Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) 6th Schedule Category: 6th Schedule Context: The Leh Apex Body (LAB), which is spearheading an agitation over Statehood and Sixth Schedule status for Ladakh, submitted a draft proposal to the Ministry of Home Affairs. About 6th Schedule: Constitutional provision: The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, under Article 244(2) and Article 275(1) of the Constitution, is provided for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. Objectives: To protect tribal land and resources and prohibits the transfer of such resources to non-tribal individuals or communities. To ensure the tribal communities are not exploited or marginalized by non-tribal populations and that their cultural and social identities are preserved and promoted. Creation of Autonomous districts and autonomous regions: The tribal areas in the four states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram are to be administered as Autonomous Districts. If there are different Scheduled Tribes in an autonomous district, the Governor can divide the district inhabited by them into Autonomous Regions. The Governor is empowered to organize and reorganize the autonomous districts. He can also increase, decrease the boundaries or alter the name of any autonomous district. Constitution of District Councils and Regional Councils: There shall be a District Council for each autonomous district consisting of not more than 30 members, of whom not more than four persons shall be nominated by the Governor, and the rest shall be elected on the basis of adult suffrage. There shall be a separate Regional Council for each area constituted an autonomous region. Powers of the District Councils and Regional Councils: The District and Regional councils are empowered to make laws on certain specified matters like lands, management of forest (other than the Reserved Forest), inheritance of property, etc. These councils also empowered to make law for the regulations and control of money-lending or trading by any person other than Scheduled Tribe residents in that Scheduled District. However, all laws made under this provision require the assent of the Governor of the State. Administration of justice in autonomous districts and autonomous regions: The District and Regional Councils are empowered to constitute Village and District Council Courts for the trial of suits and cases where all parties to the dispute belong to Scheduled Tribes within the district. The High Courts have jurisdiction over the suits and cases which is specified by the Governor. However, the Council Courts are not given the power to decide cases involving offenses punishable by death or imprisonment for five or more years. Exceptions: To autonomous districts and autonomous regions, the acts of Parliament or the state legislature do not apply or apply with specified modifications and exceptions. The Governor can appoint a commission to investigate and provide a report on any issue pertaining to the autonomous districts or regions. Source: The Hindu Green Hydrogen Category: Science and Technology Context: India is a key part of global transition to a self-reliant hydrogen economy, Dr. Jitendra Singh said while addressing 3rd International Conference on Green Hydrogen. About Green Hydrogen: Definition: Green Hydrogen refers to hydrogen produced through electrolysis, where renewable energy sources like solar, wind, or hydro are used to split water molecules (H₂O) into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂). It can also be produced via biomass gasification, a process that converts biomass into hydrogen-rich gas. Applications: Its uses include a wide range of applications such as Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), aviation and maritime transport, and various industrial sectors like fertilizers, refineries, and steel. It also holds potential in road and rail transport, shipping, and power generation. Various methods of producing Green Hydrogen: Alkaline electrolysis: The most mature technology, uses an alkaline solution (KOH or NaOH) as the electrolyte. Despite its high efficiency and low cost, it requires expensive materials like nickel and platinum as electrodes. Proton exchange membrane electrolysis: An advanced method using a solid polymer membrane as the electrolyte. It offers higher efficiency and faster response times, but the high cost of the membrane and precious metal catalysts is a challenge. Solid oxide electrolysis: A high-temperature process (700°C to 1000°C) using a solid ceramic material as the electrolyte. It offers high efficiency and the potential for co-electrolysis (simultaneous conversion of water and CO2 into H2 and CO), but the high temperatures and need for specialised materials make it more complex and expensive. Initiatives taken by India towards production of Green Production: Financial funding: India has sanctioned a $2 billion incentive scheme to boost green hydrogen production. The initiative aims to improve the affordability of green hydrogen, positioning India as a significant exporter. Presently, the cost of green hydrogen in India is $4-5 per kg. National Green Hydrogen Mission: Initiated in January 2023, this mission targets an annual production of 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030, leveraging 125 gigawatts of renewable energy. SIGHT program: It is a part of National Green Hydrogen Mission and offers substantial financial backing to boost domestic electrolyser manufacturing and green hydrogen production, reinforcing India’s vision to emerge as a leading green hydrogen economy. Source: PIB Electronics Development Fund (EDF) Category: Government Schemes Context: With ₹257.77 crore invested, the Electronics Development Fund has supported 128 startups nationwide. About Electronics Development Fund (EDF): Launch: The Government of India had launched the Electronics Development Fund (EDF) on 15 February 2016. Objective: The Fund aims to promote research, development, and entrepreneurship in the fields of electronics, nano-electronics, and information technology. Acts as a fund of funds: The EDF functions as a Fund of Funds, designed to invest in professionally managed Daughter Funds such as early-stage angel and venture funds. These Daughter Funds, in turn, provided risk capital to startups and companies developing new technologies. Key objectives of EDF include: To foster research and development in electronics, nano-electronics, and information technology by supporting market-driven and industry-led innovation. To invest in professionally managed Daughter Funds such as early-stage angel and venture funds that, in turn, provide capital to startups and technology ventures. To nurture entrepreneurship by supporting companies involved in the creation of new products, processes, and technologies within the country. To enhance India’s capacity

