Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EUTHANASIA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Union Health Ministry has released draft guidelines on withdrawing or withholding medical treatment in terminally ill patients. Background: – The draft guidelines have not gone down well among a section of the medical fraternity, citing concerns that it exposes doctors to legal scrutiny and puts them under stress. Key takeaways Euthanasia refers to the practice of an individual deliberately ending their life, oftentimes to get relief from an incurable condition, or intolerable pain and suffering. Euthanasia, which can be administered only by a physician, can be either ‘active’ or ‘passive’. Active euthanasia involves an active intervention to end a person’s life with substances or external force, such as administering a lethal injection. Passive euthanasia refers to withdrawing life support or treatment that is essential to keep a terminally ill person alive. In 2011, the Supreme Court for the first time recognised the legality of passive euthanasia in the case of Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug v Union of India. After being sexually assaulted by a ward attendant of Mumbai’s KEM Hospital in 1973 and suffering a brain injury in the process, nurse Aruna Shanbaug was left in a ‘persistent vegetative state’. A petition was filed in SC in 2009, seeking an end to the life-supporting treatment the hospital was providing to Shanbaug, arguing that she should be allowed to die peacefully. The court, while ruling out passive euthanasia in this case, held that Shanbaug was still alive as she did not require life support. However, the court recognised the legality of passive euthanasia. In 2018, the Supreme Court recognised the legality of ‘passive euthanasia’ for terminally-ill patients, holding that the ‘right to die with dignity’ forms a part of the right to life under Article 21. The court also laid down guidelines for passive euthanasia, both in cases where the patient left an ‘advance directive’ or a ‘living will’ and in cases where no such directive was left behind. For long there was no dedicated legislation in India on withholding/ withdrawing life-sustaining treatment. However, the Supreme Court’s judgment, and now the draft guidelines, make it clear that withholding/ withdrawing life-sustaining treatment is legal in India under a defined framework. Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment refers to discontinuing life-sustaining medical interventions such as ventilators and feeding tubes, etc., when these no longer help the condition of the patient or prolong their suffering.  The withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment also includes ‘do-not-attempt-resuscitation’ orders. It is crucial to note that when a do-not-attempt-resuscitation order is in place, every effort should be made to continue treating the underlying condition of the patient. The order is limited to not initiating resuscitation efforts. Life-sustaining treatments are medical treatments that artificially replace bodily functions essential to the life of the person. These interventions are withheld or withdrawn with the intention of providing comfort care, allowing the underlying illness to take its course while providing symptomatic relief. Source: Indian Express CENSUS NEXT YEAR, DELIMITATION SOON AFTER  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The government is set to conduct the much-delayed Census next year, and to complete the process by 2026. Following the completion of the Census, the government will go ahead with delimitation, for redrafting of constituencies. Background: – Delimitation would have its own share of problems, with the South worried about the impact on its political share in a Parliament where a disproportionate number of seats will be from the North due to its heavily populated states. Key takeaways In 2002, the Atal Bihari Vajpayee govt had delayed delimitation by 25 years via the 84th Amendment, saying this would be carried out only after “the relevant figures for the first Census taken after the year 2026 have been published”. This meant delimitation to be carried out after the 2031 Census. However, as per sources, the government now plans to begin the delimitation process by 2027 and finish it within a year, so that the next Lok Sabha elections (in 2029) can be done post-delimitation. Although there is demand by various quarters that caste enumeration be included in the Census, the government has not been able to finalise a formula for it. The amendments required for a delimitation process include changes to Article 81 (which defines the composition of the Lok Sabha), Article 170 (composition of Legislative Assemblies), Article 82, Article 55 (deals with the presidential election process for which value of each vote in the electoral college is decided on the population basis), Articles 330 and 332 (covering reservation of seats for the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies, respectively). Source: Indian Express INDIA CANNOT PHASE OUT COAL LIKE THE UK  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: UK’s last coal-based generation plant at Ratcliffe-on-Soar was taken off the grid. Background: – The UK has made some progress in the decarbonisation of the power sector though it hasn’t got rid of carbon footprints completely. It is highly dependent on gas which is half as dirty as