Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   North Eastern Council Syllabus Prelims – POLITY Context: The Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah addressed the 71st Plenary Session of the North Eastern Council in Shillong recently. Background:- In his address, Shri Amit Shah said that the last 10 years under the leadership of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi have been the most significant for the development of the Northeast in the 75 years since independence. About North Eastern Council:- The North Eastern Council (NEC) is not a constitutional body. It is a statutory organization. It was established under the North Eastern Council Act, 1971, as amended in 2002. Initially, NEC was an Advisory Body for the North Eastern Region (NER). Now NEC is mandated to function as a Regional Planning Body for the North Eastern Region. The Union Cabinet, in June 2018, approved the proposal of the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) for the nomination of the Union Home Minister as ex-officio Chairman of the North Eastern Council (NEC). The Cabinet also approved that the Minister of State (Independent Charge), Ministry of DoNER would serve as Vice Chairman of the Council.  Zonal Councils The Council comprises Governors and Chief Ministers of constituent States and three members nominated by the President. While formulating the regional plans for the North Eastern Region, it is mandated to give priority to schemes and projects, benefitting two or more States, provided that in the case of Sikkim, the Council shall formulate specific projects and schemes for that State including the review of implementation of such project and schemes. To fulfil its mandate, the NEC has been implementing various projects in different sectors. Over the years, NEC has achieved the construction of 10500 km. of roads, supported the installation of 695 MW of power plants, constructed transmission and distribution lines, improved in infrastructure of 5 major airports and constructed of new airport in Tezu, Arunachal Pradesh. MUST READ:  Inter-State Council SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) The Constitution of India classifies the ministers into four ranks viz. Cabinet Minister, Minister of State with Independent Charge, Minister of State, and Deputy Minister. The total number of ministers in the Union Government, including the Prime Minister, shall not exceed 15 percent of the total number of members in the Lok Sabha. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Which of the following bodies does not/do not find mention in the Constitution? (2013) National Development Council Planning Commission Zonal Councils Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 1 and 2 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Oil Prices and India Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, Oil Prices dropped by 0.93% Amid Geopolitical Tensions in West Asia. Background:- In intra-day trade, Brent crude was trading 0.93 per cent lower at 77 dollars and 56 cents per barrel, while U.S. West Texas Intermediate crude was also trading three per cent lower at 71 dollars and 91 cents per barrel when reports last came in. About Oil Prices and India:- India is the third-largest oil consumer and imports more than 80% of its total crude oil India imports roughly 70% of its crude from the OPEC members. On a decadal comparison, the imports have reduced drastically from 87% to 70% in 2021-22. However, OPEC still accounts for the majority of India’s oil imports. OPEC is a permanent, intergovernmental organization, which aims to manage the supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil in the world market. Factors that affect Oil Prices:- Supply and Consumption. Government regulation. Geo-Politics Financial Markets. Impacts of Oil Prices drop on India:- Decreased Imported Inflation. (High oil prices) Higher Economic Growth. Lower Fiscal Deficit. Lower External Vulnerability  MUST READ: Oil Market meltdown SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1)  With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements. (2022) An increase in Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) indicates the appreciation of the rupee. An increase in the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) indicates an improvement in trade competitiveness. An increasing trend in domestic inflation relative to inflation in other countries is likely to cause an increasing divergence between NEER and REER. Which of the above statements is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2)With reference to Foreign Direct Investment in India, which one of the following is considered its major characteristic? (2020) It is the investment through capital instruments essentially in a listed company. It is a largely non-debt-creating capital flow. It is the investment which involves debt-servicing. It is the investment made by foreign institutional investors in Government securities Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2024 Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT AWARDS/ GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Context: Recently, Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2024 were announced. Background:- The President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu will confer the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar, 2024 to 19 exceptional children in an award ceremony which will take place at Vigyan Bhawan on 22nd January, 2024. About Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2024:- The awards were conferred by the President of India at a ceremonial function to be held at Vigyan Bhawan on 22nd January, 2024. The Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar, 2024 will be conferred upon 19 children selected from all regions of the country for their exceptional achievements in the fields of Art and Culture (7), Bravery (1), Innovation (1), Science & Technology (1), Social Service (4), and Sports (5). There are 9 boys and 10 girls among the awardees belonging to 18 States and UTs including 2 Aspirational Districts. On 23rd January 2024 Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi will interact with Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar awardees. The children will also participate in the Republic Day parade on 26th January 2024. The Government of India confers the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar (PMRBP) award to children for their exceptional achievement. Eligibility:-

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Opium Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recent reports show an uncertain future for the production of opium plants. Background:- Three districts in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan together contribute to 80% of India’s opium production. Already facing the problem of stagnant procurement rates and rising input prices, farmers are now angry with the Union government for opening opium production and processing to private players. About Opium:- IMAGE SOURCE: pinterest.co.uk Opium is a natural substance obtained from poppy seeds and its derivatives are mainly used for pain management. Poppy, any of several flowering plants of the poppy family (Papaveraceae), especially species of the genus Papaver. Most poppies are found in the Northern Hemisphere, and several species of poppies are cultivated as garden ornamentals. Opium, from which morphine, heroin, codeine, and papaverine are derived, comes from the milky latex in the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), which is native to Turkey. Uses:- The extracts from opium poppy such as morphine are potent painkillers and are mainly prescribed to cancer patients. The opium product codeine is helpful in cough suppression. It is used illicitly for smoking, drinking, or even eating as pills. Opium cultivation in India:- India has been growing poppy at least since the 15th century, as per historical records. The British East India Company assumed a monopoly on the cultivation of poppy when the Mughal Empire was on the decline, and the entire trade was brought under government control by 1873. After India gained independence, the cultivation and trade of opium passed on to the Indian government, with the activity being controlled by The Opium Act, 1857, The Opium Act, 1878, and The Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930. At present, the cultivation and processing of poppy and opium is controlled by the provisions of The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act and Rules. Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are the three traditional opium-growing States. Among the few countries permitted to cultivate the opium poppy crop for export and extraction of alkaloids, India currently only extracts alkaloids from opium gum at facilities controlled by the Revenue Department in the Finance Ministry. This entails farmers extracting gum by manually lancing the opium pods and selling the gum to government factories.  MUST READ: Drug Addiction SOURCE: THE HINDU  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following trees: (2023) Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus.) Mahua (Madhuca indica) Teak (Tectona grandis) How many of the above are deciduous trees? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2023) Some mushrooms have medicinal properties. Some mushrooms have psychoactive properties. Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties. Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Pradhanmantri Suryoday Yojana Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, PM Modi announced the launch of Pradhanmantri Suryoday Yojana . Background:- Currently, there is no centrally compiled estimate of the number of households in India with rooftop solar installations. About Pradhanmantri Suryoday Yojana:- Launched: January,2024. Objectives:- Provide affordable solar energy. Increase energy independence Promote environmental sustainability. Salient Features:- It will provide incentives and financial assistance to make it affordable for residential consumers to adopt rooftop solar. This scheme comes after India missed its initial target of 40 gigawatts of rooftop solar capacity by 2022 under the existing Rooftop Solar Programme. The new scheme signals renewed impetus to achieve the target of 40GW capacity by the extended deadline of 2026. With only around 11GW currently installed, the Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana intends to accelerate rooftop solar adoption. (PM-KUSUM) The scheme aimed to expand India’s rooftop solar installed capacity in the residential sector by providing Central Financial Assistance and incentives to DISCOMs (distribution companies). A consumer can avail of the benefits of the scheme through DISCOM tendered projects or through the National Portal (solarrooftop.gov.in) The DISCOM’s role is limited to issuing of technical feasibility approval, installation of the net meter and inspect the system. Net metering is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for the electricity they add to the grid. Surplus solar power units generated from the rooftop solar plant can be exported to the grid. Benefits:- Installing solar rooftops under this scheme will help reduce monthly electricity bills of households. It will also support India’s ambitious goal of reaching 500GW of renewable energy by 2030, with solar expected to contribute the major share. It will boost energy security and self-reliance while also benefiting the environment. Additional income generation through surplus electricity production.  MUST READ: Solar Roof Top Scheme SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: The Climate Group is an international non-profit organisation that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals. Some Indian companies are members of EP100. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”. Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022) 1,2, 4 and 5 1,3 and 4 only 2,3 and 5 only 1,2, 3, 4 and 5 Q.2) The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at (2018) The Earth Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, Johannesburg The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015, Paris The World Sustainable Development Summit 2016, New Delhi EXERCISE DESERT KNIGHT Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: Recently, EXERCISE DESERT KNIGHT was commenced. Background:- On 23 Jan 24, the Indian Air Force (IAF) conducted Exercise Desert Knight along with French Air and Space Force (FASF) and United Arab Emirates (UAE) Air Force. About EXERCISE DESERT KNIGHT:- It is a bilateral Air exercise between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and French Air and Space Force. The French participation included the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Gujarat International Finance Tec-City – International Financial Services Centre (GIFT IFSC) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Government allowed the direct listing of securities by public Indian companies on International Exchanges of GIFT IFSC. Background:- In pursuance of the announcement on July 28, 2023, by Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman to enable direct listing of Indian Companies at GIFT- IFSC exchanges in the first phase, the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Ministry of Finance, has amended Foreign Exchange Management (Non-debt Instruments) Rules, 2019, and notified the ‘Direct Listing of Equity Shares of Companies Incorporated in India on International Exchanges Scheme’. About GIFT IFSC:- GIFT-IFSC is the maiden international financial services centre of India that connects India with global opportunities. It aims to attract the top talent in the country by providing the finest quality of life. It enables the Indian economy to connect with the global financial system and allows a seamless and easy flow of global capital into India. It aspires to cater to the dynamic development needs of GIFT IFSC, the unified statutory regulatory authority, the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) has taken significant steps in accelerating global sustainable capital flows by providing an agile and world-class regulatory and business environment in GIFT IFSC. GIFT IFSC aspires to become India’s gateway for inbound and outbound requirements of international financial services. Benefits:- Central Government’s proactive support to develop the country as a hub of international financial services, the GIFT City has emerged as the preferred location for national and multinational firms. Tax exemptions also make it lucrative for investment. Job creation will occur in huge numbers. MUST READ: Special Economic Zones SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) ‘Rapid Financing Instrument” and “Rapid Credit Facility” are related to the provisions of lending by which of the following:  (2022) Asian Development Bank International Monetary Fund United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative World Bank Q.2) Which of the following activities constitute a real sector in the economy? (2022) Farmers harvesting their crops Textile mills converting raw cotton into fabrics A commercial bank lending money to a trading company A corporate body issuing Rupee Denominated Bonds overseas Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Swachh Survekshan 2023 Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNANCE Context: Recently, the Swachh Survekshan Awards 2023 were released. Background:- 24 National, 20 Zonal and 54 State level awards announced. About Swachh Survekshan 2023:- Hosted by: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). 