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) MGNREGS Category: Government Schemes Context: Recently, nearly 27 lakh workers’ names were removed from the database of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). About MGNREGS: Launch: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) was passed by the Indian government in 2005 that guarantees the “right to work” to rural citizens of India. Objective: The main objective of the MGNREGS is to provide employment to rural citizens and improve their economic conditions. Under this, the government assures a minimum of 100 days of unskilled manual work to an adult member of an eligible rural household. Eligibility Criteria: Citizen of India 18 years of age at the time of application Rural Household Willing to do unskilled work Initiative towards right to work: It guarantees 100 days of unskilled employment to all willing rural citizens, at the government-set minimum wage. If work is not assigned within 15 days, the applicant is entitled to receive an unemployment allowance. Social Audit: Section 17 of the MGNREGA has mandated a social audit of all the works executed under the MGNREGA. Employment near home: The work provided is usually within a 5 km radius of the applicant’s village, with a travel allowance provided for work beyond this radius. Payments are made on a weekly basis and cannot be delayed more than 15 days, with compensation for delays. Role of Gram Sabha: Panchayati Raj Institutions take the lead role in planning, implementing, and monitoring the allocated works. Gram Sabhas are given the authority to suggest work and are required to carry out at least half of the work. Use of technology: The scheme has introduced several technological tools, such as online registration, electronic fund transfer, and geotagging through mobile apps to make the implementation more transparent and efficient. The National Mobile Monitoring Software (NMMS) App was made mandatory in January 2023. It demands online attendance from employees twice a day Integration with other schemes: The scheme has been integrated with other programs such as the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), and the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan to achieve better convergence of resources and efforts. Source: The Hindu Raja Ram Mohan Roy Category: History and Culture Context: M.P. education minister apologised for calling Raja Ram Mohan Roy a ‘British agent’ after he accused him of aiding missionaries in religious conversion. About Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Birth: Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born on 22nd May 1772 in Bengal. Education: His early education included the study of Persian and Arabic at Patna where he read the Quran, the works of Sufi mystic poets and the Arabic translation of the works of Plato and Aristotle. In Benaras, he studied Sanskrit and read Vedas and Upnishads. Professional life: From 1803 to 1814, he worked for East India Company as the personal diwan first of Woodforde and then of Digby. In 1814, he resigned from his job and moved to Calcutta in order to devote his life to religious, social and political reforms. Title of Raja: Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of ‘Raja’ by the titular Mughal Emperor of Delhi, Akbar II whose grievances the former was to present before the British king. Ideology: Ram Mohan Roy was greatly influenced by western modern thought and stressed on rationalism and modern scientific approach. He believed that religious orthodoxies have become causes of injury to social life instead of tending to the amelioration of the condition of society. Literary works: Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s first published work Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhiddin (a gift to deists) published in 1803 exposed irrational religious beliefs and corrupt practices of the Hindus as the belief in revelations, prophets, miracles etc. In Precepts of Jesus (1820), he tried to separate the moral and philosophical message of the New Testament, which he praised, from its miracle stories. Institutions: He founded the Atmiya Sabha in 1814, the Calcutta Unitarian Association in 1821, and the Brahmo Sabha in 1828 which later became the Brahmo Samaj. Social reforms: He campaigned against the caste system, untouchability and superstitions. He attacked child marriage, the degraded state of widows and demanded the right of inheritance for women. In 1830, he sailed for England to be present there to counteract the possible nullification of the Act banning Sati. Educational reforms: Roy did much to disseminate the benefits of modern education to his countrymen. He supported David Hare’s efforts to find the Hindu College in 1817, while Roy’s English school taught mechanics and Voltaire’s philosophy. In 1825, he established Vedanta college where courses in both Indian learning and Western social and physical sciences were offered. Political Reforms: Through his writings and activities, he supported the movement for free press in India. When press censorship was relaxed by Lord Hastings in 1819, Ram Mohan found three journals- The Brahmanical Magazine (1821); The Bengali weekly, Samvad Kaumudi (1821); and the Persian weekly, Mirat-ul-Akbar. Economic Reforms: Roy condemned oppressive practices of Bengali zamindars and demanded fixation of minimum rents. He also demanded the abolition of taxes on tax-free lands. He called for a reduction of export duties on Indian goods abroad and the abolition of the East India Company’s trading rights. Administrative reforms: He demanded the Indianisation of superior services and separation of the executive from judiciary. He demanded equality between Indians and Europeans. Source: The Hindu Senkaku Islands Category: Geography Context: A China Coast Guard ship formation passed through the waters of the Senkaku Islands on a “rights enforcement patrol.”                      About Senkaku Islands: Location: The Senkaku Islands are an uninhabited group of islands situated in the East China Sea, approximately 90 nautical miles north from the Yaeyama Islands in Japan’s Okinawa Prefecture and 120 nautical miles northeast of the island of Taiwan.  Different names: They are also known as the Diaoyu Islands in mainland China, the Diaoyutai Islands in Taiwan, and the Pinnacle Islands by other observers. Group of islands: The islands comprise Uotsuri Island, Kuba Island, Taisho Island (also called Kumeakashima Island), Kitakojima Island, Minamikojima Island,Tobise Island,Okinokitaiwa Island, and Okinominamiiwa Island.  Area: The total land area of all the islands

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) Category: Polity and Governance Context: Supreme Court said that CJI must deal with claim that HC judge approached National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) member on order. About National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT): Nature: The NCLAT is a quasi-judicial body constituted under Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013. It was established to hear appeals against the decisions of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), functioning since 1st June 2016. Objective: Its main objective is to promote timely corporate dispute resolution, ensure transparency, and improve efficiency in insolvency and corporate governance matters. Functions: Hearing appeals against orders of NCLT under Section 61 of IBC. Hearing appeals against orders of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) under Sections 202 and 211 of IBC. Hearing appeals against orders of the Competition Commission of India (CCI). Hearing appeals related to the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA). Giving advisory opinions when legal issues are referred by the President of India. Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in New Delhi. Composition: It includes a Chairperson, along with Judicial and Technical Members, all appointed by the Central Government based on expertise in law, finance, accountancy, and administration. Regulation: It can regulate its own procedure and possesses powers equivalent to a civil court under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908. Powers: It can summon witnesses, receive affidavits, enforce production of documents, and issue commissions. Orders passed by NCLAT are enforceable like civil court decrees. Appeals: Appeals against NCLAT orders can be filed in the Supreme Court of India. Exceptions: Civil courts have no jurisdiction over matters within the purview of NCLAT. No court or authority can grant injunctions against any action taken by NCLAT under its legal authority. Disposal of appeals: NCLAT is required to dispose of appeals within six months from the date of receipt to ensure swift resolution. Source: The Hindu Ambaji Marble Category: Miscellaneous Context: Marble from Ambaji, Gujarat’s prominent pilgrimage site and Shaktipeeth, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag for its high-quality white stone. About Ambaji Marble: Nature: It is a type of marble known for its stunning white appearance and unique natural patterns. Nomenclature: It is named after the town of Ambaji in the state of Gujarat, where it is predominantly quarried. It is also known as Amba White Marble and Ambe White Marble. Uniqueness: It is characterized by its pristine white colour, which often features subtle grey or beige veining. It has very long-lasting shine and durability.  Distinctive variations: The veins can vary in intensity, ranging from fine and delicate to bold and pronounced, giving each slab a distinct and individualistic appearance. These variations occur naturally due to the presence of minerals and impurities during the marble formation process. Uses: The smooth and polished surface of the marble adds to its appeal and sophistication. It is widely used for luxury architectural projects, sculptures, and monuments. About Geographical Indication (GI) Tag: Nature: A GI tag is a name or sign used on certain products that correspond to a specific geographical location or origin.  Objective: The GI tag ensures that only authorised users or those residing in the geographical territory are allowed to use the popular product name. It also protects the product from being copied or imitated by others.  Validity: A registered GI is valid for 10 years and can be renewed.  Nodal ministry: GI registration is overseen by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Legal framework: It is governed by Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. Source: The Hindu Vitamin D Category: Science and Technology Context: According to a new study, Vitamin D deficiency may quietly raise the risk of heart diseases. About Vitamin D: Nature: Vitamin D (also referred to as calciferol) is a fat-soluble vitamin. Production: It is produced endogenously when ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. During periods of sunlight, vitamin D is stored in fat and then released when sunlight is not available. Foods rich in vitamin D: Very few foods have vitamin D naturally. The foods with the most are fatty fish (like salmon and tuna), liver, mushrooms, eggs, and fish oils. Further, food companies often “fortify” milk, yogurt, baby formula, juice, cereal, and other foods with added vitamin D. Importance: Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and helps maintain adequate levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, which is necessary for healthy bones and teeth. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen. Role in cell growth: Vitamin D has other roles in the body, including reduction of inflammation as well as modulation of such processes as cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and glucose metabolism. Deficiency: A lack of vitamin D can lead to bone diseases such as osteoporosis or rickets. Osteoporosis is a disease in which your bones become weak and are likely to fracture (break). Chronic and/or severe vitamin D deficiency, can also lead to hypocalcemia (low calcium levels in your blood).  Persons prone to its deficiency: Anyone can have vitamin D deficiency, including infants, children and adults. Its deficiency may be more common in people with higher skin melanin content (darker skin) and who wear clothing with extensive skin coverage, particularly in Middle Eastern countries. Source: The Times of India Global Cooling Watch Report 2025 Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Global Cooling Watch 2025, launched recently at COP30 in Belém, Brazil, finds that cooling demand could more than triple by 2050 under business as usual. About Global Cooling Watch Report: Nature: The Global Cooling Watch 2025 is UNEP’s second global assessment on the environmental, economic, and equity dimensions of cooling, providing the scientific foundation for the Global Cooling Pledge. Publishing agency: It is published by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Objective: It aims to analyse global cooling trends, project future emissions, and propose a “Sustainable Cooling Pathway” to achieve near-zero emissions while ensuring equitable access to cooling worldwide. Key highlights of Global Cooling Watch Report 2025: Global cooling capacity is projected to rise 2.6 times by 2050, driven by rapid urbanization, income growth, and intensifying heatwaves, particularly in developing nations. Cooling demand in Article 5 countries (developing

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Mekedatu Reservoir Project Category: Geography Context: The Supreme Court Tamil Nadu’s application challenging the proposed construction of a reservoir by Karnataka at Mekedatu across the inter-state river Cauvery as “premature”. About Mekedatu Reservoir Project: Location: It is a multi-purpose (drinking water and power) project proposed by Karnataka. It is about 90 km away from Bengaluru and 4 km ahead of the border with Tamil Nadu. Nature: The Mekedatu project is a multipurpose project involving the construction of a balancing reservoir near Kanakapura in Ramanagara district, Karnataka. Nomenclature: Mekedatu, meaning goat’s leap, is a deep gorge situated at the confluence of the rivers Cauvery and its tributary Arkavathi. Objective: Its primary objectives are to provide drinking water to Bengaluru and neighboring areas, totaling 4.75 TMC, and generate 400 MW of power. Associated river: The project is proposed at the confluence of the Cauvery River with its tributary Arkavathi. Structure: The plan involves building a 99-metre-high, 735-metre-long concrete gravity dam, an underground powerhouse, and a water conductor system. Capacity of reservoir: The expected capacity of the dam is 66,000 TMC (thousand million cubic feet) of water. Once completed, it is expected to supply over 4 TMC of water to Bengaluru cityfordrinking purposes.  Estimated cost: The estimated cost of completing the project is around Rs 14,000 crores, covering an area of over 5,000 hectares. Concerns: Tamil Nadu, the lower riparian state has claimed that Mekedatu area represents the last free point in Karnataka from where Cauvery water flows unrestricted into Tamil Nadu, and Mekedatu dam project is an attempt by Karnataka to lock this free flow of water. Source: The Hindu Hepatitis A Category: Science and Technology Context: As India debates the inclusion of the typhoid conjugate vaccine in its universal immunisation programme, it is time to ask whether Hepatitis A, a growing cause of acute liver failure deserves even greater priority. About Hepatitis A: Nature: It’s a viral infection that happens after exposure to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Affected organ: It is a very contagious liver disease. The infection causes inflammation in the liver.  