Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Key Takeaways from the Petersberg Dialogue on Climate Change Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the Petersberg Dialogue on Climate Change was held in Berlin. About key takeaways from Petersberg Dialogue on Climate Change:- IMAGE SOURCE: Today in chemistry history: The Kyoto protocol – Compound Interest (compoundchem.com) The 14th Petersberg Dialogue on Climate Change was hosted by Germany and the United Arab Emirates. UAE would be hosting the 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (UPSC PRELIMS: UNFCCC – COP27 ) Objective:  to discuss the way forward towards COP28 The Climate Dialogue was initiated by Germany’s former Chancellor Angela Merkel.  It was first held in 2010 United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres emphasised the need for “cleaning up economies of the developed countries by breaking their fossil fuel addiction and driving decarbonisation in every sector to achieve a 1.5-degree global warming pathway. He reiterated his earlier call for an Acceleration Agenda, where “all countries hit fast-forward on their Net Zero deadlines”. Key takeaways:- Global renewables target:- Discussions around a potential global target for renewables at the next climate conference. Possibility of an agreement on a global target for renewables and energy efficiency among the G7 countries. (UPSC PRELIMS: G7) $100 billion climate finance:- It was stated that developed countries are “on a good track” to deliver the $100 billion per year as promised to mobilise by 2020 during the COP15 in 2009. However, a recent estimate pegs climate finance needs at $1 trillion per year by 2030 for emerging markets alone. This means that climate finance needs are more than 10 times the amount that developed countries have been able to mobilise, 14 years after committing to the $100 billion figure. This underlines the urgent need for financial reparations. Global Stocktake:- 2023 is the year for the Global Stocktake.  Global Stocktake: a periodic review of global climate action. It aims to assess whether current efforts will enable us to reach the objectives set out in the Paris Agreement. This is the first Global Stocktake year since the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015.  The report is set to be released in September of 2023. About Paris Agreement:- It was the successor to the Kyoto Protocol. This international climate treaty expired in 2020. It was agreed in December 2015. Objective: to limit the rise in the average global surface temperature. To do this, countries that signed the accord set national pledges to reduce humanity’s effect on the climate that are meant to become more ambitious over time. The Paris Accord legally bound its signatories collectively to limit greenhouse gas emissions to keep the temperature rise well below 2.0 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit) this century. The countries also promised to “pursue efforts” to keep the rise below 1.5C (2.7F). MUST READ: India’s Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) The Climate Group is an international non-profit organisation that drives climate action by building large networks and running them. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals. Some Indian companies are members of EP100. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1,2, 4 and 5 1,3 and 4 only 2,3 and 5 only 1,2, 3, 4 and 5 Q.2) With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements is correct? (2021) It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014 It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests It is a legally binding international declaration It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities. India was one of the signatories at its inception Select the correct answer using the code given below 1, 2 and 4 1, 3 and 5 3 and 4 2 and 5 The Innovative Finance Facility for Climate in Asia and the Pacific Financing Partnership Facility (IF-CAP) Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently a new funding mechanism ‘the Innovative Finance Facility for Climate in Asia and the Pacific Financing Partnership Facility (IF-CAP)’ was launched. About the Innovative Finance Facility for Climate in Asia and the Pacific Financing Partnership Facility (IF-CAP):- In line with climate change financing requirements, ADB(Asian Development Bank) announced its newest climate finance program: the Innovative Finance Facility for Climate in Asia and the Pacific (IF-CAP). (UPSC PRELIMS: ADB) Objective:  use guarantees from partners for leverage to accelerate billions of dollars in much-needed climate change investment IF-CAP’s initial partners are Denmark, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Intended Benefits of IF-CAP:- With a model of ‘$1 in, $5 out’, the initial ambition of $3 billion in guarantees could create up to $15 billion in new loans for much-needed climate projects across Asia and the Pacific. Financing will help vulnerable countries in Asia and the Pacific region meet their mitigation and adaptation goals. It will support ADB’s raised ambition for $100 billion in climate finance from 2019-2030. . IF-CAP will pilot a guarantee mechanism, where every US$1 guarantee from financing partners can generate up to US$5 in new loans for climate adaptation and mitigation projects across Asia. IF-CAP operates as an umbrella mechanism for mobilising resources for climate adaptation and mitigation projects. Under this umbrella is the IF-CAP Guarantee Trust Fund, which will provide guarantees to ADB covering payment defaults. The facility will finance projects over a five-year investment period, but guarantees will remain effective for 25 years.  In addition, ADB will establish donor trust funds, framework arrangements, and other forms of financing partnerships, such as grants, guarantees, and similar arrangements that support IF-CAP’s objectives and scope. Most contributions to the facility will be in the form of guarantees or grants. (UPSC MAINS: Significance of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Buddha Purnima Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: Recently, President Droupadi Murmu greeted people on the occasion of Buddha Purnima. About Buddha Purnima:- Buddha Purnima is celebrated to mark the birth of Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. It is also known as Vesak. In 1999, it became an UN-designated day, to acknowledge the contribution of Buddhism to society. It is believed that this was also the day he attained enlightenment. It is considered a ‘triple-blessed day’ as it is Tathagata Gautam Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and Maha Parnirvana. Buddha Purnima falls on a full moon night, usually between April and May. It is a gazetted holiday in India. Many devotees visit Mahabodhi Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, on this occasion. Bodhi Temple is the location where Lord Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment. About Budhha:- IMAGE SOURCE: Karma Buddhism | Does Buddhism Believe in Karma | TheMindFool Siddhartha Gautama, or Buddha was a spiritual leader and the founder of Buddhism. (UPSC MAINS: Wisdom of the Buddha) He lived from 563 B.C. to 483 B.C. He was born in the Shakya clan in Lumbini, Kapilvastu, Nepal. At the age of 29, he abandoned his home and began to live as a homeless ascetic and practised rigorous meditation for a year. At the age of 49, he sat down under a Pipal tree at Bodhgaya (present-day Bihar), where he finally attained Nirvana (perfect enlightenment) and came to be known as the Buddha. Buddha gave his first sermon in Sarnath. (UPSC PRELIMS: The Buddhist Circuit) This is called Dhammacakkappavattana (turning off the wheel of law). Buddha passed away in 483 BCE at Kushinagara, Uttar Pradesh. This event is termed Five forms that represent Buddha are:- Lotus and Bull – Birth Horse – Renunciation Bodhi Tree – Mahabodhi Dhamma Chakra Pravartana – First sermon Footprints – Nirvana Three pillars of his teachings are:- Buddha – Founder/Teacher Dhamma – Teachings Sangha – Order of Buddhist Monks and Nuns Eight-Fold Paths:- Right Vision (Samma-Ditthi) Right Thought or Attitude (Samma-sankappa) Right or Whole Speech (Samma-Vacca) Right or Integral Action (Samma-Kammanta) Right or Proper Livelihood (Samma-Ajiva) Right Effort or Energy (Samma-Vayama) Right Mindfulness (Samma-Sati) or Thorough Awareness (Samma-Sati) Right Concentration (Samma-Samadhi) Buddhist Councils:- 1st Council Year: 483 BC Venue : Saptaparni Cave, Rajgir Chairman :Maha Kassapa King: Ajatshatru Key Developments : Sutta & Vinaya Pitaka compiled 2nd Council Year: 383 BC Venue: Vaishali Chairman : Sabakami King: Kalasoka Key Developments: Monks got split into Sthavir Madins & Mahasanghikas The dispute arose over the ‘Ten Points During the 2nd Buddhist Council: 3rd Council Year: 250 BC Venue: Pataliputra Chairman : Mogalliputta Tissa King: Ashoka Key Developments: Abhidhammapitaka compiled 4th Council Year: 72 AD Venue: Kundalvan, Kashmir Chairman: Vasumitra & Ashvaghosha King: Kanishka Key Developments: Buddhists got split into Hinayana & Mahayana Buddhist Literature Tripitaka or three baskets include the prominent Buddhist scriptures. Others include Jatakas, Mahavamsa, Bodhi Vamsa. Tripitakas Vinaya Pitaka: Contains monastic rules of conduct for monks. Sutta Pitaka: This scripture describes the first Buddhist council. Abhidhamma Pitaka: It is a detailed scholastic analysis and summary of the Buddha’s teachings. Milinda Panha It is a dialogue between Indo-Greek king Meander and Buddhist monk Written in Pali Dipavamsa It deals with the arrival of Buddha‘s teaching and preachers in Sri Lanka. Written in Pali Mahavamsa It deals with the royal dynasties of the Indian subcontinent. The consecration of Asoka and details of Selucus and Alexander have been detailed in it. Buddha Charita It is an epic poem on the life of Buddha It is written in It was written by a Buddhist philosopher Ashwaghosha who was a member of King Kanishka’s court. MUST READ: Neo-Buddhism SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (2020) Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism The Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of the Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered Mahayana Buddhism Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following pairs: Parivrajaka — Renunciant and Wanderer Shramana — Priest with a high status Upasaka — Lay follower of Buddhism Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Penumbral lunar eclipse Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: The penumbral lunar eclipse was observed recently. About the Penumbral lunar eclipse:- IMAGE SOURCE: Eclipse Shadow: What Is the Penumbra? (timeanddate.com) An eclipse happens when a planet or a moon gets in the way of the sun’s light. (UPSC PRELIMS: Eclipses ) The lunar eclipse is a celestial phenomenon where the sun, moon, and earth come in a straight line. In the Lunar Eclipse, the Earth arrives in between the sun and the moon. In this way, the shadow of the earth falls on the moon.  The lunar eclipse can only happen during the Full Moon. But, the orbits of the moon and earth are different. That’s why the lunar eclipse happens only up to 3-4 times a year. There are three types of lunar eclipses:- Total lunar eclipses, partial lunar eclipses, and penumbral lunar eclipses. (UPSC PRELIMS: Beaver blood moon) A penumbral lunar eclipse happens when the moon moves through the outermost region of the Earth’s shadow known as the penumbra. Penumbra: the lighter outer part of a shadow. The Moon’s penumbra causes partial solar eclipses, and the Earth’s penumbra is involved in penumbral lunar eclipses. During this event, the moon appears slightly darker than usual. Since the penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when the moon stands in the penumbral shadow. Thus, it is not very visible. MUST READ: Supermoon SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year normally occurs on the: (2022) The first half of the month of June

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Shoot-at-sight orders Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: Recently, the Manipur government authorised all District Magistrates to issue “shoot at sight orders” in “extreme cases”. About Shoot at-sight orders:- IMAGE SOURCE: Manipur in India Map. Manipur Map Vector Illustration Stock Vector – Illustration of the graphic, country: 176108947 (dreamstime.com) A shoot-at-sight or firing order may be passed in terms of the statutory powers relating to the arrest or prevention of offences or for disbanding unlawful assemblies under the CrPC, 1973. (UPSC PRELIMS: Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022) Section 144 of the CrPC enables the use of wide powers while dealing with urgent cases of “apprehended danger” or nuisance through the issuance of orders. Section 46 (2) of the CrPC enables the use of force in the course of arresting a person. If a person forcibly resists the endeavour to arrest him, or attempts to evade the arrest, such police officer or other person may use all means necessary to effect the arrest. Section 46(3) places a limit on this executive power. The provision does not give a right “to cause the death of a person who is not accused of an offence punishable with death or with imprisonment for life.” Exceptions:- It also places a limit on this executive power. The provision does not give a right to cause the death of a person not accused of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. (UPSC CSE: Committee for Reforms in Criminal Law) Section 3(a) Oof the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, of 1958 empowers the armed forces to use force in disturbed areas. disturbed areas: a notification in the Official Gazette declaring an area as “disturbed” may be passed by the Governor of the State or the Administrator of that Union Territory or the Central Government. Provisions in the Indian Penal Code,1860:- Section 81 says that “Nothing is an offence merely by reason of its being done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause harm if it is done without any criminal intention to cause harm, and in good faith for the purpose of preventing or avoiding other harm to person or property.”  Section 76 exempts such acts, if done by a person “who is, or who by reason of a mistake of fact and not by reason of a mistake of law in good faith believes himself to be, bound by law to do it.” Section 76 IPC goes so far as to say that if a soldier “fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity with the commands of the law”, he has committed no offence. Related Judicial Judgements:- Jayantilal case:- Gujarat High Court declared the shoot-at-sight orders imposed for breaking a curfew “void”. The Gujarat High Court’s 1974 ruling in “Jayantilal Mohanlal Patel vs Eric Renison And Anr.” Held that the “law and order forces of the State of Gujarat have no authority to shoot at anyone for a mere breach of the curfew order.” In the 1974 ruling, Justice SH Seth also observed that any threat issued by the executive to the life of a citizen without the authority of law must be viewed very seriously. In 1981 the Supreme Court ruling, given by Justice YV Chandrachud led Bench, in the case of “State Of West Bengal vs Shew Mangal Singh & Ors” which dealt with the conflict between the executive’s power of extreme coercive action and an individual’s right to liberty. MUST READ: Section 153A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2022) Government law officers and legal firms are recognized as advocates, but corporate lawyers and patent attorneys are excluded from recognition as advocates. Bar Councils have the power to lay down the rules relating to legal education and recognition of law colleges. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2022) When a prisoner makes out a sufficient case, parole cannot be denied to such prisoner because it becomes a matter of his/her right. State Governments have their own Prisoners Release on Parole Rules. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 River-Cities Alliance Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: Recently, National Mission For Clean Ganga Organizes River-Cities Alliance Global Seminar. About River-Cities Alliance:- River Cities Alliance (RCA) was launched in 2021. (UPSC PRELIMS: River Cities Alliance) It is organized by National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) in association with the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). It is a joint initiative of the Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) & the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). Objective: to provide a platform for officials of member cities and international stakeholders to discuss and learn good practices for managing urban rivers. Vision: to connect river cities and focus on sustainable river-centric development. Membership: Beginning with 30 member cities in November 2021, the Alliance has expanded to 109 river cities across India and one international member city from Denmark(the city of Aarhus from Denmark). It is a dedicated platform for river cities across India to discuss & exchange information for sustainable management of urban rivers. It includes cities from both the Ganga basin and non-Ganga basin states.(UPSC CSE: Linking Rivers) The RCA Global Seminar witnessed participation from Embassies/High Commissions of select countries along with funding agencies like the World Bank, ADB, JICA & KfW. In it was noted that the theme of RCA resonated in the UN Water Conference 2023 held in New York in March 2023. ‘ DHARA 2023 The first annual meeting of the RCA – DHARA 2023 (Driving Holistic Action for Urban Rivers) was held in 2023, in Pune. It featured key sessions on international best practices and examples for urban

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Galapagos Islands Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Ecuador’s government recently pledged to spend about $18 million annually for two decades on conservation in the Galapagos Islands. About Galapagos Islands:- IMAGE SOURCE: Britannica Kids The Galápagos Islands are a chain of islands in the Pacific Ocean. (UPSC PRELIMS: Galapagos Islands) They are part of the country of Ecuador, in South America. There are thirteen major islands and a handful of smaller islands that make up the Galápagos archipelago. The largest of the islands is called Isabela. Repeated volcanic eruptions helped to form the rugged mountain landscape of the Galápagos Islands. The Galápagos Islands are located near the equator, yet they receive cool ocean currents. (UPSC PRELIMS: Ocean Currents) This makes for a strange mix of tropical and temperate climates. British naturalist Charles Darwin came to the Galápagos in 1835, on a ship called the HMS Beagle. His observations of wildlife on the island inspired his theory of evolution by natural selection. Wildlife:- It contains aquatic species such as manta rays and sharks which have been endangered by commercial fishing. It also hosts a wide array of aquatic wildlife, including marine iguanas, and waved albatrosses. (UPSC CSE: Wildlife Protection ) Also, the giant tortoises found here – ‘Galápagos’ in old Spanish – give the islands their name.  Many species are endemic. Endemic: they are not found anywhere else in the world. These include the giant Galápagos tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra), the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), the flightless cormorant (Phalacrocoraz harris), and the Galápagos penguin. Galápagos penguin, Galápagos fur seal and Galápagos sea lion are critically endangered. The Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) is the only penguin species to live in the Northern Hemisphere. Protection Status:- Ecuador made a part of the Galapagos a wildlife sanctuary in 1935. The sanctuary became the Galapagos National Park in 1959. In 1978, the islands became UNESCO’s first World Heritage Site.  MUST READ: Islands SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Region often mentioned in the news:   Country (2022) Anatolia                                                    Turkey Amhara                                                    Ethiopia Cabo Delgado                                          Spain Catalonia                                                  Italy How many pairs given above are correctly matched? Only one pair Only two pairs Only three pairs All four pairs Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2021) In the tropical zone, the western sections of the oceans are warmer than the eastern sections owing to the influence of trade winds. In the temperate Zone, westerlies make the eastern sections of oceans warmer than the western sections Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Arab League Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Arab League voted to reinstate Syria’s membership after its suspension more than 10 years ago About Arab League:- IMAGE SOURCE: Arab League, League of Arab States, Political Map Stock Vector – Illustration of the middle, mapping: 138942280 (dreamstime.com) The Arab League, formally known as the League of Arab States, was established in 1945. It is a regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa. The founding member states were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Currently, it has 22 member states, who have pledged to cooperate on economic and military affairs, among other issues. Other members are Libya (1953); Sudan (1956); Tunisia and Morocco (1958); Kuwait (1961); Algeria (1962); Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (1971); Mauritania (1973); Somalia (1974); the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; 1976); Djibouti (1977); and Comoros (1993). Each member has one vote on the League Council, decisions being binding only on those states that have voted for them. (UPSC PRELIMS: Gulf region) The signing on April 13, 1950, of an agreement on joint defence and economic cooperation also committed the signatories to the coordination of military defences measures. (UPSC PRELIMS: Arab Spring) MUST READ: Contribution of Indian Diaspora SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2022) International agreement/ set-up Subject Alma-Ata Declaration – Healthcare of the people Hague Convention – Biological and Chemical Weapons Talanoa Dialogue – Global Climate Change Under2 Coalition – Child Rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 4 only 1 and 3 only 2,3 and 4 only Q.2) The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2022) China Israel Iraq Yemen Scary Barbie Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Scientists named the recently discovered black hole “Scary Barbie,” after a beloved children’s character. About Scary Barbie:- IMAGE SOURCE: BlackHole Info: r/nasa (reddit.com) Scary Barbie is a supermassive black hole that is devouring a star with a thousand times the brightness of a supernova. (UPSC PRELIMS: Black Hole) It was first observed in 2020. It was named ZTF20abrbeie. It is one of the most luminous, energetic, long-lasting transient objects in the sky. It is also extremely far away and in a somewhat neglected corner of the sky. (UPSC MAINS: Can outer space be considered a resource ) The researchers discovered it using an AI engine called REFITT (Recommender Engine For Intelligent Transient Tracking). The AI engine looks through observations from many different telescopes around the World. MUST READ: IN-SPACe SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) GPS and navigation systems could fail. Tsunamis could occur in equatorial regions. Power grids could be damaged. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 4 and 5 only 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Q.2) Recently, scientists observed the merger

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) CISO Deep-Dive Training Programme Syllabus Prelims – Governance Context: Recently, NeGD organised the 36th CISO Deep-Dive Training Programme under Cyber Surakshit Bharat. About CISO Deep-Dive Training Programme:- IMAGE SOURCE: Infographic: The 8 most common types of Cyber Attacks – CyberOne It’s a training programme, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). It is a five-day intensive training programme. The CISO training programme was launched in 2018 under the Public Private Partnership (PPP) model. NeGD has organized 36 sessions of CISO deep-dive training programs for more than 1,419 CISOs and IT officials since that time. Participants: it had 24 participants, including CISOs, technical wings of police and security forces, CTOs, and members of technical/PMU teams from Central Line Ministries and States/UTs. The purpose of the CISO Deep-Dive training programme is to provide CISOs with a comprehensive understanding of cyber-attacks, the latest safeguarding technologies, and how to communicate the benefits of a strong e-infrastructure to organizations and the public. (UPSC PRELIMS: India’s cyber infrastructure) Additionally, the training seeks to give a comprehensive view of legal provisions and help build concrete crisis management plans for cyber-attacks. (UPSC CSE: Cybercrime) Coverage of Topics:- Governance Risk and Compliance, the Landscape of Cyber Security Products in India, Security for Endpoints and Digital Workplaces, Network Security, Security for Applications and Data, Incident Response and CCMP, Mobile Security, Cryptography, Cyber Security Testing and Audit, Cyber Security related Provisions of IT Act and ISMS Standards such as ISO 27001, as well as Security Logging and Operation and Monitoring of Security Operation Centers. Cyber Surakshit Bharat:- It is the initiative of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) It was conceptualised with the mission to spread awareness about cybercrime and build capacities of Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) and frontline IT officials, across all government departments, for ensuring adequate safety measures to combat the growing menace. MUST READ: Cyber Attacks in India SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In India under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020) Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) Consider the following pairs of Terms sometimes seen in news vs Context /Topic: (2018) Belle II experiment: Artificial Intelligence Blockchain technology: Digital/ Cryptocurrency CRISPR — Cas9: Particle Physics Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 3 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council(GJEPC) launched India Jewellery Exposition 2023. About Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council(GJEPC):- IMAGE SOURCE: Gems and Jewellery Industry in India by 10rahulcc on DeviantArt The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council is the apex body founded in 1966. It drives India’s export-led growth in the gem and jewellery sector. (UPSC MAINS: Export-oriented units) Headquartered in Mumbai. It has regional offices across the country and over 7,500 members in its fold. VISION: to make India the preferred source for quality gems and jewellery. (UPSC PRELIMS: India’s Gems & Jewellery sector ) Objectives:- PROMOTING BRAND INDIA:- Organising India’s biggest and second-biggest trade shows, IIJS Premiere and IIJS Signature Organising joint participation in international jewellery shows CONNECTING GOVERNMENT & TRADE:- Facilitating better interaction on trade-related issues between the industry and the Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Ministry of Finance, DGFT, Dept of Commerce, Dept. of Finance UPHOLDING DIAMOND INTEGRITY:- Executing the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme in the country, as the Nodal Agency appointed by the Government of India SPREADING EDUCATION:- Running training institutes that impart manufacturing skills, technical and design excellence in six cities – Mumbai, Delhi, Surat, Jaipur, Varanasi and Udupi  INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE:- Providing MSMEs with affordable modern machines and tools at Common Facility Centres Setting up Jewellery Parks across the country  HEALTH AND WELL-BEING:- Providing health insurance for the employees of the Council’s member companies through the group mediclaim scheme called Swasthya Ratna PAYING BACK TO SOCIETY:- Founded by GJEPC in 2014, Jewellers for Hope has donated Rs.1 crore every year to one or more NGOs/charities doing exceptional work in supporting the underprivileged. Providing relief to victims of natural calamities and emergency situations through the Gem & Jewellery National Relief Foundation (GJNRF). MUST READ: New Foreign Trade Policy SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at (2016) bringing small entrepreneurs into the formal financial system providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops providing pensions to old and destitute persons funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development and employment generation Q.2) What is/are the purpose/purposes of `District Mineral Foundations in India? (2016) Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations Authorizing State Governments to issue licences for mineral exploration Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the Finance Minister chaired the meeting of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC). About Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC):- IMAGE SOURCE: What is the meaning of fiscal deficit? – OneMint The Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) was constituted by executive order in 2010. It is a non-statutory apex council. It works under the Ministry of Finance. The Council can invite experts to its meeting if required. The Raghuram

