Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) UNESCO’S MEMORY OF THE WORLD REGISTER Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Manuscripts of the Bhagavad Gita and Bharata’s Natyashastra are among the 74 new additions to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register this year. Decoding the context: With the latest additions, the Register now contains 570 entries. Learning Corner: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) launched the Memory of the World (MoW) Programme in 1992 with the aim of “guarding against the collective amnesia, calling upon the preservation of the valuable archive holdings and library collections all over the world, and ensuring their wide dissemination”. The central project of the MoW Programme was to create a compendium of documents — manuscripts, oral traditions, audio-visual materials, and library and archive holdings — which are of “world significance and outstanding universal value”. This is the MoW Register. Beginning in 1997, the Register has been biennally updated — with the exception of a lengthy gap between 2017 and 2023. In any year, at most two submissions from a country are added. The Register contains 13 submissions by India, including two joint-submissions. These range from the Rig Veda (added in 2005) and the collective works of the Shaivite philosopher Abhinavagupta (added in 2023), to the archives of the first summit meeting of the Non Aligned Movement in Belgrade in 1961 (added in 2023) and the archives of the Dutch East India Company (added in 2003). The latter two entries were joint submissions, which India made with other countries. This year’s entries champion India’s ancient literary heritage. Both are specific manuscripts — not the text in general — preserved by the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune. Natyashastra:  Attributed to the sage Bharata, Natyashastra is an ancient Sanskrit treatise on performing arts.  Comprising 36,000 verses, the “Naṭyashastra embodies a comprehensive set of rules that define natya (drama), abhinaya (performance), rasa (aesthetic experience), bhava (emotion), sangita (music),” the UNESCO citation says. According to the citation in the Register, it was “codified around the 2nd century BCE. Bhagavad Gita:  Attributed to the sage Vyasa, Bhagavad Gita is a Sanskrit scripture comprising 700 verses that are organised in 18 chapters, embedded in the sixth book (Bhishma Parva) of the epic poem Mahabharata. “Bhagavad Gita is a central text in the continuous, cumulative ancient intellectual Indian tradition, synthesising various thought movements such as, Vedic, Buddhist, Jain, and Charvaka,” the UNESCO citation says. Source : Indian Express KAILASH MANSAROVAR YATRA Category: NATIONAL Context: The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) recently announced that the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, which has not taken place since 2020, will resume this year.  Decoding the context: While the yatra had initially been suspended due to the Covid-19 pandemic, deteriorating relations between India and China meant that it did not resume even after the pandemic. Ties between the two neighbours had nosedived following a number of border skirmishes in 2020, most notably on June 15 in the Galwan Valley in Ladakh. Learning Corner: Lake Mansarovar, known locally as Mapam Yumtso, is a high altitude freshwater lake near Mount Kailash in the Ngari Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). Both the lake and the adjacent 6,638-metre high mountain, which Hindus believe is the home to Lord Shiva, are sacred in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and the Tibetan Bon religion.  Pilgrims generally trek to Lake Manasarovar, and then circumambulate the nearby Mount Kailash. There are two primary routes to reach Lake Mansarovar from India. Lipulekh Pass Route: Lipulekh pass lies at an altitude of 5,115 metres, on the border between Uttarakhand and TAR, near the trijunction with Nepal. It is an ancient passageway between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau. While the Lipulekh pass route is the most direct way to get to Mansarovar from India — the lake is roughly 50 km from the border — the terrain makes the journey very challenging. Currently, this route entails roughly 200 km of hard trekking. Nathu La Pass Route: Nathu La pass lies at an altitude of 4,310 metres on the border between Sikkim and TAR. It is one of two mountain passes in the region — the other being Jelep La — that have connected Sikkim and Tibet since ancient times. The route to Mansarovar from Nathu La is much longer in terms of distance — close to 1,500 km. But it is fully motorable, meaning pilgrims can make it all the way to the lake without any trekking. (They would only need to trekk 35-40 km for the circumambulation of Mount Kailash). Nepal Route: No private operators function on the two official routes. There is, however, a third route through Nepal in which private companies do operate. In theory, this route has been accessible to Indians since 2023, when China reopened its border with Nepal. But visa and permit requirements, as well as high costs due to China-imposed fees, have meant that few have likely availed this option. Source : Indian Express ARTICLE 142 Category: POLITY Context: Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar criticised the Supreme Court for a judgement setting a timeline for the President to sign the bills passed by the states. VP was referring to the April 8 judgement in the state of Tamil Nadu versus the governor case, which was seen as a win for the states across India. Decoding the context: Questioning the judgement for setting a timeline for the President of India to sign bills passed by the states, Dhankhar called for accountability by the judiciary. He also described Article 142 of the Indian Constitution as, “nuclear missile against democratic forces available to the judiciary 24×7”. Learning Corner: Constitutional Provision: Article 142(1): The Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it, and any decree so passed or order so made shall be enforceable throughout the territory of India. Article 142(2): Grants the Supreme Court powers to secure attendance, evidence, or enforce decrees, subject to law. Scope and Powers: Provides the Supreme Court with extraordinary powers to issue orders beyond existing laws if required for justice, making it a unique judicial tool. Used in diverse cases: environmental protection,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION DRUGS Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: In a major crackdown on drug safety violations, India’s Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) has banned 35 fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs. Decoding the context: The April 11 order directs an immediate halt on manufacturing, sale, and distribution of these drugs, citing that they were approved without mandatory safety and efficacy evaluations under the New Drugs and Clinical Trials (NDCT) Rules, 2019. State drug regulators had approved them without following central oversight procedures. Learning Corner: Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs are medications that combine two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in a fixed ratio within a single dosage form (e.g., tablet, injection). FDCs classified as “New Drugs” require central approval for safety and efficacy, per NDCT Rules, 2019. Only CDSCO, not State Licensing Authorities (SLAs), can approve new FDCs. Advantages of FDCs Improved Compliance: Fewer pills mean better adherence to therapy. Synergistic Action: Combining drugs with complementary actions can enhance efficacy. Cost-Effective: Reduces overall cost of treatment by lowering packaging and distribution costs. Prevents Resistance: Especially in TB/HIV treatment, combining drugs reduces chance of microbial resistance. Concerns and Risks Irrational Combinations: Some FDCs (e.g., antibiotics + probiotics) lack scientific validation, contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a global health threat. Increased Adverse Effects: Multiple active ingredients raise the risk of drug interactions and side effects. No Individualized Dosage: Fixed ratios may not suit all patients. Regulatory Loopholes: Some manufacturers market FDCs without proper Central Drug Authority approval under state-level licenses. Source : Business Today CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA (CJI) Category: POLITY Context: Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai is set to become the 52nd Chief Justice of India (CJI) on May 14, 2025, succeeding Justice Sanjiv Khanna, who retires on May 13. Decoding the context:  Justice Gavai will serve until his retirement on November 23, 2025, and will be the second Dalit to hold the position after