Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Air Quality Index (AQI) Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, Mumbai’s overall Air Quality Index (AQI) touched 191, which was worse than Delhi’s 84. Background:- The SAFAR app on Monday showed AQI levels in multiple pockets of Mumbai going down to the “poor” category, with most of these pockets being in the suburban belt of the city. About Air Quality Index (AQI):- IMAGE SOURCE: aqi. in Air Quality Index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies to measure air pollution levels and communicate it to the population. (Air pollution) There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe. Each of these categories is decided based on ambient concentration values of air pollutants and their likely health impacts (known as health breakpoints). AQ sub-index and health breakpoints are evolved for eight pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) for which short-term (up to 24-hours) National Ambient Air Quality Standards are prescribed. As the AQI increases, it means that a large percentage of the population will experience severe adverse health effects. The measurement of the AQI requires an air monitor and an air pollutant concentration over a specified averaging period. The results are grouped into ranges. Each range is assigned a descriptor, a colour code and a standardized public health advisory. The pollution sources in India and in most Asian countries are numerous and incompletely understood. In Delhi, for example, it comes mostly from light and heavy-duty vehicle traffic emissions, road dust, solid fuel combustion for heating and cooking, biomass, waste burning, thermal power plants, diesel generators, construction and small-scale local industries. ( Delhi and Air Pollution) Government Initiatives:- The National Air Quality Index Standard (NAQI): It was launched by The Minister for Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Shri Prakash Javadekar, on 17 September 2014. The initiative constitutes part of the Government’s mission to introduce the “culture of cleanliness”, as air pollution has been a huge concern in the country, especially in urban areas The National Air Monitoring Program (NAMP): it covers 240 cities in the country, has been operated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT), providing data in the public domain, on a real-time basis. System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) Portal. Graded Response Action Plan. Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Reducing Vehicular Pollution: BS-VI Vehicles, Push for Electric Vehicles (EVs), Odd-Even Policy as an emergency measure. Subsidy to farmers for buying Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Machine. MUST READ:: Initiatives and Measures for Prevention of Air Pollution SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2023) Aerosols Foam agents Fire retardants Lubricants In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) In the context of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, consider the following statements: (2022) The 24-hour mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 15 ug/m3 and annual mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 5 ug/m3. In a year, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during periods of inclement weather. PM10 can penetrate the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream. Excessive ozone in the air can trigger asthma. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1, 3 and 4 1 and 4 only 2, 3 and 4 1 and 2 only Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently inaugurated the country’s first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) called Namo Bharat in Ghaziabad. Background:- It is capable of running at speeds up to 180 km/hour which will eventually cut the journey time between Delhi and Meerut to less than an hour. About Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS):- IMAGE SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Launched: October, 2023. Constructed by: The National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC). NCRTC: It is a joint venture company of the Central government and the governments of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Objective: to ensure “balanced and sustainable urban development” through better connectivity and access across the NCR. It is a state-of-the-art regional mobility solution, comparable to the best in the world. Historical Background:- The idea of such a network lies in a study that the Indian Railways was commissioned to carry out in the year 1998-99. The study identified the possibility of an RRTS network to connect various locations in the NCR through fast commuter trains. The proposal was re-examined in the year 2006 with the extension of the Delhi Metro lines to some NCR towns such as Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad. It was soon taken up by the National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB) while developing its “Functional Plan on Transport for NCR-2032”. Salient Features:- Rapid Transit System (RRTS) is also known as Namo Bharat. It is an integrated, mass transit network. The RRTS is modelled on systems such as the RER in Paris, Regional-Express trains in Germany and Austria as well as the SEPTA Regional Rail in the United States, among others. In line with PM GatiShakti’s National Master Plan, the RRTS network is to have extensive multi-modal integration with Railway stations, Metro stations, Bus services etc. Eight corridors will be developed under the project, of which three are being constructed under phase I: the 82-km Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut, the 164-km Delhi-Gurugram-SNB-Alwar, and the 103-km Delhi-Panipat corridors. The corridors to be developed in future include Delhi – Faridabad – Ballabgarh – Palwal; Ghaziabad – Khurja; Delhi – Bahadurgarh – Rohtak; Ghaziabad-Hapur; and Delhi-Shahadra-Baraut. Advantages:- The development of RRTS will boost economic activity. (National Rail Plan for Infrastructure Capacity Enhancement) It will provide improved access to employment, education & healthcare