venice is known as “La Serenissima”, which translates to “very serene” – but that nickname no longer fits. On top of being given a nickname for its serenity, it is in turn known as “the city of love”, “la domitante” (the dominant), and the “queen of the Adriatic”. SOURCE: Down to Earth Indian Economy witnesses significant surge in Gross Fixed Capital Formation Syllabus Prelims: Indian Economy In News: Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) in India, an essential measure of investment in the economy, has seen significant growth from ₹32.78 lakh crore in fiscal 2014-15 to ₹54.35 lakh crore in fiscal 2022-23 (provisional estimates). The Government is Implementing the ‘Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Expenditure’ (2020-21 & 2021-22) and ‘Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment’ (2022-23 & 2023-24). Approved and released special assistance (loan) in the form of 50-year interest-free loan for capital expenditure on capital projects including capital projects pertaining to sectors like health, and education, irrigation, power. Etc., for capital expenditure for different States. The Concept Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) Refers to the net increase in physical assets (investment minus disposals). Does not account for the consumption (depreciation) of fixed capital. Not a measure of total investment, because only the value of net additions to fixed assets is measured, and all kinds of financial assets, as well as stocks of inventories and other operating costs are excluded. Includes land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. SOURCE: Livemint Himalayan vulture bred in captivity for the first time in India Syllabus Prelims: Environment In News: Researchers have recorded the first instance of captive breeding of the Himalayan vulture in India at the Assam State Zoo, Guwahati. A daunting task: In nature, the species breeds in snow-clad mountains Second such instance in the world, after France, where the species has been bred in captivity. About Himalayan Vulture Scientific Name: Gyps himalayensis It is a rare and largest bird native to the Himalayas Habitat: It lives mainly in the higher regions of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau at the elevation of above 1500 metres. This species is distributed from western China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan, east through the Himalayan mountain range in India, Nepal and Bhutan, to central China and Mongolia. Description: This is a huge vulture and the adult is sandy brown with a pale, featherless head. When in flight, the bird has black primaries and a small-headed, squared-winged appearance. Usually seen singly or in small groups; gathers in large flocks at a carcass Conservation status: The vulture is listed as “Near Threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)Red List of Threatened Species. The species is covered by a Multi-species Action Plan (MsAP)for the conservation of African-Eurasian vultures and by national Action Plans in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Cambodia. Threats: The most serious potential threat to this species is thought to be mortality caused through ingestion of diclofenac and other vulture-toxic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) widely used in livestock, particularly in South Asia. Indian Vultures: India is home to 9 species of Vulture: Oriental white-backed, Long-billed, Slender-billed, Himalayan, Red-headed, Egyptian, Bearded, Cinereous and the Eurasian Griffon. Most of these 9 species face danger of extinction. Vultures in India also foragemostly out of protected areas. They travel long distances every day while foraging for food. However, Indian Vultures feed on livestock. Due to this, a drastic crash in vulture populations