Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Rising sea surface temperature Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Environment Context: The average global sea surface temperature (SST) — the temperature of the water at the ocean surface — for February 2024 stood at 21.06 degree Celsius, the highest ever in a dataset that goes back to 1979. Background:- The previous record of 20.98 degree Celsius was set in August 2023. Why are the oceans getting warmer? Since the Industrial Revolution kicked off in the 19th Century, human activities such as burning fossil fuels have released high levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide are some of the notable GHGs, which essentially trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. As a result, the average global temperature has risen at least 1.2 degree Celsius above pre-industrial times. Notably, almost 90 per cent of the extra heat trapped by GHGs has been absorbed by the oceans, making them steadily warmer over the decades. There are other factors which have led to a spike in ocean temperatures. For instance, El Niño — a weather pattern that refers to an abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean — has contributed to both ocean warming and rising global surface temperatures. There is also less dust blowing off the Sahara Desert recently due to weaker-than-average winds. Typically, the dust forms a “giant umbrella that shades” the Atlantic water and reduces ocean temperatures. Why are rising sea surface temperatures a cause of worry? Higher ocean temperatures can have irreversible consequences for marine ecosystems. For instance, warmer oceans lead to an increase in ocean stratification — the natural separation of an ocean’s water into horizontal layers by density, with warmer, lighter, less salty, and nutrient-poor water layering on top of heavier, colder, saltier, nutrient-rich water. Usually, ocean ecosystems, currents, wind, and tides mix these layers. The rise in temperatures, however, has made it harder for water layers to mix with each other. Due to this, oceans are able to absorb less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the oxygen absorbed isn’t able to mix properly with cooler ocean waters below, threatening the survival of marine life. Nutrients are also not able to travel up to the surface of the oceans from below. This could threaten the population of phytoplankton — single-celled plants that thrive on the ocean surface and are the base of several marine food webs. Phytoplankton are eaten by zooplankton, which are consumed by other marine animals such as crabs, fish, and sea stars. Therefore, if the phytoplankton population plummets, there could be a collapse of marine ecosystems. Warmer oceans cause marine heat waves (MHWs), which occur when the surface temperature of a particular region of the sea rises to 3 or 4 degree Celsius above the average temperature for at least five days. MHWs contribute to coral bleaching, which reduces the reproductivity of corals and makes them more vulnerable to life-threatening diseases. They also impact the migration pattern of aquatic animals. Higher ocean temperatures may also result in more frequent and intense storms like hurricanes and cyclones. Warmer temperatures lead to a higher rate of evaporation as well as the transfer of heat from the oceans to the air. When storms travel across hot oceans, they gather more water vapour and heat. This results in more powerful winds, heavier rainfall, and more flooding when storms reach the land — meaning heightened devastation. Source: Indian Express Indo Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: India has decided to join at least one of the four cooperative work programmes unveiled last week under the ‘clean energy pillar’ of the U.S.-led Indo Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) – the one on facilitating and promoting carbon-market activities. Background: The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) is an economic initiative launched by U.S. President Joe Biden on May 23, 2022. The framework launched with fourteen participating founding member nations in the Indo-Pacific region with an open invitation for other countries to join. About Indo Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF): IPEF was launched jointly by the USA and other partner countries of the Indo-Pacific region on May 23, 2022 at Tokyo. IPEF has 14 partner countries including Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam & USA. It seeks to strengthen economic engagement among partner countries with the goal of advancing growth, peace and prosperity in the region. The framework is structured around four pillars relating to Trade (Pillar I); Supply Chains (Pillar II); Clean Economy (Pillar III); and Fair Economy (Pillar IV). Seen by many analysts as an attempt by the U.S. to counter China’s growing influence in the region, the IPEF aims at having a common set of rules and standards around the four pillars. Source: PIB GHOST PARTICLES Syllabus Prelims : Science Context: Recently, astronomers detected 7 potentials ‘ghost particles’ that passed through planet. Background: Scientists using data from the Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica believe they have potentially found the first evidence for astrophysical tau neutrinos, called “ghost particles”. About Ghost Particles: “Ghost Particles” is a nickname for neutrinos, which are tiny subatomic particles. They are often called ‘ghost particles’ because they barely interact with anything else. Key points about Neutrinos: Source: Neutrinos come from various sources and are often the product of heavy particles turning into lighter ones, a process called “decay”. Family: They belong to the family of particles known as leptons. There are three main leptons, namely electrons, muons, and tau particles. The last has proven to be especially difficult to observe and detect, earning the moniker of “ghost particle.” Characteristics: A neutrino is very similar to an electron, but has no electrical charge and a very small mass. They are the most common particle in the universe. Approximately 100 trillion neutrinos pass completely harmlessly through our body every second. Detection: They are extraordinarily difficult to detect, as they rarely collide with atoms. Of the four fundamental forces in the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Vechur Cow and other indigenous cattle Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Agriculture Context: Member of Parliament Shashi Tharoor has written an article regarding vechur cow and Sosamma Iype who pioneered the initiative to conserve the breed. Background:- In its pursuit to boost milk production through the crossbreeding of indigenous cattle with high-yielding foreign breeds, the White Revolution’s corollary was the erasure of breeds such as the Vechur cow. Cross-breeding served to dilute the genetic purity of native breeds and diminish their population. Vechur Cow The Vechur Cow is a rare breed named after the village Vechoor in Vaikom Taluk, Kottayam district of the state of Kerala in India. With an average length of 124 cm (about 4 feet and 1 inch) and height of 87 cm (about 2 feet and 10 inches), it is the smallest cattle breed in the world. The Vechur animals were saved from extinction due to conservation efforts by Sosamma Iype, a Professor of Animal breeding and Genetics along with a team of her students. Siri Cow Siri is a small sized draught purpose breed of hilly region of West Bengal and Sikkim. The animals can graze in the steep slope of hilly forest. The males are mainly reared for draught purpose in the hilly area and sometimes they are the only source of draught power. The breed produces very less amount of milk. Tharparkar Tharparkar is an important dual-purpose breed originating from the THAR desert of Rajasthan. The home tract of this breed is in the Tharparkar district of southeast Sindh in present day Pakistan. In India, these animals are now found along the Indo-Pak border covering western Rajasthan and up to