opportunities. It will help in the significant reduction of air pollution. The RRTS network is faster than the Metro. It will cater to commuters who want to travel relatively longer distances across the NCR in a short time. MUST READ: Rail Kaushal Vikas Yojana SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Patachitra paintings Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: In a village in Bengal, a unique tradition of creating Durga traces its origins to Odisha’s Patachitra paintings. Background:- The ‘pat er Durga’, where the Goddess Durga is created on cloth instead of the more conventional clay, traces its origins to Odisha’s Patachitra paintings. About Patachitra paintings:- Pattachitra art is one of the oldest forms of art from Pattachitra – giving the art form its name. Pattachitra paintings come from Orissa in the 5th century. The earliest records of Pattachitra art come from the village of Puri. Pattachitra art is still popular in this region today.  (Madhubani painting) The craftsmen behind this art form are known as ‘Maharanas’ and ‘Mohapatras’. Puri was originally established by King Narasingha Deva 1 of the 13th-century Eastern Ganga dynasty. (Mural Art) The artists who live in this village trace their origins back to the Savar tribe. Pattachitra paintings originally emerged of three deities (Jagannath and his brother and sister). It was a means for devotees to worship them when the idols were kept away for the 15 days following the bathing. This style of art was originally known as ‘Anasar Patti’ in honour of the 15 days of seclusion before becoming known as Pattachitra. The word ‘pattachitra’ means cloth painting and comes from the two words ‘pata’ and ‘chitra’. This type of art form is known as scroll painting and was typically carried out on cloth. This art style was used to depict images of Hindu mythological stories and fascinating characters. It has distinctive bold colours and Italian craftsmanship. These paintings incorporate Indian customs, rituals, and values in a unique and beautiful way that celebrates the Hindu faith and religion. This traditional art has evolved to appear in clothing and accessories, becoming living art that you can incorporate into your everyday life. MUST READ: Ancient rock paintings SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the cultural history of India, which one of the following is the correct description of the term ‘paramitas’? (2020) The earliest Dharmashastra texts written in aphoristic (sutra) style Philosophical schools that did not accept the authority of Vedas Perfections whose attainment led to the Bodhisattva path Powerful merchant guilds of early medieval South India Q.2) The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous and oft-illustrated paintings (2017) Ajanta Badami Bagh Ellora Gaganyaan Syllabus Prelims –SPACE Context: After an initial hiccup recently, the ISRO’s Gaganyaan mission safety test flight was successfully tested. About Gaganyaan:- Planned Launch:2023. Agency: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Country: INDIA. Rocket: GSLV Mk-III. GSLV Mk-III: it is also called the LVM-3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3,) the three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle. Gaganyaan is India’s 1st Human spaceflight programme to be launched by 2023. It envisages a demonstration of human spaceflight capability by launching a crew of 3 members to an orbit of 400 km for a 3-day mission and bringing them back safely to earth, by landing in Indian sea waters. Timeline so far:- It includes two unmanned flights which were to be launched in December 2020 and July 2021 and one human space flight to be launched in December 2021. However, due to COVID-19 Pandemic it got delayed. The Mission specifications:- The Gaganyaan system module, called the Orbital Module will have three Indian astronauts. It will include a It will circle Earth at a low-earth orbit at an altitude of 300-400 km from Earth for 5-7 days. The payload will consist of:- Crew module – spacecraft carrying human beings. Service module – powered by two liquid propellant engines. The crew members will be selected by the IAF and ISR. Crew will perform micro-gravity and other scientific experiments for a week. Training in Russia: In June 2019, the Human Space Flight Centre of the ISRO and the Russian government-owned Glavkosmos signed a contract for the training, which includes Russian support in the selection of candidates, their medical examination, and space training. Significance:- It will make India the 4th country to send a manned mission after Russia, the USA and China. Employment generation. Technological advancement.  MUST READ: India – USA space cooperation SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fueled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Ajinomoto Syllabus Prelims – science and technology Context: Recently the impact of Ajinomoto on the human body was explored. Background:- Ajinomoto is widely used in processed foods, restaurant cuisine, and fast-food items About Ajinomoto:- Ajinomoto is a brand name for monosodium glutamate (MSG), a common food additive used to enhance the flavour of foods. MSG is a flavour enhancer that adds an umami taste to food, which is often described as a savoury, meaty, or brothy flavour. It is rich in sodium, a component of salt. Ajinomoto itself offers no nutritional value. It is primarily used to enhance the umami or savoury taste of foods. It can make dishes taste more flavourful and appealing, which is why it’s commonly used in many cuisines. It is widely used in processed foods, restaurant cuisine, and fast-food items. Potential impacts:- Some individuals claim to experience symptoms like headaches, sweating, and chest pain after consuming foods containing MSG. (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) Some individuals may be sensitive to high doses of MSG or have underlying health conditions that make them more susceptible to its effects. MUST READ: Lead Poisoning in India SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern, is a structural/key component in the manufacture of which of the following kinds of plastics?