Risk factors: These include drinking unclean water, eating food that’s been washed or grown in unclean water, eating food that’s been handled by an infected person, close physical contact with an infected person, including having sex and sharing needles to take drugs, etc. Transmission: Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) usually spreads via fecal-oral route (contaminated food/water/surfaces). Symptoms: These include fever, fatigue, dark urine, pale stools, abdominal pain (often mild in children), etc. Difference with Hepatitis B and C: It is an acute, self-limiting disease. Unlike Hepatitis B and C, it does not lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. Treatment: Presently, no specific treatment exists for hepatitis A. The body clears the hepatitis A virus on its own. In most cases of hepatitis A, the liver heals within six months with no lasting damage. Prevention: Improved sanitation, safe water supply, proper hygiene (e.g., handwashing), and vaccination are the most effective preventive measures. Vaccination: A safe and effective vaccine is available. India recently launched its first indigenously developed Hepatitis A vaccine named “Havisure” (a two-dose inactivated vaccine). Initiatives by India: The National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (2018) in India aims to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Source: The Hindu DRISHTI System Category: Science and Technology Context: Indian Railways is planning to install DRISHTI System, an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based technology to enhance the safety of freight trains. About DRISHTI System: Nature: It is an AI-Based Freight Wagon Locking Monitoring System launched by Indian Railways. Objective: The DRISHTI system aims to tackle operational challenges in identifying unlocked or tampered doors on moving freight wagons — a persistent safety and security issue in rail logistics.  Development: It is being developed through a collaborative initiative between the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) and Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Technology Innovation and Development Foundation (IITG TIDF). Uniqueness: The new AI-based solution is designed to provide real-time monitoring, detect anomalies in door locking mechanisms, and automatically generate alerts without disrupting train movement.  Technologies used: It uses AI-powered cameras and sensors strategically installed to capture and analyse door positions and locking conditions. It also uses advanced computer vision and machine learning technology for the detection purposes. Benefits: DRISHTI is expected to improve freight security, enhance wagon sealing integrity, and reduce dependency on manual inspection processes. The traditionally manual checks are not only time-consuming but also impractical for long-haul rakes under dynamic conditions. Refinement: Preliminary results have shown encouraging accuracy levels, validating the potential of this indigenous innovation. Further refinements and scalability plans are underway for wider application across the NFR network to strengthen rolling stock safety and operational reliability Source: The Indian Express Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act Category: Polity and Governance Context: Union Minister for Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare participated in the ‘Plant Genome Saviour Awards Ceremony’, celebrating the Silver Jubilee of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001. About PPV&FRA Act: Nature: It is a statutory body established on 11 November, 2005 under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001. Nodal ministry: It works under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India. Headquarter: Its headquarters is located in New Delhi. Objectives: Grant intellectual property rights to plant breeders for their innovations in developing new plant varieties Recognise and reward farmers and communities who conserve traditional varieties and biodiversity Promote the protection of farmers’ rights to save, use, sow, resow, exchange, share, and sell farm-saved seed of registered varieties Encourage research and innovation in plant breeding and agriculture Maintain the National Register of Plant Varieties (NRPV) and ensure the documentation and conservation of valuable germplasm resources Structure: The Chairperson is the Chief Executive of the Authority. It has 15 members, and eight of them are ex-officio members representing various Departments/ Ministries. The Registrar General is the ex-officio Member Secretary of the Authority. Functions: Registration of new plant varieties, essentially derived varieties (EDV), extant varieties; Compulsory cataloging facilities for all variety of plants; Preservation of plant genetic resources of

Discover effective strategies and insights for navigating the UPSC exam journey with success. Learn how to optimize your preparation, enhance your understanding, and achieve your goals with an engaging approach. Mastering the UPSC Journey: Essential Strategies and Tips Preparing for the UPSC examination is no small feat. It requires dedication, strategy, and unwavering focus. In this blog post, we aim to guide you through essential tips and insights to navigate your UPSC journey successfully. Understanding the UPSC Exam Structure The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts civil services exams annually to recruit for roles in the Indian Administrative Services (IAS), Indian Police Services (IPS), and other central services. The exam is conducted in three phases: Preliminary, Mains, and the Interview. Preliminary Examination: This consists of two objective-type papers that assess your general knowledge and aptitude. Main Examination: A written examination that tests your academic expertise, analytical skills, and language abilities through nine papers. Interview: Also known as the personality test, it evaluates candidates on their mental alertness, social skills, and leadership potential. Effective Preparation Strategies An effective preparation strategy can make all the difference. Here are some key points to consider: Understand the Syllabus: Begin by thoroughly understanding the syllabus. This is crucial as it helps in structuring your preparation. Create a Study Plan: Organize your study material and allocate time for each subject. Consistency and dedication are vital. Regular Practice: Solve previous years’ question papers and take mock tests regularly to build confidence and time management skills. Stay Updated with Current Affairs: Read newspapers and journals to stay informed on current national and international events. Join a Study Group or Coaching: Learning with others can provide motivation and diverse perspectives. Coaching institutes can offer guidance and structured learning. Maintaining a Healthy Study Routine Managing stress and staying healthy is as important as studying. Here are some tips: Take Breaks: Short, regular breaks improve focus and prevent burnout. Exercise: Physical activity enhances concentration and mental health. Healthy Diet: A balanced diet fuels your brain and body. Sleep: Ensure adequate sleep to rejuvenate and improve cognitive function. The Significance of Mindset Your mindset plays a pivotal role in your UPSC journey. Adopt a positive outlook, and remember that persistence is key. Failures are stepping stones to success. Final Thoughts The UPSC exam tests not only knowledge but also resilience, adaptability, and dedication. With the right strategy, patience, and perseverance, success is within reach. Good luck on your path to becoming a part of India’s administrative framework!

