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Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   AYUSHMAN BHARAT PRADHAN MANTRI JAN AROGYA YOJANA (AB – PMJAY)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: On October 29 (Ayurveda Day), Prime Minister Modi launched Ayushman Vaya Vandana health cards under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to people aged 70 years and above, regardless of their income and economic status. Background: – Everyone age 70 or more will be entitled to a cover of Rs 5 lakh annually, shared within the family. This means if there are two elderly beneficiaries in the household, the cover will be split among them. Ayushman Bharat Yojana The Ayushman Bharat Yojana, also known as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), is a health insurance scheme launched by the Government of India in 2018. Its primary aim is to provide comprehensive health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family per year. It connects the public and private health sectors into a one-nation, one-system. PMJAY is for inpatient secondary and tertiary care. The program goes even further by covering pre and post-hospitalization expenses, ensuring a more comprehensive healthcare experience. Outpatient services are not a part of the scheme. The scheme targets families identified through the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data. It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme and states will have to contribute 40% to the cost of the scheme. Extension of AB-PMJAY to elderly Elderly members (age 70 and more) of families that are already covered by their economic status will get a top-up cover of Rs 5 lakh — to be used only for the elderly. Those who are already covered under other government health schemes like the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme, etc will have the option of choosing either Ayushman Bharat or continuing with their existing coverage. People who are covered under the Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), however, will be eligible to have both their existing cover and Ayushman Bharat. This is because premiums for ESIC are paid by the insured and their employer, not the government. Significance of extending AB-PMJAY to senior citizens: With increasing lifespans and an increasing number of people ageing in the next three decades, a fifth of India is likely to be over the age of 70 by 2050. There is a need for far-reaching changes in welfare policies to tackle this demographic transition. Older Indians are much more likely to be hospitalised and to stay in hospitals for longer. According to the India Ageing Report 2023, the elderly remain largely uncovered by any health scheme. Just over 20% of India’s population above the age of 60 is currently covered by any government schemes. Women make up the larger share of the elderly population — a survey by NITI Aayog found that 58% of the elderly are women, and 54% among them are widows. It is significant for a country where out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on health is often a reason for crushing poverty. A Niti Aayog position paper, released in January, recognised that with families becoming increasingly nuclear, ease of access and quality of care will be crucial determinants in the health-seeking behaviour of senior citizens. Source: Indian Express DANA, THE WEATHER PATTERN THAT CAUSED FLASH FLOODS IN SPAIN  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Millions have been affected in Spain due to torrential rain. Flash floods caused by the immense deluge have led to the death of at least 64 people in the eastern Spanish region of Valencia. Background: – The primary cause of the intense rain is likely an annual weather phenomenon known as a “gota fría,” or cold drop. It is also sometimes called a “DANA,” the acronym for “depresión aislada en niveles altos,” or isolated depression at high altitudes. Key takeaways DANA or cold drop takes place when cold air descends over the warm waters of the Mediterranean Sea. This results in atmospheric instability, causing hotter, moist air on the surface of the sea to rise quickly, leading to the formation of dense, towering cumulonimbus clouds in a matter of hours. These clouds then dump heavy rain in parts of Spain. The weather pattern’s occurrence is related to the polar jet stream — a fast-moving wind current at high levels of the troposphere (the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere) which circulates from west to east and separates the cold polar air from the warm tropical air. Often, a pocket of cold air gets separated from the polar jet stream and collides with the warmer air over the Mediterranean Sea, which results in DANA. The phenomenon is a common occurrence in Spain and usually coincides with the onset of autumn and spring in the western Mediterranean. Source: Indian Express LiDAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Scientists have detected a lost Mayan city, hidden for centuries by the dense Mexican jungle, using LiDAR. Background: – In recent years, LiDAR has also shown potential as a tool of archaeological discovery. LiDAR allows researchers to study much larger swathes of land quickly in the comfort of a home or lab. What is LiDAR? LiDAR, or Light Detection and Ranging, is a  remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (or variable distances) to Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system — generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. Two types of lidar are topographic and bathymetric. Topographic lidar typically uses a near-infrared laser to map the land, while bathymetric lidar uses water-penetrating green light to also measure seafloor and riverbed elevations. How does LiDAR work? LiDAR instrumentation comprises a laser, a scanner, and a GPS receiver. Airplanes and helicopters are the most commonly used platforms for acquiring lidar data over broad areas. The rapidly firing laser travels to the ground where it hits vegetation, building, and various topographic features. This light is reflected or scattered, and recorded by the LiDAR sensor. The system calculates the light pulses’ two-way travel time to arrive at the distance between the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) released its Global TB Report 2024. Background: – Globally, 82 lakh people were newly diagnosed with TB in 2023 – the highest number recorded since WHO began global TB monitoring in 1995 — making it the leading infectious killer again, surpassing Covid-19 in 2023. India continues to have the highest burden of the disease, accounting for more than a quarter of the global cases. Key takeaways TB is caused by an organism called mycobacterium tuberculosis, which mainly affects the lungs, but can also impact other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or speaks. According to the Global TB Report 2024, India saw a slight decline in the estimated number of tuberculosis cases and deaths in 2023. India had an estimated 28 lakh TB cases in 2023, accounting for 26% of the global cases. And, there were estimated 3.15 lakh TB-related deaths, accounting for 29% of the deaths globally. The report also said the gap between the estimated number of cases and the number of people actually getting diagnosed has been closing. India reported 25.2 lakh cases in 2023, increasing from 24.2 lakh the previous year. India’s effort in eliminating TB Although the elimination of tuberculosis is one of the sustainable development targets to be achieved by 2030 by the world, India has set a target for 2025. The national strategic plan 2017-2025 sets the target for India to report no more than 44 new TB cases or 65 total cases per lakh population by 2025. In India, the government offers free medicines for TB treatment, which is essential as the medicines can be expensive and the therapy may continue for as long as two years. One of the big challenges with tuberculosis treatment is the long duration for which people have to take medicines. The government has been working on devising innovative ways to