Justice K.G. Balakrishnan. Learning Corner: Article 124(2) of the Constitution empowers the President of India to appoint the CJI and other Supreme Court judges. Functions: Leads judicial proceedings, including Constitution Benches for landmark cases (e.g., Article 370 abrogation, upheld by Justice Gavai in 2023). Administers the Supreme Court, assigning cases and forming benches. Acts as the “Master of the Roster,” deciding case allocations. Advises on judicial appointments via the Collegium system Appointment Process: Memorandum of Procedure (MoP): The outgoing CJI recommends the senior-most Supreme Court judge as successor to the Union Law Ministry, followed by government approval and presidential appointment. Seniority Norm: The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court is typically appointed as the CJI. Tenure: Until retirement at age 65. Removal: As per Article 124(4), a judge, including the CJI, can be removed by the President on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity, following a special majority in both Houses of Parliament. Source : Hindustan Times URDU Category: ART & CULTURE Context: Upholding the use of Urdu on the signboard of a municipal council building in Maharashtra, the Supreme Court said language is culture and must not become a cause for dividing people, and Urdu “is the finest specimen of Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, or the Hindustani tehzeeb”. Decoding the context: The court said it is a “misconception that Urdu is alien to India”, adding that “it is a language which was born in this land”. Learning Corner: Urdu, an Indo-Aryan language, evolved during medieval period from Perso-Arabic influences on Khariboli (a Prakrit-based dialect spoken in the Delhi region, which formed the grammatical base of Urdu), enriched by Persian, Arabic, and Turkic vocabulary. The name “Urdu” is derived from the Turkish word “ordu” (camp), indicating its roots in military and cultural mingling. Before it is called Urdu, it was familiar with other names including Hindustani, Hindavi, Dehlavi and Rekhta. Written in the Nastaliq script, it is known for its poetic and literary richness. Eighth Schedule: Urdu is one of the 22 scheduled languages under the Eighth Schedule, ensuring its promotion and development for education, literature, and cultural preservation. Official Language: Urdu is an official language in Jammu & Kashmir, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Delhi (National Capital Territory), alongside Hindi or regional languages, under state Official Language Acts. The National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (NCPUL), under the Ministry of Education, funds Urdu education, literature, and digital resources. Cultural Significance: Represents India’s composite culture, blending Hindu and Muslim traditions, as seen in Urdu poetry, ghazals, and Bollywood songs. Prominent in literature (e.g., Urdu Sahitya Akademi Awards), media (e.g., Urdu newspapers like Roznama Urdu Times), and education (e.g., Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad). Spoken by ~50 million people in India (2011 Census, 4.2% of population), primarily in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Telangana, and Delhi. Source : Indian Express VEHICLE-TO-GRID (V2G) TECHNOLOGY Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) and the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) have initiated a pilot project to explore the implementation of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology across the State. Decoding the context: This collaboration aims to assess the feasibility of integrating Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the State’s power grid. Learning Corner: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables electric vehicles (EVs) to act as decentralized energy storage units by supplying stored electricity back to the power grid, enhancing grid stability and renewable energy integration. V2G technology enables bidirectional energy flow—EVs not only consume power (charging) but can also supply stored power back to the grid (discharging). Key Points on V2G Technology Mechanism: V2G allows EV batteries to draw power from the grid and return it during peak demand via bi-directional chargers. Requires smart grid infrastructure and real-time grid management, to balance charging and discharging. Example: EVs charge during low-demand periods (e.g., daytime with solar surplus in Kerala) and discharge during high-demand periods (e.g., nighttime). Benefits: Grid Stability: EVs act as distributed storage, reducing grid overload and blackout risks. Renewable Energy Integration: Stores excess solar/wind energy, supporting India’s 500 GW renewable target by 2030. Emission Reduction: Promotes cleaner grids, aligning with India’s net-zero goal by 2070, reducing 1.24 million annual

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) EUROPE IS WARMING FASTER Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: While global temperatures have been rising rapidly, not every region has been warming at the same rate. Europe, for example, has warmed about twice as much as the world as a whole, as highlighted by the 2024 European State of the Climate Report. Decoding the context: The European State of Climate Report — an annual publication of Copernicus Climate Change Service, which is part of the European Commission — captures climate trends in Europe, and is published in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organisation. Learning Corner: The new edition of the report has said that the year 2024, which was the warmest ever for the planet, was the warmest for Europe as well, though there was a distinct East-West contrast within the continent. Eastern Europe was sunny and warm, while the western part was cloudier and wetter. The planet as a whole has seen its annual average temperature rise by about 1.3 degree Celsius from the pre-industrial baseline (the average of 1850-1900), though the year 2024 breached the 1.5 degree Celsius warming for the first time. Europe, however, has seen its average annual temperature rise by about 2.4 degree Celsius compared with pre-industrial times. Factors Contributing to Greater Warming in Europe Arctic effect: A substantial part of Europe lies in the Arctic region. In fact, Europe has the largest inhabited landmass in the polar region. And the warming around the poles, particularly the North Pole, is much more pronounced. The reason for greater warming in the Arctic is the albedo effect. Melting Arctic ice exposes darker surfaces (land/water), which absorb more solar radiation than reflective ice. The melting of ice sheets is a little less in Antarctica, because of which warming in Antarctica is less pronounced than that in the Arctic. Warming is not uniform over the entire planet. Land areas have warmed more than the oceans, and higher-latitude areas have warmed more than tropical areas. Reduction in aerosols: Another factor contributing to higher warming rate in Europe is the reduction in aerosols emissions, the State of Climate report said. This is ironic since reduction in aerosols points to reduced air pollution and cleaner air to breathe. Aerosols are able to scatter sunlight back so that there is less absorption of solar radiation by the Earth’s surface. Aerosols also help in cloud formation and clouds, in turn, have an impact on how much sunlight is reflected or absorbed. Europe having relatively cleaner air and less emission of aerosols contributes to a faster warming. Source : Indian Express TARDIGRADES Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The Axiom Mission 4 will see India, Poland, and Hungary’s first government-sponsored human spaceflight in more than 40 years next month. Decoding the context: Among the studies set to be carried out in the mission is ISRO’s Voyager Tardigrades project, which will investigate the revival, survival, and reproduction of tardigrades – creatures that have long fascinated scientists. Learning Corner: Water Bears Or Tardigrades Tardigrades are microscopic, eight-legged animals measuring 0.1 to 0.5 millimetres, found across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments worldwide, and are renowned for surviving extreme conditions—from arid deserts to the heights of the Himalayas. They can also go without food or water for up to years, although their average lifespan is not more than a decade. Remarkable resilience has enabled tardigrades to survive on Earth for approximately 600 million years and makes them likely to endure significant climatic changes in the foreseeable future. Survival Mechanism – Cryptobiosis: Enter a hibernation-like state by curling into a ball called a tun. They retract legs and head into their cuticle (exoskeleton) and shut down almost all body processes. Resume normal activity when favorable conditions return. Why is ISRO taking Tardigrades to space? Tardigrades are the only known animals capable of surviving even in the cold vacuum of Space.  