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Abu Dhabi Masters 2023 Syllabus Prelims –SPORTS Context: Unnati Hooda won the women’s singles title at Abu Dhabi Masters 2023. Background:- This is her second BWF Super 100 World Tour title. She became the youngest Indian to clinch a BWF title last year at 14 years of age. About Abu Dhabi Masters 2023:- IMAGE SOURCE: WorldAtlas Date: 17 – 22 OCTOBER, 2023. Venue: ADNEC Marina Hall, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Abu Dhabi Masters 2023 is the first-ever International badminton spectacle in the capital city. It will take place under the esteemed patronage of Shaikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, the UAE Badminton Federation, in partnership with 316 Sports Services. (Grand Slam) This historic occasion promises to be a thrilling showcase of talent, skill, and sportsmanship, bringing together 200 professional players from around the world. (Sports Code) MUST READ: Chess Olympiad SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that the Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi’. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. · How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: (2021) The official motto for this Olympics is ‘A New World’. Sports climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate, and Baseball are included in this Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Malaria Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: As per recent research, emerging drug resistance in eastern Africa is hindering the fight against malaria. Key findings:- The treatment of malaria in eastern Africa is encountering a significant challenge as the parasites have started developing resistance to artemisinin, the core component used for treating the disease, according to a new study. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been a highly effective treatment for non-severe cases since the early 2000s. While the clinical effectiveness of ACT remains generally robust in the continent, the recent emergence of partial artemisinin resistance in the eastern African countries of Rwanda, Uganda and Eritrea has raised significant concerns. Most of the countries in Africa are not on track to achieving the goal of eliminating malaria in the continent by 2030, according to the African Union Malaria Progress Report 2022. About Malaria:- IMAGE SOURCE: A Happy Ending To Malaria Story? – Scientific Animations It is a life-threatening mosquito-borne blood disease. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is predominantly found in the tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, South America as well and Asia. It is preventable as well as curable. Symptoms:- Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Symptoms include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. Transmission:- The parasites spread through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. In the human body, parasites initially multiply in liver cells and then attack the Red Blood Cells (RBCs). There are 5 parasite species that cause Malaria in humans and 2 of these species (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax) pose the greatest threat. Prevention:- Using mosquito nets when sleeping in places where malaria is present Using mosquito repellents (containing DEET, IR3535 or Icaridin) after dusk Using coils and vaporizers. Wearing protective clothing. Using window screens. Treatment:- Artemisinin-based combination therapy medicines like artemether-lumefantrine are usually the most effective medicines. Chloroquine is recommended for the treatment of infection with the vivax parasite only in places where it is still sensitive to this medicine. Primaquine should be added to the main treatment to prevent relapses of infection with the P. vivax and P. ovale parasites. Most medicines used are in pill form. Some people may need to go to a health centre or hospital for injectable medicines. (Malaria Vaccine) India’s status:- In India, malaria elimination efforts were initiated in 2015. These were intensified after the launch of the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) in 2016. It is an initiative under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. NFME is in line with WHO’s 2016-2030 Malaria Strategy. (World Malaria Report 2021) WHO’s 2016-2030 Malaria Strategy: guides the WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP). Status on elimination: India continues to show a sustained decline in overall malaria but faces several challenges in its malaria elimination journey. MUST READ: New hope for malaria vaccine SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following diseases (2014) Diphtheria Chickenpox Smallpox Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India? 1 and 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 None Q.2) Widespread resistance of the malarial parasites to drugs like chloroquine has prompted attempts to develop a malarial vaccine to combat malaria. Why is it difficult to develop an effective malaria vaccine? (2010) Malaria is caused by several species of Plasmodium Man does not develop immunity to malaria during natural infection Vaccines can be developed only against bacteria Man is only an intermediate host and not the definitive host Green credit programme Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Context: The Centre recently, notified the Green Credit programme. Background:- The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change on October 13, 2023, notified the ‘green credit’ programme. About the Green credit programme:- Launched: 2023. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had launched “Green Credit Programme”(GCP) in Union Budget 2023-24. Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.3234 Objective: to create a market-based mechanism for undertaking environment-friendly activities such as afforestation programmes, and water conservation by providing additional incentives in the form of green credits. It is a first-of-a-kind market-based instrument designed to incentivize individuals, industries and local bodies for their voluntary environmental actions across diverse sectors. It will be launched at the national level to incentivize voluntary environmental actions of various