ensure compliance such as pill boxes that track and remind the patient to take medicine as well as introducing shorter courses of treatment. An online Ni-kshay portal has been set up to track the notified TB cases. The government also launched a community engagement program where Ni-kshay Mitras can adopt TB patients and provide them with monthly nutritional support. Newer drugs such as Bedaquiline and Delamanid for the treatment of drug-resistant TB have been included in the government’s basket of drugs provided to free TB patients. Source: Indian Express NEPAL PM OLI PICKS CHINA FOR 1ST BILATERAL VISIT  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Nepal Prime Minister K P Sharma Oli is likely to undertake an official visit to China next month, his first bilateral, four months after he took over as head of the new government replacing the Left coalition government led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda). Background: – Oli completed 100 days in office last week and has now directed officials to update him on the progress of projects underway in Nepal by China along with Belt and Road Initiative. Key takeaways Oli’s China visit is seen as a visible break from the ‘tradition’ of the new Nepali PM undertaking his first trip to India. Oli’s visit to China is scheduled at a time when the two biggest coalition partners in the government — Nepali Congress and Oli-led Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist— are at odds over the conditions of executing projects under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). While the Nepali Congress is firm that BRI projects should be accepted only under grants, the CPN-UML supports projects with loans from China’s Exim bank. Nepal and India have a unique relationship. The open border, shared culture, economic interdependence and deep-rooted people-to-people relationship make bilateral ties special. India is Nepal’s largest trading partner, the top-source country for tourists, the only supplier of petroleum products and the largest source of total foreign investment. India also provides transit for almost all of Nepal’s third-country trade and accounts for a significant share of inward remittances from pensioners, professionals and labourers working in India. It has always been the first responder during disasters and emergencies in Nepal. Source: Indian Express MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED BY INDIAN CITIES  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: World Cities Day (October 31) was observed recently. Background: – The theme for this year’s World Cities Day is ‘Youth Climate Changemakers: Catalysing Local Action for Urban Sustainability’ Key takeaways India’s urbanisation trajectory differs from the cities in the Global North. In Western countries, urbanisation followed industrialisation, which created jobs that absorbed rural labour. Their urbanisation was sustained also because of massive economic transfers from colonies. Economist Utsa Patnaik has highlighted that India alone contributed over $45 trillion to England’s economy during colonial rule. In contrast, India’s urbanisation is largely driven by economic distress, resulting in “poverty-driven urbanisation,” with both rural-to-urban and urban-to-urban migration. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the strain on urban planning became apparent, as reverse migration trends highlighted gaps in infrastructure. What are urban challenges in India? The main challenges Indian cities face include inadequate spatial planning, climate change, massive migration, growing inequality and social segregation, and governance limitations. Urban planning agencies have struggled due to two main issues. First, spatial and temporal plans are outdated and fail to accommodate population growth. Since the 1980s, deindustrialisation has led to job losses in cities like Ahmedabad, Delhi, Surat, and Mumbai. Many workers displaced by this trend moved to peri-urban areas, where they live in overcrowded conditions. Currently, 40% of India’s urban population resides in slums. Second, plans often focus on capital growth rather than people’s needs, leading to a lack of local ownership and engagement in the planning process. Similarly, climate change severely impacts Indian cities. Cities face severe pollution and are increasingly subject to urban flooding and “heat island effects.” Additionally, urbanisation was once believed to be neutral regarding social and religious dynamics, but Indian cities are increasingly segregated along these lines. Inequality is widening, with exclusive developments catering to the wealthy while millions lack

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ARTICLE 44  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah recently said that tribals would be exempted from the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) wherever it is implemented in India Background: – At an event in Ranchi, Home Minister stated, “The BJP has introduced a model of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand. In this model, we have excluded tribals, respecting their customs, rituals, and laws. Wherever we implement the UCC, tribals will be kept out of its scope.” Key takeaways A Uniform Civil Code is one that would provide for one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in their personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption etc. Article 44 of the Constitution lays down that the state shall endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for the citizens throughout the territory of India. Article 44 is one of the directive principles. These, as defined in Article 37, are not justiciable (not enforceable by any court) but the principles laid down therein are fundamental in governance. Article 44 uses the words “state shall endeavour”, other Articles in the ‘Directive Principles’ chapter use words such as “in particular strive”; “shall in particular direct its policy”; “shall be obligation of the state” etc. Article 43 mentions “state shall endeavour by suitable legislation” while the phrase “by suitable legislation” is absent in Article 44. All this implies that the duty of the state is greater in other directive principles than in Article 44. Uniform Civil Code (UCC) of Uttarakhand UCC of Uttarakhand, enacted in early 2024, aims to standardize personal laws across the state, irrespective of religious affiliations. Key features include: Marriage and Divorce: The UCC introduces uniform procedures for marriage and divorce, prohibiting practices like polygamy and child marriage. It sets a consistent minimum marriageable age for girls across all religious denominations. Inheritance and Property Rights: The code ensures equal property rights for sons and daughters, eliminating distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate children concerning inheritance. It also provides equal property rights after death, including for adopted and biological children. Live-in Relationships: The UCC regulates live-in relationships by imposing an obligation to register them. Applicability: The code applies to all residents of Uttarakhand, except the Scheduled Tribes. Source: Indian Express   COMMITTEE TO ASSESS DEMANDS ON DEMARCATION OF ECO-SENSITIVE AREAS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Union Environment Ministry-appointed expert committee, which is tasked with examining views and objections of state governments on eco-sensitive areas (ESA) in the Western Ghats, is likely to visit Goa soon to deliberate on the state’s submissions. Background: – The committee will verify along with the state government whether its demands to omit villages marked as ESA are justified. Key takeaways Early in August, the Centre had issued the sixth iteration of a draft notification declaring 56,825.7 sq. km of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive area. Once draft notification declaring 56,825.7 sqkm of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive area finalised, villages marked as ESA will see a complete ban on mining, quarrying and sand