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Rabindranath Tagore Syllabus Prelims –Important Personalities Context: Recently, a political row erupted following Union Home Minister Amit Shah’s remark that Rabindranath Tagore had composed “national songs” of two countries. About Rabindranath Tagore:- IMAGE SOURCE: Tagore wins Nobel Prize (bl. UK) Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali poet, novelist, artist, painter and educational theorist. He is credited with composing the National Anthem of India. Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for his collection Gitanjali. He was the first Indian and non-European to receive a Nobel Prize. He received the British Knighthood in 1915. However, he renounced it in protest against the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre in 1919. (UPSC PRELIMS: Jallianwala Bagh) Social Philosophy:- He fought against the evils of his society such as poverty, superstition, and untouchability. He welcomed Western science and Western beliefs in individual worth, freedom, and democracy. Independence movement:- He believed that nationalism deteriorated from patriotism to chauvinism. He is credited for giving the Mahatma title to Mahatma Gandhi. (UPSC MAINS: Gandhi as a Political thinker and a Social Reformer) He strongly protested against the partition of Bengal in 1905. He wrote many national songs and attended protest meetings against the decision to partition Bengal. Religion:- Tagore advocated the religion of humanity. Education:- In his view, traditional schools imprison children. Hence, he started a model school after the ancient hermitage schools of India named Santiniketan (the abode of peace). Santiniketan engaged many scholars from across the world, including his English friends, Oxford professor E J Thompson, missionary C F Andrews and Lord Elmhirst. He also widened his educational commitment by founding a university – Visva Bharati  Visva Bharati: promoted an international culture of unity in diversity. Literary Contributions:- Poems: Manasi (The Ideal One,1890)  Sonar Tari (The Golden Boat,1894)  Gitanjali (Song Offerings,1910) Gitimalya (Wreath of Songs,1914) Balaka (The Flight of Cranes,1916) Plays: Raja (1910) [The King of the Dark Chamber], Dakghar (The Post Office,1912) Achalayatan (The Immovable,1912) Muktadhara (The Waterfall,1922) Raktakaravi (Red Oleanders,1926) Short stories and Novels: Gora (1910), Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World, 1916) and Yogayog (Crosscurrents, 1929) MUST READ:   (Book Review – Gitanjali by Rabindranath Tagore) SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Who among the following is associated with ‘Songs from Prison’, a translation of ancient Indian religious lyrics in English? (2021) Bal Gangadhar Tilak Jawaharlal Nehru Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Sarojini Naidu Q.2) Who among the following was associated as Secretary with Hindu Female School which later came to be known as Bethune Female School? (2021) Annie Besant Debandranath Tagore Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Sarojini Naidu Enforcement Directorate Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Enforcement Directorate conducted a search at gold-backed lender Manappuram Finance. About Enforcement Directorate:- IMAGE SOURCE: Enforcement Directorate (ED) and its Functions – Enterslice The Enforcement Directorate is a multi-disciplinary organization founded in 1956. It is a law enforcement organization tasked with enforcing economic laws and combating economic crime in India, such as money laundering and foreign exchange irregularities. It works under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. Headquarters: New Delhi The functions of the Directorate include the enforcement of the following Acts:- The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) (UPSC PRELIMS: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002) The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA): A civil law under which ED conducts an investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations. (UPSC PRELIMS: Foreign Exchange Management Act) The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1973 Sponsoring Organizations under the 1974 Foreign Exchange Conservation and Smuggling Activity Prevention Act The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA): A law whereby the Directorate is mandated to attach the properties of the fugitive economic offenders who have escaped from India warranting arrest and providing for the confiscation of their properties to the Central Government. (UPSC CSE: Fugitive Economic Offenders) Director of Enforcement:- Appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a committee chaired by the Central Vigilance Commissioner and members comprising of Vigilance Commissioners, Home Secretary, Secretary DOPT and Revenue Secretary. Tenure: up to 5 years. Recruitment of other officers:- Other officers may be recruited directly from other investigative agencies or indirectly.  It is made up of representatives from the police, excise, customs, and income tax departments of the Indian Revenue Services (IRS), the Indian Police Services (IPS), and the Indian Administrative Services (IAS). MUST READ: CBI and ED SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks develop strategies and capital raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Geological Survey of India (GSI) Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) denied media reports claiming large lithium reserves being identified in Rajasthan. About the Geological Survey of India (GSI):- The Geological Survey of India (GSI) is a scientific agency of India founded in 1851. (UPSC MAINS: Geological Survey of India ) It works under the Ministry of Mines. Background: It was set up in 1851 primarily to find coal deposits for the Railways. It is one of the oldest organisations in the world and the second oldest survey in India after Survey of India. (UPSC PRELIMS: Survey of India) Objectives:- Conducting geological surveys and studies of India. Being the prime provider of basic earth science information to government, industry and the general public, as well as the official participant in steel,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) LIGO-India Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently, laid down the foundation stone of LIGO-India on the occasion of National Technology Day. About LIGO-India:- IMAGE SOURCE: Gravitational waves discovery: India’s imprint in landmark LIGO project – Times of India (indiatimes.com) LIGO is the world’s most powerful observatory. It exploits the physical properties of light and space to detect and understand the origins of gravitational waves. At the moment, there are two such observatories in the US. These are separated by a distance of 3000 kilometres that work in tandem to pick up these gravitational waves. Each LIGO detector consists of two arms. LIGO-India will be the fifth node of this international network of gravitational wave observatories. It will be located in Maharashtra, India. It is envisaged as a collaborative project between a consortium of Indian research institutions and the LIGO Laboratory in the USA, along with its international partners. It will be built by the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, with a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the National Science Foundation, the US, along with several national and international research and academic institutions. LIGO-India is a collaboration between the LIGO Laboratory (operated by Caltech and MIT in the US) and three Institutes in India namely:-  the Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology (RRCAT, in Indore),  the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR in Ahmedabad), and the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA, in Pune). When LIGO-India is completed, it will join a global network of gravitational-wave observatories that includes Virgo in Italy and KAGRA in Japan. Significance:- LIGO-India will provide opportunities for Indian youth to pursue research careers in cutting-edge areas of science and technology. It will lead to advancement in gravitational-wave astronomy and astrophysics. It will lead to the development of cutting-edge technologies.