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Hamoon Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY Context: The cyclonic storm “Hamoon” that has formed over the Bay of Bengal has rapidly intensified into a severe cyclonic storm as per recent reports. About Hamoon:- IMAGE SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Cyclone Hamoon is brewing near India over the Bay of Bengal. Southern states in India are likely to witness rainfall this week. According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), a deep depression over the West central Bay of Bengal likely to intensify into a Cyclonic Storm during the next 6 hours.( Colour Coded Weather Warning) Cyclones Tej and Hamoon are considered to be twin cyclones that developed over the north Indian Ocean. The last such twin cyclones ‘Luban’ and ‘Titli’ were recorded in 2018. About Cyclone:- A cyclone is a pattern of winds (or air mass) that circulates a low-pressure system. It rotates counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. It is typically associated with wet and stormy weather. (Naming of Cyclone) Classification:- There are two types of cyclones: Tropical cyclones and Extra-tropical cyclones (also called Temperate cyclones) Tropical cyclone:- It is an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans. It is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. These are formed over slightly warm ocean waters. The temperature of the top layer of the sea, up to a depth of about 60 meters, needs to be at least 28°C to support the formation of a cyclone. April-May and October-December periods are conducive for cyclones. Then, the low level of air above the waters needs to have an ‘anticlockwise’ rotation (in the northern hemisphere; clockwise in the southern hemisphere). During these periods, there was an ITCZ in the Bay of Bengal. Extratropical cyclones:- It occurs in temperate zones and high-latitude regions, though they are known to originate in the Polar Regions. These are active above the mid-latitudinal region between 35° and 65° latitude in both hemispheres. The direction of movement is from west to east and is more pronounced in the winter seasons. MUST READ: Bomb Cyclone SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth’s surface and thus cause a warming effect. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2018) The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 3 only 1 and 3 Dengue Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HEALTH Context: Dengue cases upsurge have been reported in various Indian states recently. Background:- Dengue and other vector-borne diseases which have afflicted one in four Indian families with one or more members over the last three years, according to a survey by social media platform Local Circles, have seen a fresh upsurge in recent weeks across states. About Dengue:- Dengue is a vector-borne disease transmitted by the bite of an infected female Aedes Aegypti The mosquito becomes infected when it feeds on the blood of a person infected with the virus. There are 4 serotypes of the virus that cause dengue. These are known as DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person. Most cases occur in tropical areas of the world, including the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Southern China, Taiwan, the Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, Mexico, Africa, and Central, and South Symptoms:- High fever Headache Vomiting Muscle and joint pains Skin Rash The diagnosis of dengue infection is done with a blood test. WHO estimates 39 crore dengue virus infections per year, of which 9.6 crore show symptoms. Vaccines:- DNA vaccines induce an adaptive immune response. (Controlling Dengue Using Wolbachia Bacteria) DNA vaccines are often referred to as third-generation vaccines. They use engineered DNA to induce an immunologic response in the host against bacteria, parasites, viruses, and potentially cancer. The vaccines that are currently available to the global population include those for measles, mumps, rubella, seasonal influenza virus, tetanus, polio, Hepatitis B, cervical cancer, diphtheria, pertussis as well as several other diseases that are endemic to certain regions of the world. MUST READ: Malaria Vaccine SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. The Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to recent developments regarding ‘Recombinant vector Vaccines’, consider the following statements: (2021) Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines. Bacteria and viruses are used as vectors. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) has surpassed the Quantum Limit. About Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO):- IMAGE SOURCE: LIGO-India gets the green light | Astronomy.com LIGO is an international network of laboratories. It aims to detect the ripples in spacetime produced by the movement of large celestial objects. It comprises two enormous laser interferometers located thousands of kilometres apart, each having two arms which are 4 km long. It exploits the physical properties of light and of space itself to detect and understand the origins of Gravitational Waves (GW). Gravitational Waves: These are invisible ripples in space that form when: A

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Hunter’s Moon Lunar Eclipse Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Hunter’s Moon Lunar Eclipse is predicted to be seen on October 28th,2023. Background:- The “Hunter’s Moon” will officially be 100% illuminated at 3:35 p.m. EST on Saturday, October 28, 2023. About Hunter’s Moon Lunar Eclipse:- The Hunter’s Moon is one of the many names given to the full moons throughout the year. Each of these names have its own unique cultural and historical significance. Historical Significance:- Rooted in Native American, Colonial American, and other traditional North American cultures, the names of these moons were used to track the changing seasons and were adopted by colonial settlers. The Hunter’s Moon follows the Harvest Moon, which is the full moon closest to the autumnal equinox. Naming:- Historically, the Harvest Moon allowed farmers to work late into harvesting their crops by the moon’s light. Once the harvest was completed, the Hunter’s Moon would rise signaling a time when game would be fattened and hunted to store for the winter. This moon was a beacon for hunters to begin stocking up for the colder months ahead. Features:- The Hunter’s Moon can sometimes appear red or orange in color, due to the way that sunlight is scattered by the Earth’s atmosphere. This is especially common when the moon is low in the sky, such as during sunrise and sunset. This year’s Hunter’s Moon” will look both more colorful and larger than it will at any other time of night. It will only for about 15 minutes. It will also be more