the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. The animals can thrive well on small bushy vegetation (Sewan grass) during drought and fodder scarcity condition and produce reasonabe amount of milk. Due to better heat tolerance and disease resistance, this breed was used for producing “Karan Fries” breed – a synthetic crossbred cattle breed at National Dairy Research institute (NDRI) The local breeds have following merits over exotic breeds Better disease resistance than exotic breeds. More suitable for low input management system. Survive better in local environment. Suitable for draught work Source: Mongabay India Front-running Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) on Wednesday said it has sacked an employee involved in a stock market front-running case which was under investigation by market regulator Sebi. Background: In April 2023, Sebi barred five entities, including an employee of Life Insurance Corporation from the securities market and impounded illegal gains of Rs 2.44 crore made by them, in a case pertaining to front-running the trades of the state-owned insurer. About Front-running : Front-running means usage of non-public information to directly or indirectly, buy or sell securities or enter into options or futures contracts, in advance of a substantial order, on an impending transaction, in the same or related securities or futures or options contracts, in anticipation that when the information becomes public, the price of such securities or contracts may change. For example; a broker receives a request from a client to purchase 50,000 Company A shares. He keeps the order from the client until he executes an order for his personal account for the same stock. Then, when he places the customer’s request, share price increases due to the scale of the customer’s order.The rise creates the broker an immediate benefit. Front-running offers unfair profits to the entity who has confidential information that will affect the price of the asset. Front running is also known as tailgating. Source: Indian Express PAPIKONDA NATIONAL PARK Syllabus Prelims : Environment Context: More than 200 bird species have been recorded in the Papikonda National Park (PNP) in a recent survey. Background: The three-day survey was carried out under the aegis of the Andhra Pradesh Forest department in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER-Tirupati). About PAPIKONDA NATIONAL PARK: Location: Papikonda National Park (PNP) is located in the East and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. Area: The park spans over 1012.86 square kilometers. Geography: The park lies on both banks of the River Godavari and cuts through the Papikonda hill range of Eastern Ghats. Flora and Fauna: The majority of the park is covered with moist deciduous forest. It is home to various animal species such as tigers, mouse deer, gaur, and others. The park also has a unique dwarf breed of goat known locally as the “kanchu mekha”. Conservation History: The park has experienced varying levels of protection, beginning as a reserved forest in 1882, a wildlife sanctuary in 1978, and as a national park from 2008. Significance: The park has been recognized as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area. Source: The Hindu Previous Year Question Q1. Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin? Nagarhole National Park Papikonda National Park Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 EQUINOXES Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: The March equinox, also known as the vernal equinox, occurs around March 20th each year. Background: During this celestial event, the sun crosses the celestial equator, moving from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern Hemisphere.   About EQUINOXES Equinoxes are astronomical events that occur twice a year when the Sun is exactly above the Equator, resulting in nearly equal lengths of day and night across the globe. The term “equinox” literally means “equal night”. The primary cause of equinoxes lies in the tilt of Earth’s axis. Earth orbits the Sun at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees. As Earth revolves around the Sun, different parts of our planet receive varying amounts of solar radiation at different times of the year. Vernal Equinox: Vernal Equinox, also known as the Spring Equinox, marks the transition from winter to spring in the Northern Hemisphere. The Vernal Equinox typically occurs between March 19 and 21, depending on the specific year. In 2024, it falls on

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Dark Sky Reserve Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: By the end of 2022, India will establish the country’s first Dark Sky Reserve in the cold desert regions of Ladakh, Dr Jitendra Singh, Minister of State (Independent charge) for Science and Technology, announced. Background:- India is still in the process of filing its nomination to IDSA.The Ladakh Union Territory administration is leading the efforts in establishing the country’s first Dark Sky Reserve. About Dark Sky Reserve A Dark Sky Reserve is public or private land with a distinguished nocturnal environment and starry nights that has been developed responsibly to prevent light pollution. According to the International Dark Sky Association (IDSA), these reserves “consist of a core area meeting minimum criteria for sky quality and natural darkness, and a peripheral area that supports dark sky preservation in the core.” How does a site become a ‘Dark Sky Reserve’? Individuals or groups can nominate a site for certification to the International Dark Sky Association (IDSA). There are five designated categories, namely International Dark Sky parks, communities, reserves, sanctuaries and Urban Night Sky Places. Between 2001 and January 2022, there have been 195 sites recognised as International Dark Sky Places globally, the IDSA said. The IDSA considers a piece of land suitable for dark sky place only if it is either publicly or privately owned; is accessible to the public partially or entirely during the year; the land is legally protected for scientific, natural, educational, cultural, heritage and/or public enjoyment purposes; the core area of the land provides an exceptional dark sky resource relative to the communities and cities that surround it and the land offers prescribed night sky brightness either for a reserve, park or sanctuary. Why was Ladakh chosen for the project? To be situated at a height of 4,500 metres above sea level, the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR) will come up within the Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary. Ladakh is a unique cold desert located about 3,000 metres above sea level with high mountainous terrains. Long and harsh winters with minimum temperatures dropping to minus 40 degrees Celcius make large parts of the UT highly inhabitable. This aridity, limited vegetation, high elevation and large areas with sparse populations – all make it the perfect setting for long-term astronomical observatories and dark sky places. But the primary objective of the proposed Dark Sky Reserve is to promote astronomy tourism in a sustainable and environment-friendly manner. Scientific methods will be used here to preserve the night sky from ever-increasing light pollution. Source: Indian Express Bangalore Water Crisis Syllabus Mains- GS 3 Context: An acute drinking water crisis in Bengaluru has been creating international headlines for the past few days. Background: Karnataka Chief Minister said Bengaluru was facing a shortage of 500 million litres of water every day, which is about a fifth of the city’s daily total demand. Reasons behind water crisis: Monsoon : During last year’s monsoon, Karnataka received rainfall that was 18 per cent below normal.Even the post-monsoon period did not bring much rain to the state. Like most other parts of the country, Karnataka receives a bulk of its annual rainfall during the monsoon. A rainfall deficit in the monsoon months almost inevitably results in water stress. Another direct consequence