mining as well as phasing out of existing mines in five years. The demarcation of ESA has been pending for 13 years since the United Progressive Alliance first tasked an expert panel led by senior ecologist Madhav Gadgil to study the issue of protecting Western Ghats. The Gadgil panel submitted a report recommending that the entire Ghats region be tagged as ecologically sensitive and creation of an overarching ecological authority to regulate development. However, that report was never adopted and a panel led by space scientist K Kasturirangan was later formed to demarcate ESA’s using the Gadgil panel report as the foundation. The Kasturirangan committee report proposes 37 per cent of the total area of Western Ghats, which is roughly 60,000 square kilometres, to be declared as eco-sensitive area (ESA). The report recommended a blanket ban on mining, quarrying, setting up of red category industries and thermal power projects. It also stated that the impact of infrastructural projects on the forest and wildlife should be studied before permission is given for these activities. Source: Indian Express   KALKA-SHIMLA RAILWAY  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu recently urged the Ministry of Railways to explore the possibility of running trains on the Kalka-Shimla railway, a UNESCO World Heritage site, on green hydrogen. Background: Sukhu said the government aims to make Himachal Pradesh a green energy state by March 31, 2026 Key takeaways The Kalka-Shimla Railway is a narrow-gauge railway line connecting Kalka in Haryana to Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It is known for its scenic route through the Shivalik range of the Himalayas. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 as part of the “Mountain Railways of India”, along with the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and the Nilgiri Mountain Railway. Historical Significance Opened in 1903 during British rule, the railway was constructed to provide better access to Shimla, then the summer capital of British India. Built by the Delhi-Umbala-Kalka Railway Company, this 96 km line is renowned for its engineering excellence and use of the hill railway technology of the period. Engineering and Architectural Highlights The railway line features 103 tunnels and 864 bridges, demonstrating impressive engineering in a mountainous terrain. The Barog Tunnel (Tunnel No. 33) is the longest tunnel on this line, extending over 1 kilometer. Zig-zag patterns and sharp curves are unique aspects of its construction, with a gradient of 1:33, allowing the train to navigate steep ascents. Cultural and Tourist Importance The Kalka-Shimla Railway is known for its toy trains, which attract tourists from around the world and offer panoramic views of the hills, valleys, and pine forests. It is often referred to as the “crown jewel” of Himachal tourism and plays a major role in promoting local tourism. Source: Outlook   PARADOX OF STAGNANT RURAL WAGES  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The Indian economy has grown at an average annual

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   WAQF Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: In a letter to Lok Sabha Speaker, some Opposition members of the Joint Committee of Parliament on the Waqf (Amendment) Bill have threatened to “disassociate” from the panel, accusing its chairperson and BJP leader Jagdambika Pal of “bulldozing the proceedings” and “stonewalling” them. Background: – In India, the history of Waqf can be traced back to the early days of the Delhi Sultanate when Sultan Muizuddin Sam Ghaor dedicated two villages in favour of the Jama Masjid of Multan. As the Delhi Sultanate and later Islamic dynasties flourished in India, the number of Waqf properties kept increasing in India. Key takeaways Waqf refers to properties dedicated exclusively for religious or charitable purposes under Islamic law, and any other use or sale of the property is prohibited. Waqf means that the ownership of the property is now taken away from the person making Waqf and transferred and detained by Allah. ‘Waqif’ is a person who creates a waqf for the beneficiary. As Waqf properties are bestowed upon Allah, in the absence of a physically tangible entity, a ‘mutawalli’ is appointed by the waqif, or by a competent authority, to manage or administer a Waqf. —Once designated as waqf, the ownership is transferred from the person making the waqf (waqif) to Allah, making it irrevocable. India has had a legal regime for the governance of Waqfs since 1913, when the Muslim Waqf Validating Act came into force. The Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923 followed. After Independence, the Central Waqf Act, 1954, was enacted, which was ultimately replaced by the Waqf Act, 1995. In 2013, the law was amended to prescribe imprisonment of up to two years for encroachment on Waqf property, and to explicitly prohibit the sale, gift, exchange, mortgage, or transfer of Waqf property. The Waqf law provides for the appointment of a survey commissioner who maintains a list of all Waqf properties by making local investigations, summoning witnesses, and requisitioning public documents. A Waqf property is managed by a mutawalli (caretaker), who acts as a superviser. Waqf properties are managed in a way that is similar to how properties under Trusts are managed under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882. The Waqf Act states that any dispute related to Waqf properties will be decided by a Waqf Tribunal. The Tribunal is constituted by the state government, and comprises three members — a chairperson who is a state judicial officer not below the rank of a District, Sessions or Civil Judge, Class I; an officer from the state civil services; and a person with knowledge of Muslim law and jurisprudence. The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 : It changes the composition of the Central Waqf Council and Waqf Boards to include non-Muslim members. The Survey Commissioner has been replaced by the Collector, granting him powers to conduct surveys of waqf properties. Government property identified as waqf will cease to be waqf. Collector will determine ownership of such properties. Finality of the Tribunal’s decisions has been revoked. The Bill provides for direct appeal to the High Court. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAMME – NCAP Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Delhi is among the bottom five cities in terms of fund expenditure under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) — 68% of its funds are unutilised. Background: – Delhi’s air quality was in the ‘very poor’ category recently after diwali. Key takeaways The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) is India’s comprehensive strategy to combat air pollution across the country. Launched in January 2019 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the NCAP aims to systematically address air quality issues through targeted interventions and collaborative efforts. Objectives: Reduction Targets: NCAP aimed for a reduction of 20-30% in PM10 concentrations by 2024-25 compared to the baseline year of 2017-18. The target has been revised to achieve up to a 40% reduction in PM10 levels or to meet national standards (60 µg/m³) by 2025-26. The programme focuses on 131 cities (non-attainment cities and Million Plus Cities) in 24 States/UTs by engaging all stakeholders. Key Features: City-Specific Action Plans: Each non-attainment city is required to develop and implement a tailored action plan addressing local sources of pollution. Sectoral Interventions: The NCAP emphasizes interventions across various sectors, including transportation, industry, power, residential, and agriculture, to mitigate pollution sources. Monitoring and Evaluation: A robust monitoring framework has been established to track progress, involving real-time air quality monitoring systems and periodic assessments. Public Participation: The programme encourages active involvement from citizens, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions to foster