coal. Key takeaways The UK government has been pursuing a policy of closing down coal mines since the 1990s for reasons other than climate change — mainly political. In 2015, the government decided to completely phase out all coal-based plants by 2025 — the deadline was later advanced to 2024. To get rid of coal-based generation, the government relied on market drivers and regulatory interventions. UK have increased the cost of carbon dioxide emissions. The government also introduced mandatory use of carbon capture and storage for all new coal-based plants. These measures ensured that coal-based generation became unprofitable. UK also had cheap gas as an alternative to coal. Equally important is the fact that UK has already peaked its electricity generation and is now on the way down, both in terms of total generation and also in per capita terms. Generation in 2000 was 377 billion units (BUs) and it was down to 286 BUs in 2023. Similarly, per capita electricity consumption came down from 6 megawatt hours

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   REMEMBERING THE ‘IRON MAN OF INDIA’  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: National Unity Day is celebrated in India on 31st October. It was introduced by the Government of India in 2014. The day is celebrated to mark the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Background: – Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel, famously known as Sardar Patel was the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home minister of India. Patel was a leader of the Indian National Congress and played a significant role in India’s struggle for freedom. Key takeaways Early Life and Role in the Freedom Movement Born on October 31, 1875, in Nadiad, Gujarat, Patel initially pursued a career in law. Inspired by Gandhi, he joined the independence movement. Notably, his leadership in the Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, where farmers protested against increased taxes, earned him the title “Sardar” (leader). Sardar Patel’s contribution to uniting India As the first Home Minister of independent India, Sardar Patel played a crucial role in unifying and shaping the nation. At the time of independence, the British presented the challenge of declaring the Indian princely states as independent under the Indian Independence Act of 1947. The issue of the princely states was complex and challenging to resolve. When the British announced their departure, many princes believed it was the perfect moment to declare their independence. Additionally, there were others who found themselves in a struggle between India and Pakistan. However, through his diplomatic efforts, Patel secured the accession of the princely states, aligning these regions with the nation’s constitutional framework. Patel adopted various approaches based on the situation; he offered friendly advice in some cases, persuaded rulers to see reason in others, and even used force in the case of Hyderabad. He was valued for his political astuteness and pragmatic skills, which were essential in bringing together the more than 500 royal territories into the fold of the Indian union. Sardar Patel’s contribution to administration Along with the monumental task of unifying India, the Iron Man of India, Patel also played a crucial role in reinforcing the steel frame of India — the All India Services. He was instrumental in the establishment of the modern all-India services system. For this he is remembered as the “patron saint of India’s civil servants”. Sardar Patel’s Contribution to Constitution As the chairman of the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities, and Tribal and Excluded Areas of the Constituent Assembly, Patel played a key role in shaping important sections of the Constitution concerning fundamental and minority rights. Source: Indian Express ‘PINK TICKET’ REPORT  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: A recent report on the free public bus transport for women in Delhi shows a positive picture. Background: – Titled ‘Riding The Justice Route’, the report was released by Greenpeace India on Tuesday, the fifth anniversary of the Delhi government’s ‘pink ticket’ policy that made commuting on public buses free for women, after surveying the participants and assessing the impact of the scheme on their lives. Key takeaways As per the report, one in four women have started using buses after travel was made fare-free. After the scheme’s introduction, 23 per cent of women have started using buses at least four times a week, and 15 per cent of women, who rarely or never used buses before the scheme, now use them regularly. When it comes to challenges faced by women, the survey says that a little less than 50 per cent of women bus users feel “mostly safe” while travelling to the bus stop, waiting there, and riding a bus. The survey also suggests that 77 per cent of women feel unsafe while travelling by bus after 5 pm and two in three women find the lighting at the bus stop inadequate. Frequency also remains a challenge as 87 per cent of the women reported waiting more than 10 minutes, while a good 13 per cent waited more than 30 minutes for the bus. The impact of the scheme on the perception of women towards public transport across income groups is noteworthy. After the ‘pink ticket’ was introduced, 88 per cent of women surveyed perceived the scheme as impactful in promoting bus use among