impactful because it’s being viewed in twilight, not darkness. Europe and Africa will be the best placed to see watch the entire event, but it’s a very slight partial lunar eclipse. At the peak of the event about 6% of the full moon will be inside Earth’s dark central shadow . It may look like a small bite has been taken from it. However, as it drifts through Earth’s lighter, outer penumbral shadow it will mostly just seem less bright than usual. About Lunar Eclipse:- An eclipse happens when a planet or a moon gets in the way of the sun’s light. (Eclipses ) A lunar eclipse occurs when the Sun, Earth, and Moon align so that the Moon passes into Earth’s shadow. In the Lunar Eclipse, the Earth arrives in between the sun and the moon. In this way, the shadow of the earth falls on the moon. The lunar eclipse can only happen during the Full Moon. But, the orbits of the moon and earth are different. That’s why the lunar eclipse happens only up to 3-4 times a year. There are three types of lunar eclipses: Total lunar eclipses, partial lunar eclipses, and penumbral lunar eclipses. Total lunar eclipse: entire Moon falls within the darkest part of Earth’s shadow, called the umbra. When the Moon is within the umbra, it will turn a reddish hue. Lunar eclipses are sometimes called “Blood Moons” because of this phenomenon. Partial lunar eclipse: An imperfect alignment of Sun, Earth and Moon results in the Moon passing through only part of Earth’s umbra. The shadow grows and then recedes without ever entirely covering the Moon. Penumbral eclipse: The Moon travels through Earth’s penumbra, or the faint outer part of its shadow. The Moon dims so slightly that it can be difficult to notice  MUST READ: Supermoon SOURCE: SCIENCE ALERT PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year normally occurs on the: (2022) The first half of the month of June The second half of the month of June The first half of the month of July The second half of the month of July Q.2) On 21st June, the Sun (2019) does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle does not set below the horizon at Antarctic Circle shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn World Development Information Day Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, the United Nations (UN) celebrated the World Development Information Day. About World Development Information Day:- IMAGE SOURCE: AIR Established :1972. Date: 24th, October. Objective: to draw the attention of the world to development problems and the need to strengthen international cooperation to solve them. Historical Background:- The UN Conference on Trade and Development proposed measures for information dissemination and public opinion mobilization regarding trade and development problems on May 17, 1972. This came to be known as resolution 3038 (XXVII). This Resolution was passed by the UN General Assembly in 1972 to institute World Development Information Day on October 24. Salient Features:- The day also coincides with the adoption of the ‘International Development Strategy’ for the Second United Nations Development Decade in 1970. The purpose of this day is to highlight global development challenges and the importance of international cooperation in addressing these issues. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) believes that by enhancing information dissemination and public opinion mobilization, we can raise greater awareness about development issues, particularly among the younger generation. In this article, we’ll delve into the history and significance of this important day. This day coincides with the United Nations Day, celebrated to commemorate the day UN began operating in 1945. (Need for Reforms in UN) Significance:- The day aims to explain to the general public why it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation to solve development problems.  MUST READ: Right to Information (RTI) Act SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana : (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Atal Innovation Mission

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) 37th National Games Syllabus Prelims –SPORTS Context: The 37th National Games will be held in Margao. He will also address athletes taking part in the Games. About 37th  National Games:- Time period: 25 October- 9th November,2023. Venue: Margao, Goa. The National Games are being held in Goa for the first time. The Games will conclude on 9th November. More than 10 thousand athletes from across the country will compete in over 43 sports disciplines across 28 venues. The National Games of India stand as a prestigious multi-sport event. Often referred to as the “Indian Olympics,” these games serve as a dynamic platform for athletes from every corner of India to come together, and compete across various sports disciplines. (Indian Olympic Association) Beyond the medals and accolades, the National Games nurture young talent, promote unity, and instil a sense of pride across the country. Historical Background:- The roots of the National Games trace back to the early 1920s when India sent its first national Olympic team to the 1920 Antwerp Olympics, marking a pivotal moment in the nation’s sporting history. The inaugural Indian Olympic Games took place in February 1924 in Delhi, serving as a crucial event to select athletes for the 1924 Paris Olympics. A provisional Indian Olympic Committee (IOA) was established to oversee this event. The Olympic Games were eventually rechristened as the National Games during the 9th edition, held in Bombay in 1940. The IOA recognized the National Games as a concept to foster sports development and the Olympic movement in India. During the British colonial era, the Indian Olympic Games were held 12 times until 1946. Organizing Authority:- The National Games are a collaborative effort between the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) and the respective state governments. Each edition of the games is hosted by a different Indian state. MUST READ: Sports Code SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that the Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi’. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. · How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: (2021) The official motto for this Olympics is ‘A New World’. Sports climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate, and Baseball are included in this Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Hurricane Otis Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Hurricane Otis recently made landfall on the coast of southern Mexico. Background:- In Mexico, Hurricane Otis has made landfall on the coast of southern of the country, bringing wind speeds of up to 270 kilometres per hour. About Hurricane Otis:- Hurricane Otis had strengthened rapidly, going from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in 12 hours, catching many off guard. Otis also became the first Category 5 landfall for the East Pacific, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Hurricane Database, surpassing the 2015 Hurricane Patricia, which made landfall as a Category 4 storm. This made Otis the fastest intensifying hurricane in the Eastern Pacific since 1966. (Naming of Cyclone) About Hurricane:- Hurricanes are tropical storms that form in the Atlantic Ocean. Wind speeds: at least 119 kilometres (74 miles) per hour. Hurricanes derive their energy from the heat released when moist air rises and condenses into clouds and rain. Key characteristics of hurricanes:- Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters when the sea surface temperature is typically above 26 degrees Celsius (79 degrees Fahrenheit). Low-Pressure Centre: Hurricanes have a well-defined centre of low atmospheric pressure, known as the eye. Strong Winds: winds can reach sustained speeds of at least 74 miles per hour (119 kilometres per hour) or higher. Heavy Rainfall. MUST READ: Climate Change fuelling Hurricanes SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth’s surface and thus cause a warming effect. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2018) The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 3 only 1 and 3 Curcuma kakchingense Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, a new flowering plant species Curcuma kakchingense was discovered in Manipur. About Curcuma kakchingense:- Location: Kakching district, Manipur. It was found dwelling along the bank of the Sekmai River of Kakching district. It has been named Curcuma kakchingense, in honour of the place where it was found. The species has a close resemblance to C. phrayawan and C. longa but is distinguished by having lemon-yellow coloured rhizomes with a very bitter taste, and glabrous dark reddish-brown bladeless sheaths. It has reddish-brown petioles fading towards the edges. It has densely pubescent coma and upper fertile bracts on both surfaces with mucronate tips. It is a broadly ovate bracteole, elongated and revolute apex of the middle lobe of the labellum. It has a stigma protruding through the anther lobes. Significance:- Curcuma is important for its use in cuisines, traditional medicines, spices, dyes, perfumes, cosmetics, and as ornamental plants. Therefore, the discovery of a new species of Curcuma will definitely open up new vistas for investigation of their phytochemistry, biological activity and application in the development of new nutraceuticals or pharmaceutical novelties. MUST READ: Lakadong Turmeric

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Shi Yan 6 Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, a Chinese research ship, Shi Yan 6 docked at Colombo port. Background:- The Chinese research vessel ‘Shi Yan 6’ has stirred concerns due to its visit to Sri Lanka, with both the US and India voicing objections. Shi Yan 6 was given permission to enter the (Colombo) port for replenishment. US Under Secretary Victoria Nuland, who met Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Ali Sabry in New York on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly session, had reportedly raised concerns about the visit of ‘SHI YAN 6’. Reasons behind India’s Object to Chinese Vessels Docking in Sri Lanka:- India’s objection to Chinese vessels docking in Sri Lanka stems from security concerns. (India-Sri Lanka relations) India perceives Chinese ships in close proximity to its mainland as potential security threats, suspecting espionage activities even when their stated purpose is scientific research. This apprehension has led to objections to Chinese vessels docking in Sri Lankan ports. China’s Statement on the matter:- China has maintained that the marine scientific research activities of Yuan Wang 5 and similar vessels align with international law and common practice and do not jeopardize the security or economic interests of any country. Sri Lanka’s Response:- In response to the US’ concerns, the Sri Lankan Foreign Minister emphasized Sri Lanka’s commitment to neutrality. ( Sri Lanka’s India First Policy) About Shi Yan 6:- Shi Yan 6 is a Chinese Research/Survey Vessel. It has a carrying capacity of 1115 DWT (deadweight tonnage). Its current draught is reported to be 5.3 meters. It has an overall length of 90.6 meters and a width of 17 meters. This three-month voyage seeks to gather extensive fundamental data. It aims to study and uncover how dynamic processes impact the biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems, and sedimentary processes in the region. It wants to elucidate the geographical patterns of biodiversity, understand the response of biological communities to physical processes and gain insights into paleoclimate changes. MUST READ: India-Sri Lanka: Colombo Port SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Home Guards, consider the following statements: (2023) Home Guards are raised under the Home Guards Act and Rules of the Central Government. The role of the Home Guards is to serve as an auxiliary force to the police in the maintenance of internal security. To prevent infiltration on the international border/ coastal areas, the Border Wing Home Guards Battalions have been raised in some states. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries? (2019) Japan Russia The United Kingdom The United States of America NASA’s Roman Space Telescope Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent reports suggest that NASA is preparing to embark on a remarkable journey into the depths of our Milky Way Galaxy using the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Background:- It will scan the vast expanse of space, searching for subtle signals and telltale flickers that could unlock secrets about the cosmos . About NASA’s Roman Space Telescope:- Planned launch: 2027. Agency: NASA. Country: USA. The Roman Space Telescope is a NASA observatory designed to unravel the secrets of dark energy and dark matter, search for and image exoplanets, and explore many topics in infrared astrophysics. It has a 2.4m telescope, the same size as Hubble’s, but with a view 100 times greater than Hubble’s. It was the top-ranked large space mission in the 2010 Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astrophysics. It is slated to launch in the mid-2020s. It has a field of view that is 100 times greater than the Hubble infrared instrument, capturing more of the sky with less observing time. It will have a primary mission lifetime of 5 years, with a potential 5-year extended mission. (Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope)  MUST READ: SARAS radio telescope SOURCE: HINDUSTAN TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on its Calixcoca Vaccine Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, Brazil scientists developed a new ‘vaccine’ Calixcoca” Vaccine, for cocaine addiction. About“Calixcoca” Vaccine:- Calixcoca’, is a therapeutic vaccine that promises to prevent the addictive effects of cocaine or crack.