of low rainfall has been the relatively low level of water in reservoirs. Latest data from the Central Water Commission shows that Karnataka reservoirs are currently holding water at only 26 per cent of their full capacity. Aquifers : South India has a very different kind of aquifer system. It is very rocky. The aquifers don’t hold a lot of water. They empty out quickly, and they also get recharged pretty quickly. What this means is that groundwater resources are not able to sustain for very long in the event of a prolonged dry spell. This is very different from the aquifers in north India, which have a much better capacity to hold water. This is why Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, which got even less rainfall last year than Karnataka, have not seen similar water scarcity.Aquifers in north India, once full, can hold enough water to sustain the demand for a couple of years. Dealing with Shortage Unregulated construction, systematic destruction of lakes, hindrances to the natural underground flow of water, and climate change, all affect the availability of water in Bengaluru.But these do not seem to be the immediate triggers for this particular ongoing shortage. This one has to do largely with the seasonal fluctuation in rainfall and the state’s inability to create capacities to deal with these kinds of variabilities. States need to develop capacities to deal with the disruptions through planning. The key is to put value on water. It is not a free resource. Low or optimum consumption needs to be incentivised while wastage must be discouraged. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL INTERNET EXCHANGE OF INDIA (NIXI) Syllabus Prelims- Current Event Context: The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI), in collaboration with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), has successfully launched the BhashaNet portal during the Universal Acceptance (UA) Day event. Background: The BhashaNet portal endeavours to establish a multilingual internet, where website names and email addresses in local languages function seamlessly worldwide. About NATIONAL INTERNET EXCHANGE OF INDIA (NIXI) The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI), established in 2003 as a not-for-profit organization. National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) is a statutory body established under the Companies Act 2013. Purpose and Function: NIXI was created to enhance the use of Internet Service Protocols (ISPs) within India. Instead of routing domestic internet traffic abroad, NIXI facilitates routing it within the country. This results in better service quality (reduced latency) and lower bandwidth charges for ISPs by saving on international bandwidth. It aims to increase internet penetration and adoption in India by managing and enabling the internet ecosystem for the masses. .IN Domain Management: NIXI manages India’s Country Code Top Level Domain (ccTLD), which is.IN. The Government of India delegated the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   E V Ramaswamy Naicker or Periyar Syllabus Prelims & Mains – History Context: Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin has voiced his backing for Carnatic vocalist T M Krishna in the midst of a debate surrounding the conferral of the Sangita Kalanidhi title by the Music Academy, Madras. The matter has attracted political and societal interest, particularly regarding critiques of the social reformer Periyar. Background:- Over the years, Periyar has transcended the political divide as well as the faultlines of religion and caste, and come to be revered as Thanthai Periyar, the father figure of modern Tamil Nadu. About Periyar Born in 1879, Periyar is remembered for the Self Respect Movement aimed at achieving social equality for those oppressed by the caste system. Periyar started his political career as a Congress worker. He quarrelled with Gandhi over the question of separate dining for Brahmin and non-Brahmin students at Gurukkulam, a Congress-sponsored school owned by nationalist leader V V S Iyer in Cheranmahadevi near Tirunelveli. At the request of parents, Iyer had provided separate dining for Brahmin students, which Periyar opposed. Gandhi proposed a compromise, arguing that while it may not be a sin for a person not to dine with another, he would rather respect their scruples. After failing to bend the Congress to his view, Periyar resigned from the party in 1925, and associated himself with the Justice Party and the Self Respect Movement, which opposed the dominance of Brahmins in social life, especially the bureaucracy. The Justice Party had a decade earlier advocated reservation for non-Brahmins in the bureaucracy and, after coming to power in the Madras Presidency, issued an order to implement it. The Self Respect Movement he led promoted weddings without rituals, and sanctioned property as well as divorce rights for women. He appealed to people to give up the caste suffix in their names, and to not mention caste. He instituted inter-dining with food cooked by Dalits in public conferences in the 1930s. Periyar’s fame spread beyond the Tamil region during the Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924, a mass movement to demand that lower caste persons be given the right to use a public path in front of the famous Vaikom temple. Periyar took part in the agitation with his wife, and was arrested twice. He would later be referred to as Vaikom Veerar (Hero of Vaikom). He reconstructed the Tamil identity as an egalitarian ideal that was originally unpolluted by the caste system.He argued that caste was imported to the Tamil region. Under him, the Dravidian Movement became a struggle against caste and an assertion of Tamil national identity. In the 1940s, Periyar launched Dravidar Kazhagam, which espoused an independent Dravida Nadu comprising Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, and Kannada speakers. For the average Tamil, Periyar today is an ideology. He stands for a politics that foregrounded social equality, self-respect, and linguistic pride. As a social reformer, he focused on social, cultural and gender inequalities, and his reform agenda questioned matters of faith, gender and tradition. He asked people to be rational in their life choices. Source: Indian Express GIBRALTAR ARC Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: A modelling study suggests that a dormant subduction zone beneath the Gibraltar Strait (Gibraltar Arc) could become active and migrate into the Atlantic Ocean, potentially forming an Atlantic “Ring of Fire” in about 20 million years. Background: The Gibraltar arc’s potential awakening could significantly impact the configuration of the Atlantic Ocean over millions of years. About GIBRALTAR ARC: The Gibraltar Arc, also known as the Gibraltar Subduction Zone, is a geological formation located beneath the Gibraltar Strait. The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow passage connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. It serves as a natural boundary between Europe and Africa. This region marks the meeting point of two tectonic plates: the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate. The African Plate is currently subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate in this area. Subduction occurs when one tectonic plate slides beneath another, leading to seismic activity, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountain ranges. The Gibraltar Arc represents a dynamic boundary where these immense forces shape the Earth’s crust. Other Subduction Zones in Atlantic region is Lesser Antilles Arc in the Caribbean and Scotia Arc near Antarctica. Source: Live Science Income and Wealth Inequality Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: In 2022, the top 0.1 per cent in India earned nearly 10 per cent of the national income, while the top 0.01 per cent earned 4.3 per cent share of the national income and top 0.001 per cent earned 2.1 per cent of the national income, according to a paper released by World Inequality Lab Background: Co-authored by economists Nitin Kumar Bharti, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, and Anmol Somanchi, the paper stated that the “Billionaire Raj” headed by “India’s modern bourgeoisie” is now more unequal than the British Raj headed by the colonialist forces. Key findings of the report: Inequality declined post-independence till the early 1980s, after which it began rising and has skyrocketed since the early 2000s. Between 2014-15 and 2022-23, the rise of top-end inequality has been particularly pronounced in terms of wealth concentration. By 2022-23, top 1 per cent income and wealth shares (22.6 per cent and 40.1 per cent) are at their highest historical levels and India’s top 1 per cent income share is among the very highest in the world, higher than even South Africa, Brazil and US. Wealth is highly concentrated even within the top 1 per cent. In 2022-23, the top 1 per cent wealth share was 39.5 per cent, 29 percentage points went just to the top 0.1 per cent, 22 percentage points to just the top 0.01 per cent and 16 percentage points to just the top 0.001 per cent. The sharp rise in top 10 per cent shares from 1991 onwards came at the loss of both bottom 50 per cent and middle 40 per cent shares. From stagnating at 11 per cent during 1961-1981,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Mumps Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Mumps, an acute viral infection which historically affects children, has been spreading like wildfire in Kerala, for the past few months. Background:- Not just Kerala, a resurgence in cases was being reported from several States, including Maharashtra, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh as well. Cases which began appearing sporadically around November 2023 in the Malappuram and Kozhikode districts of Kerala, have since then spread to Palakkad and Thrissur too, resulting in major community outbreaks. About Mumps Mumps is a self-limiting, airborne viral disease and presents as fever and headache in mostly children and adolescents, with painful swelling of the salivary glands (parotid glands) on both sides of the face. There is no specific treatment and the patient recovers with rest and symptomatic management in about two weeks. With only half of the infected children developing the classical disease and close to 30% remaining asymptomatic, cases mostly go unreported, indicating that the reported cases are a gross underestimation of the actual cases in the community. From the view point of public health, measles, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality, has always been considered a priority, rather than mumps. Despite being a vaccine-preventable disease, mumps has never been a part of the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) because of the disease’s no-mortality profile and the perception that it has low public health significance. Health officials maintain that creating public awareness about the disease and the importance of isolation is the most important tool in bringing down the transmission of the disease. Transmission of the disease begins before the symptoms actually manifest and isolation of the patient for a full three weeks is necessary to limit the spread of the disease. Source: The Hindu Campaigning in the name of religion Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Recently the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) lodged a complaint with the Election Commission of India (ECI) against Rahul Gandhi for hurting the sentiments of Hindus through his remark on ‘shakti’. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), in turn, filed a counter complaint against the Prime Minister for appealing to religious sentiments during his campaign on the same issue. Background: There have been innumerable instances in the past where various parties and its leaders have blatantly appealed for votes in the name of religion. There are leaders across political parties against whom cases have been registered under the RP Act and the Indian Penal Code in this regard. However, the only notable leader who was convicted by the Supreme Court for this corrupt electoral practice was Bal Thackeray of Shiv Sena in the year 1995. The ECI on such occasions at best bars leaders from campaigning, for violation of the MCC, for a short period of two to three days. How is Campaigning in the name of religion dealt with?: What does the law say? Section 123(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act) provides that appeals by a candidate, or any other person with the consent of a candidate, to vote or refrain from voting on the ground of his religion, race, caste, community or language is a corrupt electoral practice. Section 123(3A) denounces any attempt by a candidate to promote feelings of enmity or hatred among citizens on these grounds during elections. The RP Act further provides that anyone found guilty of corrupt electoral practice can be debarred from contesting elections for a maximum period of up to six years. What does the MCC provide? The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) for the guidance of political parties and candidates is a set of norms which has evolved with the consensus of political parties. It binds them to respect and observe it in its letter and spirit. This code, which began to be implemented strictly in the 1990s, provides that no party or candidate shall indulge in any activity which may aggravate existing differences or create mutual hatred or cause tension between different castes, religious or linguistic communities. It also provides that there shall be no appeal to caste or communal feelings for securing votes. Mosques, churches, temples or other places of worship shall not be used as a forum for election propaganda. Though the MCC does not have any statutory backing, it has come to acquire strength in the past three decades because of its strict enforcement by the ECI. History It is pertinent to note that before 1961, Section 123(3) of the RP Act provided that ‘systemic’ appeal by a candidate on the grounds of religion, race, caste or community will amount to a corrupt electoral practice. However, in order to curb communal, fissiparous and separatist tendencies, the word ‘systemic’ was omitted through an amendment in 1961. This meant that even a stray appeal for success in the elections on the ground of one’s religion or narrow communal affiliation would be viewed with disfavour by the law. Ruling of the Supreme Court In Abhiram Singh versus C. D. Commachen (2017) a seven-judge Bench by a majority of 4:3 held that candidates shall not appeal for votes on the basis of not just his/her religion but also that of the voters. The majority view provided a ‘purposive interpretation’ to Section 123(3) rather than just a literal one thereby rendering any appeal in the name of religion of even the voters as a corrupt electoral practice. The elections to Parliament or State legislatures are a secular exercise; constitutional ethos forbids the mixing of religious considerations with the secular functions of the State. Religion should remain a matter of personal faith. Source:The Hindu INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION (IAU) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has approved the Chandrayaan-3 landing site name ‘Shiva Shakti’. Background: The announcement defined the origin of the name as, a “compound word from Indian mythology that depicts masculine (Shiva) and feminine (Shakti) duality of nature; Landing site of Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram Lander. About International Astronomical Union (IAU) International Astronomical Union (IAU) is a significant body that governs international professional