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Tuberculosis Category: Science and Technology Context: India’s tuberculosis (TB) incidence, fell by 21% — from 237 TB cases per lakh population in 2015 to 187 per lakh population in 2024, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global TB Report, 2025.           About Tuberculosis: Nature: TB is a bacterial infection (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) affecting the lungs, spreading through the air.  Risk Factors: These include weak immune system, diabetes, malnutrition, tobacco, and alcohol use. About 25% of the global population is infected, but only 5–10% develop symptoms. Symptoms: These are persistent cough for more than 3 weeks, often with blood, weight loss, night sweats, high fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, chest pain, swollen lymph nodes, etc. Transmission: TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or spits, releasing germs that others can inhale.  Diagnosis: WHO recommends rapid molecular diagnostic tests as initial tests for people showing signs and symptoms of TB. Other diagnostic tools can include sputum smear microscopy and chest X-rays. Prevention: It is preventable and curable with antibiotics. The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given to infants to prevent TB.   Treatment: Standard TB treatment lasts 4-6 months. Incomplete treatment leads to drug-resistant TB.   Types of drug-resistant TB: Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB): It is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (medicines used to treat TB), treatable with costlier alternatives.   Extensively Drug-Resistant TB: It is more severe, with limited treatment options.  Initiatives taken by India: National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP): In 2020, the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) was renamed the NTEP with the goal to eliminate TB in India by 2025, five years ahead of the global target of 2030. Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (PMTBMBA):  Launched in 2022 as part of NTEP, it focuses on providing nutritional, diagnostic, and vocational support to improve treatment outcomes and accelerate India’s TB elimination goal. It is the world’s largest crowd-sourcing initiative for TB patient nutrition.  Ni-Kshay Mitra initiative: This initiative encourages individuals, NGOs, and corporations to support TB patients with nutritional, social, or economic aid for six months. The Ni-Kshay Portal helps health workers manage TB cases, track treatment, and report real-time data for India’s TB surveillance. Source: The Hindu National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) Category: Polity and Governance Context: November 9 is celebrated as the National Legal Services Day to commemorate the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 (which led to formation of NALSA). About National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): Formation: The NALSA (National Legal Services Authority) was founded in 1995 under the Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987. Mandate: It aims to monitor and review the effectiveness of legal aid programs and to develop rules and principles for providing legal services under the Act. It also distributes funding and grants to state legal services authorities and non-profit organisations to help them execute legal aid systems and initiatives. Constitutional Provisions: Article 39A of the Constitution of India provides that State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes. Articles 14 and 22(1) also make it obligatory for the State to ensure equality before law and a legal system which promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity to all. Objectives of Legal Services Authorities: Provide free legal aid and advice. Spread legal awareness. Organise lok adalats. Promote settlements of disputes through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms such as arbitration, conciliation and judicial settlement. Provide compensation to victims of crime. Legal services institutions at various levels: National Level: NALSA was constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. The Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief. State Level: State Legal Services Authority. It is headed by the Chief Justice of the State High Court who is its Patron-in-Chief. District Level: District Legal Services Authority. The District Judge of the District is its ex-officio Chairman. Taluka/Sub-Division Level: Taluka/ Sub-Divisional Legal Services Committee. It is headed by a senior Civil Judge. Eligibility: The eligible persons include women and children, members of SC/ST, industrial workmen, victims of mass disaster, violence, flood, drought, earthquake, industrial disaster, disabled persons and persons in custody. Those persons who have annual income of less than the amount prescribed by the respective State Government, if the case is before any court other than the Supreme Court (SC), and less than Rs. 5 Lakhs, if the case is before the SC. Source: PIB National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) Category: Government Schemes Context: National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) caters to 3.09 crore beneficiaries with a scheme-wise ceiling/ cap for each State/UT on the number of beneficiaries. About National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP): Launch: NSAP was launched on 15th August 1995 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Objective; NSAP aims to provide support to aged persons, widows, disabled persons and bereaved families on the death of the primary income producer, belonging to below-poverty-line households. Nodal ministry: NSAP is implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development in collaboration with the state/UT governments. Step towards DPSPs: NSAP represents a significant step towards the fulfilment of the Directive Principles in Articles 41 and 42 of the Constitution of India. Components: NSAP has Five Sub-Schemes: Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): Under the scheme, BPL persons aged 60 years or above are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/- up to 79 years of age and Rs.500/- thereafter. Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS): BPL widows aged 40-59 years are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/-. Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS): BPL persons aged 18-59 years with severe and multiple disabilities are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/-. National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS): Under the scheme a BPL household is entitled to a lump sum amount of money on the death of a primary breadwinner aged between 18 and 64 years. The amount of assistance is Rs. 10,000/-. Annapurna: Under the scheme, 10 kg of food grains per month are provided free

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) TRIFED Category: Polity and Governance Context: Tribal communities are not just “beneficiaries” of government schemes, but “drivers of India’s progress”, Union Minister for Tribal Affairs said on Tuesday, speaking on the eve of the Tribal Business Conclave 2025, which was different from events routinely organised by institutions like the TRIFED. About TRIFED (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India): Nodal ministry: TRIFED is an organization under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India, dedicated to the socio-economic development of tribal communities through the marketing development of tribal products. Establishment: It was established in August 1987 under the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 1984, by the Government of India as a national-level cooperative body. Mandate: It aims to bring about the socio-economic development of the tribals of the country by institutionalizing the trade of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) & Surplus Agricultural Produce (SAP) collected/cultivated by them. Objectives: To develop the socio-economic welfare of the tribal community. To act as a facilitator and service provider for the tribal community to uplift production. Provide training to enhance artistic skills with modern technology to meet the requirements of the global market. To increase the promotion of tribal art and crafts for a stable livelihood. To identify target groups to monitor and evaluate the process and activities and provide input to the Ministry. Focus on