( Drug Addiction) It is offering new hope to millions battling cocaine addiction worldwide. (mRNA Vaccine) Working:- Calixcoca functions by inducing an immune response that generates antibodies capable of binding to cocaine molecules in the bloodstream. This binding process results in the enlargement of cocaine molecules, rendering them too large to pass into the brain’s “reward centre” or mesolimbic system. This area of the brain is typically stimulated by cocaine to release dopamine, the pleasure-inducing neurotransmitter. Consequently, individuals who receive the vaccine will not experience the desired euphoric effects of cocaine, potentially assisting them in breaking the cycle of addiction. Furthermore, it reduces the risk of overdose as cocaine molecules are retained in the blood, bound to the antibodies, and thus, unable to act on the heart or arteries. Following encouraging results in animal trials, Calixcoca is poised to enter the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri – Jan Arogya Yojana (AB- PMJAY) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recent reports show that 26 crore Ayushman Cards have been created under Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri – Jan Arogya Yojana (AB- PMJAY) so far. About Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri – Jan Arogya Yojana (AB- PMJAY):- IMAGE SOURCE: NHA Launched:2018. Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. (PMBJP) Implementing Agency: National Health Authority. Objectives: to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its underlining commitment, which is to “leave no one behind.” Historical Background: Ayushman Bharat, a flagship scheme of the Government of India, was launched as recommended by the National Health Policy 2017, to achieve the vision of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Salient Features:- This scheme aims to undertake path-breaking interventions to holistically address the healthcare system (covering prevention, promotion and ambulatory care) at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. (Ayushman Bharat PMJAY) Ayushman Bharat comprises two inter-related components:- Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs):– In February 2018, the Government of India announced the creation of 1,50,000 Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) by transforming the existing Sub Centres and Primary Health Centres. (Pradhan Mantri Janaushadhi Kendra (PMJK)) These centres are to deliver Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) bringing healthcare closer to the homes of people. They cover both, maternal and child health services and non-communicable diseases, including free essential drugs and diagnostic services. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY):- This scheme was launched on 23rd September, 2018. Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY is the largest health assurance scheme in the world. It provides health cover of five lakh rupees per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization to twelve crore beneficiary families. The households included being based on the deprivation and occupational criteria of the Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011 (SECC 2011) for rural and urban areas respectively. PM-JAY was earlier known as the National Health Protection Scheme (NHPS) before being rechristened. It subsumed the then-existing Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) which had been launched in 2008. It provides cashless access to health care services for the beneficiary at the point of service, that is, the hospital. It covers up to 3 days of pre-hospitalization and 15 days of post-hospitalization expenses such as diagnostics and medicines. There is no restriction on the family size, age or gender. All pre–existing conditions are covered from day one. Benefits:- PM-JAY envisions to help mitigate catastrophic expenditure on medical treatment which pushes nearly 6 crore Indians into poverty each year. Benefits of the scheme are portable across the countrye. a beneficiary can visit any empanelled public or private hospital in India to avail cashless treatment. MUST READ: Ayushman Bharat PMJAY, AB-PMJAY and COVID treatment. SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy : (2023) It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents and pregnant women. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Tej Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY Context: Extremely severe cyclonic storm Tej has weakened into a very severe cyclonic storm recently. About Tej:- Location: Arabian Sea. Impacts in different regions:- Light to moderate rainfall at most places with isolated heavy rainfall over Mizoram and heavy to very rainfall over Tripura is likely to occur today and tomorrow. Isolated heavy rainfall is likely over the same region on the 25th of this month. Rainfall intensity will decrease on 26th November with light to moderate rainfall at a few places over the region. Light to moderate rainfall is likely at many places over south Assam and eastern Meghalaya with isolated heavy rainfall over south Assam. In coastal Districts of Odisha, light to moderate rainfall is expected to occur in most places. Fishermen have been advised not to venture into the adjoining east-central Bay of Bengal. About Cyclone:- A cyclone is a pattern of winds (or air mass) that circulates a low-pressure system. It rotates counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. It is typically associated with wet and stormy weather. (Naming of Cyclone) Classification:- There are two types of cyclones: Tropical cyclones and Extra-tropical cyclones (also called Temperate cyclones) Tropical cyclone:- It is an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans. It is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. ( Colour Coded Weather Warning) These are formed over slightly warm ocean waters. The temperature of the top layer of the sea, up to a depth of about 60 meters, needs to be at least 28°C to support the formation of a cyclone. April-May and October-December periods are conducive for cyclones. Then, the low level of air above the waters needs to have an ‘anticlockwise’ rotation (in the northern hemisphere; clockwise in the southern hemisphere). During these periods, there was an ITCZ in the Bay of Bengal. Temperate cyclones:- It occurs in temperate zones and high-latitude regions, though they are known to originate in the Polar Regions. These are active above the mid-latitudinal region between 35° and 65° latitude in both hemispheres. The direction of movement is from west to east and is more pronounced in the winter seasons. MUST READ: Cyclones forecast SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) High