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Black Carbon Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Environment Context: At the COP26 climate talks in Glasgow in November 2021, India pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, positioning itself as a frontrunner in the race to carbon neutrality.While carbon dioxide mitigation strategies will yield benefits in the long term, they need to go hand-in-hand with efforts that provide short-term relief. Background:- Prioritising black carbon reduction through initiatives such as the PMUY scheme can help India become a global leader in addressing regional health concerns and help meet its Sustainability Development Goal of providing affordable clean energy to everyone and contributing to global climate mitigation. About Black Carbon Black carbon is the dark, sooty material emitted alongside other pollutants when biomass and fossil fuels are not fully combusted. It contributes to global warming and poses severe risks. Studies have found a direct link between exposure to black carbon and a higher risk of heart disease, birth complications, and premature death. Most black carbon emissions in India arise from burning biomass, such as cow dung or straw, in traditional cookstoves. According to a 2016 study, the residential sector contributes 47% of India’s total black carbon emissions. Industries contribute a further 22%, diesel vehicles 17%, open burning 12%, and other sources 2%. Decarbonisation efforts in the industry and transport sectors in the past decade have yielded reductions in black carbon emissions, but the residential sector remains a challenge. Role of Govt: In May 2016, the Government of India said the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) would provide free liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections to households below the poverty line. The primary objective was to make clean cooking fuel available to rural and poor households and reduce their dependence on traditional cooking fuels. The PMUY has established infrastructure to go with LPG connections, including free gas stoves, deposits for LPG cylinders, and a distribution network. The programme has thus, been able to play a vital role in reducing black carbon emissions, as it offers a cleaner alternative to traditional fuel consumption. However, in 2022-2023, 25% of all PMUY beneficiaries — 2.69 crore people — availed either zero LPG refill or only one LPG refill, according to RTI data, meaning they still relied entirely on traditional biomass for cooking. Source:Hindu Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved two gene therapies, Casgevy and Lyfgenia, to treat SCD in people ages 12 and older. Casgevy, developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals and CRISPR Therapeutics and also approved in the U.K., is the first CRISPR-based therapy to have received regulatory approval in the U.S. Lyfgenia, manufactured by Bluebird Bio, doesn’t use CRISPR but depends on a viral vector to change blood stem-cells. Background: Genetic therapies have created a lot of hope for treating SCD, yet they require the same amenities still out of reach of those most affected by the disease. About Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) SCD is an inherited haemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells (RBCs) become crescent- or sickle-shaped due to a genetic mutation. These RBCs are rigid and impair circulation, often leading to anaemia, organ damage, severe and episodic pain, and premature death. India has the third highest number of SCD births, after Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Access to treatment as a major issue In 2023, the Government of India launched the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission, to eliminate SCD by 2047. At present, however, treatment and care for SCD remains grossly inadequate and inaccessible. Example is the unavailability of the drug hydroxyurea. It lessens the severity of pain, reduces hospitalisations, and improves survival rates by increasing the size and flexibility of RBCs and lowering their likelihood of becoming sickle-shaped. Blood transfusion is another important therapy for SCD, but its availability is limited to district-level facilities. Most block-level community health centres don’t offer them. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT), is out of reach for most SCD patients due to the difficulty in finding matched donors, the high cost of the treatment at private facilities, and long waiting times in public hospitals. In light of this, the application of the gene-editing technology called CRISPR (short for ‘Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats’) to treat SCD is important – for its novelty and promise but also for the health disparities it makes apparent. India has approved a five-year project to develop CRISPR for sickle cell anaemia. Under its Sickle Cell Anaemia Mission, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research is developing gene-editing therapies for SCD. Around Rs 34 crore has been allocated for this mission over 2020-2023. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) It is originally a feature of the bacterial immune system.It forms the basis for this technology. In a nutshell, the system in bacteria serves as a warehouse for past infections by storing a part of the viral genetic material and incorporating it into its own, so the next time it is attacked, the bacteria is capable of recognising the virus and destroying it.The bacteria, in short, is immunised when it employs the CRISPR system. Researchers have adapted it as a tool to cut, delete, or add DNA sequences at precise locations, opening different windows to treat genetic disorders, develop drought-resistant plants, modify food crops, or experiment with de-extinction projects involving the woolly mammoth and the dodo. Source: Hindu COFFEE VARIETIES IN INDIA Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Robusta coffee price touches all-time high amid global shortage. Background: The Price of Robusta coffee has spiked due to drastic fall in traditional growing regions – Vietnam and Indonesia. India primarily cultivates two main varieties of coffee: Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica): Grown in the higher altitudes of the Western Ghats. Arabica coffee is known for its smooth, mild flavour with hints of sweetness, acidity, and floral notes. Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora): Robusta is grown in the lowlands of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. It tends to have a stronger, more bitter taste compared to Arabica and contains higher caffeine levels.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Small Scale LNG (SSLNG) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Current Event Context: Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri this month dedicated to the nation India’s first small-scale liquefied natural gas (SSLNG) unit at GAIL (India) Ltd’s Vijaipur complex in Madhya Pradesh. Background:- The government has been pushing for the adoption and use of natural gas across sectors, and aims to increase the share of natural gas in its primary energy mix to 15% by 2030 from a little more than 6% at present. Natural gas is far less polluting than conventional hydrocarbons like coal and oil; it is also cheaper than oil, more than 85% of India’s requirement for which is met through costly imports. Natural gas is seen as a key transition fuel in India’s journey towards green energy and future fuels. About Small Scale LNG (SSLNG) SSLNG refers to the liquefaction of natural gas and its transportation using unconventional means in a significantly smaller-scale operation than the usual large-scale liquefaction, regasification, and transportation infrastructure and processes. Simply put, LNG — gas in its liquid or super-chilled form — is supplied in specialised trucks and small vessels to industrial and commercial consumers in regions that are not connected by pipelines. In relatively traditional use cases such as supplying compressed natural gas (CNG) for vehicles and piped gas for households and manufacturing units, the buyer would regasify the LNG using small vapourisers, and then supply it to end-users. Where the fuel is to be used directly in its liquid form, it would be supplied to end-users without regasification. The SSLNG chain can start from a large-scale LNG import terminal from where the LNG, instead of being regasified and supplied through pipelines, can be transported to consumers by cryogenic road tankers or small vessels. The chain can also start at locations with ample natural gas supply or production, where small liquefaction plants can be set up. The SSLNG unit at Vijaipur, which is GAIL’s largest gas processing facility, is an example of the latter kind of location Why SSLNG? A major challenge in scaling up gas consumption lies in the transportation of gas to places that are not connected by the country’s natural gas pipeline grid — a problem that also hinders the use of LNG directly as fuel for long-haul trucks and inter-city buses. Large-scale pipeline projects that are in the works will take years to be completed; even so, last-mile delivery challenges may persist in many parts of the country. In this scenario, new-age solutions with fast turnaround times can help expand the reach, access, and consumption of natural gas.SSLNG is one such promising solution. Source: Indian Express Global Gender Gap Index Syllabus Mains- GS 3 Context: The Global Gender Gap Index for 2022 was released by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and it ranks India at 135 out of 146 countries. In 2021, India was ranked 140 out of 156 countries. Background: In 2021, India was ranked 140 out of 156 countries. About Global Gender Gap Index: The Global Gender Gap index “benchmarks the current state and evolution of gender parity across four key dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment. On each of the four sub-indices as well as on the overall index the GGG index provides scores between 0 and 1, where 1 shows full gender parity and 0 is complete imparity. In 2022, India’s overall score has improved from 0.625 (in 2021) to 0.629. “India’s (135th) global gender gap score has oscillated between 0.593 and 0.683 since the index was first compiled. In 2022, India scored 0.629, which is its seventh-highest score in the last 16 years,” states the report. Indias status with respect to four dimensions Political Empowerment This includes metrics such as the percentage of women in Parliament, the percentage of women in ministerial positions etc. Of all the sub-indices, this is where India ranks the highest (48th out of 146). However, notwithstanding its rank, its score is quite low at 0.267. Some of the best ranking countries in this category score much better. For instance, Iceland is ranked 1 with a score of 0.874 and Bangladesh is ranked 9 with a score of 0.546. Moreover, India’s score on this metric has worsened since last year – from 0.276 to 0.267. The silver lining is that despite reduction, India’s score is above the global average in this category. Economic Participation and Opportunity This includes metrics such as the percentage of women who are part of the labour force, wage equality for similar work, earned income etc. Here, too, India ranks a lowly 143 out of the 146 countries in contention even though its score has improved over 2021 from 0.326 to 0.350. Last year, India was pegged at 151 out of the 156 countries ranked. India’s score is much lower than the global average, and only Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan are behind India on this metric. Educational Attainment This sub-index includes metrics such as literacy rate and the enrolment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education. Here India ranks 107th out of 146, and its score has marginally worsened since last year. In 2021, India was ranked 114 out of 156. Health and Survival This includes two metrics: the sex ratio at birth (in %) and healthy life expectancy (in years). In this metric, India is ranked the last (146) among all the countries. Its score hasn’t changed from 2021 when it was ranked 155th out of 156 countries. Source: Indian Express SHANGHAI CORPORATION ORGANISATION (SCO) Syllabus Prelims- Current Event Context: Recently, the fourth edition of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Startup Forum was organized in New Delhi. Background: This initiative aimed to broaden startup interactions among the SCO Member States, foster an environment conducive to innovation, promote job creation, and inspire young talent to develop innovative solutions. About SHANGHAI CORPORATION ORGANISATION (SCO) The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent international intergovernmental organization that was

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Krishi Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Agriculture Context: Earlier this month, Agriculture Minister Arjun Munda inaugurated a Krishi Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) set up at Krishi Bhavan in New Delhi, a big-screen dashboard of all digital innovations in the sector. Background:- ICCC is a “significant leap forward” in leveraging technology for the advancement of agricultural practices. About Krishi Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC): The ICCC is a tech-based solution involving multiple IT applications and platforms, which is designed to help in making informed decisions. The centre is housed in the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, which is responsible for legislation, policy formation, and implementation of initiatives in the agriculture sector. The ICCC uses state of the art technologies such as artificial intelligence, remote sensing, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to collect and process large amounts of granular data — on temperatures, rainfall, wind speed, crop yields and production estimations — and presents it in graphical format. On eight large, 55-inch LED screens installed at the ICCC, you can see information on crop yields, production, drought situation, cropping patterns (geographic region-wise and year-wise) in map, timeline, and drill-down views. You can also see the relevant trends (periodic and non-periodic), outliers, and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), and receive insights, alerts, and feedback on agriculture schemes, programmes, projects, and initiatives. The ICCC uses platforms including the Krishi Decision Support System (DSS) to collect micro-level data, process it, and present the macro picture. What is the objective of the ICCC? The ICCC will enable comprehensive monitoring of the farm sector by making available at one place geospatial information received from multiple sources, including remote sensing; plot-level data received through soil survey; weather data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD); sowing data from Digital Crop Survey; farmer- and farm-related data from Krishi MApper, an application for geo-fencing and geo-tagging of land; market intelligence information from the Unified Portal for Agricultural Statistics (UPAg); and yield estimation data from the General Crop Estimation Survey (GCES). Can the command and control centre generate individual farmer-specific advisories? Going forward, the ICCC can create an ecosystem based on which individual farmer-level advisories can be generated through apps like Kisan e-mitra, a chatbot developed for PM-Kisan beneficiaries. The AI-/ machine learning-based system will identify a farmer through his/ her mobile number or Aadhaar, and match it with the farmer’s field information obtain through land records, historical crop sowing information from the crop registry, weather data from IMD, etc. It will then generate a customised advisory in the local language of the farmer. For this, the system will use the Bhashini platform that allows translation into several Indian languages. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FARMER’S ADVISORY: The ICCC allows visualisation of GIS based soil carbon mapping as well as soil health card data for a particular district together at one place. This, when visualised with weather-related data from IMD for the selected district, will allow a customised and authentic advisory to be sent to the farmer about the type of crops that can be grown, and water and fertiliser requirements. DROUGHT ACTIONS: According to officials, increase or decrease in yield from a specific region (as per GCES data) can be correlated with weather, rainfall, and other information visualised through the Drought Portal, enabling the administration to understand the reason for increase/ decrease in yield and to take decisions proactively. CROP DIVERSIFICATION: An analysis of crop diversification maps, together with field variability for paddy, will enable decision-makers to identify regions with scope for diversified cropping. FARM DATA REPOSITORY: Krishi Decision Support System (K-DSS), a platform under development, will act as an agriculture data repository. Integrated spatial and non-spatial data will be superimposed as a layer on the GIS map, and various AI/ ML models would be run on the data. The K-DSS will help in evidence-based, efficient, and data-driven decision-making. VALIDATION OF YIELD: Yield as captured through Krishi MApper can be analysed with the yield generated through GCES application for a plot. Source: Indian Express H5N1 Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Since 2020, a highly pathogenic type of bird flu, H5N1, has been spreading across the globe, posing an existential threat to birds and wildlife. The virus has infected birds in more than 80 countries (as of December 2023) and resulted in culling of millions of chickens and turkeys at commercial poultry farms. It also struck numerous species of wild birds. Background: The worrying sign, however, is the rapid spread of the flu — once largely confined to birds — among mammals. The infection has also infiltrated mainland Antarctica for the time in history. About Bird flu: The Bird flu, also known as avian flu, refers to an infectious viral illness that mainly infects and spreads among poultry and some wild birds. There are different strains of bird flu virus, which have been circulating for a very long time among at least 100 bird species, including wild waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, without much harming them. From time to time, a form of the flu virus jumps from wild birds to poultry farms, and replicates in cramped warehouses of farmed birds. It then quickly evolves into a highly pathogenic flu virus that causes a larger wave of illness and death than usual among birds. The currently circulating type of H5N1 is one such highly pathogenic flu virus. It has descended from a virus that caused an outbreak on a goose farm in Guangdong, China, in 1996. The new version of H5N1 first emerged in Europe in 2020 and then rapidly reached Europe, Africa, and Asia. By late 2021, it had spread to North America and in the fall of 2022, it appeared in South America. In February 2024, the virus stormed through mainland Antarctica. How has H5N1 impacted animals across the world? Apart from the farm birds, the virus has severely impacted wild birds. Some wild birds, which are already on the verge of extinction, have also been

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Lalita Kala Academy Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context: In an unprecedented move, the Ministry of Culture has curtailed the powers of the Lalit Kala Akademi (LKA) Chairman, V Nagdas, barring him from taking any “administrative actions”, including on matters related to “appointment, recruitment, transfer, disciplinary action and financial decisions”, without consulting the ministry. Background:- The Lalit Kala Akademi or National Academy of Art (LKA) is India’s national academy of fine arts. About Lalita Kala Academy Lalit Kala Akademi (National Academy of Art), New Delhi was inaugurated on 5th August 1954 by the then Minister for Education, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. It was registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, on 11th March 1957. Lalit Kala Akademi, the youngest of the three Akademies founded by Govt. of India, establishes to direct its focus on activities in the field of Visual Arts. Following are some of the powers and functions of LKA :- To encourage and promote study and research in the fields of creative arts such as painting, sculpture and graphics etc.; To encourage and coordinate the activities of the regional art organisations and State Lalit Kala Akademis; To promote cooperation among artists and art associations and development of such associations; To encourage, where necessary, the establishment of Regional Art Centres; To encourage the exchange of ideas between various schools of art by organising conferences, seminars, exhibitions, etc., on all India basis involving scholars and educationists and State Academies, Zonal Cultural Centres and Art Organisations like faculties of art in universities, art colleges and schools, art museums, art galleries and art associations; To foster cultural contacts within the country and also with other countries, through art exhibitions, exchange of personnel and art objects, etc. To award scholarships and prizes to deserving artists and to accord recognition to artists for outstanding achievements; To promote study, research and survey of folk, tribal and traditional arts and crafts techniques, preserve and project their art forms and to organize regional surveys of and to encourage surviving indigenous craftsmen, painters and sculptors; Source: Indian Express India TB Report – 2024 Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Health Context: India TB Report 2024 was released by the Union Health ministry on Wednesday. Background: India’s contribution to the global burden is 27%, which is down one percentage point from the previous year’s 28%. Key Takeaways from the Report: The gap between the estimated number and actual cases of tuberculosis (TB) is closing, according to the India TB Report 2024.This is an important marker as the “missing cases” are assumed to not have received treatment, continuing to spread the infection to others. There were only 2.3 lakh missing cases in 2023, as compared to 3.2 lakh the year before, the report states. This gap has been reducing over the years, especially with the government’s Ni-kshay portal tracking all TB patients. According to the report, the majority of the TB cases are still reported by the government health centres, even as there has been an uptick in notifications by the private sector. Nearly 33% or 8.4 lakh of the 25.5 lakh cases reported in 2023 came from the private sector. To compare, only 1.9 lakh cases were reported by the private sector in 2015, the year considered to be the baseline by the programme that is geared towards the elimination of the disease. The report shows that India reached its 2023 target of initiating treatment in 95% of patients diagnosed with the infection. It says 58% of those diagnosed were offered a test to check whether their infection was resistant to the first line drugs, an increase from 25% in 2015. The report recommends drug susceptibility treatment to ensure that people who may have drug resistant TB are able to access e therapies from the get go instead of being treated with the first-line therapy initially. Source: Indian Express ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT FUNDS (AIF) Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently made changes to the norms governing investments in Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) by regulated entities (REs). Background: These revisions were implemented to ensure uniformity in implementation among REs and address concerns raised by various stakeholders. About Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) are privately pooled investment funds that invest in accordance with a defined investment policy. They aim to provide investors with exposure to alternative asset classes beyond traditional equities and fixed income. These funds collect capital from sophisticated investors (both Indian and foreign) and invest it according to a defined investment policy. Categories of AIFs: Category I AIFs: These funds can invest in start-ups, early-stage ventures, social ventures, SMEs, and sectors considered