13 awardees received felicitations under the categories of Clean Cities, Cleanest Cantonment, SafaiMitra Suraksha, Ganga Towns and Best Performing State were given away. This year the cleanest city award showcased joint winners. Port City Surat bagged the top honours, alongside Indore, who had conquered the top spot alone for 6 consecutive years. In the category of cities with a population of less than 1 lakh, Sasvad, Patan and Lonavala secured the top three spots. Mhow Cantonment Board in Madhya Pradesh was adjudged the Cleanest Cantonment Board. Varanasi and Prayagraj won the top two awards among the Cleanest Ganga Towns. Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh won the top three awards for Best Performing State. Chandigarh walked away with the award for the Best Safaimitra Surakshit Sheher. 110 awards were bestowed during the ceremony. About Swachh Survekshan:- Swachh Survekshan, conducted by MoHUA since 2016. It is the world’s largest urban sanitation and cleanliness survey. It has been instrumental in fostering a spirit of healthy competition among towns and cities to improve their service delivery to citizens and towards creating cleaner cities. The primary goal of Swachh Survekshan is to encourage large scale citizen participation and create awareness amongst all sections of society about the importance of working together towards making towns and cities better places to reside in. It is conducted under the ambit of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban).  MUST READ: Swachh Bharat 2.0 SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986? (2022) Central Water Commission Central Ground Water Board Central Ground Water Authority National Water Development Agency Q.2) With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements (2018) The National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) is operated under the guidelines and ‘directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development. ‘The Agricultural and Processed Food Product Export Development Authority ‘(APEDA) functions as the Secretariat for the implementation of NPOP. Sikkim has become India’s first fully organic State. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 National Voters Day Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT EVENTS Context: Recently, Prime Minister extended greetings on the occasion of National Voters Day. Background:- The Prime Minister posted on X; “Greetings on National Voters Day, an occasion which celebrates our vibrant democracy and also a day to encourage people to register as voters, if they haven’t already. At 11 AM, I will address  the Nav Matdata Sammelan, which will bring together first time voters from across India.” About National Voters Day:- Every year on January 25, India celebrates National Voters Day. Objective: to encourage every voter in the country to participate in the political process. National Voters Day was observed for the first time in the country in 2011. The main reason behind this was to inspire more young people to participate in the electoral process. The theme for National Voters Day 2023 is “Making Elections Inclusive, Accessible, and Participatory.” Significance:- The main significance behind the voting system is that it allows people to decide who will govern at the local, regional and national levels. This also means that people have the power to select which political party, ideology or policies will shape the nation’s future. MUST READ: National Voters’ Day – The Power of Vote SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements with respect to the National

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Global Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, India established a “Global Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality” to promote women’s empowerment and gender equality at the 54th annual World Economic Forum meeting in Davos. Background:- Union ministers Smriti Irani Hardeep Puri were present. About Global Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality:- Ministry: Ministry of Women and Child Development. The idea of this alliance emerged from the G20 Leaders’ Declaration and India’s abiding commitment to the cause of women-led development as propounded by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi. (World Economic Forum) The primary and stated objective of this new Alliance is to bring together global best practices, knowledge sharing and investments in the identified areas of women’s health, education, and enterprise. The Alliance will be taking forward the commitments of the G20 leaders for the benefit of the larger global community as a follow-up to the activities of the Engagement Group and initiatives under the G20 framework, inter alia, the Business 20, Women 20 and G20 EMPOWER. The alliance will bring together worldwide best practices, knowledge sharing, and investment opportunities in women’s education, health, and enterprise. The Alliance has garnered support from industry leaders, including Mastercard, Uber, Tata, TVS, Bayer, Godrej, Serum Institute of India, IMD Lausanne, and over 10,000 partners from the industry. Significance:- This initiative marks a significant stride toward achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), 4 (Quality Education), 5 (Gender Equality and Empowerment), 17 (Global Partnership for Development) and more.  MUST READ: FireAId initiative SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2020) Quantitative restrictions on imports by foreign investors are prohibited. They apply to investment measures related to trade in both goods and services. They are not concerned with the regulation of foreign investment. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the (2019) International Monetary Fund United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Economic Forum World Bank Vaibhav fellowship Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, the Science Ministry announced the first recipients of the ‘Vaibhav’ fellowship. Background:- Science Minister Jitendra Singh said that the scheme was “open-ended” and was meant to facilitate meaningful collaboration, and potentially attract diaspora scientists to work in India. About Vaibhav fellowship:- The fellowship offers NRI researchers an opportunity to work for a minimum of one month to a maximum of two months a year with a research institution or an academic institution in India. The duration of the fellowship is three years with the government offering the researchers an amount of up to Rs 37 lakh for the entire period. Objective: The VAIBHAV Fellowship aims at improving the research ecosystem of India’s Higher Educational and Scientific Institutions by facilitating academic and research collaborations between Indian Institutions and the best institutions in the world through the mobility of faculty/researchers from overseas institutions to India. Eligibility: (for Scientists) The applicant should be a Non-Resident Indian (NRI), Person of Indian Origin (PIO) and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI), currently living abroad. The applicant must have obtained Ph.D./M.D/M.S degree from a recognized University. Applicant must be a researcher engaged in an overseas academic / research / industrial organization with a proven track record of research & development working in the top 500 QS World University Ranking. Plan to pursue research work for a minimum of 1 month to a maximum of 2 months a year in a research institution / academic institution in India, spread over 3 years. Applicants can submit their proposals only once in a calendar year. Eligibility: (for Institutions) Higher Educational Institutions / Universities ranked in the top 200 in NIRF overall rankings and have NAAC ‘A” grades (3.0 and above) and scientific institutes. Nature & Duration of Support: The fellowship is tenable only in India. It can be implemented in any of the recognized academic institutions, national laboratories and other recognized R&D institutions. The host institution should provide the necessary administrative and infrastructural support The fellowship is for 1-2 months each year for a period of 3 years. The fellows will be entitled to receive the grants as given below: Fellowship of USD 5000 (in equivalent Indian currency) International Travel from a place of their institute to a place of work in India in business class Accommodation in 3 or 4-star hotel Contingency Rs 1,00,000 per year Domestic Travel for academic purposes up to two stations in a year MUST READ: SpaceTech Innovation Network (SpIN) SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the (2019) Department of Science and Technology Ministry of Labour and Employment NITI Aayog Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Q.2) What is the purpose of ‘Vidyanjali Yojana’? (2017) To enable famous foreign educational institutions to open their campuses in India. To increase the quality of education provided in government schools by taking help from the private sector and the community. To encourage voluntary monetary contributions from private individuals and organizations so as to improve the infrastructure facilities for primary and secondary schools. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only PM GatiShakti Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNANCE Context: Recently, PM GatiShakti spurred project planning and implementation of Ayodhya Bypass Project. Background:- Ayodhya Bypass Project to facilitate economic, social and logistics connectivity across multiple districts About PM GatiShakti:- Launched : October 13, 2021. PM Gati Shakti plan envisages a centralised portal to unite the infrastructural initiatives planned and initiated by as many as 16 central ministries and departments. It involves the creation of a common umbrella platform through which infrastructure projects can be planned and implemented in an efficacious manner by way of coordination between various ministries/departments on a real-time basis. GatiShakti targets to cut logistic costs, increase cargo handling capacity and reduce the turnaround time. It will facilitate the last mile connectivity of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Purple Revolution Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY/AGRICULTURE Context: Recently, CSIR’s Republic Day Tableau highlights the Purple Revolution through Lavender Cultivation in Jammu & Kashmir. Background:- Under the Viksit Bharat theme, Tableau highlights the Lab-to-Market success story of CSIR. About Lavender Cultivation:- The Ministry of Science and Technology initiated the Purple Revolution or Lavender Revolution in 2016. The Aroma Mission of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research led the Purple Revolution. Objectives:– To promote the cultivation of aromatic crops for essential oils. To enable Indian farmers and the aroma industry to become global leaders. To provide benefits to the farmers in achieving higher profits, utilization of waste lands and protection of their crops from wild and grazing animals. Provided employment to women farmers Under this, the government aims to promote lavender crops by incentivising farmers to shift to the indigenous aromatic crop from other foreign alternatives. The nodal laboratory for the Aroma Mission is the CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Farmers who produced lavender for the first time were provided free lavender seedlings as part of the goal. Those who had sown the crop before were paid 5-6 by the government per plant. Significance:- It is expected to enable Indian farmers and the aroma industry. Lavender cultivation has employed about 5,000 farmers and young entrepreneurs in geographically remote areas of J&K. It will promote the cultivation of aromatic crops for essential oils that are in great demand by the aroma industry. This will help in the production of an additional 700 tonnes of essential oil for perfumery, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. MUST READ: Accelerating the Green Revolution SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) The Government of India provides Minimum Support Price for niger (Guizotia aoyssinica) seeds. Niger is cultivated as a Kharif crop. Some tribal people in India use niger seed oil for cooking. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Which of the following factors/policies were affecting the price of rice in India in the recent past? (2020) Minimum Support Price Government’s trading Government’s stockpiling Consumer subsidies Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, and 4 only 1, 3, and 4 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 India and France Relations Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, the President of India received the President of the French Republic at Rashtrapati Bhavan. Background:- Welcoming President Macron at Rashtrapati Bhavan, the President said that the leaders of two countries being guests of honour in each other’s successive National Day parade and celebrations is a historic moment, and a symbol of the depth of our friendship and the strength of our partnership. About India and France Relations:- India and France are long-standing strategic partners in the Indo-Pacific. The diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1947. The relations upgraded to the strategic level in 1998. Defence:- France is one of India’s key partners in the development of a self-reliant defence industrial and technological base. India and France are committed to cooperating in the co-development and co-production of advanced defence technologies, including for the benefit of third countries. An agreement for building six Scorpène submarines in India with French help was signed in 2005. The government-to-government agreement for 36 Rafale aircraft has taken place. Economic:- Bilateral trade of over USD 12 billion in 2021-22. France is the 11th largest foreign investor in India. Science and Technology:- For the first time, the two countries concluded a Joint Vision for Space Cooperation in 2018. As for nuclear energy, the two leaders must review progress in the joint construction of the world’s largest nuclear park in Jaitapur, Maharashtra. An agreement was signed about a decade ago for building six EPR (European Pressurized Reactors) nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of 9.6 GW for which negotiations have been on-going between the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) and Areva. Environment:- The International Solar Alliance is set in motion jointly by India and France. France offered an extra $861.5 million by 2022 for solar projects in developing countries. Bilateral military exercises:- Exercise Shakti (Army) Exercise Varuna (Navy) Exercise Garuda (Air Force) IMEX 22 MUST READ: Exercise ‘Varuna’ 2023 SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries have been suffering from decades of civil strife and food shortages and was in the news in the recent past for its very severe famine? (2023) Angola Costa Rica Ecuador Somalia Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2023) The ‘Stability and Growth Pact’ of the European Union is a treaty that Limits the levels of the budgetary deficit of the countries of the European Union. makes the countries of the European Union share their infrastructure facilities enables the countries of the European Union to share their technologies How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only· two All three None Tax-GDP ratio Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, Direct tax-GDP ratio rose to 15-year high in FY-2023. Background:- Direct tax-to-GDP ratio, rose to a 15-year high of 6.11 per cent in the financial year 2022-23, time-series data released by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) under the Ministry of Finance. About tax-GDP ratio:- Tax to GDP ratio measures how much tax is collected in relation to the country’s GDP. It reflects the share of taxes in the overall output generated in the country. The tax-GDP ratio is used to determine how well the government controls a country’s economic resources. The tax-to-GDP ratio measures the size of a country’s tax revenue compared to its GDP. The higher the tax-to-GDP ratio, the better the country’s financial position. The direct tax-to-GDP ratio is the ratio of direct tax collected compared to national gross domestic product (GDP). Direct Tax is a tax levied directly on a taxpayer’s income, profit or revenue who pays it to the Government and cannot pass it on to someone else. Implications of increase in direct tax-GDP ratio:-