In 2007, a crewless Russian capsule on a European Space Agency (ESA) mission exposed some 3,000 tardigrades to the vacuum of space for 10 days, and they were left out there in low-Earth orbit. Over two-thirds of the animals survived the mission and even gave birth to offspring upon returning to Earth. The ISRO project will examine the revival of dormant tardigrades, count the number of eggs laid and hatched during a mission, and compare the gene expression patterns of spaceflown vs. ground control populations.  The research seeks to identify molecular mechanisms of resilience, potentially furthering understanding about the limits of life in extreme environments. Source : Indian Express UN SECURITY COUNCIL REFORMS Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India has called out attempts to introduce new parameters such as religion and faith as the basis for representation in a reformed UN Security Council, asserting that this runs completely counter to the accepted basis of regional representation. Decoding the context: India asserted that a consolidated model that does not cover expansion in both the permanent and non-permanent categories, would not achieve the purpose of reform. Learning Corner: Establishment and Legal Basis: Created under the UN Charter (1945), Chapter V (Articles 23-32) outlines the UNSC’s composition, powers, and procedures. Article 23: Establishes the UNSC with 15 members—5 permanent (P5: USA, Russia, China, UK, France) and 10 non-permanent, elected for 2-year terms. Article 24: Confers primary responsibility for peace and security, with decisions binding on all UN members. Article 27: Grants veto power to P5 on substantive issues, requiring 9/15 votes for decisions. Composition and Functions: Permanent Members (P5): China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Hold veto power, reflecting post-WWII geopolitical realities. Non-Permanent Members: 10 (elected by the UN General Assembly for a two-year term based on regional representation, not eligible for immediate re-election). Functions: Authorize peacekeeping missions, sanctions, and military actions. Address threats to peace. Approve the admission of new UN members (on recommendation from the General Assembly). Recommend appointment of the UN Secretary-General. India’s Engagement: Non-Permanent Member: Served 8 terms (most recently 2021-2022), advocating for reforms and counter-terrorism measures. G4 Advocacy: India, with Brazil, Germany, and Japan, seeks

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) SUNRISE SECTORS Category: ECONOMY Context: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said India plans to increase the share of the manufacturing sector from 12% to 23% over the next two decades, aiming to create jobs and drive economic growth. Decoding the context: India is focussing on 14 identified sunrise sectors like semiconductors, renewable energy components, medical devices, batteries and labour intensive industries, including leather and textile, to enhance the share of manufacturing in GDP, she said while speaking at Hoover Institution at Stanford University California. Learning Corner: Sunrise sectors refer to newly emerging industries that show rapid growth potential, driven by technological innovation, increasing consumer demand, policy support, or global trends. These sectors are typically in early stages but are expected to be major contributors to economic growth and employment in the future. Importance in Indian Context: Critical for economic diversification Promote Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India) Attract foreign direct investment (FDI) Drive green growth and innovation Enable India’s leadership in global value chains (GVCs) Key Sunrise Sectors (14 Identified by Government) Semiconductors: Chip manufacturing, assembly, and testing (e.g., Tata’s Gujarat, Assam plants). Renewable Energy Components: Solar panels, wind turbines, green hydrogen Medical Devices: Diagnostic equipment, implants, and wearables. Batteries: Lithium-ion, advanced chemistry cells for EVs and energy storage. Labour-Intensive Industries: Textiles, leather, footwear, and apparel. Others: Electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), aerospace, space technology, biotech, agri-tech, drones, and green hydrogen. Source : The Hindu CLOUDBURST Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: Three people were killed and several residential and commercial structures collapsed after a cloudburst led to torrential rain, wind and hail across Ramban tehsil of Jammu and Kashmir. Decoding the context: The extreme weather also led to the closure of the Jammu – Srinagar National Highway (NH-44), the only all-weather road connecting the Kashmir Valley to the rest of the country. Learning Corner: A cloudburst is a sudden and very intense rainfall event over a small geographical area, typically less than 20–30 square kilometers, which can result in flash floods, landslides, and heavy destruction, especially in mountainous and hilly regions. Rainfall intensity: More than 100 mm (10 cm) per hour. Duration: Typically lasts 15 minutes to a few hours. Most common in Himalayan and Western Ghats regions. Scientific Explanation (Causes): Formed when warm moist air rapidly rises, cools and condenses at high altitudes. Sudden release of water due to condensation of large moisture-laden clouds. Often linked with orographic lift – where moist air is forced upwards by mountain slopes. Absence of upper-level winds fails to disperse the cloud mass. Sometimes associated with localized convection and thunderstorm activity. Vulnerable Areas in India: Himalayan Region: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand North-Eastern Hills: Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh Western Ghats: Kerala, Karnataka during monsoon Impacts: Sudden flash floods and mudslides Loss of life and property Destruction of roads, bridges, and infrastructure Disruption of communication and power supply Can worsen glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in high-altitude regions Key Points: Cloudbursts are not classified as cyclonic rainfall, but convectional. Forecasting is difficult due to very small area and short duration. IMD uses Doppler Radar to monitor and warn of cloudburst-prone conditions. Often occurs in monsoon season (July–September). Source : Times of India NON-NUCLEAR HYDROGEN BOMB Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: In a significant advancement in weapon technology, China has successfully detonated a new hydrogen-based explosive device. This breakthrough, developed by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC), marks a step forward in China’s military capabilities. Decoding the context: Unlike traditional hydrogen bombs, which rely on nuclear fusion, this device uses a chemical reaction involving magnesium hydride. The result is a powerful fireball capable of producing sustained heat, with no nuclear materials involved. Learning Corner: Hydrogen Bomb Definition: A thermonuclear weapon that uses nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium) to release massive energy, triggered by a fission-based atomic bomb. Mechanism: Fission (splitting atomic nuclei) initiates fusion (combining hydrogen nuclei), releasing energy far greater than atomic bombs. Key Features: Explosive yield: Megatons (millions of tons of TNT equivalent). Causes widespread destruction via blast, heat, and radioactive fallout. Non-Nuclear Hydrogen Bomb Definition: A novel explosive device using chemical reactions with magnesium hydride (MgH₂) to release hydrogen gas, creating a sustained fireball without nuclear materials. Mechanism: Conventional explosive fractures magnesium hydride into micron-scale particles. Thermal decomposition releases hydrogen gas, which ignites with air, producing a fireball >1,000°C lasting over 2 seconds (15x longer than TNT). Self-sustaining combustion loop enhances thermal damage Source : The Hindu STANDING DEPOSIT FACILITY (SDF) Category: ECONOMY Context: As the banking system liquidity moves into surplus and with limited credit offtake at the start of the financial year 2025-26 (FY26), commercial banks parked ₹4.13 trillion with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Standing Deposit Facility (SDF).  Decoding the context: This marked the highest amount banks have parked in the SDF since its introduction in April 2022. Learning Corner: The standing deposit facility is a collateral-free liquidity absorption mechanism implemented by the RBI with the intention of transferring liquidity out of the commercial banking sector and into the RBI. It enables the RBI to take liquidity (deposits) from commercial banks without having to compensate them with government securities. Replaces the reverse repo rate as the floor of the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) corridor. Key Features Purpose: Absorbs excess liquidity from the banking system to control inflation and stabilize money supply. Rate: Set at 25 basis points below the repo rate (e.g., 6.25% if repo is 6.50%). Eligibility: Scheduled commercial banks and small finance banks. Operation: Overnight facility; banks deposit funds at the end of the day. No Collateral: Unlike reverse repo, SDF does not require government securities. Limit: No cap on deposit amount, enhancing flexibility. Significance Strengthens RBI’s monetary policy transmission by efficiently managing liquidity. Reduces dependence on government securities for liquidity absorption. Supports financial stability amid surplus liquidity scenarios. Aligns with global best practices for central bank liquidity management. Source : Business Standard DAVIS STRAIT PROTO MICROCONTINENT Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: Researchers have discovered a previously unknown proto-microcontinent, the Davis Strait Proto Microcontinent, beneath the Davis strait