SHGs: The approach involves capacity building of the tribal people through sensitization, formation of Self Help Groups (SHGs), and imparting training to them for undertaking a particular activity, exploring marketing possibilities in national as well as international markets, creating opportunities for marketing tribal products on a sustainable basis, and creating a brand. Retail Marketing: TRIFED has been doing the retail marketing of tribal products under the brand name of TRIBES INDIA. TRIFED promotes and creates a sustainable market through retail outlets, exhibitions such as Aadishilp, Aadichitra, OCTAVE; international fairs, and e-marketing. Implementation of MSP: TRIFED has also been entrusted by the Govt. of India to implement its proposed Minimum Support Price (MSP) Scheme for Minor Forest Produce. Source: The Hindu Indian National Army (INA) Category: History and Culture Context: A new book claims that Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose didn’t establish the Indian National Army (INA) and that it was initially set up by the Japanese Army intelligence and Indian nationalists outside India to fight a common enemy — the British. About First INA: Formation: The first Indian National Army (INA) was formed in September 1942 under Captain Mohan Singh. Composition: It comprised around 12,000 Indian PoWs willing to secure independence from British rule in alliance with Japanese assistance. Thе Japanеsе sought cooperation with nationalists in Southeast Asia, including Indians, to hеlp thеm in thеir war effort. Role of Mohan Singh: Captain Mohan Singh was taskеd with organising an Indian national army using Indian prisonеrs of war. Mohan Singh’s lеadеrship and thе promisе of control by Indian officеrs ralliеd Indian soldiеrs to join thе INA. Reasons for rise of first INA: Thе rеasons for Indian soldiеrs and civilians joining thе INA includеd nationalism, fееlings of bеtrayal by thе British, racial discrimination, and fеar of Japanеsе atrocitiеs. Dissolution of first INA: However, disagreements and distrust arose over control of the army’s leadership and roles. Conflict also emerged over policies of the Japanese military administration in occupied territories. Mohan Singh refused to provide INA soldiers for Japan’s campaign in Burma against the British. This led him to resign and dissolve the first INA by December 1942. About Second INA: Arrival of SC Bose in Singapore: In July 1943, Bose arrived in Singapore and took leadership of the INA, reshaping it as a nationalist force rather than just supporting Japanese military goals. Formation of second INA: The Azad Hind Fauj, or second INA, was formed by unifying the residual soldiers of the first INA with the large influx of Indian civilian volunteers in Southeast Asia electrified by Bose’s leadership and call to arms against British oppression. Difference with first INA: Unlike the first INA, which had multiple centres of authority, the second INA, under Bose’s leadership, was solely committed to him. Ethnic and regional loyalties were subsumed under national sentiments through mixed regiments and political training. The practice of naming regiments after nationalist leaders continued, fostering a sense of unity. Structure: The INA was structured into three brigades – Gandhi, Azad and Nehru. At its peak strength, the INA had around 60,000 troops, including the Rani Jhansi regiment comprising women soldiers headed by Captain Lakshmi Sehgal. Own currency: The INA had its own currency, postage stamps and symbols portraying a vision of a liberated India. National flag: Subhas Chandra Bose, through the first national army, introduced the Indian tricolour as the national flag and Tagore’s song ‘Jan Gan Man Adhinayak’ as the national anthem. The INA flag with the springing tiger symbol and the motto ‘Ittefaq, Etemad, Qurbani’ inspired nationalist sentiment. Source: The Hindu Great Indian Bustard Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Supreme Court judge recently said many environmental law principles imported from the West such as “inter-generational equity” are anthropocentric and would hardly be of any assistance in protecting an endangered species such as Great Indian Bustard. About Great Indian Bustard: State bird of Rajasthan: The Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps), the State bird of Rajasthan, is considered India’s most critically endangered bird. Flagship species: It is considered the flagship grassland species, representing the health of the grassland ecology. Spread: Its population is confined mostly to Rajasthan and Gujarat. Small populations occur in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Threats: The bird is under constant threats due to collision/electrocution with power transmission lines, hunting (still prevalent in Pakistan), habitat loss and alteration as a result of widespread agricultural expansion, etc. Slow breeding species: Great Indian Bustards (GIBs) are slow-reproducing species. They lay a few eggs and have almost a year-long parental care of chicks. The GIB achieves maturity in around 3-4 years. Breeding season: They breed mostly during the monsoon season, when females lay a single egg on open ground.  Physical features: It is a large bird with a horizontal body and long, bare legs, giving it an ostrich-like appearance. The sexes are roughly the same size, with the largest

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Exercise Malabar 2025 Category: Defence and Security Context: The participation of INS Sahyadri in Exercise Malabar-2025 reaffirms India’s enduring partnership and its commitment to strengthening coordination, enhancing interoperability, and demonstrating a collective resolve to safeguard regional security. About Exercise Malabar: Origin: It started as an annual bilateral naval drill between India and the US in 1992. Expansion of membership: Japan joined in 2015, and Australia participated in Malabar 2020, making it a four-nation exercise under the Quad framework. Location: It takes place annually in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans alternatively.  Evolution: It has evolved into a key multilateral event aimed at enhancing interoperability, fostering mutual understanding, and addressing shared maritime challenges in the Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific region. Objective: It aims to improve interoperability, coordination, and communication, focusing on joint fleet operations, anti-submarine warfare, gunnery drills, and airborne maritime missions.  Focus areas: It highlights the convergence of views among the participating countries on maritime issues and their shared commitment to an open, inclusive Indo-Pacific and a rules-based international order.  Strategic Significance: It strengthens Quad military interoperability, coordinated maritime operations, and freedom of navigation. 2 phases of Exercise Malabar 2025: Harbour Phase: It will feature operational planning and discussions, alignment on communication protocols, familiarisation visits between participating nations, and sports fixtures. Sea Phase: Following the harbour phase, all participating units will proceed in this phase, wherein ships and aircraft will take part in naval drills, focusing on joint fleet operations, anti-submarine warfare, gunnery serials and flying operations. Source: PIB Ricin Category: Science and Technology Context: The Gujarat Anti-Terrorist Squad has busted a suspected terror syndicate by arresting a ‘doctor’ with a Chinese MBBS degree, who was allegedly preparing highly-lethal chemical poison, ‘Ricin’, and whose handler is associated with the Islamic State.           