women. Source: Indian Express UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN THE NEAR EAST (UNRWA)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT AFFAIRS Context: Israel’s parliament passed two Bills to ban the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees In The Near East (UNRWA) from operating in Israel and the Palestinian territories. The Knesset also voted to designate UNRWA a terrorist organisation, cutting all ties with the agency. Background: – The UNRWA was established in 1949 to provide aid to Palestinians who were forced to leave their homes during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Israel has argued that the UNRWA’s role is obsolete, and its work is an impediment to a peace settlement. However, critics have blamed Israel’s own actions, such as not meaningfully recognising the foundation of a Palestinian state, as having perpetuated the longstanding conflict. Key takeaways What is the UNRWA, and what role does it play? UNRWA is mandated by the UN General Assembly to serve ‘Palestine refugees’. This term was defined in 1952 as any person whose “normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948 and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict. Palestine refugees are persons who fulfil the above definition and descendants of fathers fulfilling the definition. In addition, the UN Assembly has also mandated UNRWA to offer services to certain other persons who require humanitarian assistance, on an emergency basis as and when required, in UNRWA fields of operations. Notably, the Assembly has mandated the Agency to provide services to persons in the region who are currently displaced and in serious need of continued assistance as a result of the 1967 and subsequent hostilities. These persons are not registered as Palestine refugees. Only the UN General Assembly can

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GREEN FIRECRACKERS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Delhi earned the tag of the world’s most polluted city on Friday after firecrackers were burst on the occasion of Diwali on Thursday despite a blanket ban in the national capital. Background: – At 6 am on Friday, the Air Quality Index (AQI) was recorded at 359, which falls in ‘very poor’ category, according to CPCB. Key takeaways Green crackers are eco-friendly fireworks developed as a solution to the air and noise pollution caused by traditional firecrackers. They are designed to emit fewer pollutants and are developed with an emphasis on reducing the harmful effects of conventional crackers. Both green crackers and traditional crackers cause pollution. However, the difference is that green crackers cause 30 per cent less air pollution as compared to traditional ones. Green crackers do not contain harmful chemicals like arsenic, lithium, or barium, which are found in conventional firecrackers and are responsible for high emissions of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Use of alternative chemicals and a reduced level of aluminum, which cuts down on the emission of particulate matter (PM). The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CISR) has developed ‘green firecrackers’ to combat pollution. According to the CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, green crackers must have a reduction in the size of the shell, elimination of ash usage, reduced usage of raw materials in the composition, and/or use of additives as dust suppressants to reduce particulate matter, SO2, and NO2 emissions. These ‘green firecrackers’ have types like SWAS (safe water releaser), SAFAL (safe minimal aluminium), and STAR (safe thermite cracker). SWAS is a safe water releaser, which suppresses the dust released by releasing water vapour in the air. It does not comprise potassium nitrate and sulphur and the particulate dust released will reduce approximately by 30 per cent. SAFAL is safe minimal aluminium which has minimum usage of aluminium, and used magnesium instead. It ensures a reduction in sound in comparison to traditional crackers. STAR is a safe thermite cracker, which does not comprise potassium nitrate and sulphur, and emits reduced particulate matter disposal and reduced sound intensity. Source: Indian Express DIGITAL ARREST  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: indians lost Rs 120.30 crore in “digital arrest” frauds in the first quarter of this year alone, government cybercrime data shows. Background: – According to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), which monitors cybercrime at the central level through the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C), digital arrests have of late become a prevalent method of digital fraud. Key takeaways Digital arrests refer to a type of cybercrime where scammers impersonate law  enforcement officials to extort money from victims by threatening them with  arrest. How the Scam Works Initial Contact: Scammers contact victims via phone calls, text messages, or socialmedia, posing as officials from agencies like the police, Central Bureau of  Investigation (CBI), or the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). False Accusations: Victims are falsely accused of crimes such as money  laundering, tax evasion, or cybercrime. Intimidation: Scammers use threats of arrest or legal action to instill fear in their victims. Video Call Impersonation: Scammers may arrange a video call, impersonating  officials and using