community engagement and awareness. Implementation Mechanisms: Institutional Framework: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) oversees the implementation, supported by state pollution control boards and urban local bodies. Funding: Financial assistance is provided to states and cities for implementing action plans, with provisions for capacity building and technological support. Capacity Building: Training programs and workshops are conducted to enhance the capabilities of stakeholders involved in air quality management. Recent Developments: PRANA Portal: In September 2021, the MoEFCC launched the PRANA portal (Portal for Regulation of Air-pollution in Non-Attainment cities) to monitor the implementation of NCAP and disseminate information on air quality management efforts. Source: Indian Express     ST COMMISSION TO SEEK REPORT FROM NTCA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) has taken cognisance of representations sent to it against an advisory of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), asking state forest departments to submit action plans on the relocation of villages from tiger reserves. Background: According to NTCA, 591 villages, with a total of 64,801 families, are located within critical tiger habitats (core areas) across 54 tiger reserves in 19 states. NTCA has asked to state forest department to relocate them. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) The NCST was established under Article 338A of the Indian Constitution, introduced by the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003. It was created to safeguard the rights of Scheduled

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NEW COASTAL ZONE PLAN OF KERALA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has approved the Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMPs) of 10 coastal districts of Kerala. Background: – The plan, prepared in tune with the provisions of the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019, permits the coastal districts to take advantage of the relaxed Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules and initiate development activities including construction of buildings towards the seaward side. Key takeaways A Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) is a framework designed to regulate and manage activities within coastal areas to balance environmental conservation with sustainable development. In India, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) issued the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification in 2019, which mandates the preparation of CZMPs by coastal states and Union Territories. Key Objectives of CZMPs: Environmental Conservation: Protect ecologically sensitive areas such as mangroves, coral reefs, and wildlife habitats. Sustainable Development: Promote development activities that do not compromise the health of coastal ecosystems. Livelihood Security: Safeguard the interests and traditional rights of coastal communities, including fisherfolk. Components of a CZMP: Demarcation of Coastal Zones: Identification and classification of coastal areas into different zones (e.g., CRZ-I, CRZ-II, CRZ-III, CRZ-IV). Regulatory Measures: Establishment of guidelines and restrictions for permissible activities within each zone to prevent environmental degradation. Management Strategies: Development of plans for pollution control, disaster management, and conservation of coastal and marine resources. What does it mean for Kerala? Kerala has a coastline of around 590 km and nine of its 14 districts are located on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The 2011 Census put the population density of Kerala at 859 persons per square kilometre, which is more than double the national average of 382 people per square kilometre. The coastal areas of the State are marked by a high density of population when compared to other parts of the State. The high demographic pressure on land had resulted in rampant violations of the CRZ rules along the coast. The focus of the CRZ 2011 regime, which was in force till the approval of the CZMP, was on the conservation of the coastal ecosystem, which in turn protected the livelihood of millions of fishers and coastal communities. What are the benefits? The approval of the CZMP would directly benefit around 10 lakh people, according to an estimation of the State government as the earlier restrictions for the construction of new houses and repair of existing homes will be relaxed. The new regime will see the No Development Zone (NDZ) — the area which has to be left untouched — around the tidal-influenced water bodies reduced. For instance, the decision will see 37 village panchayats categorised as CRZ-III A, where the NDZ has been reduced to one-fourth of the earlier regime. The CRZ-III A are densely populated rural areas with a population density of 2,161 per square kilometre as per the 2011 Census. The NDZ in the category is 50 meters from the High Tide Line against 200 meters as specified by CRZ 2011 notification. What about mangroves? Vast tracts of mangrove vegetation would be exposed to exploitation as the 2019 notification has limited the legal protection of government holdings of an extent over 1,000 sq. metre to 50-metre buffer zones. The new regime has also taken away the mandatory buffer zone around mangrove vegetation located in private holdings. Source: The Hindu NOT ALL PRIVATE PROPERTY CAN BE TAKEN OVER BY STATE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: In a landmark ruling that has implications on the citizen’s right to hold property, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court ruled that not all private property can be deemed “material resource of the community” for redistribution under Article 39(b) of the Constitution. Background: – Falling under Part IV of the Constitution titled “Directive Principles of State Policy” (DPSP), Article 39(b) places an obligation on the state to create policy towards securing “the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good”. Key takeaways The ruling in the constitutional reference essentially undoes several decades of Supreme Court jurisprudence on the issue. A line of judgments holding that both public and private resources fell within the ambit of “material resources of the community” under Article 39(b) stem from a minority opinion by Justice V R Krishna Iyer in State of Karnataka v Shri Ranganatha Reddy (1977). A 1982 five-judge constitution bench ruling in the case Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company vs Bharat Coking Coal Ltd, had affirmed Justice Iyer’s view. The majority opinion of the SC has now disagreed with these judgments. It said Justice Iyer “cast the net wide, holding that all resources which meet material needs are covered by the phrase, and any attempts by the government to nationalize these resources would be within the scope of Article 39(b)”. SC added, “In essence, the interpretation of Article 39(b) adopted in these judgments is rooted in a particular economic ideology and the belief that an economic structure which prioritises the acquisition of private property by the state is beneficial for the nation.” As per the recent judgement, the text of the provision indicates that not all privately owned resources fall within the ambit of the place. However, privately owned resources are not excluded as a class, and some private resources may be covered. The court added that the Ranganath Reddy and Sanjeev Coke judgments “are incorrect to the extent that they hold that all resources of an individual are part of the community, and thus all private property is covered by the phrase material resources of the community”. The majority view also cited B R Ambedkar’s view that “if the Constitution laid down a particular form of economic and social organisation, it would amount to taking away the liberty of people to decide the social organisation in which they wish to live”. Citing this, the ruling framed the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CSR’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO AGRI SUSTAINABILITY Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) figures has been increasing over the years. But its contributiona towards agriculture remains a concern. Background: – A decade ago, India became the first country to legally mandate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Section 135 of the Companies Act 2013 outlines the rules and regulations governing CSR. According to the National CSR Portal, from 2014 to 2023, Rs 1.84 lakh crore of CSR funds were disbursed. Key takeaways Corporate entities in India have shown clear intent to support climate action and sustainability in the agricultural sector through their CSR budgets. Capital requirements and infrastructural development are the most important needs of agriculture — and this is also where CSR activities have previously contributed and are expected to continue doing so. Some examples of such activities are establishing grain banks, farmer schools, livelihood projects based on agriculture and allied activities, water conservation projects, and energy-efficient irrigation. The recent paradigm shift in agriculture towards sustainability and modern agriculture makes a good case for CSR funds from the private sector. However, there is an important problem that hinders CSR’s potential in agriculture: there is currently no way to fully determine the extent of funding going into these projects consistently and distinctively, and to categorise them based on targeted sectors of CSR activities. In other words, current reporting mechanisms have little to no emphasis on agriculture-related CSR initiatives. This isn’t the case with CSR sectors like healthcare and education, which are the funds’ largest recipients and make up half of the total CSR contributions. Importantly, their allocations can be tracked effectively because their activities are clearly demarcated and well-defined. Under activities mentioned in Schedule VII of the Companies Act, activities targeting agricultural sustainability could fall under 11 of the 29 development sectors of CSR allocations specified in documents on the National CSR Portal. These are gender equality; agroforestry; poverty, eradicating hunger and malnutrition; technology incubators; animal welfare; environmental sustainability; livelihood enhancement projects; conservation of natural resources; rural development projects; socio-economic inequalities; and women’s empowerment. But there’s little chance of tracking the funds spent for agriculture-related initiatives alone because these 11 sectors encompass a great variety of activities, many of which are unrelated to agricultural sustainability, thus affecting reporting and limiting sectoral impact assessments. To encourage sustainable activities in land-based sectors in India, including agriculture, forestry, and fishing, this is of particular concern because these sectors are related to various aspects of human wellbeing and to policy priorities in India, including rural development and climate action. Given this issue as well as the importance of agriculture for the Indian economy, specifying agriculture as a distinct sector in CSR activities is crucial. Transitioning the reporting framework based on sectors receiving funds would also help streamline and better target the available funds, will add more meaning to the contributions, and will ensure transparency. Source: The Hindu SANCTION NEEDED UNDER PMLA TO PROSECUTE PUBLIC SERVANTS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Supreme Court recently held that Section 197(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) that mandates prior sanction from the government to take cognizance of an offence against public servants will apply to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) too. Background: – Supreme Court said this while upholding the Telangana High Court decision, setting aside a trial court order taking cognizance of the complaint against IAS officers facing money laundering charges. Key takeaways Section 197 (1) says, “When any person who is or was a judge or magistrate or a public servant not removable from his office save by or with the sanction of the government, is accused of any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty, no court shall take cognizance of such offence except with the previous sanction”. ED had 2 arguments in court. First one of the accused cannot be considered public servant. Secondly, ED contended that in view of Section 71 of the PMLA, its provisions have an overriding effect over the provisions of the other statutes, including the CrPC. The court did not agree with ED saying that first condition as required under Section 197(1), is satisfied in the case of both the respondents as they are civil servants. Also, the acts alleged against them are related to the discharge of the duties entrusted to them and thus the second condition for the applicability of Section 197(1) also stands satisfied. The ruling pointed out that Section 65 of PMLA makes the provisions of the CrPC applicable to all proceedings under the PMLA, provided the same are not inconsistent with the PMLA provisions. Additional Information The PMLA lays down stringent standard for granting bail. Section 45 of the PMLA is a ‘negative’ provision — which bars courts from granting bail unless the accused can prove that there is no “prima facie” case against them, and that they will not commit any offence in the future. The first challenge to PMLA was against the alternate criminal law system that the PMLA creates since the ED is kept outside the purview of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). The ED is not considered ‘police’, and hence does not follow the provisions of CrPC for searches, seizures, arrests, and attachment of properties. Source: Indian Express KUMBH MELA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 is going to be held at Prayagraj from January 13th, 2025 to February 26th, 2025. Background: The Maha Kumbh Mela is deeply embedded in Hindu mythology and represents one of the most significant gatherings of faith in the world. Key takeaways Kumbh Mela is a major pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism, celebrated four times over the course of 12 years, the site of the observance rotating between four river-bank pilgrimage sites: Prayagraj (Ganges-Yamuna-Sarasvati confluence), Haridwar (Ganges), Nashik (Godavari), and Ujjain (Shipra). The timing of each Kumbh Mela is

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES DAY Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: National Legal Services Day is observed in India every year on November 9. Background: – Article 39A of the Constitution of India: It provides that State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disability. Key takeaways The Supreme Court of India established National Legal Services Day in 1995 to provide free legal assistance and support to society’s most vulnerable section.  The day emphasizes empowering marginalised communities, highlighting the importance of equal access to justice, and advocating that no one should be deprived of legal representation due to economic disadvantages. It aims to bridge the gap between the law and people in greatest need through a variety of activities organised by NALSA and other legal entities, including legal awareness programs, workshops, and camps. In 1987 Legal Services Authorities Act was enacted to give a statutory base to legal aid programmes throughout the country on a uniform pattern. This Act was finally enforced on 9th of November, 1995 after certain amendments were introduced therein by the Amendment Act of 1994. National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) The NALSA has been constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to provide free Legal Services to the weaker sections of the society.  