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2021-2022 Syllabus Prelims –POLITY/GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Context: Recently, the Ministry of Education, released the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2021-2022. Background:- The total number of Universities / University level institutions registered is 1,168, Colleges 45,473 and Standalone Institutions 12,002. About All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2021-2022:- Conducted by: Ministry of Education. It was started in 2010-11. All India Survey of Higher Education is an annual web-based survey. Various parameters of data collection include teachers, student enrolment, programmes, examination results, education finance, and infrastructure. Indicators of educational development such as Institution Density, Gross Enrolment Ratio, Pupil-teacher ratio, Gender Parity Index, Per Student Expenditure will also be calculated from the data collected through AISHE. Significance:- These are useful in making informed policy decisions and research for the development of the education sector. Key findings from the report:- Enrolment in higher education increases to 4.33 crore in 2021-22from 4.14 crore in 2020-21 and 3.42 crore in 2014-15 (an increase of 91 lakh students, i.e., 26.5%since 2014-15). Female enrolment in Higher Education increases to 2.07 crore in 2021-22 from 1.57 crore in 2014-15(an increase of 50 lakh students, 32% increase). GER increases to 28.4 in 2021-22 from 23.7 in 2014-15; Female GER increases to 28.5 in 2021-22 from 22.9 in 2014-15 Female GER continues to be more than male GER for fifth consecutive year since 2017-18. Significant 44% increase in enrolment of SC students since 2014-15 (66.23 lakh in 2021-22 from 46.07 lakh in 2014-15) Notable increase of 51% in enrolment of Female SC Students in 2021-22 (31.71 lakh), compared to 2014-15(21.02 lakh) Substantial increase of 65.2% in enrolment of ST students in 2021-22(27.1 lakh), compared to 2014-15(16.41 lakh) Remarkable 80% increase in the enrolment of Female ST Students in 2021-22 (13.46 lakh), since 2014-15 (7.47 lakh) Increase of 45% in OBC Student enrolment in 2021-22 (1.63 crore) from 2014-15 (1.13 crore) Significant 3% increase in Female OBC Students in 2021-22 (78.19 lakh) since 2014-15 (52.36 lakh) Total Ph.D. enrolment has increased2% in 2021-22 (2.13 lakh) from 2014-15 (1.17 lakh) Female Ph.D. enrolment has doubled in 2021-22(0.99lakh) from2014-15(0.48 lakh) 3 % increase in Female Minority Student enrolment since 2014-15 (15.2 lakh in 2021-22 from 10.7 lakh in 2014-15) 341 Universities/University level institutions have been established since 2014-15 Female faculty/teachers have increased to 6.94 lakh in 2021-22 from 5.69 lakh in 2014-15 (an increase of 1.25 lakh, i.e., 22% since 2014-15) MUST READ: Gender gap in education SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q1. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct regarding the National Education Policy 2020 in India? (2020)  It proposes sweeping changes in the education system from pre-primary to PhD and skill development. It states that universities from among top 100 in the world will be able to set up campuses in India.  It expects that India will achieve 60% GER by 2030.  It suggests NAAC to be merged with UGC and AICTE. Q2. Consider the following statements: (2018) As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the concerned State Council of Teacher Education. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines. In India, more than 90% of teacher education institutions are directly under the State Governments. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 2 only 1 and 3 only 3 only PM Young Achievers’ Scholarship Award Scheme for a Vibrant India (PM YASASVI) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, a total of ₹32.44 Crore has been released for Pre-matric Scholarships and ₹387.27 Crore for Post-Matric Scholarships to States/Union Territories (UTs) under the PM YASASVI scheme. Background:- These scholarships aim to assist students in pursuing their studies from pre-matriculation to post-secondary stages. About PM YASASVI:- Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. Objective: To provide financial assistance to the OBC, EBC and DNT students studying at the post-matriculation or post-secondary stage to help them complete their education. Testing Agency: The National Testing Agency has been entrusted with the responsibility of conducting the YASASVI ENTRANCE TEST. Historical Background:- MSJ&E, a national testing agency founded by the government of India, is an autonomous, self-sufficient premier testing organization that conducts efficient and transparent standardized tests for the admission of applicants to premier higher education institutions. Consequently, the government has developed the PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for a Vibrant India (YASASVI). Salient Features:- It is a Scholarship scheme for Other Backward Class (OBCs), Economically Backward Class (EBC) and Denotified Nomadic Tribes (DNT) Students.( Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS) scheme) Components:- Pre-Matric Scholarships. Post-Matric Scholarships Top Class School Education Top Class College Education Construction of Hostels for OBC Eligibility:- Applicant students must be permanent residents of India to get benefits under the PM Yashasvi Scheme. Candidate students should belong to any one of OBC, EBC, DNT SAR, NT or SNT community. Only students studying in class 9 or class 11 will be considered eligible to get this scholarship. The family annual income of the applicant students should be a maximum of 2.5 lakh rupees to get this scholarship. Students of all genders will be eligible to get the benefits under PM Yashasvi Scheme 2023. Selection:- To get the benefits of this scheme, the candidate students have to pass the computer-based entrance test. Benefits:- Financial assistance of Rs 75,000 per year is provided to eligible students of class IX in the form of scholarship. An amount of Rs 125,000 per year is provided to the students of class 11th as financial assistance.  MUST READ: New National Education Policy SOURCE: HINDUSTAN TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: (2023) It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ‘K-shaped’ recovery Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: Recently, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman challenged the narrative that India’s economy has seen a ‘K-shaped’ recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic. Background:- Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman recently said that a narrative is being built that the Indian economy is not in good shape. About’K-shaped’ recovery:- A K-shaped recovery occurs when, following a recession, different parts of the economy recover at different rates, times, or magnitudes. This is in contrast to an even, uniform recovery across sectors, industries, or groups of people. Economic Recovery is the business cycle stage following a recession that is characterized by a sustained period of improving business activity. Economic recovery can take many forms, which is depicted using alphabetic notations. For example, a Z-shaped recovery, V-shaped recovery, U-shaped recovery, elongated U-shaped recovery, W-shaped recovery, L-shaped recovery and K-shaped recovery. A K-shaped recovery leads to changes in the structure of the economy or the broader society as economic outcomes and