About Ricin: Source: Ricin is a poison found naturally in castor beans. If castor beans are chewed and swallowed, the ricin that comes out can cause injury. Ricin can also be made from the waste material left over from processing castor beans. Forms: Ricin can be in the form of a powder, a mist, or a pellet. It can also be dissolved in water or weak acid. Nature: It is stable under normal conditions. However, it will not work if temperatures are over 80 degrees centigrade (176 degrees Fahrenheit). Toxicity: It is toxic when inhaled, ingested, or injected. As few as five to ten micrograms per kilogram can be lethal. Mechanism: Ricin works by getting inside the cells of a person’s body and preventing the cells from making the proteins they need. Without the proteins, cells die. Eventually this is harmful to the whole body, and death may occur. Potential of a biological weapon: It is of special concern because of its potential use as a biological weapon. Accidental exposure to ricin is rare and results primarily from the ingestion of castor seeds. Treatment: Presently, no antidote exists for ricin. Symptomatic ricin poisoning is treated by providing supportive medical care to minimize the effects of the poisoning. Source: NDTV Piprahwa Relics Category: History and Culture Context: A portion of the holy Piprahwa relics of Lord Buddha, brought from India, were enshrined at Thimpu’s prominent monastery, Tashichhodzong, considered the seat of Bhutan’s highest spiritual and political institutions. About Piprahwa Relics: Location: The Piprahwa Relics are a collection of sacred artifacts discovered in 1898 at the Piprahwa Stupa in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the site believed to be associated with ancient Kapilavastu, the homeland of Gautama Buddha. Significance: These relics, unearthed by British colonial engineer William Claxton Peppe in 1898, include bone fragments believed to be those of Lord Buddha, along with crystal caskets, gold ornaments, gemstones, and a sandstone coffer. Archaeological evidence: An inscription in Brahmi script on one of the caskets links the relics directly to the Sakya clan, to which Buddha belonged, indicating that these remains were enshrined by his followers around the third century BC.  Classification: Piprahwa Relics are classified as ‘AA’ antiquities under Indian law, prohibiting their removal or sale. Discovery: The British crown claimed Peppe’s find under the 1878 Indian Treasure Trove Act, with the bones and ash presented to the Buddhist monarch King Chulalongkorn of Siam. Most of the 1,800 gems went to what is now the Indian Museum in Kolkata, while Peppe was permitted to retain approximately a fifth of them. Repatriation to India: A part of the Piprahwa Relics was passed down for generations in the Peppe family. These were put up for auction in Hong Kong in May 2025. However, it was successfully repatriated back to India through a public-private collaboration between the Government and the Godrej Industries Group. Source: Deccan Herald ReALCRaft Portal Category: Government Schemes Context: In a major step towards realizing the vision of a prosperous and inclusive Blue Economy, the Government of India has introduced the ReALCRaft Portal for the registration and licensing of fishing vessels and related processes. About ReALCRaft Portal: Nature: The Registration And Licensing of Fishing Craft (ReALCRaft) portal is developed as a national online platform under open-source technology.  Development: It is developed by the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying. Objective:  It aims to develop a modern, comprehensive and transparent vessel data management system in the country with the aim to enhance security features and to bring efficiency, transparency, accountability and reliability in services. Focus areas: It focuses on providing web-based, citizen-centric services to marine fishers and coastal States/UTs for the registration and licensing of fishing vessels, transfer of ownership, and related processes. Does away the requirement to visit any government office: The system is designed to be fully digital, transparent, and time-bound, allowing applicants to submit minimal documentation, track the status of their application in real time, and complete the process without visiting any government office. Strengthens coastal security: Fishermen and their vessels are identified using QR-coded Aadhaar Cards or Fisher ID Cards, ensuring proper verification and monitoring at sea. These digital features help marine enforcement agencies, including the Indian Coast Guard and Indian Navy, in strengthening coastal security and

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Carbon Sequestration Category: Environment and Ecology. Context: There is a need to increase carbon sequestration in the soil, which is 0.15% at present against the preferred figure of 2% to 5 %, Sultan Ahmed Ismail, Member, State Planning Commission, said. About Carbon Sequestration: Definition: Carbon sequestration is the long-term storage of carbon in plants, soils, geologic formations, and the ocean. It occurs both naturally and as a result of anthropogenic activities and typically refers to the storage of carbon. Significance: Carbon Farming (Carbon Sequestration) involves practices that are known to improve the rate at which CO2 is removed from the atmosphere and converted to plant material and soil organic matter.  It promises a bold new agricultural business model — one that fights climate change, creates jobs, and saves farms that might otherwise be unprofitable. Important for SDGs: Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13: Climate Action), which focuses on taking immediate action to address climate change and its effects, is in line with research into carbon sequestration.  Types of Carbon Sequestration: Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration: It is the process through which CO2 from the atmosphere is absorbed by trees and plants through photosynthesis and stored as carbon in soils and biomass (tree trunks, branches, foliage, and roots) Geologic Carbon Sequestration: Under this, CO2 is stored in areas such as oil reservoirs, gas reservoirs, unmineable coal seams, saline formations and shale formations with high organic content. Ocean Carbon Sequestration: Under this, oceans absorb, release and store large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. This can be done in two ways- enhancing productivity of ocean biological systems through Iron fertilization, and injecting CO2 into the deep ocean. Different Methods of Carbon Sequestration: Natural Carbon Sequestration: It is the process by which nature has achieved a balance of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere suitable for sustaining life. All organic life on this planet is carbon based and when plants and animals die, much of the carbon goes back into the ground where it has little impact on contributing to global warming. Artificial Carbon Sequestration: It refers to a number of processes whereby carbon emissions are captured at the point of production (e.g., Factory Chimneys) and then buried. One example is ocean sequestration whereby carbon dioxide is injected deep into the ocean, forming lakes of CO2. Source: The Hindu Fujian Aircraft Carrier Category: Defence and Security Context: China has commissioned its latest aircraft carrier Fujian after extensive sea trials, state media reported. About Fujian Aircraft Carrier: Nature: The Fujian is China’s third carrier and the first that it both designed and built itself. First two carriers: China’s first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, was Soviet-made and its second, the Shandong, was built in China but based on the Soviet model. Both use older-style ski-jump type systems to help planes take flight. In sync with objective of a modernised force by 2035: It is perhaps the most visible example of China’s massive military overhaul and expansion that aims to have a modernised force by 2035 and one that is “world class” by mid-century. Significance: For China’s navy, one goal is to dominate the near waters of the South China Sea, East China Sea and Yellow Sea around the so-called First Island Chain, which runs south through Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines. But deeper into the Pacific, it also wants to be able to contest control of the Second Island Chain, where the U.S. has important military facilities on Guam and elsewhere. Technology used: The Fujian skips past the steam catapult technology used on most American carriers to employ an electromagnetic launch system found only on the latest U.S. Navy Ford-class carriers. The system causes less stress to the aircraft and the ship, allows for more precise control over speed and can launch a wider range of aircraft than the steam system. Comparison to carriers of US: Numerically it only has three carriers compared to the U.S. Navy’s 11, and while China’s carriers are all conventionally powered, the U.S.’s are all nuclear powered — they can operate almost indefinitely without being refuelled, increasing their range. Aircraft carriers of India: The Indian Navy operates two aircraft carriers namely the INS Vikramaditya, a refurbished Russian carrier commissioned in 2013, and the INS Vikrant, an indigenously designed and built carrier commissioned in 2022. Source: The Hindu Baliyatra Festival Category: ScHistory and Culture Context: President