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) ARSENIC POLLUTION Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Climate change could be resulting in higher levels of arsenic in rice, potentially increasing lifetime cancer and health risks for people in Asian countries by 2050, according to a new study published in The Lancet Planetary Health journal. Decoding the context: The presence of arsenic in rice has long been known as a problem. Almost all rice contains arsenic. The harmful, naturally occurring chemical can accumulate in the soil of paddy fields, leaching into the grains of rice grown there. But the amounts found can vary considerably from well below the recommended limits set by regulatory bodies to several times higher. Learning Corner: Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring, odorless, tasteless metalloid found in the earth’s crust, soil, water, and air. Arsenic can be found in various forms, including organic and inorganic. Inorganic arsenic is generally considered more toxic than organic arsenic.  Sources of Arsenic Pollution Natural Sources Weathering of arsenic-rich rocks (e.g., Ganga-Brahmaputra basin) Volcanic eruptions and geothermal activity. Anthropogenic (Human-Induced) Sources Use of arsenical pesticides and herbicides. Mining and smelting of arsenic-containing ores. Burning of fossil fuels, especially coal. Industrial effluents and waste disposal. According to new study, rising temperatures and CO2 alter soil chemistry, increasing arsenic absorption in rice, posing higher health risks in rice-dependent Asian countries by 2050 Another concern is arsenic in Groundwater – Arsenic contamination in groundwater is a public health emergency in parts of Eastern India, particularly in: West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Jharkhand, Punjab (recent studies). Often caused by the leaching of arsenic from sediments in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) plain due to overextraction of groundwater. Health Effects of Arsenic Exposure Short-term: Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea. Long-term (chronic exposure): Skin lesions, hyperpigmentation, Arsenicosis (chronic arsenic poisoning), Cancer, Cardiovascular diseases, Neurotoxicity and developmental effects in children. Source : The Hindu LIQUIDITY COVERAGE RATIO Category: ECONOMY Context: The Reserve Bank of India announced amendments to the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) framework. Decoding the context:  Reserve Bank of India has allowed banks to set aside a lower stock of liquid assets against deposits raised through digital channels in the new guidelines. Learning Corner: The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) is a Basel III requirement that ensures that a bank has sufficient high-quality liquid assets (HQLAs) to survive a 30-day period of significant financial stress. It aims to improve short-term resilience of banks. The ratio should be ≥ 100%, meaning a bank should have liquid assets equal to or more than the net cash outflows expected during a stress period of 30 days. High-Quality Liquid Assets (HQLAs) Include: Cash, Central bank reserves, Government securities (like G-Secs), High rated Corporate bonds (in some cases, with haircuts). High-Quality Liquid Assets (HQLAs) are those which are easily and immediately convertible into cash with minimal loss. Purpose of LCR: Prevents bank failures due to liquidity crunch. Promotes banking system stability. Ensures confidence during financial stress scenarios. Implementation in India: Implemented by RBI in a phased manner starting 2015, fully in effect by January 1, 2019. Source : Livemint NITROGEN Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: India, the world’s second-largest emitter of nitrous oxide (N₂O) after China, faces significant climate risks, as N₂O has a global warming potential nearly 300 times greater than that of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Decoding the context: Nitrogen is the fifth-most abundant element in the universe and the most prevalent gas in the Earth’s atmosphere, comprising approximately 78% of the air—nearly three times more than oxygen. Although it accounts for only about 3% of human body weight, nitrogen is essential for life, playing a critical role in the structure of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Learning Corner: Major Nitrogen Compounds Relevant to Global Warming: Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) A potent greenhouse gas. Global warming potential (GWP) is about 298 times that of CO₂ over a 100-year period. Third most significant greenhouse gas after CO₂ and methane (CH₄), contributing ~6% to global radiative forcing. Has a long atmospheric lifetime: ~114 years. Also contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. Ammonia (NH₃) Indirectly affects global warming by contributing to aerosol formation. Not a direct GHG, but affects air quality and ecosystem health. Sources of Nitrogen Emissions: Natural Sources: Microbial activity in soils and oceans, Forest fires. Anthropogenic (Human-Induced) Sources: Agriculture: Use of synthetic fertilizers, animal manure → microbial processes in soil release N₂O. Biomass burning. Wastewater treatment. Fossil fuel combustion. Industrial processes (e.g., nitric acid production). Environmental Impact of Nitrogen Emissions: Enhances global warming due to high GWP of N₂O. Depletes stratospheric ozone, worsening UV exposure risks. Causes eutrophication of water bodies. Leads to acid rain formation (via NOx). Climate feedback: Warmer soils enhance microbial N₂O production, amplifying emissions. Source : The Hindu ARTICLE 355 Category: POLITY Context: The Supreme Court today declined to pass any directions on a plea seeking deployment of paramilitary forces in West Bengal in light of the violence that broke out in Murshidabad over the Waqf (Amendment) Act. Decoding the context: The petitioner sought for immediate deployment of paramilitary forces and the implementation of Article 355 of the Constitution. Learning Corner: Text of Article 355: “It shall be the duty of the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the Government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.” Key Features: Duty of the Union (Central Government): To protect states from: External aggression (e.g., foreign invasion). Internal disturbance (e.g., riots, insurgency, terrorism). To ensure the constitutional machinery in the state functions properly. Part of Emergency Provisions: Included in Part XVIII of the Constitution (Articles 352–360). It acts as a justification or pre-condition for the imposition of President’s Rule (Article 356). Not self-executing: Article 355 does not automatically confer powers; it imposes a duty. Constitutional Context: Often read in conjunction with Article 356, which allows for President’s Rule if a state government fails to comply with constitutional provisions. Source : News On AIR ARYABHATTA Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Half a century has passed since India successfully launched Aryabhata, its first satellite, on April 19, 1975.  Decoding