official-looking backgrounds to appear legitimate. Demand for Payment: Victims are pressured to pay a fine or bribe to avoid arrest or legal consequences. Data Theft: Scammers may also attempt to steal personal information, such as  bank account details or passwords. Many of those carrying out these frauds are based in three contiguous southeast Asian countries: Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. According to I4C, there are four types of scams which are on the rise— digital arrest, trading scam, investment scam (task based) and romance/dating scam. Source: Indian Express THE BURGEONING EXPENDITURE OF ELECTIONS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: According to the Centre for Media Studies (CMS), the total expenditure by various political parties for the general election to Lok Sabha this year was around ₹1,00,000 crores. Background: – Urgent reforms are needed to address the burgeoning cost of election expenditures which threaten foundational principles of democracy. Key takeaways What are the limits in India? The election expenditure limit for candidates is ₹95 lakh per Lok Sabha constituency in larger States and ₹75 lakh in smaller States. With respect to Legislative Assemblies, they are ₹40 lakh and ₹28 lakh for larger and smaller States respectively. These limits are set, from time to time, by the Election Commission (EC). There are no limits on the expenditure of political parties during elections. What are international standards? In the U.S., the financing for elections happens primarily by contributions from individuals, corporations, and political action committees (PAC). Out of the estimated expenditure in the November 2024 election cycle, around $5.5 billion is estimated to be spent on the presidential election. This humungous raise is due to large donations. In the U.K., a political party is allowed to spend £54,010 for each constituency they contest. There are also limits placed on candidates’ spending during the campaign. It translates, per constituency, to an average of £46-49,000 during the long campaign period (beginning five months before the full term of the House of Commons ends) and £17-20,000 during the short campaign period after elections are announced. What are the challenges? Elections across democracies have become expensive. Such increased expenditure that is met primarily through large donations creates an unholy nexus between the elected representatives and donors. This also acts as an entry barrier into electoral politics for many well-meaning citizens. In India, candidates from all major political parties breach the election expenditure limits. Further, there are no limits on political party spending during elections. The official expenditures declared by the BJP and Congress for the 2019 election were ₹1,264 crores and ₹820 crores, respectively. However, according to a report by the CMS, ₹50,000 crore was spent by various parties during the 2019 election. The CMS has estimated that spending during the 2024 election by various political parties was close to ₹1,00,000 crores. Such inflated election expenditure fuels corruption, resulting in a vicious cycle. What can be possible reforms? The Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998) and the Law Commission report (1999) have advocated for State funding of elections. Simultaneous elections are touted as a panacea for addressing the issue of rising expenditures. However, there are challenges on account of principles of federalism and constitutional amendments to this idea. It must be noted that this mechanism may rein in campaign and publicity expenditure to some extent. However, without curbing the illegal distribution of cash to voters, any form of simultaneous election will not have a significant impact on election expenditure. Certain practical steps to create a level playing field regarding election expenditure can be implemented. These are based on the EC’s 2016 report on ‘Proposed Electoral Reforms’. Firstly, the law

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   AYUSHMAN BHARAT PRADHAN MANTRI JAN AROGYA YOJANA (AB – PMJAY)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: On October 29 (Ayurveda Day), Prime Minister Modi launched Ayushman Vaya Vandana health cards under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to people aged 70 years and above, regardless of their income and economic status. Background: – Everyone age 70 or more will be entitled to a cover of Rs 5 lakh annually, shared within the family. This means if there are two elderly beneficiaries in the household, the cover will be split among them. Ayushman Bharat Yojana The Ayushman Bharat Yojana, also known as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), is a health insurance scheme launched by the Government of India in 2018. Its primary aim is to provide comprehensive health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family per year. It connects the public and private health sectors into a one-nation, one-system. PMJAY is for inpatient secondary and tertiary care. The program goes even further by covering pre and post-hospitalization expenses, ensuring a more comprehensive healthcare experience. Outpatient services are not a part of the scheme. The scheme targets families identified through the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data. It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme and states will have to