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Ambaji temple Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: Prime Minister will offer prayers at the famous Ambaji temple in Banaskantha during his visit to Gujarat. About Ambaji temple:- Location: Ambaji in Gujarat, India. Time period: 8th century A.D. Administration: The temple is under the administrative control of a temple trust. Shri Ambaji Mata Temple, is considered one of the major Shakti Peethas in Hinduism. (Kalika Mata temple) This temple honours Ambaji, an incarnation of Amba Mataji. It is one of the fifty-two Shakti Peeths. It is best known for its festivals like Navratri and Diwali, celebrated with joyous ceremonies and poojas. The main temple complex houses the revered Shree Visa Yantra, which many believe symbolizes divine power and grace. The whole of Ambaji town is surrounded by many temples near Ambaji temple and pilgrim spots, attracting thousands of tourists from around the country and even overseas annually. MUST READ: Somnath Temple SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple? (2022) Somnath Temple is one of the Jyotirlinga shrines. A description of the Somnath Temple was given by Al-Biruni. Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of the present-day temple) was done by President S. Radhakrishnan. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q.2) With reference  to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following statements: (2021) It is a circular temple built during the reign of the Kachchhapaghata Dynasty. It is the only circular temple built in India. It was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region. Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it was the inspiration behind the Indian Parliament building. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 2 and 3 only 1 and 4 2, 3 and 4 Asian Para Games 2023 Syllabus Prelims –SPORTS Context: Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated India’s para-athletes for their outstanding achievements at the Asian Para Games 2023. About Asian Para Games 2023:- Time period: 22 to 28 October 2023. Venue: Hangzhou, China. The last edition of the Asian Games in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2018. India dispatched its largest-ever contingent to the fourth edition of the Asian Para Games. It consisted of 303 athletes, including 191 men and 112 women. This marks a notable increase from the 190 athletes India sent to the 2018 Asian Para Games, where they delivered their best-ever performance, clinching 72 medals, including 15 gold. (Indian Olympic Association) India finished with 111 medals at the Asian Para Games:- 29 gold 31 silver and 51 bronze The Asian Para rich haul is also a hat-tip to the parents, coaches and administrators who spotted and nurtured the sporting passion in the hearts and minds of children with physical disabilities. MUST READ: Sports Code SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that the Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi’. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. · How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: (2021) The official motto for this Olympics is ‘A New World’. Sports climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate, and Baseball are included in this Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Air Quality Index (AQI) Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: The air quality in Delhi continued to be hazardous as the overall Air Quality Index (AQI) in the city stood at 322 recently. About Air Quality Index (AQI):- IMAGE SOURCE: aqi. in Air Quality Index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies to measure air pollution levels and communicate it to the population. (Air pollution) There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe. Each of these categories is decided based on ambient concentration values of air pollutants and their likely health impacts (known as health breakpoints). AQ sub-index and health breakpoints are evolved for eight pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) for which short-term (up to 24-hours) National Ambient Air Quality Standards are prescribed. As the AQI increases, it means that a large percentage of the population will experience severe adverse health effects. The measurement of the AQI requires an air monitor and an air pollutant concentration over a specified averaging period. The results are grouped into ranges. Each range is assigned a descriptor, a colour code and a standardized public health advisory. The pollution sources in India and in most Asian countries are numerous and incompletely understood. In Delhi, for example, it comes mostly from light and heavy-duty vehicle traffic emissions, road dust, solid fuel combustion for heating and cooking, biomass, waste burning, thermal power plants, diesel generators, construction and small-scale local industries. ( Delhi and Air Pollution) Government Initiatives:- The National Air Quality Index Standard (NAQI): It was launched by The Minister for Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Shri Prakash Javadekar, on 17 September 2014. The initiative constitutes part of the Government’s mission to introduce the “culture of cleanliness”, as air pollution has been a huge concern in the country, especially in urban areas The National Air Monitoring Program (NAMP): it covers 240 cities in the country, has been operated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT), providing data in the public domain, on a real-time basis. System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR)