August 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Supreme Court of India appointments Category: POLITY Context:  The Supreme Court of India has regained its full sanctioned strength of 34 judges with the swearing-in of Justices Alok Aradhe and Vipul M. Pancholi by Chief Justice B.R. Gavai. Key Appointments Their induction restored the Court to full capacity. Justice Pancholi is in line to become Chief Justice of India in 2031, retiring in May 2033. The appointments were made by a 4:1 Collegium majority, with Justice B.V. Nagarathna dissenting over seniority concerns. Background Justice Pancholi (b. 1968) started his career in Gujarat, became a Permanent Judge of Gujarat HC in 2016, and later Chief Justice of Patna HC in 2023. Justice Aradhe (b. 1964) began in Madhya Pradesh, became a Permanent Judge of MP HC, and was appointed Chief Justice of Bombay HC in 2023. Appointment Process The move ensures full strength until Chief Justice Gavai’s retirement on November 23. Despite dissent, the appointments were cleared swiftly. Learning Corner: Constitutional Provisions Article 124(2): Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India. The President consults judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts as deemed necessary. The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is appointed by convention on the basis of seniority. Retirement age: 65 years (Article 124). Evolution of Appointment Process First Judges Case (S.P. Gupta v. Union of India, 1981) Held that the President had primacy in judicial appointments. “Consultation” with CJI did not mean “concurrence.” Second Judges Case (Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, 1993) Overruled the First Judges Case. Gave primacy to the CJI’s opinion, formed with the two senior-most judges → birth of the Collegium System. Third Judges Case (1998, Presidential Reference) Expanded the Collegium to CJI + 4 senior-most judges. Made collective decision binding on appointments. Fourth Judges Case (NJAC Case, 2015) Struck down the 99th Constitutional Amendment and the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) as unconstitutional. Restored the Collegium System, citing judicial independence as part of the basic structure. Current System (Collegium) CJI + 4 senior-most SC judges recommend names to the President. The Government can send back names for reconsideration once, but if re-recommended, it is binding. Source: THE HINDU Crocothemis erythraea Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : The elusive Crocothemis erythraea dragonfly has been rediscovered in the high-altitude regions of the southern Western Ghats after decades of misidentification with the widespread Crocothemis servilia. Key Points Field studies (2019–2023) confirmed that both species coexist in the Western Ghats. Earlier photographic evidence from Munnar faced scepticism, prompting detailed surveys. C. erythraea typically inhabits high elevations across Europe, Asia, and the Himalayas; its presence in southern India suggests migration during the Pleistocene Ice Age. The rediscovery underscores the Western Ghats’ role in conserving ancient insect lineages and biodiversity. Source:  THE HINDU International Monetary Fund (IMF) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Government of India has appointed Urjit Patel, former RBI Governor, as Executive Director at the IMF for a three-year term, succeeding K.V. Subramanian. Key Details Patel will represent India in the IMF Executive Board’s four-country constituency with Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan. He previously served as RBI Governor (2016–2018), Deputy Governor, and Vice President at the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. His career includes roles at the IMF, Ministry of Finance, and leading corporations. He holds advanced economics degrees from LSE, Oxford, and Yale. Learning Corner: Overview The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a specialized UN agency established in 1944 (Bretton Woods Conference) and formally came into existence in 1945. Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA. Membership: 190 countries (as of 2025). India is a founding member. Objectives Promote international monetary cooperation. Ensure exchange rate stability and orderly exchange arrangements. Facilitate balanced growth of international trade. Provide financial assistance to members facing balance of payments difficulties. Reduce global poverty through sustainable economic growth. Structure Board of Governors: One governor from each member country (usually Finance Minister or Central Bank Governor). Executive Board: 24 Directors representing countries/constituencies; oversees day-to-day operations. Managing Director: Head of the IMF, traditionally a European. Quota System: Determines a member’s financial contribution, voting power, and access to financing. Key Functions Surveillance: Monitoring global and country-level economic developments. Financial Assistance: Provides loans to members (e.g., Extended Fund Facility, Stand-By Arrangements). Capacity Development: Technical assistance and training in fiscal policy, monetary policy, and financial systems. Important Facts for Exams India is part of a constituency with Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) act as IMF’s reserve asset. Major lending tool during crises: Stand-By Arrangements (SBA), Extended Fund Facility (EFF), Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI). Source: THE HINDU State Energy Efficiency Index Category: POLITY Context: The State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2024, released by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Statewise Top Performers Maharashtra: Group 1 (>15 MToE) Andhra Pradesh: Group 2 (5–15 MToE) Assam: Group 3 (1–5 MToE) Tripura: Group 4 (<1 MToE) Index Highlights Covers 36 States/UTs, with 66 indicators across sectors like buildings, industry, transport, agriculture, DISCOMs, and municipal services. Categories: Front Runners (>60%), Achievers (50–60%), Contenders (30–50%), Aspirants (<30%). Key reforms: Energy Conservation Building Code (24 states), EV policies (31 states), solar pumps (13 states, Kerala leads with 74%). All states/UTs have Energy Efficiency Action Plans; 31 set up State-Level Steering Committees on Energy Transition. Learning Corner: State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI): Overview The State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) is released by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in collaboration with the Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE). It tracks the progress of states and Union Territories in implementing energy efficiency policies and programs. Objectives Evaluate state-level energy efficiency initiatives. Encourage peer-to-peer learning and healthy competition among states. Support India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and net-zero targets. Coverage & Indicators Covers 36 States and UTs. Uses 66 indicators across key sectors: Buildings Industry Transport Agriculture Municipal services DISCOMs Cross-sector initiatives Scoring & Categories States/UTs are scored and grouped into four categories: Front Runners: >60% Achievers: 50–60% Contenders: 30–50% Aspirants: <30% Source: PIB Nuakhai Category: CULTURE Context: Nuakhai Festival 2025 Nuakhai is a major harvest festival celebrated

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Burmese pythons Category: ENVIRONMENT Context:  Florida authorities are testing robot rabbits to help control invasive Burmese pythons, which have devastated local wildlife due to their lack of predators and strong camouflage. Python Control Efforts Since the late 20th century, pythons have decimated native species like rabbits, birds, and even alligators. Current measures include hunting contests, tracking devices, snake-catchers, and now robot rabbits that mimic real rabbits’ heat and scent. Robot Rabbit Strategy These devices simulate body heat and behavior, luring pythons out of hiding to make capture easier. Early trials show promise in overcoming camouflage challenges. Ecological Impact Unchecked pythons have caused severe ecological imbalance. In some areas, rabbit populations have dropped by more than 95% since 1997. Future Implications If successful, robot rabbits could become a key tool in restoring Florida’s ecosystem. Learning Corner: Burmese Pythons Native to Southeast Asia, Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) are among the largest snake species in the world, capable of growing over 5 meters long. They are non-venomous constrictors, killing prey by coiling and suffocation. Introduced to Florida (likely through the pet trade), they have become a highly invasive species in the Everglades. With no natural predators in the region, they feed on a wide range of animals including mammals, birds, and even alligators. Their rapid spread has caused drastic declines in native wildlife populations, making them a major ecological threat. Control methods include hunting programs, radio-tracking, trained snake catchers, and experimental tools like robot rabbits to lure them out. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Exercise Bright Star 2025 Category: DEFENCE Context : Over 700 Indian Armed Forces personnel are set to take part in Exercise Bright Star 2025, a major multinational drill in Egypt from August 28 to September 10, 2025 Overview Bright Star, co-hosted by Egypt and the US since 1980, is one of the largest military exercises in the Middle East. The 2025 edition will see participation from 43 nations—13 with active contingents and 30 as observers. Indian Participation India’s Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel will engage in live firing, command post exercises, and modern warfare training. Expert exchanges will cover cyber warfare, logistics, and strategic communication. Significance With over 7,900 troops expected, the exercise enhances interoperability, regional security, and defence diplomacy. For India, it strengthens tri-service synergy and international military cooperation, supporting its role in peace, stability, and coalition operations. Learning Corner: Exercise Name Participants Domain Varuna India–France Naval Komodo India + multiple regional navies Naval SIMBEX India–Singapore Naval La Perouse Indo-Pacific navies Naval Sea Dragon Quad/allied navies Naval Malabar Quad (India, U.S., Japan, Australia) Naval Aikeyme India + African navies Naval India–Africa Maritime India + African nations Naval India–Philippines Drill India–Philippines Naval Talisman Sabre India + Australia, U.S., others Multi-domain Dharma Guardian India–Japan Land (Army) Cyclone India–Egypt Special Forces Shakti India–France Army Land (Army) Yudh Abhyas India–USA Land (Army) Ekuverin India–Maldives Land Khanjar India–Kyrgyzstan Land (Army) Bongosagar India–Bangladesh Naval Source:  PIB Starship Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: SpaceX’s Starship successfully completed a critical test flight, marking a major step toward Moon and Mars missions. Test Flight Highlights The 10th flight launched from Starbase, Texas, after three failed attempts. The Super Heavy booster made a controlled splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico, while Starship splashed down in the Indian Ocean after deploying eight mock Starlink satellites. Key milestones included in-orbit engine re-ignition and a reusable heat shield stress test. Features Height: 120 m – taller than Saturn V. Engines: 33 Raptor engines with ~74 meganewtons thrust, nearly twice Saturn V. Payload: 100–150 tons to LEO; up to 100 astronauts in crew configuration. Fuel: Liquid methane + oxygen. Design: Fully reusable two-stage system with largest payload volume in history. Significance The success restores confidence in Starship for NASA’s Artemis Moon mission and future Mars plans. It demonstrates reusability, massive payload capacity, and cost-effectiveness—potentially revolutionizing space access and exploration. Learning Corner: SpaceX’s Starship World’s largest rocket: At 120 meters tall, Starship is bigger than the Saturn V and designed for deep-space missions. Structure: Two-stage system — Super Heavy booster and the Starship spacecraft. Power: Powered by 33 Raptor engines using liquid methane and liquid oxygen, generating ~74 meganewtons of thrust. Capacity: Can carry 100–150 tons to low Earth orbit and up to 100 astronauts in crew configuration — the largest payload capacity ever. Reusability: Both stages are fully reusable, aiming to drastically cut launch costs and enable frequent missions. Heat shield: Equipped with a reusable heat shield to withstand re-entry from the Moon or Mars. Purpose: Developed to support NASA’s Artemis missions, future Mars colonization, and revolutionize space access through cost-effective, high-capacity launches. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Mahatma Ayyankali Category: HISTORY Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Mahatma Ayyankali on his Jayanti, honoring his legacy as a pioneering social reformer who fought caste-based discrimination and worked for the upliftment of marginalized communities in Kerala. Legacy of Ayyankali Born in 1863, he led movements like the Villuvandi (cart) journey and Kallumala struggle, challenging social inequalities. Advocated education, access to public spaces, and basic rights for Dalits, reshaping Kerala’s social fabric. His reforms laid the foundation for greater equality and continue to inspire struggles for social justice in India. Learning Corner: Mahatma Ayyankali (1863–1941) Ayyankali was a prominent social reformer from Kerala, known for challenging caste oppression and working for the upliftment of Dalits. He fought for education rights, access to public spaces, and basic dignity for oppressed communities. His famous struggles include the Villuvandi (bullock cart) movement, asserting the right of Dalits to use public roads, and the Kallumala agitation, demanding social equality and dignity for Dalit women. He also organized agricultural labourers to fight for better wages and working conditions. Ayyankali’s efforts laid the foundation for Kerala’s later progress in social justice and equality, earning him the title Mahatma. Source: PIB Amoebic Encephalitis Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Kerala has reported another case of amoebic encephalitis, a rare and often fatal brain infection, bringing the total cases this year to 42. About the Disease Caused mainly by

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Adi Karmayogi Initiative Category: POLITY Context:  Train 20 lakh tribal “change leaders” through activities like role-play, cognitive tasks, and fish bowl exercises to build problem-solving and motivation. Objectives Part of the Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan to strengthen last-mile scheme delivery. Implementation 240 State-level master trainers, 2,750 district trainers, and 15,000+ block trainers will conduct sessions across 324 districts. Each village session will involve 15 volunteers, focusing on participatory development. Key Activities “Lighting the candle” (positivity), “fish bowl” (group interaction), and role-play (community issue solving). Vision & Delivery Villagers will draft “Vision 2030” documents, visualized through public murals as governance blueprints. Adi Seva Kendras will act as single-window centers for scheme saturation. Impact Aims to foster sustainable, community-driven solutions and improve government scheme delivery in tribal regions. Learning Corner: Adi Karmayogi Initiative A government programme under Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan to strengthen last-mile delivery of schemes in tribal areas. Seeks to train 20 lakh tribal “change leaders” through participatory methods like role-play, candle-lighting, cognitive tasks, and fish bowl exercises. Multi-tier trainer structure: 240 State-level, 2,750 district-level, and 15,000+ block-level trainers covering 324 districts. Each village session involves 15 volunteers to build problem-solving and community leadership. Villagers prepare “Vision 2030” documents, visualized through public murals as aspirational governance blueprints. Adi Seva Kendras will serve as single-window centers for scheme saturation. Focus: community-driven development, participatory governance, and improved scheme utilization in tribal regions. Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan A flagship tribal welfare programme launched by the Government of India. Aims to ensure last-mile delivery and saturation of government schemes in tribal villages. Works on participatory governance by involving tribal communities in identifying local challenges and solutions. Includes the Adi Karmayogi initiative, which trains tribal “change leaders” at the village level to drive development. Encourages preparation of “Village Vision 2030” documents and community murals to guide planning and governance. Establishes Adi Seva Kendras as single-window service centres for welfare schemes. Overall focus: empowerment, capacity building, and inclusive development of tribal communities. Source: THE HINDU INS Udaygiri & INS Himgiri Commissioned Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Defence Minister Rajnath Singh commissioned two multirole stealth frigates — INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri — at Visakhapatnam Key Points Defence Minister Rajnath Singh commissioned two multirole stealth frigates — INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri — at Visakhapatnam. Part of Project 17A, with 75% indigenous components, reflecting Make in India and Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Equipped with advanced weapons, sensors, and propulsion systems; designed by the Navy’s Warship Design Bureau. Built with contributions from 200+ MSMEs, generating thousands of jobs. Strategic Impact Enhances India’s maritime strength in the Indian Ocean. Useful for maritime security, disaster relief, and humanitarian missions. Represents a leap in stealth, design, and indigenous shipbuilding capacity. Technical Highlights Combined diesel/gas propulsion, modern management systems, and high indigenous technology. Follow-on to Project 17 Shivalik-class frigates, with major improvements in stealth and combat capability. Learning Corner: Frigates Definition: Frigates are medium-sized, multi-role warships, smaller than destroyers but larger than corvettes. Role: Primarily designed for escorting naval fleets, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-air warfare (AAW), and surface warfare. Features: Equipped with modern radar, sonar, surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), anti-ship missiles, and torpedoes. Some carry helicopters for extended ASW capability. Advantages: Cost-effective compared to destroyers; versatile in both offensive and defensive naval operations. In India: The Indian Navy operates classes such as Shivalik-class (stealth frigates), Talwar-class, and is building advanced Nilgiri-class frigates under Project 17A. Global context: Frigates are a key component in modern navies due to their balance of firepower, agility, and affordability. Indian Defence Projects  Project 15A – Kolkata-class Destroyers (INS Kolkata, Kochi, Chennai) Project 15B – Visakhapatnam-class Destroyers (INS Visakhapatnam, Mormugao, Imphal, Surat – ongoing) Project 17 – Shivalik-class Stealth Frigates Project 17A – Nilgiri-class Stealth Frigates (under construction) Project 28 – Kamorta-class Anti-Submarine Warfare Corvettes Project 75 – Kalvari-class Scorpene Submarines (diesel-electric) Project 75I – Next-generation conventional submarines (future, under planning) IAC-1 – INS Vikrant (Indigenous Aircraft Carrier) IAC-2 (proposed) – Vishal-class Aircraft Carrier Source:  THE HINDU Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-1) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: To test the parachute-based deceleration system for safe crew module landing. Purpose & Method An IAF helicopter dropped a 5-tonne dummy crew capsule from 3 km altitude; parachutes deployed in sequence for splashdown simulation. Agencies Involved Supported by Indian Air Force, DRDO, and Coast Guard for materials, safety systems, and recovery. Importance Multiple tests will validate parachute safety, crew escape systems, and subsystems for human certification. Future trials will simulate ascent, descent, and on-orbit operations. Long-term Goals Gaganyaan is the foundation for India’s human spaceflight roadmap. Targets: Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035 and crewed lunar landing by 2040. Learning Corner: Gaganyaan Mission India’s first crewed spaceflight programme, led by ISRO. Objective: Send a 3-member Indian crew to low-Earth orbit (~400 km) for 3 days and return safely. Crew module designed with parachute-based deceleration, life-support, and safety systems. Supported by IAF (astronaut training), DRDO (life-support & materials), Coast Guard/Navy (recovery ops). Multiple tests include: Integrated Air Drop Tests (IADT), Pad Abort Tests, Crew Escape System trials, Uncrewed flights. Roadmap: Human spaceflight (Gaganyaan) – foundation stage. Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035. Crewed lunar landing by 2040. Significance: Boosts Aatmanirbhar Bharat in space technology, human-rating of launch vehicles, and positions India among elite spacefaring nations. Source: THE HINDU Kuttiyadi Coconut Category: ECONOMICS Context: Kuttiyadi Coconut gets GI tag Unique Qualities High-yielding: Starts fruiting in 5 years; over 150 nuts per year. Long lifespan: Productive for 100+ years. Strong trunk: Pest- and drought-resistant. Large fruits: 600–800 g (without husk), thicker kernels, high oil content. Aromatic oil: Up to 70% yield, more fragrant than other varieties. Learning Corner: Geographical Indication (GI) Tag A Geographical Indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation, or characteristics essentially linked to that location. In India, GI tags are governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, effective from 2003. It provides legal protection against unauthorized use, helps preserve traditional

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Greenfield Airports Context: The Andhra Pradesh government has drawn up plans to develop greenfield airports at Srikakulam, Bhogapuram, Tuni–Annavaram, Tadepalligudem, Ongole, Dagadarthi, Kuppam and Nagarjuna Sagar. About Greenfield Projects: A greenfield airport is a new aviation facility built from scratch on previously undeveloped land. India’s first Greenfield airport built in the northeastern region is Pakyong Airport, located in Sikkim. The development of Greenfield airports is regulated by the Greenfield Airports (GFA) Policy, 2008. As per the Policy, a State Government or an Airport Developer, willing to establish an airport is required to send a proposal to the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) for 2-stage approval i.e. ‘Site-Clearance’ followed by ‘In-Principle’ approval. Advantages of Greenfield Projects: Engineers do not have to spend time tearing down old buildings, making the construction process faster and more efficient. Enhances regional and international air travel. Helps decongest existing airports in urban areas. Encourages investment and trade in surrounding regions. Can be planned with eco-friendly measures like green energy and sustainable construction. Source: THE HINDU Collegium System Context: The Supreme Court Collegium headed by Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai on Monday recommended the elevation of the Chief Justices of the Bombay and Patna High Courts, Justices Alok Aradhe and Vipul Manubhai Pancholi, respectively, as top court judges. Appointment of judges in HCs and SC: The Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Constitution. Judges of the higher judiciary are appointed through the collegium system. The term “collegium” is not mentioned in the Indian Constitution but has been established through judicial pronouncements. Salaries, allowances, privileges, leave, and pension of Supreme Court judges are determined by Parliament. The Salaries, Pension, and Allowances of the Supreme Court Judges are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India. After retirement, a judge of the Supreme Court is prohibited from practicing law in any court in India or pleading before any government authority. Evolution of Collegium System: First Judges Case (1981): It declared that the “primacy” of the CJI’s (Chief Justice of India) recommendation on judicial appointments and transfers can be refused for “cogent reasons.” Second Judges Case (1993): It introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant “concurrence”. It added that it was not the CJI’s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the Supreme Court. Third Judges Case (1998): SC on the President’s reference (Article 143) expanded the Collegium to a five-member body, comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues. Source: THE HINDU Salwa Judum Context: A group of 18 retired judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts have penned a joint statement against Home Minister Amit Shah’s remarks on the Supreme Court’s Salwa Judum judgment, saying that such “prejudicial misinterpretation” will have a “chilling effect on the judges of the Supreme Court, shaking the independence of the judiciary”. About Salwa Judum: Meaning “Peace March” or “Purification Hunt” in the language of the Gonds, the Salwa Judum was a militia specifically mobilised with the intention of countering the Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) or naxalism in the Chhattisgarh region. It consisted of local tribal youth mobilized for resistance against outlawed armed naxalites. The group was reportedly backed by government machinery in Chhattisgarh. There were reports that Salwa Judum forcibly recruited minor boys for its armed forces. According to a survey by the Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy (FFDA), over 12,000 minors were being used by the Salwa Judum in the southern district of Dantewada. The Salwa Judum displaced large numbers of villagers. They even killed those that refused to leave, accusing them of being naxalite collaborators. Following a number of petitions, the Supreme Court ordered the state government in 2008 to refrain from allegedly supporting and encouraging the Salwa Judum. In 2011, the Supreme Court of India in a case filed by Nandini Sundar and others declared the militia to be illegal and unconstitutional, and ordered its disbanding. However, despite the order, the Salwa Judum remains a part of the auxiliary force of the state police. Other government initiatives to control Left-Wing Extremism (LWE): SAMADHAN doctrine is the one-stop solution for the LWE problem. It encompasses the entire strategy of government from short-term policy to long-term policy formulated at different levels. SAMADHAN stands for- S- Smart Leadership A- Aggressive Strategy M- Motivation and Training A- Actionable Intelligence D- Dashboard Based KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) and KRAs (Key Result Areas) H- Harnessing Technology A- Action plan for each Theatre N- No access to Financing The national strategy to counter LWE was formed in 2015 as a multipronged approach to combat LWE. Its main aim was to ensure participatory governance and protection of the rights of local tribals, inter alia. Operation Green Hunt was started in 2009-10 and massive deployment of security forces was done in the naxal-affected areas. Source: THE HINDU Vantara Context: The Supreme Court on Monday constituted a Special Investigation Team (SIT) chaired by a former top court judge, Justice J. Chelameswar, to conduct an “independent factual appraisal” of complaints and allegations of violations raised against Vantara, a zoological rescue and rehabilitation centre conceptualised by Anant Ambani at Gujarat’s Jamnagar. About Vantara: Vantara (meaning Star of the Forest) is a private, non-commercial wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre. Developed by the Reliance Foundation, it is led by Anant Ambani as a philanthropic initiative under Reliance Industries. Located inside the Jamnagar Refinery Township, Gujarat, it spans 3,500 acres in Motikhavdi village, Jamnagar district. It was inaugurated in March 2025 and it aims to provide care, conservation, and rehabilitation for injured, abandoned, and rescued animals. It contains Greens Zoological Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre (GZRRC), which covers around 650 acres with dedicated enclosures for big cats, reptiles, birds, and herbivores. It also has a specialised Elephant Centre, which is equipped with hydrotherapy pools, imaging systems, and recovery zones. It is the first-of-its-kind in India as it is the largest privately managed facility for animal welfare and biodiversity rescue. It

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Integrated Air Defence Weapon System Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted the first flight tests of the Indigenous Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) off the coast of Odisha. Key Points Purpose: Enhances India’s multi-layered air defense against aerial threats and protects strategic facilities. Components: Includes Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles (QRSAM), Very Short-Range Air Defense System (VSHORADS), and a high-power laser-based Directed Energy Weapon, all managed via a central command system. Testing: Successfully destroyed three aerial targets—two high-speed UAVs and a drone—using QRSAM, VSHORADS, and the laser weapon. Performance: All elements including radars, missiles, communication, and command systems functioned flawlessly. Learning Corner: India’s Multi-Layered Air Defence System India has developed a multi-tiered air defence shield to neutralize threats from long-range ballistic missiles to low-flying drones. The system integrates indigenous and imported platforms under centralized command and control. Long-Range / Outer Layer S-400 Triumf (Russia) – Range up to 400 km, counters stealth aircraft, cruise and ballistic missiles. Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) Program – Includes Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) and Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptors for high and low-altitude ballistic missile interception. Medium-Range Layer MR-SAM (Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile) – Jointly by DRDO & Israel; ~70 km range; used by Air Force, Army, and Navy. Akash & Akash-NG – Indigenous, ~25–70 km; protects air bases and strategic assets. Short-Range / Tactical Layer QRSAM (Quick Reaction SAM) – 25–30 km range, mobile and radar-guided. SPYDER (Israel) – 15–35 km range, counters aircraft, UAVs, and precision-guided munitions. Very Short Range / Point Defence Igla (Russia) and Indigenous VSHORADS – Man-portable missiles for last-mile defence against low-flying targets. Anti-Drone Systems – DRDO and private-sector developed, deployed at borders and sensitive installations. Directed Energy Weapons (Emerging Layer) High-Power Laser Systems (DEW) under DRDO’s Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) – tested for drone and UAV neutralization. Integrated Command & Control Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) – Nationwide radar and sensor network linking all layers for real-time surveillance, detection, and interception. Important Air Defence Systems of the World United States Patriot PAC-3: Combat-proven, medium-to-long range system against aircraft and tactical ballistic missiles. THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense): Intercepts ballistic missiles in the upper atmosphere. Aegis Combat System (Navy): Uses SM-2/SM-3/SM-6 missiles for layered defence at sea and on Aegis Ashore sites. Iron Dome (co-developed with Israel): Short-range, highly effective against rockets and UAVs. Russia S-400 Triumf: Long-range system (up to 400 km), counters stealth aircraft and ballistic missiles. S-500 Prometey: Next-generation system with anti-ballistic and anti-satellite capability. Pantsir-S1: Short-range point defence with missiles and guns, effective against drones and low-flying aircraft. Israel Iron Dome: Famous short-range system for rockets, artillery, and drones. David’s Sling: Medium-range defence against cruise missiles and tactical ballistic missiles. Arrow-2 & Arrow-3: Long-range interceptors developed with the US to counter ballistic missiles. China HQ-9: Long-range SAM, comparable to the S-300/S-400. HQ-19: Designed for ballistic missile defence. HQ-17: Short-range, mobile SAM system. Europe / NATO ASTER Missile System (France-Italy): Used on land and naval platforms, covers short to long ranges. NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System): Medium-range, deployed in many NATO countries and the US (for Washington, D.C. defence). Sky Sabre (UK): New medium-range air defence system with high accuracy. Source: THE HINDU Invasive plants Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : A new international study shows that invasive plants and animals have caused over $2.6 trillion in global damage since 1960, with costs in India severely underreported. Key Points Global Impact: Plants, arthropods, and mammals are the most damaging groups, affecting agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and infrastructure. India’s Blind Spot: Management costs are underreported by over 1,100%, reflecting weak documentation and funding. Drivers of Costs: Losses stem from both economic damage and expenses for detection, control, and eradication. Gaps: India lacks robust data, funding, and coordinated strategies, worsening ecological and financial risks. Way Forward: Experts urge stronger policies, better data systems, and global cooperation for prevention and management. Learning Corner: Invasive Species of India Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are non-native plants, animals, or microbes introduced—intentionally or accidentally—that spread rapidly, harm native biodiversity, disrupt ecosystems, and cause economic loss. India, with its rich biodiversity, is especially vulnerable. Examples of Major Invasive Species in India Plants Lantana camara – A hardy shrub from Central/South America; invades forests, suppresses native plants. Parthenium hysterophorus (Congress Grass) – From tropical America; affects agriculture, causes skin allergies and respiratory issues. Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth) – Aquatic weed from the Amazon; clogs water bodies, reduces oxygen, harms fisheries. Prosopis juliflora (Vilayati Babool) – From South America; dominates drylands, displaces native grasses. Animals Common Carp & Tilapia – Non-native fishes that outcompete local species, affecting inland fisheries. African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) – Aggressive predator, threatens native fish diversity. Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) – Damages paddy fields and aquatic vegetation. Insects / Others Papaya Mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) – Destroys papaya and other crops. Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) – Major pest in maize, spreading rapidly in India. Impacts Ecological: Displacement of native flora and fauna, habitat degradation. Economic: Heavy losses in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Health: Allergies, poisoning, and diseases linked to some species. Management in India National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) monitor IAS. Biological control: Example – Mexican beetle introduced to control Parthenium. Awareness & Policy: Need for stronger prevention, early detection, and coordinated eradication strategies. Source:  THE HINDU Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) has declared famine in parts of Gaza Key Points What is IPC: An independent global hunger monitor working with UN bodies, NGOs, and governments to assess food insecurity. Famine Criteria: Declared when 20% of people face extreme shortages, over 30% of children are acutely malnourished, and at least 2 adults (or 4 children) per 10,000 die daily from starvation or disease. Precedents: Rare—previously declared only a few times in Africa and Sudan; this is the first for Gaza. Gaza Assessment: Around 280,000 people face catastrophic hunger, with 80% of

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Khelo India Water Sports Festival (KIWSF) Category: POLITY Context:  Dal Lake in Srinagar hosted the first-ever Khelo India Water Sports Festival (KIWSF) Over 400 athletes from across India competed for 24 gold medals in Olympic-class events like rowing, canoeing, and kayaking. Demonstration sports such as water skiing, dragon boat racing, and shikara sprints showcased both modern and local traditions. The event, featuring Olympians like Arjun Lal Jat, aimed at talent identification for future Olympics and strengthening India’s water sports ecosystem. Organized by the Sports Authority of India and the Jammu & Kashmir Sports Council, it also promoted tourism by positioning J&K as a hub for winter and water sports. With nearly equal male and female participation and strong representation from states like Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Odisha, and Kerala, the festival set a new benchmark for India’s aquatic sports ambitions. Learning Corner: Dal Lake is a famous urban lake located in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, often called the “Jewel of Srinagar.” It is the second-largest lake in the Union Territory and is renowned for its houseboats, shikaras (traditional boats), and floating gardens. Geography: Spread over nearly 22 sq. km, the lake is fed by several mountain streams and is connected to other water bodies through canals. Tourism: It is one of India’s most iconic tourist attractions, offering houseboat stays, shikara rides, and views of the surrounding Himalayas. Economy: Supports livelihoods through fishing, tourism, and horticulture (floating vegetable gardens). Culture: Has deep cultural and historical significance, often featured in Kashmiri art, poetry, and films. Sports & Events: Recently transformed into a venue for water sports, including the Khelo India Water Sports Festival 2025, boosting its profile as a sports and adventure destination. Source: THE HINDU Sustainable Power 1404 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Iran launched its first naval drill since the June 2025 war with Israel Conducted by Iran’s regular navy, the exercise showcased its strength after the 12-day conflict with Israel that damaged much of its air defence and missile infrastructure. The drill featured frigates IRIS Sabalan and IRIS Ganaveh firing Nasir and Qadir cruise missiles, supported by coastal batteries, drones, electronic warfare units, and subsurface forces. Unlike other branches, Iran’s navy had escaped major losses during the war. The exercise, following recent Iran-Russia naval drills, was aimed at signaling resilience, reassuring domestic audiences, and warning adversaries like the US and Israel of Iran’s readiness for retaliation, especially amid tensions over its suspended nuclear cooperation and the threat of renewed UN sanctions. Source:  THE HINDU Piprahwa gems Category: CULTURE Context: Uttar Pradesh, are set to return to their original site after a high-profile repatriation from Hong Kong in July 2025. The Piprahwa gems, sacred relics linked to Lord Buddha and discovered in 1898 at the Piprahwa stupa in Uttar Pradesh, were repatriated from Hong Kong to India in July 2025. These treasures include bone fragments, gem-inlaid reliquaries, gold ornaments, and ritual offerings enshrined by the Buddha’s Sakya clan. Once held by the Peppé family after colonial excavations, around 300 gem-encrusted artefacts resurfaced for auction in Hong Kong with an estimated value of $13 million before the Government of India intervened to secure their permanent return. The relics were ceremonially welcomed back, with plans to place them on public display at Piprahwa, Siddharthnagar. This repatriation is seen as a landmark in heritage diplomacy, marking the restitution of one of India’s most precious Buddhist treasures once thought lost to private collections. Learning Corner: Piprahwa Gems are sacred Buddhist relics discovered in 1898 at the Piprahwa stupa in Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh. They include bone fragments, gem-studded reliquaries, gold ornaments, and ritual offerings, believed to have been enshrined by the Sakya clan of Lord Buddha. Discovery: Unearthed by British civil officer W.C. Peppé during colonial-era excavations. Significance: Considered among the earliest archaeological evidence directly linked to Lord Buddha and his relics. Heritage Journey: While most relics were deposited in the Indian Museum, Kolkata in 1899, some gems remained with the Peppé family and later surfaced in international auctions. Important Buddhist Relics in India Vaishali (Bihar): Excavations uncovered a relic casket of Buddha from a stupa, associated with the second Buddhist Council. Rajgir (Bihar): Relics related to King Bimbisara and association with Buddha’s preaching. Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh): Famous Dhamek Stupa and Ashokan pillar, with relic caskets in surrounding stupas. Kapilvastu & Kushinagar (U.P.): Kushinagar – Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana site; stupas here yielded relic caskets of Buddha’s ashes. Piprahwa linked to distribution of relics among Shakyas. Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh): Stupas housed relics of Buddha’s chief disciples, Sariputta and Mahamoggallana. These relics were taken to England during colonial times, but later returned to India. Bodh Gaya (Bihar): No physical relics of Buddha’s body but the Mahabodhi Temple is central as the site of Enlightenment. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Direct Action Day Category: HISTORY Context: Static question. Can be directly asked in prelims The Great Calcutta Killing (August 16–19, 1946), triggered by the Muslim League’s call for Direct Action Day, witnessed one of the deadliest communal riots in India’s history, with 5,000–10,000 people killed. The violence between Hindus and Muslims engulfed Calcutta, marked by rioting, arson, and brutal reprisals. The violence exposed the deepening divide between communities, worsened by political tensions between the Muslim League and the Congress over Partition. Chief Minister H.S. Suhrawardy was widely blamed for failing to control the situation, as Calcutta effectively split along religious lines—a grim preview of the Partition bloodshed in 1947.  Learning Corner: Direct Action Day (16 August 1946) Background: Post–World War II, Britain prepared to leave India but Hindu–Muslim tensions escalated. The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) had failed, particularly due to disagreement over grouping of provinces. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demanded a separate Pakistan. The Call: Jinnah announced 16 August 1946 as “Direct Action Day” to press for Pakistan. The League urged Muslims to demonstrate peacefully, but communal propaganda sharpened divides. Events: The day sparked the Great Calcutta Killings (16–19 August 1946). Riots left around 4,000 dead and thousands injured/displaced. Violence spread to Noakhali (Bengal), Bihar,

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) 6G Technology Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Roadmap to 6G Bharat 6G Vision Launched in March 2023. Goal: Position India as a global leader in 6G by 2030. Principles: Affordability, sustainability, ubiquity. Builds on India’s strong 5G foundation. Phased Implementation Phase Timeline Focus Areas Phase 1 2023–2025 Explorative R&D, proof-of-concept tests, use-case identification Phase 2 2025–2030 IP creation, testbeds, commercialization, field trials An apex council oversees spectrum, standards, ecosystem creation, and R&D funding. Key Initiatives Bharat 6G Alliance: Collaboration among academia, startups, industry, and government. 100 5G Labs: Training and capacity building for 6G skills. R&D Support: 100+ projects funded under government schemes. International Partnerships Collaborations with Japan, Finland, South Korea, Germany, US, Brazil, and UK for research and standard-setting. Global Alignment Aligned with ITU’s IMT-2030 framework. Target: At least 10% of global 6G intellectual property. Key Features of 6G Ultra-high data speeds, very low latency. Communication + sensing integration. Terrestrial and non-terrestrial seamless coverage. AI-native, energy-efficient networks. Upcoming Milestones WRC 2027: Final spectrum decisions. Commercial launch target: 2030, with domestic trials and global contributions in 2025–2030. Learning Corner: Technical Details of 6G Frequency Bands: Operates in sub-THz (100 GHz – 1 THz) and mmWave spectrum, enabling ultra-high capacity. Speed & Latency: Expected peak data rates up to 1 Tbps with latency as low as ~1 microsecond (compared to 1 ms in 5G). Network Architecture: AI-native networks for self-optimization, resource allocation, and predictive maintenance. Terrestrial + Non-Terrestrial Integration: Seamless connectivity through satellites, drones, HAPS (High Altitude Platform Stations). Cell-less Architecture: Users connect dynamically to multiple nodes instead of fixed base stations. New Features: Joint Communication & Sensing (JCAS): Networks can sense environment while transmitting data (useful for autonomous mobility, disaster management). Holographic Beamforming: Advanced antenna technologies for high-directional, energy-efficient transmission. Quantum Communication & Security: Quantum key distribution for ultra-secure links. Energy Efficiency: Designed to be 100x more energy-efficient than 5G, using intelligent sleep modes and green hardware. Applications: Holographic telepresence, immersive XR (extended reality), autonomous transport, precision healthcare, smart industries. Source: PIB Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Progress update on Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor Location: Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu Capacity: 500 MWe Agency: BHAVINI, under Department of Atomic Energy At an advanced stage of commissioning; fuel loading began in March 2024. Regulatory approvals for integrated commissioning were obtained in July 2024. First criticality expected by March 2026; full power generation by September 2026. Delays due to first-of-its-kind technological challenges are being addressed with close coordination between designers and regulators. Strategic Role Forms the second stage of India’s three-stage nuclear power programme. Uses MOX fuel (plutonium + uranium) and liquid sodium coolant. Designed to generate more plutonium than it consumes, ensuring a sustainable fuel cycle. Enables recycling of spent fuel from PHWRs and supports future thorium-based reactors. Makes India the second country after Russia to commission a commercial fast breeder reactor. Learning Corner: Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Definition: A nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it consumes, through the process of “breeding.” Fuel: Typically uses Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel — a blend of plutonium and uranium. Coolant: Commonly employs liquid sodium (due to excellent heat transfer and neutron economy). Breeding Process: Converts fertile isotopes like Uranium-238 or Thorium-232 into fissile isotopes such as Plutonium-239 or Uranium-233. Importance Enhances fuel efficiency by recycling spent nuclear fuel. Reduces nuclear waste by reusing plutonium. Supports India’s three-stage nuclear programme, particularly the transition towards thorium-based reactors in stage three. Global Context Commercial FBRs are rare; Russia operates them, and India is commissioning the 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam. Source:  PIB National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: NTCA Limits Tiger Corridors to 2014 “Least Cost” Pathways The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has restricted the recognized tiger corridors mainly to the 32 “least cost pathways” mapped in 2014. This move narrows statutory protection, making approvals for mining, infrastructure, and other development projects in tiger habitats easier. Earlier, NTCA had assured that all scientific data—such as telemetry studies, tiger conservation plans, and wildlife movement models—would be considered, but the new stance reduces scope. Conservationists warn this undermines landscape connectivity vital for tiger movement, gene flow, and survival. NTCA’s own earlier reports had stressed that least-cost routes were only the bare minimum, while broader corridors also required attention. The change benefits several pending projects but raises concerns about long-term tiger conservation and habitat security. Learning Corner: National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Establishment: 2005, under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force. Status: A statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Composition Headed by the Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Chairperson). Includes experts, NGOs, and representatives from states with tiger reserves. Functions Implement the Project Tiger scheme across India. Approve tiger conservation plans prepared by states. Lay down standards for tiger reserve management including tourism, infrastructure, and anti-poaching. Provide funding and technical support to tiger reserves. Ensure tiger corridors and habitat connectivity are maintained for long-term survival. Conduct monitoring using technologies like M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status). Importance Central authority for India’s tiger conservation strategy. Plays a key role in balancing conservation with developmental pressures in tiger landscapes. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) Category: POLITY Context: The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has directed that priority be given to women patients and relatives of deceased donors NOTTO’s Stand on Organ Donations to Women The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has directed that priority be given to women patients and relatives of deceased donors in organ allocation to address gender disparity. Between 2019 and 2023, women made up 63.8% of living organ donors, yet men received 69.8% of donated organs. Out of 56,509 donations, only 17,041 went to women. This imbalance shows that while women donate more, they receive fewer organs in return. The Transplantation of Human Organs Act (1994) and its 2011 amendment govern

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) SN 2023zkd Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Astronomers have observed a new type of supernova triggered by the violent interaction between a massive star and a black hole in a binary system, named SN 2023zkd. A massive star, at least 10 times the Sun’s mass, was locked in a tight orbit with a stellar-mass black hole. Over years, the black hole’s gravity stripped away the star’s outer hydrogen layer, exposing helium and causing abnormal brightening. As the orbit decayed, the gravitational stress reached a tipping point, leading to a supernova explosion that released more energy in a second than the Sun will emit in its lifetime. The black hole then consumed much of the stellar debris, becoming more massive. This is the first strong evidence that black holes can directly trigger supernovae in massive stars, not just influence them through accretion or mergers. It reshapes our understanding of how massive stars die and how black holes grow. The event was detected thanks to an AI-based system, which flagged unusual activity and prompted rapid follow-up observations. Archival data showed years of brightening prior to the explosion, confirming the gradual mass transfer process. The discovery highlights the role of black holes in catalyzing stellar deaths, the power of AI in astronomy, and provides new insights into the complex evolution of binary star systems. Learning Corner: Supernova A supernova is the catastrophic explosion of a star, resulting in a sudden, extremely bright outburst that may briefly outshine an entire galaxy. It represents the final evolutionary stage of certain stars and plays a critical role in enriching the interstellar medium with heavy elements (like iron, gold, uranium). Supernovae are key to the cosmic cycle of matter and are important markers for measuring cosmic distances (Type Ia). Types of Supernovae Type I Supernova Occurs in binary star systems, where a white dwarf accretes matter from its companion until it reaches the Chandrasekhar limit (~1.4 solar masses). Results in a thermonuclear explosion with no hydrogen lines in spectrum. Subtypes: Type Ia – Used as “standard candles” in cosmology for distance measurement. Type Ib and Ic – Collapse of massive stars stripped of hydrogen (Ib) and both hydrogen + helium (Ic). Type II Supernova Results from the core-collapse of a massive star (> 8 solar masses) after nuclear fuel exhaustion. Spectrum shows strong hydrogen lines. Produces either a neutron star or a black hole. Significance Enriches galaxies with heavier elements (stellar nucleosynthesis). Creates neutron stars, pulsars, or black holes. Provides tools to study dark energy and cosmic expansion (Type Ia).  SN 2023zkd: A New Class of Supernova Discovery & Uniqueness: Detected in July 2023 by the Zwicky Transient Facility, SN 2023zkd was not a typical stellar explosion. It is believed to be the strongest evidence of a black hole–triggered supernova, caused by the gravitational interaction between a massive star and its black hole companion. AI-based Early Detection: An AI system (Lightcurve Anomaly Identification and Similarity Search – LAISS) flagged its unusual light pattern months in advance, enabling astronomers to track the event in detail. Strange Pre-Explosion Behavior: The star displayed four years of continuous brightening before its final detonation, a highly unusual precursor not seen in ordinary supernovae. Double-Peaked Light Curve: Instead of one brightness peak, SN 2023zkd showed two separate re-brightening events after explosion—likely from the blast colliding with earlier ejected gas and then with more distant material. Cause of Explosion: Scientists suggest that as the star orbited closer to the black hole, intense gravitational stress stripped its mass and eventually triggered the explosion. Another theory is that the black hole shredded the star, and the debris collisions mimicked a supernova. In both cases, the black hole grew more massive. Scientific Significance: SN 2023zkd provides a new model of stellar death, showing how compact objects like black holes can induce supernova-like events. It also highlights the growing role of AI in astronomy for early detection and classification of rare cosmic phenomena. Source: REUTERS GST reforms Category: ECONOMICS Context : S&P Global Ratings has noted that India’s planned GST reforms, despite lowering tax rates and causing an initial revenue loss, are expected to boost long-term revenues by driving higher consumption. Estimates suggest a shortfall of about ₹85,000 crore initially, but rising demand could eventually add nearly ₹2 lakh crore in revenue. The reforms—moving towards a simpler two-slab structure of 9% and 18%—are expected to improve compliance, make accounting fairer, and support economic growth. HSBC adds that the GST revamp, along with a possible S&P credit upgrade and changes in global trade tariffs, could strengthen India’s fiscal discipline and investment climate. The success of these reforms, however, will depend on effective execution, coordination with the GST Council, and adjustments in revenue-sharing arrangements. Learning Corner: GST Council Constitutional Body: Established under Article 279A of the Constitution (via the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016). Composition: Chairperson: Union Finance Minister Members: Union Minister of State (Finance/Revenue) + Finance Ministers of all States & UTs with legislatures. Decision-Making: Decisions taken by 75% majority of weighted votes: Centre: 1/3rd weightage States: 2/3rd weightage Functions: Recommend GST rates, exemptions, thresholds, model laws, and special provisions for states. Decide on revenue sharing, dispute resolution, and simplification of compliance. Importance: Acts as a federal forum of cooperative federalism, ensuring consensus between Centre and States on indirect taxation. Key in GST rationalization, rate cuts, and reforms like e-way bills and e-invoicing. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Naegleria fowleri Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A brain-eating amoeba, has caused the death of a child and infected two others in Kerala’s Kozhikode The infection, called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), is extremely rare but nearly always fatal, with a global fatality rate of about 97%. The amoeba thrives in warm freshwater such as ponds, lakes, and rivers, and infects people through the nose while swimming—not through drinking water. Symptoms appear within 1–18 days and include headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, altered mental state, and can progress to coma. There is no proven effective treatment, though drug combinations are attempted