contribute 40% to the cost of the scheme. Extension of AB-PMJAY to elderly Elderly members (age 70 and more) of families that are already covered by their economic status will get a top-up cover of Rs 5 lakh — to be used only for the elderly. Those who are already covered under other government health schemes like the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme, etc will have the option of choosing either Ayushman Bharat or continuing with their existing coverage. People who are covered under the Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), however, will be eligible to have both their existing cover and Ayushman Bharat. This is because premiums for ESIC are paid by the insured and their employer, not the government. Significance of extending AB-PMJAY to senior citizens: With increasing lifespans and an increasing number of people ageing in the next three decades, a fifth of India is likely to be over the age of 70 by 2050. There is a need for far-reaching changes in welfare policies to tackle this demographic transition. Older Indians are much more likely to be hospitalised and to stay in hospitals for longer. According to the India Ageing Report 2023, the elderly remain largely uncovered by any health scheme. Just over 20% of India’s population above the age of 60 is currently covered by any government schemes. Women make up the larger share of the elderly population — a survey by NITI Aayog found that 58% of the elderly are women, and 54% among them are widows. It is significant for a country where out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on health is often a reason for crushing poverty. A Niti Aayog position paper, released in January, recognised that with families becoming increasingly nuclear, ease of access and quality of care will be crucial determinants in the health-seeking behaviour of senior citizens. Source: Indian Express DANA, THE WEATHER PATTERN THAT CAUSED FLASH FLOODS IN SPAIN  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Millions have been affected in Spain due to torrential rain. Flash floods caused by the immense deluge have led to the death of at least 64 people in the eastern Spanish region of Valencia. Background: – The primary cause of the intense rain is likely an annual weather phenomenon known as a “gota fría,” or cold drop. It is also sometimes called a “DANA,” the acronym for “depresión aislada en niveles altos,” or isolated depression at high altitudes. Key takeaways DANA or cold drop takes place when cold air descends over the warm waters of the Mediterranean Sea. This results in atmospheric instability, causing hotter, moist air on the surface of the sea to rise quickly, leading to the formation of dense, towering cumulonimbus clouds in a matter of hours. These clouds then dump heavy rain in parts of Spain. The weather pattern’s occurrence is related to the polar jet stream — a fast-moving wind current at high levels of the troposphere (the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere) which circulates from west to east and separates the cold polar air from the warm tropical air. Often, a pocket of cold air gets separated from the polar jet stream and collides with the warmer air over the Mediterranean Sea, which results in DANA. The phenomenon is a common occurrence in Spain and usually coincides with the onset of autumn and spring in the western Mediterranean. Source: Indian Express LiDAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Scientists have detected a lost Mayan city, hidden for centuries by the dense Mexican jungle, using LiDAR. Background: – In recent years, LiDAR has also shown potential as a tool of archaeological discovery. LiDAR allows researchers to study much larger swathes of land quickly in the comfort of a home or lab. What is LiDAR? LiDAR, or Light Detection and Ranging, is a  remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (or variable distances) to Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system — generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. Two types of lidar are topographic and bathymetric. Topographic lidar typically uses a near-infrared laser to map the land, while bathymetric lidar uses water-penetrating green light to also measure seafloor and riverbed elevations. How does LiDAR work? LiDAR instrumentation comprises a laser, a scanner, and a GPS receiver. Airplanes and helicopters are the most commonly used platforms for acquiring lidar data over broad areas. The rapidly firing laser travels to the ground where it hits vegetation, building, and various topographic features. This light is reflected or scattered, and recorded by the LiDAR sensor. The system calculates the light pulses’ two-way travel time to arrive at the distance between the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ARTICLE 44  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah recently said that tribals would be exempted from the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) wherever it is implemented in India Background: – At an event in Ranchi, Home Minister stated, “The BJP has introduced a model of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand. In this model, we have excluded tribals, respecting their customs, rituals, and laws. Wherever we implement the UCC, tribals will be kept out of its scope.” Key takeaways A Uniform Civil Code is one that would provide for one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in their personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption etc. Article 44 of the Constitution lays down that the state shall endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for the citizens throughout the territory of India. Article 44 is one of the directive principles. These, as defined in Article 37, are not justiciable (not enforceable by any court) but the principles laid down therein are fundamental in governance. Article 44 uses the words “state shall endeavour”, other Articles in the ‘Directive Principles’ chapter use words such as “in particular strive”; “shall in particular direct its policy”; “shall be obligation of the state” etc. Article 43 mentions “state shall endeavour by suitable legislation” while the phrase “by suitable legislation” is absent in Article 44. All this implies that the duty of the state is greater in other directive principles than in Article 44. Uniform Civil Code (UCC) of Uttarakhand UCC of Uttarakhand, enacted in early 2024, aims to standardize personal laws across the state, irrespective of religious affiliations. Key features include: Marriage and Divorce: The UCC introduces uniform procedures for marriage and divorce, prohibiting practices like polygamy and child marriage. It sets a consistent minimum marriageable age for girls across all religious denominations. Inheritance and Property Rights: The code ensures equal property rights for sons and daughters, eliminating distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate children concerning inheritance. It also provides equal property rights after death, including for adopted and biological children. Live-in Relationships: The UCC regulates live-in relationships by imposing an obligation to register them. Applicability: The code applies to all residents of Uttarakhand, except the Scheduled Tribes. Source: Indian Express   COMMITTEE TO ASSESS DEMANDS ON DEMARCATION OF ECO-SENSITIVE AREAS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Union Environment Ministry-appointed expert committee, which is tasked with examining views and objections of state governments on eco-sensitive areas (ESA) in the Western Ghats, is likely to visit Goa soon to deliberate on the state’s submissions. Background: – The committee will verify along with the state government whether its demands to omit villages marked as ESA are justified. Key takeaways Early in August, the Centre had issued the sixth iteration of a draft notification declaring 56,825.7 sq. km of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive area. Once draft notification declaring 56,825.7 sqkm of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive area finalised, villages marked as ESA will see a complete ban on mining, quarrying and sand mining as well as phasing out of existing mines in five years. The demarcation of ESA has been pending for 13 years since the United Progressive Alliance first tasked an expert panel led by senior ecologist Madhav Gadgil to study the issue of protecting Western Ghats. The Gadgil panel submitted a report recommending that the entire Ghats region be tagged as ecologically sensitive and creation of an overarching ecological authority to regulate development. However, that report was never adopted and a panel led by space scientist K Kasturirangan was later formed to demarcate ESA’s using the Gadgil panel report as the foundation. The Kasturirangan committee report proposes 37 per cent of the total area of Western Ghats, which is roughly 60,000 square kilometres, to be declared as eco-sensitive area (ESA). The report recommended a blanket ban on mining, quarrying, setting up of red category industries and thermal power projects. It also stated that the impact of infrastructural projects on the forest and wildlife should be studied before permission is given for these activities. Source: Indian Express   KALKA-SHIMLA RAILWAY  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu recently urged the Ministry of Railways to explore the possibility of running trains on the Kalka-Shimla railway, a UNESCO World Heritage site, on green hydrogen. Background: Sukhu said the government aims to make Himachal Pradesh a green energy state by March 31, 2026 Key takeaways The Kalka-Shimla Railway is a narrow-gauge railway line connecting Kalka in Haryana to Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It is known for its scenic route through the Shivalik range of the Himalayas. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 as part of the “Mountain Railways of India”, along with the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and the Nilgiri Mountain Railway. Historical Significance Opened in 1903 during British rule, the railway was constructed to provide better access to Shimla, then the summer capital of British India. Built by the Delhi-Umbala-Kalka Railway Company, this 96 km line is renowned for its engineering excellence and use of the hill railway technology of the period. Engineering and Architectural Highlights The railway line features 103 tunnels and 864 bridges, demonstrating impressive engineering in a mountainous terrain. The Barog Tunnel (Tunnel No. 33) is the longest tunnel on this line, extending over 1 kilometer. Zig-zag patterns and sharp curves are unique aspects of its construction, with a gradient of 1:33, allowing the train to navigate steep ascents. Cultural and Tourist Importance The Kalka-Shimla Railway is known for its toy trains, which attract tourists from around the world and offer panoramic views of the hills, valleys, and pine forests. It is often referred to as the “crown jewel” of Himachal tourism and plays a major role in promoting local tourism. Source: Outlook   PARADOX OF STAGNANT RURAL WAGES  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The Indian economy has grown at an average annual