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) MUZIRIS PORT Category: HISTORY Context: Historian M.G.S. Narayanan who played a pivotal role in shaping the Muziris Heritage Project, passed away recently. Decoding the context: A towering figure in Indian academic history, MGS Narayanan undertook a historical enquiry into Kerala’s historical past and debunked several historical myths. He  was the former chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR). Learning Corner: Muziris Port is an ancient port on Kerala’s Malabar Coast (near Kodungallur, Thrissur), active from 3rd century BCE to 4th century CE, known as a hub of the historic spice route. Location: North Paravur-Kodungallur-Mathilakam area (Ernakulam-Thrissur border). Trade: Exported spices (black pepper, cinnamon), pearls, ivory, semi-precious stones; imported gold, wine, olive oil from Romans, Greeks, Persians, and Arabs. Cultural Significance: A cosmopolitan center hosting Christianity (St. Thomas, 52 CE), Judaism, Islam (Cheraman Juma Masjid, 629 CE), and Jainism (Tamil-Brahmi script evidence). Decline: Muziris likely declined due to a massive flood in 1341 CE, which altered the course of the Periyar River, leading to the silting up of the port and the rise of Cochin (Kochi) as a new harbor. Muziris Heritage Project (MHP): Launched in 2009 by Kerala Tourism to conserve 3,000-year-old heritage across 150 sq km. Includes 25+ museums, restored monuments (Paliam Palace, Paravur Synagogue, Cheraman Juma Masjid), and Pattanam excavations. Important Contemporary Ports in India (3rd Century BCE–4th Century CE) Tamralipti (Tamluk, West Bengal): Major eastern port under Mauryas, Guptas; linked to Southeast Asia, China. Traded rice, textiles, spices; mentioned in Buddhist texts (Jatakas). Connected to Ganga River trade routes. Bharukaccha (Bharuch, Gujarat): Western port under Satavahanas, Western Kshatrapas; traded with Rome, Persia. Exported cotton, agate, beads; imported wine, metals. Arikamedu (Puducherry): Southern port near Chola capital; active 2nd century BCE–2nd century CE. Traded beads, pottery, textiles with Romans (evidenced by Roman ceramics). Archaeological finds confirm Mediterranean trade links. Poompuhar (Kaveripattinam, Tamil Nadu): Chola dynasty’s primary port; mentioned in Sangam literature (Silappathikaram). Traded pearls, spices, silk with Southeast Asia, Rome. Source : The Hindu RABIES Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The number of rabies deaths has been increasing in Kerala reportedly at an alarming rate over the past four-five years.  Decoding the context: According to the Health department, in 2021, the number of deaths was 11. There were 15 deaths in 2022, 17 in 2023, and 22 in 2024. This year, there has been 12 deaths so far. Learning Corner: Rabies is a  viral zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus (genus Lyssavirus), affecting the central nervous system. Transmitted primarily through bites or scratches from infected animals (e.g., dogs, bats, cats). Fatal once clinical symptoms appear; 100% preventable with timely vaccination. Causes and Transmission Primary Source: Dog bites (99% of cases globally); other sources include bats, wild cats, mongooses. Mechanism: Rabies spreads to people and animals via saliva, usually through bites, scratches, or direct contact with mucosa (e.g. eyes, mouth, or open wounds). Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is virtually 100% fatal. Incubation Period: 2 weeks to 6 years (average 1-3 months), depending on bite location and severity. Symptoms Early: Fever, headache, itching at bite site. Advanced: Hydrophobia, agitation, paralysis, coma; death within days due to respiratory failure. Prevention and Control Rabies is almost entirely preventable with timely post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which involves washing wounds with soap and water, administering anti-rabies vaccine (ARV), and in high-risk exposures, using rabies immunoglobulin (RIG).  Animal Control: Animal Birth Control (ABC) program, vaccination of stray dogs, public awareness. Challenges: Vaccine shortages, delayed treatment, inadequate wound care, rising stray dog population. Source : The Hindu ALFALFA Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: With the US pushing India to reduce import duty on alfalfa (lucerne) fodder seed, the government is preparing the ground for restricting the genetically modified (GM) version of the crop from entering the country.  Decoding the context: The Americans grow both GM and non-GM varieties of alfalfa, which derives its name from the Arabic world al-fasfasa that means the best forage. Learning Corner: Alfalfa, also known as Lucerne, is a perennial flowering legume. Native to South-Central Asia, now cultivated globally. Known for its high nutritional value and soil-enriching properties. Agricultural Importance: Used primarily as fodder crop for livestock (rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals). Can be harvested multiple times a year due to rapid regrowth. Cultivated in temperate and subtropical regions, including parts of Punjab, Haryana, and Maharashtra in India. Environmental & Ecological Role: Nitrogen-fixing plant (symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria). Improves soil fertility and reduces dependence on synthetic fertilizers. Helps in crop rotation and sustainable agriculture. Deep roots reduce soil erosion and improve water infiltration. Climate & Soil: Prefers well-drained loamy soils, neutral to slightly alkaline pH. Requires cool temperatures for germination and warm conditions for growth. Needs moderate irrigation – drought-tolerant once established. Fodder Use: High crude protein (15–20%) and digestibility. Used in dairy and meat industries for feeding cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. Nutritional/Health Use (Human Consumption – Limited): Young alfalfa sprouts are consumed in salads. Known for antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, and anti-inflammatory properties. Used in Ayurveda and herbal medicine. Source : Hindu Businessline AGENTIC AI Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: India is grappling with a critical shortage of agentic AI professionals as demand surges. Decoding the context: The current talent pool of under 100,000 is struggling to meet the projected need of 200,000 by 2026, leading to soaring salaries and intense competition among GCCs, IT firms and startups. Learning Corner: Agentic AI refers to artificial intelligence systems that can autonomously plan, make decisions, and take actions to achieve goals without step-by-step human instructions. These systems act as “agents” – they exhibit initiative, autonomy, and goal-directed behavior. Key Features: Autonomy: Can operate independently of direct human control. Proactivity: Not just reactive; initiates actions to meet objectives. Planning & Reasoning: Can break down complex tasks, plan steps, and revise plans dynamically. Memory and Learning: Retains past experience to improve future decisions. Interaction: May collaborate with humans or other AI agents (multi-agent systems). Examples: AI Personal Assistants that manage schedules, book tickets, and handle emails autonomously. Robotic agents performing

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) THE CASTE CENSUS Category: POLITY Context: The government has decided to hold a caste census along with the upcoming Census. Decoding the context: The 2021 Census was delayed by the Covid-19 pandemic, and has been on hold ever since. The exercise is understood to be imminent, but there are no dates for it as yet Learning Corner: The data collected in Censuses since 1951 include the numbers of individuals belonging to the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), and of various religious denominations. But the members of caste groups other than SCs and STs have not been counted. The most recent caste data available is from the Census of 1931. The 1941 Census, carried out during the War, collected data on caste, but they were never released. Ahead of the first Census of independent India, the government chose to avoid the question of caste. Thereafter, demands for a caste census were repeatedly raised, especially by parties who had a base among Other Backward Classes (OBCs), primarily farming communities and artisans. But no Indian government ever carried out a full count of caste memberships. From Census to SECC In 2010, Law Minister M. Veerappa Moily proposed including caste/community data in Census 2011. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI) rejected the proposal citing logistical difficulties. Objections Raised: Census involves enumeration (observational, non-verification based). Enumerators (mainly school teachers) are not trained to verify caste claims. Difficulties in accuracy, analysis, and data verification. Political Response: Due to pressure from UPA allies (e.g., RJD, DMK, JDU) and OBC MPs, a Group of Ministers (GoM) was formed under Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee. Decision – In September 2010, the Union Cabinet approved a separate exercise: Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) to be conducted after Census 2011. Timeline: SECC conducted: June–September 2011 Population enumeration (Census): February–March 2011 The data were published by the Ministries of Rural Development and Urban Development in 2016, but the caste data were excluded. The raw caste data was handed over to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, which formed an Expert Group under then NITI Aayog Vice Chairperson Arvind Panagariya for classification and categorisation. The data are yet to be made public. Recent developments Of late, several state governments have sought to implement “quota within quota” by subcategorising OBCs based on their own caste censuses, calling them “surveys” because the Census is technically part of the constitutional mandate of the Centre. Earlier, on April 1, 2021, the constitutional body National Commission for Backward Classes had urged the government to collect data on the population of OBCs “as part of Census of India 2021 exercise”. Source : Indian Express BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Category: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Researchers at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) have achieved a significant breakthrough in assistive technology for individuals with paralysis. Decoding the context:  They have developed a brain-computer interface (BCI) that allows a paralysed man to control a robotic arm simply by imagining the movements he wishes to execute. Learning Corner: A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a technology that enables direct communication between the human brain and an external device (such as a computer or prosthetic limb), bypassing traditional neural pathways. How It Works: Neural signals (electrical activity in the brain) are detected using electrodes or implants. Signals are decoded using algorithms and converted into commands. These commands control external devices or software (e.g., moving a robotic arm, cursor movement). Types of BCI: Invasive: Electrodes implanted directly into the brain (e.g., Neuralink). Semi-invasive: Electrodes placed on the surface of the brain. Non-invasive: EEG (Electroencephalography) caps worn on the scalp. Applications: Medical: Restoring mobility in paralysis, aiding speech in locked-in syndrome. Military: Human-enhancement and drone control. Neuroprosthetics: Controlling robotic limbs, exoskeletons. Gaming & Communication: Mind-controlled interfaces. Source : The Hindu STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: India has reportedly opposed the inclusion of a hazardous insecticide under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, an international environmental treaty to protect human health and the environment. Decoding the context: The insecticide, Chlorpyrifos, is a chemical linked to adverse effects on neurodevelopment, reduced birth size, lung and prostate cancer upon chronic exposure. Chlorpyrifos has been registered in India under the Insecticides Act since 1977. In 2016-17, chlorpyrifos was the most frequently used pesticide in India, accounting for 9.4 per cent of the total insecticide consumption, according to a report by the International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN). Learning Corner: An international environmental treaty adopted in 2001, entered into force in 2004. Aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) — toxic chemicals that persist, bioaccumulate, and cause adverse effects to human health and the environment. Objectives: Protect human health and the environment from harmful POPs. Eliminate or restrict production and use of intentionally produced POPs. Reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional production. Ensure safe disposal and handling of POP waste. POPs are toxic chemical substances that: Persist in the environment for long periods. Bioaccumulate through the food web. POPs are lipophilic, which means that they accumulate in the fatty tissue of living animals and human beings. Travel long distances via air and water. Cause serious health issues — cancers, birth defects, immune & reproductive disorders. Key Provisions: The Stockholm Convention lists chemicals in three annexes: Annex A lists chemicals to be eliminated; Annex B lists chemicals to be restricted; and Annex C calls for minimizing unintentional production and release of listed chemicals. Governance: Overseen by the Conference of the Parties (COP), with the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC) assessing new chemicals. The list is updated regularly (now includes 30+ chemicals). Parties must develop National Implementation Plans (NIPs). India and the Convention: India ratified the Convention in 2006. In 2022, India banned the use of several additional POPs under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) are involved in implementation. Additional information –  The “Dirty Dozen” refers to the initial 12 persistent

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) THE CASTE CENSUS Category: POLITY Context: Under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban, Ghaziabad has taken a landmark step by successfully issuing India’s first Certified Green Municipal Bond, raising ₹150 crore for the development of a cutting-edge Tertiary Sewage Treatment Plant (TSTP). Decoding the context: The Green Municipal Bond marked a new chapter in India’s financial landscape, providing a sustainable model for funding urban infrastructure. Learning Corner: Green Municipal Bonds (GMBs) are debt instruments issued by urban local bodies (ULBs) to fund environmentally sustainable and climate-resilient infrastructure projects (e.g., water treatment, renewable energy, waste management). Regulatory Framework: Regulated under SEBI (Issue and Listing of Municipal Debt Securities) Regulations, 2015. Issuers must: Have no negative net worth in the past 3 financial years Have no default in loan repayments in the past year Obtain project-specific third-party green certification (e.g., from Climate Bonds Initiative, CARE Ratings) India’s First Certified Green Municipal Bond Issuer: Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam (GNN), under Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U). Certified By: Climate Bonds Initiative (CBI) Details: Issued in 2021, raised ₹150 crore at 8.1% coupon rate; listed on BSE bond platform. Purpose: Funded a Tertiary Sewage Treatment Plant (TSTP) with 40 MLD capacity, serving 1,400+ industrial units via a 95 km pipeline network. Financial Model: Public-Private Hybrid Annuity Model (PPP-HAM), with 40% municipal funding. Impact: Supplies 9.5 MLD treated water to 800+ firms. Significance: First certified GMB in India; demonstrates financial discipline, supports SBM-U’s goal of garbage-free cities by 2026. Source : PIB GREEN HYDROGEN Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The government launched a green hydrogen certification scheme for producers. Decoding the context:  Renewable energy minister Pralhad Joshi said the scheme is a step towards creating a framework for certifying green hydrogen production and ensuring transparency, traceability and market credibility. Learning Corner: Green hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel produced via electrolysis, splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity from renewable sources (e.g., solar, wind). Significance: Decarbonization: Reduces CO₂ emissions in industries like steel, transport, and fertilizers; India aims for 5 MMT annual production by 2030 (National Green Hydrogen Mission, NGHM). Energy Security: Cuts fossil fuel imports (₹1 lakh crore savings projected by 2030). Economic Growth: NGHM targets ₹8 lakh crore investments, 6 lakh jobs by 2030. Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme (GHCS) Objective: Establishes a framework to certify green hydrogen production, ensuring transparency, traceability, and market credibility. Scope of Certification Covers: Production stages up to compression and purification of hydrogen. Excludes: Transportation, storage beyond plant boundaries, and conversion into derivatives like green ammonia Key Features: Applies to: Green hydrogen producers availing government incentives under the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM). Excludes: Exporters not utilizing government incentives. Hydrogen is “green” if emissions are ≤2 kg CO₂e/kg (12-month average). Nodal Agency: Bureau of Energy Efficiency accredits certifying agencies. Type of Hydrogen Production Method Environmental Impact Green Hydrogen Electrolysis of water using renewable energy (solar, wind) Zero-emission Grey Hydrogen Produced from natural gas or methane via steam methane reforming (SMR) High CO₂ emissions Blue Hydrogen Same as grey, but with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology Lower emissions, but not zero Brown/Black Hydrogen From coal or lignite gasification Most polluting Pink Hydrogen Electrolysis powered by nuclear energy Low carbon (depends on nuclear source) Turquoise Hydrogen Produced via methane pyrolysis (splits CH₄ into H₂ and