(UPSC MAINS: Privatisation in Space Sector) Gravitational Waves:- A gravitational wave is an invisible (yet incredibly fast) ripple in space. (UPSC MAINS: Gravitational waves)  They travel at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second). These waves squeeze and stretch anything in their path as they pass by. Einstein predicted that when two bodies such as planets or stars orbit each other it causes ripples in space. These ripples would spread out like the ripples in a pond when a stone is tossed in.  Scientists call these ripples of space gravitational waves. MUST READ: India’s Space Economy SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on it. Q.2) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) GPS and navigation systems could fail. Tsunamis could occur in equatorial regions. Power grids could be damaged. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 4 and 5 only 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Monlam Chenmo Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: The annual five-day-long ‘Monlam Chenmo’ Festival, began recently in Ladakh. About Monlam Chenmo:- Monlam Chenmo is an annual five-day-long Great Prayer Festival of Ladakh. (UPSC PRELIMS: Ladakh) It is a mass prayer camp by Buddhist monks and nuns for world peace and happiness. The annual Mass Prayer is resuming this year after three years of discontinuation due to Covid. The event is being organised by the All Ladakh Gonpa Association. It is a major annual prayer of the Sangha Community of Ladakh gathered at one platform. The Festival falls on the 21st to 25th days of the third month of the Tibetan lunar calendar. It is being held since 1991. Seva for Sangha:- It is a special camp for Sangha Community. Objective: to help the Sangha Community avail benefits of different government schemes. It is led by the Member of Parliament for Ladakh Constituency Jamyang Tsering Namgyal in collaboration with district administration Leh. (UPSC CSE: Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC), Leh) The camp is being organised for the first time for Sanga Community. Different government departments, including banks, will come forward and offer the benefits of about 20 schemes of the government to the monks and nuns. The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) has also joined hands with the organisers to set up medical camps during the camp. MUST READ: India’s first-ever night sky sanctuary in Ladakh SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2018) Tradition                                 State Chapchar Kut festival              Mizoram Khongjom Parba ballad          Manipur Thang-Ta dance                      Sikkim Which of the pairs given above is/are correct? 1 only 1 and 2 3 only 2 and 3 Q.2) Consider the following pairs: (2015) Traditions                                     Communities Chaliha Sahib Festival             Sindhis Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra               Gonds Wari-Warkari                          Santhals Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only None of the above Hydrogen sulphide Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Preliminary evidence, from post-mortem and clinical features of the survivors of the recent Giaspura tragedy, suspect hydrogen sulphide gas as the cause. About Hydrogen sulphide:- IMAGE SOURCE: Overview of environmental sources and the fate of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in… | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a colourless chalcogen hydride gas with a characteristic foul

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Palak Lake Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, a Nature walk was organised along Palak Lake in  Mizoram. About Palak Lake:-   IMAGE SOURCE: Mizoram map showing the location of nest boxes | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) Palak Lake is the largest natural lake in Mizoram. (UPSC CSE: Assam-Mizoram border dispute ) It is situated near Phura village which is about 391 km to the south of Aizawl. The Palak Lake wetland conservation area falls under the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. It is rich in biodiversity. It is oval in shape and covers about 1 square km. It is surrounded by lush virgin forests rich in flora and fauna. It is home to most of the common wetland birds and hill birds  (UPSC MAINS: Wetland Conservation) It is believed to be a winter stop-over for migrating Pintail Duck. A few elephants still roam the surrounding virgin forests. National Museum of Natural History (NMNH):- The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) is located in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1972. It opened its doors to the public on 5th June 1978, coinciding symbolically with World Environment Day. It works under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. It is an institution devoted to environmental education. It derives its strength principally from theme-based exhibition galleries and experiential resource centres. Objectives:- To extend its activities at the regional/local levels. To develop museum-based educational projects. To develop environmental education resource materials (such as audio-visual aids, low-cost teaching aids, school loan kits, etc.) to promote environmental education To develop national and international cooperation with other organizations, professional bodies or museums. National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM):- It is under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. It undertakes studies and research in the area of Coastal Zone Management including coastal resources and environment. It is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Objective:- It aims to promote integrated and sustainable management of the coastal and marine areas in India. It works for the benefit and well-being of the traditional coastal and island communities. It also intends to promote sustainable coasts through increased partnerships. Role:- It has various research divisions including, Geospatial Sciences, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Coastal environmental impact assessment, Conservation of Coastal & Marine Resources, etc. Survey of India and NCSCM have mapped the Hazard Line for the entire coast of India. It also advises the Union and State Governments and other associated stakeholders on policy, and scientific matters related to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). National Institute of Himalayan Environment:- It was established in 1988-89 as an autonomous Institute. It is under the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Govt. of India. It is identified as a focal agency to:-  advanced scientific knowledge  evolve integrated management strategies  demonstrate their efficacy for the conservation of natural resources  ensure environmentally sound development in the entire Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) The institute pays particular attention to the preservation of fragile mountain ecosystems, indigenous knowledge systems and sustainable use of natural resources. MUST READ: COP14 of Ramsar Convention on Wetlands SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With references to India, Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol and Khatu are the names of (2021) Glaciers Mangrove areas Ramsar sites Saline lakes Q.2) What is common to the places known as Aliyar, Isapur and Kangsabati? (2019) Recently discovered uranium deposits Tropical rain forests Underground cave systems Water reservoirs Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, NTCA wrote to the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State to initiate action against illegal resorts and homestays in enclosures of BRT Tiger Reserve. About Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve:- IMAGE SOURCE: Location