relations are fundamentally changed before and after the recession. This type of recovery is called K-shaped because the path of different parts of the economy when charted together may diverge, resembling the two arms of the Roman letter “K.” MUST READ: Expected Economic Recovery SOURCE: INDIA TODAY PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks in developing strategies and capital-raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2021) The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest. The Governor of the RBI draws his power from the RBI Act. Which of the above statements is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Sagarmala Program Syllabus Prelims – GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) during the 75th Republic Day parade proudly unveiled its Tableaux, a visual representation of the visionary Sagarmala Program. Background:- This flagship program has significantly reduced turnaround times, enhancing cargo handling efficiency across ports. About Sagarmala Program:- Launched: The concept of Sagarmala was approved by the Union Cabinet on 25th March 2015. Ministry: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW). Objective: to promote port-led development in the country. Historical Background:- As part of the program, a National Perspective Plan (NPP) for the comprehensive development of India’s coastline and maritime sector has been prepared which was released by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, on 14th April 2016 at the Maritime India Summit 2016. Salient Features:- The vision of the Sagarmala Program is to reduce logistics costs for EXIM and domestic trade with minimal infrastructure investment. This includes: Reducing the cost of transporting domestic cargo through optimizing modal mix Lowering logistics cost of bulk commodities by locating future industrial capacities near the coast Improving export competitiveness by developing port proximate discrete manufacturing clusters Optimizing time/cost of EXIM container movement. It aims to develop access to new development regions with intermodal solutions and promotion of the optimum modal split, enhanced connectivity with main economic centres and beyond through expansion of rail, inland water, coastal and road services. Components:- The Sagarmala Program broadly consists of 5 components which are: Port Modernization & New Port Development Port Connectivity Enhancement Port-linked Industrialization Coastal Community Development Promotion of Coastal Shipping & Inland Waterways in India. Benefits:- It will create jobs and bridge skill gaps in ports and the maritime sector.( Shipping Industry in India) MUST READ: Sagarmala Seaplane Services (SSPS) SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following in respect of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017) Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime cooperation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) What is the aim of the programme ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’?(2017) Achieving 100% literacy by promoting collaboration between voluntary organizations and the government’s education system and local communities. Connecting institutions of higher education with local communities to address development challenges through appropriate technologies. Strengthening India’s scientific research institutions in order to make India a scientific and technological power. Developing human capital by allocating special funds for health care and education of rural and urban poor, and organizing skill development programmes and vocational training for them. World Trade Organization (WTO) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the US blocked a fresh proposal to restart the dispute settlement mechanism at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Background:- This is the 73rd occasion when a proposal moved by Guatemala, a Central American country, on behalf of 130 members was not able to launch the selection processes. The US has been blocking the appointment of new judges to the WTO’s seven-member appellate court since 2017 on grounds of judicial activism at the WTO and concerns over US sovereignty. About World Trade Organization (WTO):- Established: 1995. HQ: Geneva, Switzerland. Members: 164 members. India is a member of WTO. (China’s Developing Status at WTO) The WTO operates the global system of trade rules. It helps developing countries build their trade capacity. It also provides a forum for its members to negotiate trade agreementsand resolve the trade problems they face with each other. Historical Background:- It was established following the Marrakesh Agreementwhich was ratified on April 15, 1994. The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade was substituted by the Marrakesh Agreement. The GATT was only a set of rules and multilateral agreements and lacked institutional structure. The GATT 1947 was terminated

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   International Monetary Fund (IMF) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has increased its GDP growth estimate for India to 6.7 per cent for the current financial year. Background:- It is 40 basis points higher than its previous forecast of 6.3 per cent. About the International Monetary Fund (IMF):- It is an international organizationthat works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its member countries. Established in 1944 HQ:Washington, D.C. (United States of America) Members: 190 India is a member. Any other state, whether or not a member of the UN, may become a member of the IMF. Structure:– At the top of its organization is the Board of Governors. The day-to-day workof the IMF is overseen by its 24-member Executive Board. The Managing Directoris the head of the IMF staff and Chair of the Executive Board. S/he is assisted by four Deputy Managing Directors. Funding:the IMF’s resources mainly come from the money that countries pay as their capital subscription (quotas) when they become Objectives of IMF:- Foster global monetary cooperation. Secure financial stability. Facilitate international trade. Promote high employment and sustainable economic growth. Reduce povertyaround the world. ( Role of IMF) Macroeconomic growth. Policy advice & financingfor developing countries. Promotion of exchange rate stability, and an international payment system. Functions:- Lending The IMF provides loans including emergency loansto member countries experiencing actual or potential balance of payments problems. The aim is to help them rebuild their international reserves, stabilize their currencies, continue paying for imports, and restore conditions for strong economic growth while correcting underlying problems. Surveillance The IMF monitors the international monetary systemand global economic developments. It identifies risks and recommends policiesfor growth and financial stability. Capacity Development The IMF provides technical assistance and training to governments, including central banks, finance ministries, revenue administrations, and financial sector supervisory agencies. FLAGSHIP PUBLICATIONS:- World Economic Outlook Global Financial Stability Report Fiscal Monitor MUST READ: IMF and World Economic Outlook SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) “Rapid Financing Instrument” and “Rapid Credit Facility” are related to the provisions of lending by which of the following: (2022) Asian Development Bank International Monetary Fund United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative World Bank Q.2) With reference to the “G20 Common Framework”, consider the following statements: (2022) It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club. It is an initiative to support Low-Income Countries with unsustainable debt. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, a national exhibition and programme of environment-friendly activities on the LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) themes is being organized on 9th & 10th February 2024, at India Gate, Delhi. Background:- The event will highlight how the youth can inspire behavioural change that leads to individual and collective action towards an environmentally conscious lifestyle. About LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment):- LiFE is an India-led global movement to nudge individuals to take simple yet effective environment-friendly actions in their daily lives. Aim: to bring individual behaviours to the forefront of the global climate action LiFE envisions replacing the prevalent ‘use-and-dispose’ economy with a circular economy, which would be defined by mindful and deliberate utilisation. Approach:- Focus on Individual Behaviours: Make Life a mass movement (Jan Andolan) by focusing on behaviours and attitudes of individuals and communities. Co-create Globally: Crowdsource empirical and scalable ideas from the best minds of the world, through top universities, think tanks and international organisations. Leverage Local Cultures: Leverage climate-friendly social norms, beliefs and daily household practices of different cultures worldwide to drive the campaign. Objectives :- It aims to promote an environmentally conscious lifestyle that focuses on ‘mindful and deliberate utilization’ instead of ‘mindless and wasteful consumption’. It aims to utilise the power of collective action. It aims to nudge individuals across the world to undertake simple climate-friendly actions in their daily lives. It aims to create and nurture a global network of individuals, namely ‘Pro-Planet People’ (P3). Pro-Planet People’ (P3): to have a shared commitment to adopt and promote environmentally friendly lifestyles. It seeks to leverage the strength of social networks to influence social norms surrounding climate. MUST READ: National Clean Air Programme SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1)The “Common Carbon Metric” supported by UNEP, has been developed for (2021) Assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world. Enabling commercial farming entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading. Enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries. Assessing the overall carbon footprint caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world in a unit of time. Q.2) “R2 Code of Practices” constitute a tool available for promoting the adoption of (2021) Environmentally responsible practices in the electronics recycling industry. Ecological management of ‘’Wetlands of International Importance” under the Ramsar Convention. Sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands. ‘’Environmental Impact Assessment’’ in the exploitation of natural resources. Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, PFRDA has invited bids for the selection of a System Integrator (SI) for the design, development, implementation and maintenance of PFRDA-TRACE (Tracking Reporting Analytics & Compliance E-Platform). Background:- PFRDA-TRACE will serve as a comprehensive tool for submitting regulatory and supervisory compliance reports by intermediaries. About Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA):- The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) is a statutory regulatory body established under the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 2013. It was established to oversee the National Pension System (NPS) and regulate India’s pensions sector. Functions:- The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) is a legislative body created by Parliament to regulate, promote, and maintain the orderly expansion of the National Pension System (NPS) and pension schemes covered by this Act. It is a central autonomous body that functions as a quasi-government organisation with executive, legislative, and judicial powers similar to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA), and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI). PFRDA

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Antyodya Anna Yojna (AAY) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet approved an extension of the scheme of sugar subsidy for Antyodya Anna Yojna (AAY) families. Background:- The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Shri Narender Modi approved the extension of scheme for two more years i.e. 31 March 2026. About Antyodya Anna Yojna (AAY):- Launched: December, 2000. Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution. Objective: to provide food grains at a highly subsidized rate under TPDS (Targeted Public Distribution System). Salient Features:- All beneficiaries under the AAY scheme will get food and other important commodities for daily needs in a subsidized process. Distribution of food grains to beneficiaries will be done through the public distribution system. Under the AAY scheme wheat will be provided for Rs.3 per Kg and Rice will be given for Rs.2 per Kg. Eligible families will get 35 Kg of rice per month. AAY families can buy 1 kg of sugar at a rate of Rs.18.50 per Kg via ration shop. Identification of beneficiaries:- Central and State Governments of India will identify the beneficiaries for AAY scheme. Once the Government is identified, the AAY family will be provided with different colour of ration card. Eligibility for Antyodaya Anna Yojana:- Family members falling under the poverty line can apply for this scheme. Annual income of Rs.15000 below families are eligible. Disabled persons can apply for this scheme. Widows and senior citizens of 60 years who heading a family can apply. Tribal Families in rural and mountain areas are eligible for this scheme. Allocation of Food Grains:- Monthly allocation of food grains under Antyodaya Anna Yojana is around 8.51 lakh tones per month. MUST READ: Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PM-GKAY) SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: (2023) It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents and pregnant women. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana: (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Laughing gull Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, in a first in the country, a laughing gull from North America was spotted at Chittari estuary in Kasaragod. Background:- The bird is known for its unique laughter-like calls and has travelled thousands of kilometres to reach the southern State. About Laughing Gull:- These are coastal species and are only occasionally seen very far inland. These birds are mainly found on the Atlantic coast of North America, the Caribbean, and northern South America. Medium-sized gull, with a length of around 16 to 18 inches. During the breeding season, adults have a black head, dark grey wings, and a reddish bill. Non-breeding adults and juveniles have a mottled brownish-grey appearance. Black or dark hood during breeding, and a long, slender, slightly drooping bill.