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Legislative Assembly of Union Territory Category: POLITY Context:  The Union Home Ministry told the J&K and Ladakh High Court that the Lieutenant Governor (LG) of J&K can nominate five members to the Legislative Assembly without consulting the Council of Ministers Constitutional Provisions Indian Constitution allows nominated members in both Parliament and State legislatures (e.g., Anglo-Indian members, Rajya Sabha’s 12 nominees). In States with Legislative Councils, Governors nominate one-sixth members on advice of State government. Union Territories UT Assemblies (Delhi, Puducherry, J&K) follow Acts of Parliament: Delhi Assembly – No nominated MLAs. Puducherry – Up to 3 nominated MLAs by the Central Government (Government of UT Act, 1963). J&K Assembly – LG may nominate 2 women, 2 migrants, and 1 displaced person from PoK. Judicial View Madras High Court (2018) upheld Centre’s power to nominate Puducherry MLAs. Supreme Court (2023, Delhi Services case) emphasized the “triple chain of accountability”: Civil servants → Ministers → Legislature → People. LG is bound by advice of Council of Ministers in all legislative matters (except Delhi services). Concerns & Suggestions Nomination of MLAs should not be arbitrary—needs clear procedure and should flow from elected governments, not just LG/Centre. Otherwise, risks arise: Converting majority into minority in Assemblies. Undermining democratic accountability. Learning Corner: National Capital Territory of Delhi Constitutional Provision: Article 239AA (added by 69th Amendment, 1991) Legislature: Unicameral Legislative Assembly Council of Ministers: Headed by Chief Minister Powers: Can legislate on State List and Concurrent List subjects except Police, Public Order, and Land. Lieutenant Governor (LG) acts as the representative of the President/Union Government. LG can reserve certain bills for the President’s consideration. Union Government Role: Retains control over critical subjects (Police, Public Order, Land) and overall administrative oversight through the LG. Puducherry Constitutional Provision: Article 239A (added by 14th Amendment, 1962) Legislature: Unicameral Legislative Assembly Council of Ministers: Headed by Chief Minister Powers: Can legislate on State List and Concurrent List subjects. Lieutenant Governor has discretionary powers and can act independently of the Council of Ministers in certain cases. Union Government Role: Maintains administrative control through the LG and can override decisions in specific matters. Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly Type and Composition Type: Unicameral Legislative Assembly Total Seats: 90 members Elected: 87 members through direct elections from territorial constituencies Nominated: Up to five members by the Lieutenant Governor, if required Term Duration: 5 years, unless dissolved earlier by the Lieutenant Governor Leadership Speaker: Presides over the Assembly, responsible for maintaining order and conducting proceedings Deputy Speaker: Assists the Speaker and presides in their absence Chief Minister & Council of Ministers: Executive authority responsible for governance; answers to the Assembly Powers and Functions Legislative: Can make laws on subjects in the State List and Concurrent List, except matters reserved for the Union Government Financial: Approves budget and expenditure; no money bill can be passed without LG’s recommendation Oversight: Monitors the executive through question hour, debates, and motions of no-confidence Role of Union Government Lieutenant Governor (LG): Acts as the representative of the President; can reserve bills for President’s consideration Union Oversight: Union Government retains authority on critical subjects like Public Order, Police, and Land Source: THE HINDU Stagflation Category: ECONOMICS Context : U.S. stagflation fears (slow growth + high inflation) are unnerving global markets 70% of global investors (BofA Global Research, August survey) expect stagflation in the next 12 months. Data: U.S. labour market weakness, sharp rise in core inflation, and surge in producer prices. Global Impact Bonds Persistent inflation erodes value of long-dated bonds. If U.S. stagflation persists, G7 bond markets will be correlated → global sell-off in bonds. Pension funds and insurers especially vulnerable to inflation. Wall Street Investors expect U.S. growth to slow. Stagflation is now one of the two main concerns for global asset managers. Tech stocks remain strong, but small-cap indices are vulnerable. Currencies Stagflation → weaker U.S. dollar due to slower growth + higher inflation. Could benefit euro in relative terms. Global Spillover Since 1990, world stocks fell by ~15% whenever U.S. manufacturing data showed contraction + high prices. Even if stagflation is U.S.-centric, ripple effects will hit global portfolios. Learning Corner: Concepts of Inflation  Concept Key Feature Example Demand-Pull Inflation Excess demand pushes prices up (“too much money chasing too few goods”) Festive season demand in India Cost-Push Inflation Higher production costs passed to consumers Oil price hike → transport cost rise Stagflation Stagnant growth + high unemployment + high inflation U.S. in 1970s oil crisis Core Inflation Excludes food & fuel (volatile items) RBI tracks for monetary policy Headline Inflation Overall CPI including all items Retail inflation data released monthly Creeping Inflation Slow rise (1–3% annually) Normal inflation in stable economies Walking/Mild Inflation Moderate rise (3–10% annually) Growing economy with healthy demand Galloping/Hyperinflation Very high inflation (triple digits) Zimbabwe in 2000s, Germany in 1920s Disinflation Decline in rate of inflation (prices still rise but slower) CPI falling from 6% → 4% Deflation Fall in general price levels (negative inflation) Great Depression (1930s) Reflation Policy-driven inflation to boost demand Fiscal stimulus packages Imported Inflation Inflation caused by global price rise in imports India’s fuel-driven inflation Source:  THE HINDU S&P Rating Category: ECONOMICS Context: S&P Global Ratings raised India’s sovereign rating from BBB- to BBB after ~20 years. Reasons: Fiscal deficit steadily reduced (target 5.1% of GDP in 2024-25). Debt management reforms (FRBM Act, slower borrowing). Strong growth (6.5% in 2024-25) and stable inflation. Forex reserves rose to $688B (from $199B in 2006-07). Comparison (2006-07 vs 2024-25): Per capita GDP: ₹56,964 → ₹1,33,501 WPI inflation: 6.6% → 2.3% Retail inflation: 6.4% → 4.6% Debt-to-GDP: 77.9% → 81.3% Implications: Cheaper access to global capital. Improved investor confidence and FDI prospects. India’s rating now equals Italy and Bulgaria, outlook positive like Philippines. Outlook: Sustained fiscal discipline + reforms may lead to further upgrades. Seen as validation of India’s economic resilience and policy credibility. Learning Corner: Global Credit Rating Agencies Definition: Entities that assess the creditworthiness of corporations, financial instruments, or sovereign governments, assigning ratings that indicate default