solid carbon) Still under development; cleaner but technology is nascent Yellow Hydrogen Electrolysis using grid electricity (mixed source, not fully renewable) Emissions depend on the grid mix White Hydrogen Naturally occurring geological hydrogen (rare and not commercially viable yet) Potential future source   Source : Economic Times ZOJILA PASS Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: With the early opening of the Zojila Pass, the Siachen base camp is now open to tourists. Decoding the context: visitors will no longer need prior authorisation or a no-objection certificate (NOC) to access the base camp. Learning Corner:. Zojila Pass (also Zoji La) is a high-altitude mountain pass in the Himalayas, located in Kargil district, Ladakh, at 3,528 meters (11,575 ft) above sea level. Connects Kashmir Valley (Srinagar) with Drass and Indus valleys (Leh) via National Highway 1; second-highest pass after Fotu La on this route. Lies on the western section of the Greater Himalayas. Strategic lifeline for Ladakh, supporting military logistics and civilian connectivity.Vital for troop deployment to Siachen and eastern Ladakh. Challenges: Heavy snowfall closes the pass for 4-6 months annually (typically November-April); avalanches, landslides, and extreme weather (-30°C) pose risks. The Zojila Tunnel Project is under construction to provide all-weather connectivity: Will be Asia’s longest bi-directional tunnel (14.2 km). Aims to reduce travel time between Sonamarg and Drass from 3.5 hours to just 15 minutes. Source : Economic Times ORANGE ECONOMY Category: ECONOMY Context: Prime Minister Modi inaugurated the World Audio Visual and Entertainment Summit (WAVES) 2025 at the Jio World Convention Centre in Mumbai, calling it a transformative platform that unites creators, storytellers, innovators, and policymakers from around the world. Decoding the context: The current era marks the sunrise era of the ‘Orange economy’ in India, the Prime Minister said adding that the three pillars of the Orange economy are content, creativity and culture. Learning Corner: The Orange Economy, also known as the Creative Economy, refers to the sector of the economy that involves creative industries that generate economic value through creativity, cultural knowledge, and intellectual property. Key Components: Arts (performing and visual) Music and film industry Publishing and media Design, fashion Architecture Cultural heritage and tourism Software, video games, and digital content Significance: Job Creation: Offers large-scale employment, especially for youth. Innovation: Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation. Cultural Preservation: Promotes national identity and cultural diversity. Sustainability: Less resource-intensive compared to traditional industries. Gender Inclusion: High participation of women in many creative sectors. India’s Context (2025) Economic Contribution: Contributes $30 billion to India’s GDP, employing 8% of the workforce; creative exports at $11 billion annually. Global Reach: Indian films screened in 100+ countries; OTT industry grew 10x in recent years (PM Modi, WAVES 2025). WAVES 2025 Summit: Held in Mumbai (May 1-4, 2025), hosted 10,000 delegates from 90+ countries. PM

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Insolvency Bankruptcy Code (IBC) Category: ECONOMICS Context: The recent developments in the Bhushan Power and Steel Ltd. case have reignited concerns around the finality of resolution outcomes and the predictability of the framework. Learning Corner: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016  The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 is India’s landmark legislation aimed at consolidating and streamlining the insolvency resolution process for individuals, companies, and partnership firms in a time-bound manner. Objectives: To ensure time-bound resolution of insolvency and bankruptcy cases (within 330 days). To maximize the value of assets of insolvent persons. To promote entrepreneurship and availability of credit. To balance the interests of all stakeholders, including creditors, debtors, and employees. To improve India’s ease of doing business ranking and promote credit discipline. Key Features: Single framework for insolvency and bankruptcy covering individuals, companies, and LLPs. Establishes institutional mechanisms such as: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) – regulatory body National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) – adjudicating authority for corporates Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) – for individuals and partnership firms Resolution Professionals (RPs) – manage the resolution process Creditors can initiate the process on default of ₹1 crore or more (earlier ₹1 lakh). Control of the defaulting firm is transferred from management to creditors via Committee of Creditors (CoC). Achievements: Helped reduce non-performing assets (NPAs) – e.g., NPA ratio declined from 11.2% (2018) to 2.8% (2024). Promoted credit discipline among borrowers. Recovered over ₹3.89 lakh crore by 2024. Enhanced investor confidence and improved business ecosystem.   Challenges: Delays in resolution beyond 330 days due to judicial backlog. Low recovery rates in recent years (around 28.6%). Inadequate infrastructure, valuation disputes, and multiple legal appeals. Lack of clear treatment for operational creditors and complex business models. Conclusion: The IBC is a transformative reform in India’s economic governance. While it has improved resolution efficiency and credit discipline, its effectiveness depends on judicial efficiency, legal clarity, and institutional capacity building. Source : THE HINDU Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) reduces repo rate Category: ECONOMICS Context The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), in its June 2025 Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting, announced two major steps to support economic growth and liquidity Decoding Context: Repo Rate Cut: The RBI reduced the repo rate by 50 basis points (bps) to 5.5%, marking a cumulative reduction of 100 bps in recent months. This move is expected to lower borrowing costs across the economy, benefiting both retail and corporate borrowers through reduced loan EMIs and cheaper credit. CRR Reduction: The RBI also decided to cut the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) by 100 bps, from 4% to 3%, in four quarterly tranches starting September 2025. This phased reduction is projected to inject approximately ₹2.5 lakh crore of liquidity into the banking system, enabling banks to lend more and further easing interest rates for consumers and businesses. These steps are aimed at boosting credit growth, encouraging spending, and supporting India’s GDP, which is projected at 6.5% for FY26. The inflation outlook for the year has also been revised downward to 3.7%. The RBI’s policy stance has shifted from ‘accommodative’ to ‘neutral’, providing flexibility for future monetary actions. Learning Corner: Bank Rates & Monetary Policy Tools – Quick Comparison Table Type of Rate Definition Duration Collateral Key Purpose/Usage Important Notes Bank Rate Rate at which RBI lends long-term funds to banks Long-term No Signals monetary policy stance Higher bank rate → costlier loans → reduced liquidity Repo Rate Rate at which RBI lends short-term funds to banks against securities Short-term Government Securities Main tool to control inflation & liquidity Lower repo → cheaper loans → more investment & consumption Reverse Repo Rate Rate at which RBI borrows from banks using securities Short-term Government Securities Used to absorb excess liquidity Higher rate → banks park funds with RBI → reduced lending Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) Rate for emergency overnight borrowing from RBI Overnight Government Securities For banks exceeding normal borrowing limits MSF > Repo (by 25 bps) – emergency window Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) Facility to absorb excess liquidity without collateral Variable No Primary tool for liquidity absorption (since 2022) Replaced Reverse Repo for liquidity control Call Money Rate Rate of 1-day borrowing/lending in the interbank market Intraday / Overnight No Indicates short-term liquidity conditions Market-determined, highly volatile Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)  What is MPC? The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a statutory and institutional body constituted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to determine the policy interest rate (repo rate) required to achieve the inflation target set by the Government of India. Background Constituted under the RBI Act, 1934 (Amended in 2016). Introduced as part of the monetary policy framework agreement between the RBI and Government of India in 2015. Objectives