Droupadi Murmu has extended her greetings on the occasion of the historic ‘Baliyatra’ festival to all the countrymen, especially the people of Odisha. About Baliyatra Festival: Nomenclature: Baliyatra, literally ‘voyage to Bali’ is one of the country’s largest open-air fares. Location: It is celebrated annually in Cuttack, Odisha. Occasion: It is celebrated every year on Kartika Purnima (full moon night in the month of Kartik) that marks the day that the seafaring traders departed for the Indonesian islands. Reason behind festival: It is organised every year to commemorate the 2,000-year-old maritime and cultural links between ancient Kalinga (today’s Odisha) and Bali and other South and Southeast Asian regions like Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Significance: The Bali Yatra celebrates the ingenuity and skill of those expert sailors who made Kalinga one of the most prosperous empires of its time. It is a time when people purchase everything from automobiles and electronic devices to local artisanal products at prices that are comparatively low. Methods of celebration: The celebration features grand fairs, elaborate rides, food and dance. Indian women perform ‘Boita Bandana’, they make boats of paper or banana leaf (sholapith) with lighted lamps inside and float them down the Mahanadi as a part of the celebrations. Source: News on AIR Project Suncatcher Category: Science and Technology Context: With Project Suncatcher, Google joins the club to put AI data centres in space, but feasibility remains a challenge. About Project Suncatcher: Nature: Called Project Suncatcher, Google’s new moonshot is a research initiative exploring how constellations of solar-powered satellites could host data centres in space. The idea is similar to satellite constellations like Starlink,

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Khangchendzonga National Park Category: Environment and Ecology. Context: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recently rated Khangchendzonga National Park as “good” in its latest global review of natural World Heritage sites. It is the only Indian park to receive this rating. About Khangchendzonga National Park: Location: It is located in the north of Sikkim. It lies entirely along the Sikkim-Nepal border. Area: It encompasses an area covering 1784 sq.km. It exhibits one of the widest altitudinal ranges of any protected area worldwide. The park has an extraordinary vertical sweep of over 7 kilometres (1,220 m to 8,586 m). Part of UNESCO’s MAB: It is a part of the Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve (KBR), which is one of the 13 biosphere reserves, based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. One of the biodiversity hotspots: It is a part of one of the 4 biodiversity hotspots in India (the Himalayas global biodiversity hotspot). The other 3 biodiversity hotspots are the Western Ghats, the Indo-Burma region, and the Sundaland region. Uniqueness: KBR is India’s first “mixed” UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognised in 2016 for its combination of natural beauty and cultural importance.  Home to third highest mountain peak: It is home to Mt. Khangchendzonga, the third highest peak in the world. Contains some of the largest glaciers: It has, in total, 18 glaciers, the largest one being Zemu Glacier, one of the largest glaciers in Asia.  Lepcha tribe: It is one of the very few places where one can find the Lepcha tribal settlements.  Flora: It mostly contains subtropical to alpine vegetation such as oak, fir, birch, maple, and rhododendron. Fauna: It is home to important flagship species such as the snow leopard, Tibetan wolf, red panda, blue sheep, Himalayan Tahr, and mainland serow, among many. It is home to nearly half of India’s bird diversity. Source: News on AIR Koraga Tribe Category: History and Culture Context: A groundbreaking genomic study led by researchers from Mangalore University and Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University) has identified a distinct ancestral source in the Koraga tribe that may date back to the Indus Valley Civilisation. About Koraga Tribe: Location: The Koraga is an indigenous tribal community that is basically found mainly in the Dakshina Kannada, Udupi districts of Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala state. Classified as PVTGs: The Koragas are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). Population: As per the 2011 census, their total population is 1582, in which 778 were males and 804 females. Language: People communicate either in their language, known as Koraga Bhasha, or in Tulu. Economy: The Koragas mainly depend on agriculture and forest resources for their livelihoods.  Culture: They are known for their traditional crafts, such as basket-making, and actively participate in folk dances and rituals that reflect their rich cultural heritage.  Society: The Koraga community follows a matrilineal family system and a unique clan structure called “bali,” which plays an important role in their social organization. Koragas are led by the most senior person in the village, often known as Mooppan. He ensures the well-being of the members of the community.  Rituals: Drumming and traditional music are integral to their rituals and community celebrations. Dholu and Voote (Drum and Flute) were two important musical instruments of the Koragas. The rhythmic drum-beating, especially with the “dholu,” is a significant aspect of their cultural identity, used in various ceremonies and gatherings. Religious Beliefs: The Koragas follow Hinduism but have distinct tribal religious beliefs and practices. They worship spirits known as “Bhutas” and believe in the power of magic and rituals to ward off evil. About Indus Valley Civilization: Nomenclature: The Indus Valley in the Indian subcontinent was one of the first places where humans settled down and advanced to a highly civilised lifestyle. Its contemporary name comes from its location in the Indus River valley, but it is also known as the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization. Discovery: It was in 1924 that John Marshall announced to the world the existence of an ancient civilization in the Indus Valley. Area: It encompassed an area of approximately 1,299,600 square km. It covered a considerably broader region than the ancient Egyptian or Mesopotamian cultures did. Expanse: It extended from Sutkagendor (in Balochistan, Pakistan) in the West to Alamgirpur (UP) in the East; and from Mandu (Jammu) in the North to Daimabad (Maharashtra) in the South. Important sites: The Indus Valley Civilization, situated in the river basins of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra, featured several key cities such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Kalibangan, Lothal, Rakhigarhi, Chanhudaro, Banawali, Dholavira, etc. Uniqueness: One of the most outstanding features of the Indus cities was their well-planned town planning. The excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro have revealed a great deal of evidence of this. Economy: Agriculture was the primary employment of the Indus Valley people. They cultivated wheat, barley, peas, and, in some places, rice. Art and craft: Most human figurines were handmade and made from bronze, terracotta, steatite, and faience material. The Harappan people were also good craftsmen. They used more copper than bronze. Brick-making and masonry were other important occupations. Script: The Indus seals are a unique source available to us to learn about the Harappan culture. Since this pictorial script is yet to be deciphered, our understanding of the Harappans is largely limited to those images used in the script. Source: The New Indian Express National Technical Textiles Mission Category: Government Schemes Context: The National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM) has successfully supported the development of 03 indigenous instruments for testing Convective, Radiant, and Contact (Conductive) Heat Resistance of protective textiles.   About National Technical Textiles Mission: Nodal ministry: NTTM is an initiative of the Ministry of Textiles to promote the growth and development of the technical textiles sector in the country.  Objective: It aims to position India as a global leader in technical textiles.   Implementation Period: It was launched for a period from 2020-21 to 2025-26 with an outlay of Rs.1,480 crores. Components: The Mission has four components. Research, Innovation and Development: Fundamental research is