( Atapaka Bird Sanctuary) Conservation Status:- IUCN: Least Concern  MUST READ: Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs (2022) Wetland/Lake:                              Location Hokera Wetland                    Punjab Renuka Wetland                    Himachal Pradesh Rudrasagar Lake                    Tripura Sasthamkotta                        Tamil Nadu How many pairs given above are correctly matched? Only one pair Only two pairs Only three pairs All four pairs Q.2) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022) Golden Mahseer Indian Nightjar Spoonbill White Ibis Enforcement Directorate (ED) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) officials have arrested a sitting Chief Minister Hemant Soren from Jharkhand. Background:- Although, Hemant Soren has tendered his resignation as Chief Minister of Jharkhand to Governor CP Radhakrishnan. About Enforcement Directorate (ED):- The Enforcement Directorate is a multi-disciplinary organizationfounded in 1956. It is a law enforcement organization tasked with enforcing economic laws and combating economic crime in India, such as money laundering and foreign exchange irregularities. It works under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. Headquarters:New Delhi. The functions of the Directorate include the enforcement of the following Acts:- The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) ( CBI and ED Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002) The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA): A civil law under which ED conducts an investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations. (Foreign Exchange Management Act) The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1973 Sponsoring Organizations under the 1974 Foreign Exchange Conservation and Smuggling Activity Prevention Act The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA): A law whereby the Directorate is mandated to attach the properties of the fugitive economic offenders who have escaped from India warranting arrest and providing for the confiscation of their properties to the Central Government. (UPSC CSE: Fugitive Economic Offenders) Director of Enforcement:- Appointed by the central governmenton the recommendation of a committee chaired by the Central Vigilance Commissioner and members comprising of Vigilance Commissioners, Home Secretary, Secretary DOPT and Revenue Secretary. Tenure:up to 5 years. Recruitment of other officers:- Other officers may be recruited directly from other investigative agenciesor indirectly. It is made up of representatives from the police, excise, customs, and income tax departmentsof the Indian Revenue Services (IRS), the Indian Police Services (IPS), and the Indian Administrative Services (IAS).  MUST READ: CBI and ED SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Interim Budget Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: Recently, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi hailed the Interim Budget as “not merely an interim budget but an inclusive and innovative budget.” Background:- The Prime Minister further said, “This budget will empower all pillars of developed India – the youth, the poor, women, and farmers.” About Interim Budget:- The Union Budget is the annual financial statement with the estimated costs and expenses of the government for the following financial year. During an election year, the incumbent government cannot present a full budget owing to which the finance ministers present an interim Budget that covers the government’s expenses and revenues for a short period. This is till a new government is elected and takes charge. After the Lok Sabha elections, the new government presents a full budget. The presentation of an interim budget follows the same schedule as the Union budget would in a regular financial year. The interim Budget includes estimates for the government’s expenditure, revenue, fiscal deficit, financial performance and projections for just a few months. No major policy announcements that can burden the next government can be presented in the interim Budget. There is no constitutional provision for an interim budget. However, it has become a common practice for outgoing governments ahead of polls. Vote-on-account: The Parliament passes a vote-on-account through the interim Budget which allows the government to obtain Parliamentary approval for essential government spending such as salaries and ongoing expenses.  MUST READ: Major Bills in the Budget Session of Parliament SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to anti-defection law in India, consider the following statements: (2022) The law specifies that a nominated legislator cannot join any political party within six months of being appointed to the House. The law does not provide any time-frame within which the presiding officer has to decide a defection case. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Along with the Budget, the Finance Minister also places other documents before the Parliament which include ‘The Macro Economic Framework Statement’. The aforesaid document is presented because this is mandated by (2020) Long standing parliamentary convention Article 112 and Article 110(1) of the Constitution of India Article 113 of the Constitution of India Provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 Highlights of Interim Budget 2024-25 Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, Interim Budget 2024-25 was presented. About Highlights of Interim Budget 2024-25:- Government will launch a scheme to help deserving sections of the middle class “living in rented houses, or slums, or chawls and unauthorized colonies” to buy or build their own houses. Rooftop solarization — one crore households will be enabled to obtain up to 300 units of free electricity every month. PM Awas Yojana (Grameen)– Two crore more houses will be taken up in the next five years to meet the requirement arising from an increase in the number of families. Vaccination for girls in the age group of 9 to 14 years for prevention of cervical cancer. Upgradation of Anganwadi centres under “Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0” will be expedited. U-WIN platform for managing immunization and intensified efforts of Mission Indradhanush will be rolled out expeditiously. Extension of healthcare cover under Ayushman Bharat scheme to all ASHA workers, Anganwadi Workers and Helpers. Application of Nano DAP on various crops will be expanded in all agro-climatic zones. A strategy will be formulated to achieve ‘atmanirbharta’ for oil seeds. A comprehensive programme for supporting dairy farmers will be formulated. Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). The government aims to enhance the target for Lakhpati Didi from 2 crore to 3 crore. A corpus of rupees one lakh crore will be established with fifty-year interest free loan. A new scheme will be launched for strengthening deep-tech technologies for defence purposes and expediting ‘atmanirbharta’. Three major economic railway corridor programmes will be implemented. Expansion of Metro and NaMO Bharat will be supported in large cities focusing on transit-oriented development. Viability gap funding will be provided for harnessing offshore wind energy potential. Coal gasification and liquefaction capacity of 100 MT will be set up by 2030. A scheme for restoration and adaptation measures, and coastal aquaculture and mariculture with integrated and multi-sectoral approach will be launched. States will be encouraged to take up comprehensive development of iconic tourist centres, branding and marketing them at global scale. Under the new tax scheme, there is now no tax liability for tax payers with income up to Rs. 7 lakh, up from Rs. 2.2 lakh in the financial year 2013-14. Corporate tax rate was decreased from 30 per cent to 22 per cent for existing domestic companies and to 15 per cent for certain new manufacturing companies  MUST READ: Economic Survey Summary 2022-23 SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: Tight monetary policy of US Federal Reserve could lead to capital flight. Capital flight may increase the interest cost of firms with existing External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs). Devaluation of domestic currency decreases the currency risk associated with ECBS. Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022) 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements are correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends for the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks in developing strategies and capital raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 202 Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT REPORTS Context: Recently, the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2023 has been released. About Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2023:- Published by: Transparency International. It is an international non -governmental organisation founded in 1993 based in Berlin, Germany The Corruption Perception