Maintain price stability (control inflation). Support economic growth. Ensure transparency and accountability in monetary policy decisions. Composition of MPC Total 6 members: Members Appointed By RBI Governor (Chairperson ex-officio) RBI RBI Deputy Governor (in charge of MPC) RBI One RBI official nominated by Central Board RBI 3 external members Appointed by Government of India The Governor has a casting vote in case of a tie. Members have a term of 4 years, not eligible for reappointment. Functions of MPC Sets the repo rate (key policy rate). Reviews monetary policy bi-monthly (every two months). Publishes Monetary Policy Statements. Aims to keep CPI inflation at 4% (+/- 2%) as per the inflation targeting framework. Significance Brings objectivity and independence to monetary policy. Helps in containing headline inflation. Balances growth and inflation trade-off through informed decision-making. Source :  THE HINDU G7 (Group of Seven) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has accepted an invitation from Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney to attend the G7 Summit in Kananaskis, Alberta. Decoding Context This development comes amid previously strained India-Canada relations following the 2023 controversy involving the killing of Sikh activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar. In a phone call on June 6, the two leaders discussed the longstanding bilateral relationship, underlining strong people-to-people ties and significant commercial linkages. Both

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Satellite based Internet Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Elon Musk’s Starlink has officially received a key licence from India’s Department of Telecommunications to offer satellite internet services in the country. Decoding Context:  This licensing clears a major regulatory hurdle and brings Starlink closer to launching commercial operations in India. Starlink is now the third company to secure a Global Mobile Personal Communication by Satellite (GMPCS) licence in India, following Eutelsat’s OneWeb and Reliance Jio The government has opted for administrative allocation of spectrum for satellite communication, supporting Starlink’s stance over the auction-based approach favored by some Indian telecom operators like Jio. This decision is based on the technical challenges of auctioning shared satellite spectrum. Once spectrum is allocated, Starlink will be able to begin commercial roll-out. The service is expected to significantly expand internet access, particularly in remote and underserved regions where traditional infrastructure is difficult to deploy.  Learning Corner: Starlink: A Brief Note Starlink is a satellite internet constellation project developed by SpaceX, the aerospace company founded by Elon Musk. Its primary goal is to provide high-speed, low-latency internet access across the globe, especially in remote and underserved areas where traditional broadband infrastructure is limited or unavailable. Launched in 2019, Starlink operates by deploying thousands of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, which communicate with user terminals (dishes) on the ground. As of 2025, it has become one of the largest satellite networks in the world. Starlink has now received approval to operate in India, marking a major step in expanding internet connectivity in rural regions. It competes with other global satellite internet providers like OneWeb and Amazon’s Project Kuiper. Comparison between Administrative Allocation of Spectrum and Auctioning of Spectrum: Feature Administrative Allocation Auctioning of Spectrum Definition Government directly assigns spectrum to an entity Spectrum is sold through a competitive bidding process Process Non-competitive; based on application and policy Competitive; bidders offer prices for spectrum blocks Purpose Used for public interest, strategic or technical reasons To generate revenue and promote market competition Cost to Operator Often lower or nominal charges Market-driven; can be expensive Suitability Ideal for satellite communications, defence, or research Common for mobile telecom (4G/5G services) Spectrum Sharing Facilitates easier coordination and sharing Difficult to manage shared use post-auction India’s Recent Preference Chosen for satellite communication like Starlink Still used for terrestrial telecom operators like Jio and Airtel Summary: Administrative Allocation is preferred for services like satellite internet, where spectrum is shared globally and auctioning is technically unfeasible. Auctioning is suited for mobile services, where exclusive spectrum rights are required and revenue generation is a priority. Source : THE HINDU Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Category: ENVIRONMENT Context A new study has made the controversial idea of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI)—a form of solar geoengineering—more realistic by proposing innovative methods to reduce its costs and technical barriers Decoding Context: SAI involves injecting tiny reflective particles, inspired by volcanic eruptions, into the earth’s stratosphere at around 20 km altitude to reflect sunlight and cool the planet. While this could help reduce the impacts of climate change, the approach is contentious because its effects would be global, with potential risks and side effects for all countries. Key Points from the Study: Mechanism: SAI aims to cool the planet by spraying aerosols into the stratosphere, mimicking the cooling effect observed after major volcanic eruptions. Technical Advances: The research explores how the type of material used, the timing, and the location of injections impact effectiveness and cost. Technical challenges are greater at higher altitudes but can be addressed by optimizing these factors. Scale: The study found that 12 million tonnes of sulfur aerosols over six years at an altitude of 13 km could produce the desired cooling effect. This is comparable to the amount released by the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption. Risks and Challenges: SAI does not require new aircraft, but modifying existing planes is technically challenging. There are concerns about side effects, such as delayed recovery of the ozone layer, changes in rainfall, and geopolitical issues. Some effects, like regional droughts or altered weather patterns, could be severe. Global Impact: Since SAI would affect the entire planet, any country’s actions would have worldwide consequences, not always beneficial for all regions. Conclusion: The study brings SAI closer to practical implementation by addressing cost and technical hurdles, but significant scientific, ethical, and governance challenges remain. The debate continues as researchers weigh the potential benefits against the risks of large-scale climate intervention. Learning Corner: Artificial Weather-Tweaking Ideas Artificial weather-tweaking, or weather modification, refers to deliberate human interventions in natural weather processes to alter climatic conditions. These ideas aim to mitigate climate change, enhance rainfall, or prevent extreme weather events. Major Techniques: Cloud Seeding: Spraying chemicals like silver iodide or salt into clouds to induce rainfall. Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI): Injecting reflective particles into the stratosphere to reflect sunlight and cool the Earth. Marine Cloud Brightening: Spraying sea salt into marine clouds to make them more reflective and enhance their cooling effect. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Though not weather modification directly, CCS removes CO₂ to influence long-term climate. Space-Based Reflectors: Placing mirrors or shields in orbit to reflect a portion of incoming solar radiation. Concerns: Unpredictable Side Effects: May lead to regional droughts, altered monsoons, or ozone depletion. Ethical & Geopolitical Issues: Global consequences from local actions could lead to conflicts or disputes. Governance Vacuum: Lack of international laws or consensus on who controls such powerful technologies. Source :  THE HINDU MagIC Microscopy Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : MagIC Microscopy (Magnetic Isolation and Concentration cryo-electron microscopy) is a cutting-edge advancement in the field of structural biology, particularly in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) Decoding Context Cryo-EM is a powerful imaging technique used to visualize biomolecules like proteins, viruses, and complexes at near-atomic resolution by flash-freezing samples and imaging them with an electron beam. Challenges Addressed: Traditional cryo-EM requires relatively high concentrations of biological samples to obtain clear images. This requirement poses a major limitation when studying rare or difficult-to-purify molecules, which are often