It organizes Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes. It also monitors and reviews various legal aid programs and  provides rules and principles for legal services under the Act. NALSA also distributes funding and grants to state legal services authorities and non-profit organisations to help them execute legal aid systems and initiatives. Hon’ble Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief and NALSA is housed at Supreme Court of India State Legal Services Authority (SLSA) & District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) The State Legal Services Authority is established in every state to implement NALSA policies and provide free legal services, including Lok Adalats. The State Legal Services Authority is headed by Hon’ble Chief Justice of the respective High Court who is the Patron-in-Chief of the State Legal Services Authority. Similarly, in every District, District Legal Services Authority has been constituted to implement Legal Services Programmes in the District. The District Legal Services Authority is chaired by the District Judge of the respective district and is situated in the District Courts Complex in every District. Who is Eligible for Getting Free Legal Services? Under Section 12 of the Legal Services Authorities Act every person who has to file or defend a case shall be entitled to legal services under this Act if that person is:  Women and children; Members of SC/ST, Industrial workmen; Victims of mass disaster, violence, flood, drought, earthquake, industrial disaster; Disabled persons; Persons in custody. If that person is related to section 2 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 (53 of 1986) or in a psychiatric hospital or psychiatric nursing home within the meaning of clause (g) of section 2 of the Mental Health Act, 1987 (14 of 1987) Those persons who have annual income of less than the amount prescribed by the respective State Government, if the case is before any court other than the Supreme Court, and less than Rs. 5 Lakhs, if the case is before the Supreme Court. Victims of Trafficking in Human beings or begar. Source: Indian Express OLYMPICS BID Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) has sent a letter of intent to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), expressing its desire to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games in India. Background: – After submitting the ‘Letter of Intent’, India advances from the ‘Informal Dialogue’ to the ‘Continuous Dialogue’ stage of the host election process. During this stage, the IOC performs a ‘feasibility study’ on the status of Games-related projects in the possible host country. Key takeaways Confirming the contents of the letter, officials involved said it has dipped into the country’s “vast cultural diversity, shaped by thousands of years of history”. The entire nation is united in this dream by the spirit of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ — a Sanskrit phrase that means ‘the world is one family’ — and to seek peace, friendship and collective progress among all nations. This is India’s and our Olympic bid’s message to the world at a time when it is needed most,” it says, according to sources. India is the “only major economy yet to host the Games”, the letter says. Apart from highlighting the possibility of the Games serving as a “critical catalyst for India’s continued rise on the global stage”, the letter also talks about the “transformative economic, social and cultural impact in wider SAARC nations in South Asia”. India is learnt to have told the IOC that “there are over 600 million Indians under the age of 25” and “in India’s current stage of economic development, the Games would serve as a powerful force for job creation and business opportunities, particularly in sectors connected to sports infrastructure, services and tourism”. India is one of the many countries in contention to host the Olympic Games in 2036, the earliest available slot after the Los Angeles Games in 2028 followed by Brisbane in 2032. A decision, following a long-drawn process, is not expected before 2026 or 2027, the IOC has said. While there is no mention of a host city in the letter of intent, Ahmedabad is considered to be the frontrunner. India’s primary contenders are likely to be Saudi Arabia and Qatar, as there is an unwritten law of continent rotation, with the 2036 Games scheduled for Asia following Paris 2024 (Europe), Los Angeles 2028 (Americas), and Brisbane 2032 (Oceania). Source: Indian Express CPI INFLATION AND IIP DATA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) recently

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   UKRAINE LAUNCHES ITS BIGGEST DRONE ATTACK ON MOSCOW SINCE START OF WAR Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Ukraine attacked Moscow on Sunday with at least 34 drones, the biggest drone strike on the Russian capital since the start of the war in 2022, forcing flights to be diverted from three of the city’s major airports and injuring at least five people. Background: – The barrages come amid expectations that US president-elect Donald Trump may put pressure on both sides to end the conflict. Key takeaways Moscow and its surrounding region, with a population of at least 21 million, is one of the biggest metropolitan areas in Europe, alongside Istanbul. The 2-1/2-year-old war in Ukraine is entering what some officials say could be its final act after Moscow’s forces advanced at the fastest pace since the early days of the war and Donald Trump was elected 47th president of the United States. Kyiv, itself the target of repeated mass drone strikes from Russian forces, has tried to strike back against its neighbour with repeated drone strikes against oil refineries, airfields and even Russian strategic early-warning radar stations. Moscow and Kyiv have both sought to buy and develop new drones, deploy them in innovative ways, and seek new ways to destroy them – from using farmers’ shotguns to advanced electronic jamming systems. Russia has developed a series of electronic “umbrellas” over Moscow, with additional advanced internal layers over strategic buildings, and a complex web of air defences to shoot down the drones before they reach the Kremlin in the heart of the capital. Additional Information: As the Russia-Ukraine war continues to rage, newer weapons of destruction have come into play. Recently, both sides have posted visuals of drones appearing to rain down fire — earning this weapon the moniker of “dragon drone”. Dragon drones essentially release a substance called thermite — a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide — developed a century ago to weld railroad tracks. When ignited (usually with the help of an electrical fuse), thermite triggers a self-sustaining reaction that is quite difficult to extinguish. It can burn through almost anything, from clothes to trees to military-grade vehicles, and can even burn underwater. Source: BBC REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP (RCEP) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: India should be a part of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, Niti Aayog CEO BVR Subrahmanyam said recently. Background: – Subrahmanyam emphasised that India will have to get into the global value supply chain as 70 per cent of the world’s trade happens through the global supply chain. Key takeaways The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a significant free trade agreement among 15 Asia-Pacific nations: Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.  Collectively, these countries account for approximately 30% of the world’s GDP, trade, and population, making RCEP the largest trading bloc globally. Key Features of RCEP: Trade Liberalization: RCEP aims to reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers, facilitating smoother trade flows among member countries.  Market Access: The agreement enhances market access for goods and services, promoting increased economic integration in the region.  Investment Opportunities: By creating a more predictable and transparent investment environment, RCEP encourages cross-border investments among member states.  Economic Cooperation: The partnership fosters collaboration in areas such as intellectual property, e-commerce, and competition policy, aiming to harmonize standards and regulations.  