socially or economically desirable by the government or regulators. Category II AIFs: These funds include private equity funds, real estate funds, debt funds, and funds for distressed assets. They do not undertake excessive leverage. Category III AIFs: These funds employ complex trading strategies, including leverage through derivatives. Hedge funds fall under this category. Tenure and Liquidity: Category I and II AIFs are typically close-ended with a minimum tenure of three years. Category III AIFs can be either open-ended or close-ended. Regulation: AIFs adhere to the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012. They can be structured as companies, LLPs, trusts, etc. Investor Base: AIFs attract high rollers, including domestic and foreign investors. Institutions and high net worth individuals often invest in AIFs due to the substantial investment amounts required. Risk and Returns: AIFs offer potentially higher returns but come with higher risks due to their focus on alternative assets. Investors should assess their risk tolerance before investing. Source: Hindu QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Scientists are proposing a new technology known as quantum cryptography to protect sensitive communications. Background: Quantum cryptography harnesses the fundamental uncertainty of quantum physics to create unbreakable encryption keys. Quantum Cryptography offers a promising avenue for safeguarding sensitive information, making it a crucial field in the realm of cybersecurity. About QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY: Quantum cryptography, also known as Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), is a method for creating

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PM Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Schemes Context: Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi recently addressed the beneficiaries of PM SVANidhi scheme. Background:- Recalling the launch of PM SVANidhi Yojna during the covid pandemic, Prime Minister threw light on a recent study which states that the income of street vendors has grown manifold and the digital records of purchases are also helping them avail benefits from the bank. About PM Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) PM SVANidhi is a central-sector micro-credit scheme launched on 1st June 2020 by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) to provide handholding support to street vendors. The scheme facilitates a working capital collateral-free loan of ₹10,000, with subsequent loans of ₹20,000 and ₹50,000 with a 7% interest subsidy. The scheme focuses on increasing the digital footprint in India by promoting the use of digital transactions among street vendors. To incentivize the adoption of digital transactions, a cashback of up to ₹100 per month is given to Street Vendors. The scheme aims to formalize the street vendors and open up new opportunities for this sector to move up the economic ladder. A recent study by SBI has hailed the performance of the scheme stating that 43% beneficiaries are women street vendors. Moreover 44% of the PM SVANidhi beneficiaries belong to OBC category, while Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes account for 22%. PM SVANidhi has helped promote ‘inclusive entrepreneurship’ and proven to be a gender equalizer. Source: PIB State governments and Governors Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The Supreme Court has criticised the Tamil Nadu governor R.N. Ravi for refusing to re-induct lawmaker K. Ponmudi as minister even after the suspension of his conviction by the top court. Background: This is the newest chapter in the conflict between states ruled by opposition parties, and their Governors, who are appointed by the President on the Centre’s advice. Law on Governor-state relations: Although envisaged as an apolitical head who must act on the advice of the council of ministers, the Governor enjoys certain powers granted under the Constitution, such as giving or withholding assent to a Bill passed by the state legislature, or determining the time needed for a party to prove its majority, or which party must be called first do so, generally after a hung verdict in an election. There are, however, no provisions laid down for the manner in which the Governor and the state must engage publicly when there is a difference of opinion. The management of differences has traditionally been guided by respect for each other’s boundaries. What have been the friction points in recent years? In recent years, these have been largely about the selection of the party to form a government, deadline for proving majority, sitting on Bills, and passing negative remarks on the state administration. For example: Allegations of the Centre using the Governor’s position to destabilise state governments have been made since the 1950s. In 1959, Kerala’s E M S Namboodiripad government was dismissed based on a report by the Governor. In December 2020, KeralaGovernor Arif Mohammed Khan turned down a request to summon a special sitting of the Assembly to debate the three central farm laws. Following the Karnataka polls in 2018, Governor Vajubhai Vala invited the BJP to form the government and gave B SYeddyurappa 15 days to prove majority. Challenged by Congress and JDS in the Supreme Court, it was reduced to three days. Why does this friction happen? Governors have become political appointees.The Constituent Assembly envisaged governor to be apolitical. But politicians become Governors. In 2001, the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, headed by retired CJI M N Venkachaliah and set up by the Atal Behari Vajpayee, said “Governor owes his appointment and his continuation in the office to the Union Council of Ministers, in matters where the Central Government and the State Government do not see eye to eye, there is the apprehension that he is likely to act in accordance with the instructions, if any, received from the Union Council of Ministers”. There is no provision for impeaching the Governor, who is appointed by the President on the Centre’s advice. While the Governor has 5-year a tenure, he can remain in office only until the pleasure of the President. In the Constitution, there are no guidelines for exercise of the Governor’s powers, including for appointing a CM or dissolving the Assembly. There is no limit set for how long a Governor can withhold assent to a Bill. Source: Indian Express PREVENTIVE DETENTION Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context: The Supreme Court emphasized the need to prevent the arbitrary use of preventive detention powers, overturning a Telangana High Court decision. Background: It clarified that preventive detention is meant to avert future harm, not as a form of punishment, and should be based on careful consideration of facts. About PREVENTIVE DETENTION Preventive detention involves detaining an individual without trial in order to prevent them from committing a crime. Unlike criminal proceedings, which relate to punishing someone for an offense they have committed, preventive detention does not involve an offense. The objective of preventive detention is prevention, not punishment. It aims to prevent the detainee from engaging in activities prejudicial to the security of the state. Legal Basis in India: The power to enact preventive detention laws in India comes from the Constitution itself. Article 22 of the Indian Constitution addresses preventive detention: Article 22(3)(b) allows for preventive detention and puts restrictions on personal liberty to ensure state security and public order. Article 22(4) states that no law providing for preventive detention shall authorize the detention of a person for a period longer than three months. In case of extended detention, an advisory board’s report is required for sufficient cause. Source: Economic Times ANTHRAX Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Recently, Thailand ordered a close watch on livestock after an outbreak of anthrax in neighbouring Laos. Background: The situation has