of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve. Triangle… | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) It derives its name ‘BILIGIRI’  from the white rocky cliff on the top of which is a temple of Lord VISHNU locally known as Rangaswamy. In Kannada, Biligiri means white hills – hence the name. It is situated in the middle of the bridge between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats in South India. It was constituted as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974. (UPSC CSE: Wildlife Protection ) BRT Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2011. (UPSC PRELIMS: Global Conservation Assured|Tiger Standards (CA|TS)) Flora:- The forests are principally of dry deciduous type and are interspersed with moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, evergreen and shola patches occurring at varying altitudes. Fauna:- Animals found here include tiger, elephant, leopard, wild dog, bison, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, four-horned antelope, sloth bear, wild boar, common langur, bonnet macaque, varieties of reptiles, birds, etc. Tiger Reserves in Karnataka:- Karnataka has been declared as No.1 State in Tiger Population in the country.  At present the Tiger population is estimated around 300. As per India Tiger estimate 2010 conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. The State has 5 Tiger Reserves namely:-  Bandipur:- The park is situated at the foothills of the Western Ghats. It is known for its rich diversity of flora and fauna. It was established as a hunting reserve for the Maharajas of Mysore. In 1973, it was declared a national park.  It was designated as a tiger reserve in 1974 as part of Project Tiger. It is one of the highest tiger densities in India.  The park also has a significant population of other wildlife species such as elephants, leopards, dholes, and gaurs. Bhadra:- Parts of the current reserve were first declared as Jagara Valley Wildlife Sanctuary in 1951. In 1974 the area was expanded and named the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. In 1998 the sanctuary was included in the Project Tiger Network. Flora: Bhadra is the natural habitat of prized timber such as Teak and Rosewood. Forest Types: Tropical Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest, Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest, Semi-Evergreen Forest. Fauna: Tiger, leopard, elephant, gaur, sambar, barking deer, spotted deer, wild dog, wild boar, sloth bear, etc. Nagarahole:- It is also known as ‘Rajiv Gandhi National Park. It

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Satavahana Syllabus Prelims – Ancient History Context: Explorers in Telangana recover artefacts which link Cherial village in Siddipet district to Satavahana period About the news: Field researchers have retrieved: several terracotta figurines of dolls, yakshini puppets, etc. pottery shreds of different designs, Colourful stone beads and terracotta beads which were part of ornaments during the Satavahana period. Coin from the Satavahana period. The coin bears the insignia of Ujjain on one side and Brahmi script on the other. Large bricks measuring 14 X 12 X 4 inches and figures of goddesses belong to the Ikshvaku as well as Satavahana periods. About Satavahanas: The Satavahanas came to power in the Deccan area after the decline of Mauryans in the region. The first king of the Satavahana dynasty was Simuka. Most glorious period under Gautamiputra Satkarni. Territorial spread: The Satavahana kingdom majorly comprised present Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Telangana. At times, their rule also included parts of Gujarat, Karnataka as well as Madhya Pradesh. Matronyms: The Satavahana kings used matronyms like Gautamiputra and Vaishishthiputra. This is a unique feature of Satavahana But this does not indicate that they were matriarchal or matrilineal in any sense. Multiple capitals: Two of the capitals were Amaravati and Pratishthana (Paithan). They assumed the title of Dakshinapatha Pati (Lord of Dakshinapatha). Grants: The Satavahanas started the practice of giving royal grants of land to Brahmans and Buddhist monks. For instance, the Karle inscription mentions the grant of Karajika village, near Pune, Maharashtra. Coins: The Satavahanas were the first native Indian kings to have issued their own coins. Gautamiputra Satakarni started this practice. Nahapana coins: Nahapana was a powerful Western Satraps king and the adversary of Gautamiputra Satkarni. Gautamiputa defeated him and more than 800 Nahapana silver coins (found near Nasik) bear the marks of being restruck by the Satavahana king. They mostly issued coins of lead, which is found on the Deccan and also coins of silver, copper and bronze. The coins had the portraits of rulers on them. These coins sometimes had bilingual legends, one side Prakrit and the other side in Tamil, Telugu or Kannada. Language: They patronised Prakrit more than Sanskrit. Sanskrit was rarely used. They used the Brahmi script. Religion: Even though the rulers were Hindus and claimed Brahmanical status, they supported Buddhism They revived Vedic Brahmanism and the corresponding rituals like the Ashvamedha yajna. Polity: The king was at the apex of the administrative hierarchy and considered the guardian of the established social order. The state was divided into aharas, each being governed by a minister called Amatya. The Satavahana kingdom had three grades of feudatories – Raja (who had the right to strike coins), Mahabhoja and Senapati. Art and architecture: Amravati Stupa was constructed by them. Paintings at Ajanta caves 9 and 10 are from Satavahana period. Major inscriptions: The earliest inscriptions of the Satavahans belong to the first century BCE when they defeated the Kanvas and established their power in parts of Central India. Nashik prashasti inscription by Gautami Balashri: It states that the horses of Gautamiputra drank waters of the “three oceans”(Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean). It gives detailed account of Satavahana administration. Karle inscription: It mentions about donation of land to Buddhist monks. Source: Indian Express NOTA Syllabus Prelims – Polity and Governance Context: In Karnataka elections, AAP receives fewer votes than NOTA. About NOTA: NOTA meaning ‘None of the Above’ options. It was incorporated by the SC through its judgement in People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India It has been an integral part of the Indian voting system for the past decade. The NOTA option was first used in the 2013 assembly elections held in four states — Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and the Union Territory, Delhi. NOTA enables the voter to officially register a vote of rejection for all candidates who are contesting an election without violation of the secrecy of their decision. If a voter chooses to press NOTA on the EVM, it indicates that the voter has not chosen to vote for any party. Pre-NOTA period: Before NOTA option came into being, there was Section 49 (O) of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, which allowed voters to cast a negative vote. But such a vote was to be verified by the presiding officer. This provision was deemed unconstitutional by the SC as it did not protect the identity and choice of the voter. Under NOTA, the officials cannot find out the reason and the identity of the voter is also protected. In 2018, SC held that the NOTA option is meant only for universal adult suffrage and direct elections. Thus, NOTA is not applicable to Rajya Sabha elections. Issues with NOTA: First past the post system: As per RPA, 1951, the candidate who has polled the largest number of valid votes is to be declared elected by the Returning Officer. Thus, if out of total 10,000 votes, 9999 voters select NOTA option and just one candidate gets a single vote, even then the latter wins from that constituency. No re-election: There has been a debate for re-election to be held in case the total number of NOTA votes crosses a certain percentage. But re-election would lead to wastage of already scarce government resources. No right to recall: Currently, Right To Recall does not exist in the Indian electoral process and this weakens NOTA as the candidates are sure they won’t face any consequences. Limited use: So far, only a small number of Indian voters have come to see NOTA as an instrument of protest. NOTA has its limitations, but it has provided the voters with democratic means of NOTA to express their resentment rather than boycotting the polls outright. NOTA will become a meaningful means of negative voting only if it becomes a ‘right to reject’ rather than being a symbolic instrument to express resentment as it is now. Source:  The Hindu United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Global Report on Internal Displacement 2023 Syllabus Prelims – International Relations Context: The Global Report on Internal Displacement 2023 (GRID-2023) stated that in 2022, over 32 million people were displaced by disasters, 98% of which were triggered by weather-related events such as floods and storms. About the publisher: The Global Report on Internal Displacement 2023 (GRID-2023) is published by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). IDMC is the world’s leading source of data and analysis on Internal Displacement (ID). IDMC is an international non-governmental organization established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council in Geneva. It is focused on monitoring and providing information and analysis on the world’s internally displaced persons. About Internal displacement: Internal displacement refers to the situation where people are forced to leave their homes but remain within their country’s borders. Unlike refugees, internally displaced people have not crossed international borders and are not covered by any international convention. India has one of the highest numbers of IDPs in the world. India does not have a national policy or legal framework to deal with refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. Key highlights of the report: Highlights Details Total Number of IDPs Over 71 million IDPs across 110 countries and territories at the end of 2022, a 20% increase in a year Highest displacement Pakistan had the highest number of disaster displacements in the world in 2022, at 8.16 million. It was followed by Philippines and China. Total IDPs in India India recorded the fourth largest disaster displacement, with 2.5 million displacements. Actions needed ·        Unconditional cash assistance for supporting the immediate needs of IDPs; ·        Developing livelihoods and skills for IDPs; ·        Building resilience and preparedness at an individual, community, and national levels; ·        Addressing the impacts of climate change and investing in adaptation measures are crucial to mitigate future displacements   Factors for Internal Displacement: Internal displacement in India arises from secessionist movements, identity-based autonomy movements, localized violence, and environmental disaster and development-induced displacement. In 2022, the Russia-Ukraine caused a displacement of 16.9 million — “the highest figure ever recorded for any country.” The number of displacements associated with conflict and violence nearly doubled to 28.3 million. In recent years, disasters have displaced more people than historically dominant reasons for conflicts and violence. This makes climate change — that leads to frequent weather-related disasters — the key driver of massive internal migration of people, who we popularly call “climate refugees”. As per the report, in 2022, 32.6 million people were displaced due to disasters and 6 out of 10 disaster displacements were triggered by floods. Why is there a sudden increase in such disasters? The prolonged three-year La Niña phenomenon has contributed to the rise in weather-related disasters, especially floods, leading to widespread disasters across the globe. There is also a rise in drought in Eastern Africa which also adds to the displacement. La Niña is the cooler than the normal phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Source:  DTE Positive Indigenisation List Syllabus Prelims – Defence Context: The Union Ministry of Defence (MoD) has approved the fourth and the largest positive indigenisation list of 928 strategically-important Line Replacement Units (LRUs), sub-systems, spares and components, including high-end materials and spares. About Positive Indigenisation List: The list means that defence PSUs cannot import the specified items beyond the timelines indicated against them. These items will be purchased only from domestic manufacturers. The DPSUs will undertake indigenisation of these items through different routes under ‘Make’ category and in-house development through the capabilities of MSMEs and private Indian industry. In the last two years, the defence ministry has brought in three positive indigenisation lists of 351, 107 and 780 items which will have to be procured only from indigenous sources after the timelines mentioned against each item. What is the need for such a list? The fundamental idea is to promote self-reliance in defence while reducing imports of defence items and equipment. This is important as India is one of the largest defence importers globally and the demand for better defence equipment is going to increase in the future given the rising security threats. The DPSUs, MSMEs and private sector would get more opportunities to grow in this sector thereby providing impetus to the growth in economy. Enhanced investment in defence, especially from the private sector would lead to more research in defence technology. The design capabilities of the domestic defence industry would be enhanced by involving academia and research institutions. Source: Indian Express Adopt A Heritage Syllabus Prelims – Indian Art and Culture About ‘Adopt a Heritage’ scheme The ‘Adopt a Heritage: Apni Dharohar, Apni Pehchaan’ scheme is an initiative of the Ministry of Tourism, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and the Archaeological Survey of India along with the State/UT governments. Private firms, corporates, NGOs and public sector units can enter into agreements with the Union Ministry of Culture to adopt and maintain State-owned archaeological sites or monuments. It aims to develop synergy among all partners to effectively promote ‘responsible and sustainable tourism’. Agencies/Companies would become ‘Monument Mitras’ through the innovative concept of ‘Vision Bidding’, where the agency with the best vision for the heritage site will be given an opportunity to maintain the monument through their CSR activities. The project primarily focusses on providing basic amenities like cleanliness, public conveniences, drinking water, ease of access for differently abled and senior citizens, and enhanced facilities like surveillance system, night viewing facilities, etc., to provide an enhanced tourism experience. The project began with 93 ASI monuments and has extended to heritage, natural and tourist sites across India, some of which are not protected under ASI currently. Rationale Behind ‘Adopt a Heritage’ Need for amenities: There is a need to develop a robust mechanism for the provision of basic amenities on an immediate basis. Advanced