India’s Position on RCEP: Initially, India participated in RCEP negotiations but decided to withdraw in 2019, citing concerns over trade deficits and the potential impact on domestic industries. Despite its absence, RCEP remains open to India’s future participation, should it choose to reconsider its position. Source: Business Standard SUTLEJ RIVER Syllabus: Prelims –  GEOGRPAHY Context: Local residents of Sri Ganganagar district,Rajasthan held protests against alleged pollution in the river Sutlej, which they blame on factories in the neighbouring Punjab. Background: The National Green Tribunal had imposed a fine of Rs 50 crore on the Punjab government in 2018 for “uncontrolled industrial discharge” into Sutlej and Beas. The tribunal once again pulled up the state in 2021, ordering it, as well as Rajasthan, to submit quarterly compliance reports to the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti (water resources) about the measures taken to curb the inflow of effluent discharge into the two rivers. About Sutlej River The Sutlej River is the longest river among the five rivers of the Punjab region. The other four rivers that flow through the Punjab region are the Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum.  It originates from the Rakshastal Lake near Mount Kailash in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. From Tibet, it flows through Himachal Pradesh, enters the Punjab plains in India, and then moves into Pakistan, where it merges with the Chenab River to form the Panjnad River, which ultimately joins the Indus River. Tributaries: Major tributaries include the Baspa and Spiti rivers. Hydroelectric and Irrigation Projects: Bhakra Nangal Dam: One of India’s largest dams, providing hydroelectric power and irrigation. Nathpa Jhakri Dam: A major hydroelectric project in Himachal Pradesh. Indira Gandhi Canal: One of the longest irrigation canals in the world, transporting Sutlej water to Rajasthan for agricultural purposes. Indus Waters Treaty (1960): The Sutlej River is allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty, signed between India and Pakistan. The treaty divides the waters of the Indus River and its tributaries, ensuring the Sutlej, along with the Ravi and Beas rivers, are under India’s control for usage. Important Places Along the River: Ropar Wetland: A recognized Ramsar site in Punjab that is ecologically important. Harike Wetland: Another Ramsar site where the Sutlej meets the Beas River. Source: Indian Express HOKERSAR WETLAND Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Lack of water due to excess deficit rainfall at the Hokersar wetland in the Kashmir Valley in recent years has impacted the arrival of migratory bird populations in the region. Background: – According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Kashmir is

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   TADOBA-ANDHARI TIGER RESERVE Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT  Context: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has directed the Maharashtra government to address complaints of “non-recognition of forest rights and forced eviction” raised by families living in Rantalodhi village inside the core area of Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve. Background: – Under the Wildlife Protection Act, tribal communities and forest dwellers living inside national parks and tiger reserves can be relocated only after obtaining informed consent from the Gram Sabha and after establishing that human presence will harm wildlife.  Key takeaways The Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) is located in Maharashtra. Tadoba became one of India’s earliest national parks when it was so notified in 1955. In 1986, 506.32 sq km of forest land adjoining the national park was notified as the Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary. The national park and the wildlife sanctuary were finally merged in 1993 when Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR), spanning 622.87 sq km, was established. Biodiversity: Flora: The reserve is rich in dry deciduous forests with teak as the dominant tree species. It also has bamboo thickets and patches of grasslands, which support diverse wildlife. Fauna: TATR is famed for its high tiger population. Alongside tigers, it is home to other predators like leopards, wild dogs (dhole), sloth bears, and various species of deer, such as sambar, spotted deer, and barking deer. The park also has a variety of reptiles, including marsh crocodiles, and over 200 bird species. Tiger Population: Tadoba is one of India’s prominent tiger reserves due to its healthy tiger population and relatively high sighting rates. Tourists flock to the reserve for a chance to see tigers in their natural habitat, making it a significant wildlife destination. Conservation Initiatives: The reserve falls under Project Tiger, a nationwide initiative for tiger conservation, helping to protect and boost the tiger population through anti-poaching measures, habitat improvement, and tourism regulation. Source: Indian Express TRUMP’S RE-ELECTION Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: With Trump’s reelection as the United States’ President, companies will have to contend with a new reality. Background: – Silicon Valley workers and leaders have traditionally leaned towards the Democratic Party, and Trump 2.0 could pose a difficult balancing act for them. Key takeaways Under Trump’s first tenure saw the beginning of antitrust action against companies like Meta, Google Apple and Amazon; the trade war with China among others. In his reelection bid, Trump spoke against the Biden administration’s move to breakup Google, even though the investigation into the company started in his term. Elon Musk’s support for Trump could lead to tech-friendly government positions for him or similar figures, influencing the regulatory landscape. AI Regulation: Biden’s AI Order: The Biden administration introduced an order requiring AI companies to disclose their training and security practices. Trump’s Stance: Trump has promised to repeal this order, aiming for less regulation in AI, aligning with allies like Marc Andreessen who oppose heavy AI regulation. Expected Outcome: Minimal regulatory interference in AI development during Trump’s term, potentially favoring rapid AI advancements without stringent oversight. China Trade and Tariff Policies: Protectionism: Trump’s proposed 60% tariffs on Chinese goods and potential 20% tariffs on other imports could challenge tech giants like Apple, which relies on Chinese manufacturing. Apple’s Supply Chain: With a significant production base still in China, Apple may face supply chain disruptions under new tariffs. Musk’s Position: Tesla’s manufacturing in China could also be impacted, though Trump might modulate policies due to his alliance with Musk. Uncertain Stance: Trump’s past stance on banning TikTok if not sold to a U.S. company remains unclear; however, he joined TikTok recently, hinting at mixed views. Indian IT Sector and H1-B Visa Policies: Increased Spending: Analysts predict increased U.S. tech spending may benefit Indian IT companies. H1-B Visa Concerns: While Trump has advocated for tougher H1-B policies, analysts suggest the impact on Indian IT services might be less significant than feared. Overall Impact on Tech Industry: Deregulation Trend: Trump’s administration may continue a deregulatory approach, particularly in emerging sectors like AI. Strategic Realignments: The tech sector may see shifts to adjust for Trump’s protectionist policies and antitrust approaches, particularly with new international trade constraints and evolving China policies. Source: Indian Express DESPITE SELL-OFF, MORE FOREIGN PORTFOLIO INVESTORS SET TO ENTER INDIAN MARKET Syllabus: Prelims & Mains –  ECONOMY Context: The sustained sell-off by foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) since October this year hasn’t deterred new FPIs from seeking permission to invest in Indian markets. Applications of about 40-50 new FPI registrations have come to the market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) during the month. Background: The number of FPIs registered with the Sebi was 11,219 as of March 2024. Only 138 FPIs had registered with the Sebi in full fiscal 2023-24. This means an average of 12-13 FPI registrations every month. Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI) FPIs are investors from foreign countries who invest in a country’s financial assets, including stocks, bonds, and mutual funds, without obtaining control over the companies in which they invest. FPIs can be institutional investors like mutual funds, hedge funds, pension funds, and insurance companies, as well as individual investors. Key Characteristics: Portfolio Investments: FPIs invest in securities and other financial assets, not in physical assets or direct ownership. Short-term Focus: FPIs typically focus on short-to-medium term returns, unlike Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which is more long-term. High Liquidity: FPIs can be quickly liquidated, which makes them sensitive to market volatility. FPI Regulations in India: Regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) under the SEBI (FPI) Regulations, 2019. FPIs must register with SEBI to invest in Indian markets. Reasons for FPI Optimism Towards India: SEBI has recently relaxed norms for Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), allowing up to 100% participation and simplifying entry and operational procedures, boosting FPI interest in Indian markets. Political Stability: Long-term political certainty supports investor confidence. Economic Growth Potential: India offers attractive long-term growth prospects and yields. Capex Spending: Significant capital expenditure by the Indian government is expected to fuel growth. RBI’s Vigilant Approach: The central bank’s

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: November 13 marks the birth anniversary of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab. Background: – He was born on November 13, 1780 in Gujranwala, now in Pakistan, and ruled Punjab for almost four decades (1801-39). At the time of his death, he was the only sovereign leader left in India, all others having come under the control of the East India Company in some way or the other. Key takeaways In 1799, Ranjit Singh established a unified Sikh empire after conquering Lahore. He overthrew chieftains who had divided the territory into Misls. He was given the title Sher-e-Punjab because he stemmed the tide of Afghan invaders in Lahore, which remained his capital until his death. Ranjit Singh’s empire included the former Mughal provinces of Lahore and Multan besides part of Kabul and the entire Peshawar. The boundaries of his state went up to Ladakh — Zorawar Singh, a general from Jammu, had conquered Ladakh in Ranjit Singh’s name — in the northeast, Khyber pass in the northwest, and up to Panjnad in the south where the five rivers of Punjab fell into the Indus. During his regime, Punjab was a land of six rivers, the sixth being the Indus. Ranjit Singh struck balance between his role as a faithful Sikh ruler and his desire to act as friend and protector of his empire’s Muslim and Hindu people. He embarked on a campaign to restore Sikh temples – most notably rebuilding the Harmandir Sahib, the Golden Temple, at Amritsar in marble (1809) and gold (1830) – while also donating a tonne of gold to plate the Hindu Kashi Vishwanath temple. Ranjit Singh began to modernise his army along the line of European armies. He hired French and Italian mercenaries who had fought for Napoleon until the mighty French General’s defeat in 1815. The new Fauj-i-khas (‘special army’) brigade was led General Jean-Baptiste Ventura and General Jean-Francois Allard, who were given generous salaries. They were later joined by Auguste Court and Paolo Avitabile. These generals settled down in Lahore, and adapted to Indian culture. Immediately after Ranjit Singh’s death in 1839, the British East India Company began to bolster its military presence in regions adjacent to Punjab. Inevitably, conflict arose between the Khalsa (the Sikh army) and the British, leading to the Anglo-Sikh Wars.  The first Anglo-Sikh War occurred from late 1845 to early 1846. This conflict led to the defeat and partial subjugation of the Sikh empire, resulting in the cession of Jammu and Kashmir as a separate princely state under British suzerainty. The Company inflicted a decisive and final defeat on Sikhs in 1849, after which 10-year-old Maharaja Duleep Singh became a pensioner of the British, and was exiled to London for the rest of his life. Source: Indian Express WAR EMISSIONS ON TABLE AS COP29 KICKS OFF Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Besides resulting in human tragedy and largescale destruction, the two ongoing wars (gaza war & russia ukraine war) have also been exacerbating the climate change problem, adding significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.  Background: – Wars and armed conflicts generate pollution, exacerbate climate change, damage ecosystems, and cause health issues among local communities that are felt across generations. Key takeaways Emissions from conflicts is an issue that has largely been overlooked in the climate change conversation. Latest estimates suggest that the first two years of Russia-Ukraine war, which began in February 2022, would have contributed over 175 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent of emissions, including projected emissions estimated from reconstruction.  The conflict in West Asia could have added at least another 50 million tonnes. Together, emissions from these two wars are comparable to annual emissions from Ukraine, Italy or Poland. Wars have a significant emissions footprint, not just from the explosives being used, but also from the military supply chains that are extremely energy intensive. Reconstruction has large emissions implications as well. Emissions from the weapons that cause damage — artillery, shells, mortars, missiles, rockets — constitute only a tiny fraction, just about 1.5%, of emissions from the warfare activities.  Warfare itself comprises only about 29% of the emissions if the full impacts of the conflict, including manufacturing of weapons, iron and steel production and supply chains, rebuilding and reconstruction, are taken into account. The bigger sources of warfare emissions are fuels burnt in airplanes or tanks, and the manufacturing of weapons. Even when a war like that in Ukraine or Gaza is not on, the carbon footprint of the world’s military is immense. Source: Indian Express THE TRADE DEBATE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: Niti Aayog CEO’s recent comment on Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)  has reignited debates around trade agreements and its pros and cons. Background: India should be a part of RCEP and CPTPP, Niti Aayog CEO BVR Subrahmanyam recently commented. India pulled out of the RCEP in 2019 after entering negotiations in 2013. Key takeaways Many experts had argued back in 2019 itself that withdrawing from RCEP was an opportunity lost. Staying out of trade agreements like RCEP and not being deeply integrated with the global value chains that run through RCEP countries, was difficult to reconcile with the objective of becoming a global manufacturing hub, capturing export opportunities and foreign capital.  As per a recent report by Oxford Economics, while India has “benefited from US trade rerouting away from China”, the gains have been to “a much lesser extent” when compared to other Asian countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia. Further, the report points out that the country has not been able to attract a notably greater portion of global foreign direct investment, even as FDI flows to China plummeted.  In this context, the recent comments by the CEO of Niti Aayog, BVR Subrahmanyam on trade agreements, are welcome. Subrahmanyam has said that India is missing out on the “China plus one” opportunity and that it should consider joining agreements such as