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) released its Global TB Report 2024. Background: – Globally, 82 lakh people were newly diagnosed with TB in 2023 – the highest number recorded since WHO began global TB monitoring in 1995 — making it the leading infectious killer again, surpassing Covid-19 in 2023. India continues to have the highest burden of the disease, accounting for more than a quarter of the global cases. Key takeaways TB is caused by an organism called mycobacterium tuberculosis, which mainly affects the lungs, but can also impact other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or speaks. According to the Global TB Report 2024, India saw a slight decline in the estimated number of tuberculosis cases and deaths in 2023. India had an estimated 28 lakh TB cases in 2023, accounting for 26% of the global cases. And, there were estimated 3.15 lakh TB-related deaths, accounting for 29% of the deaths globally. The report also said the gap between the estimated number of cases and the number of people actually getting diagnosed has been closing. India reported 25.2 lakh cases in 2023, increasing from 24.2 lakh the previous year. India’s effort in eliminating TB Although the elimination of tuberculosis is one of the sustainable development targets to be achieved by 2030 by the world, India has set a target for 2025. The national strategic plan 2017-2025 sets the target for India to report no more than 44 new TB cases or 65 total cases per lakh population by 2025. In India, the government offers free medicines for TB treatment, which is essential as the medicines can be expensive and the therapy may continue for as long as two years. One of the big challenges with tuberculosis treatment is the long duration for which people have to take medicines. The government has been working on devising innovative ways to ensure compliance such as pill boxes that track and remind the patient to take medicine as well as introducing shorter courses of treatment. An online Ni-kshay portal has been set up to track the notified TB cases. The government also launched a community engagement program where Ni-kshay Mitras can adopt TB patients and provide them with monthly nutritional support. Newer drugs such as Bedaquiline and Delamanid for the treatment of drug-resistant TB have been included in the government’s basket of drugs provided to free TB patients. Source: Indian Express NEPAL PM OLI PICKS CHINA FOR 1ST BILATERAL VISIT  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Nepal Prime Minister K P Sharma Oli is likely to undertake an official visit to China next month, his first bilateral, four months after he took over as head of the new government replacing the Left coalition government led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda). Background: – Oli completed 100 days in office last week and has now directed officials to update him on the progress of projects underway in Nepal by China along with Belt and Road Initiative. Key takeaways Oli’s China visit is seen as a visible break from the ‘tradition’ of the new Nepali PM undertaking his first trip to India. Oli’s visit to China is scheduled at a time when the two biggest coalition partners in the government — Nepali Congress and Oli-led Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist— are at odds over the conditions of executing projects under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). While the Nepali Congress is firm that BRI projects should be accepted only under grants, the CPN-UML supports projects with loans from China’s Exim bank. Nepal and India have a unique relationship. The open border, shared culture, economic interdependence and deep-rooted people-to-people relationship make bilateral ties special. India is Nepal’s largest trading partner, the top-source country for tourists, the only supplier of petroleum products and the largest source of total foreign investment. India also provides transit for almost all of Nepal’s third-country trade and accounts for a significant share of inward remittances from pensioners, professionals and labourers working in India. It has always been the first responder during disasters and emergencies in Nepal. Source: Indian Express MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED BY INDIAN CITIES  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: World Cities Day (October 31) was observed recently. Background: – The theme for this year’s World Cities Day is ‘Youth Climate Changemakers: Catalysing Local Action for Urban Sustainability’ Key takeaways India’s urbanisation trajectory differs from the cities in the Global North. In Western countries, urbanisation followed industrialisation, which created jobs that absorbed rural labour. Their urbanisation was sustained also because of massive economic transfers from colonies. Economist Utsa Patnaik has highlighted that India alone contributed over $45 trillion to England’s economy during colonial rule. In contrast, India’s urbanisation is largely driven by economic distress, resulting in “poverty-driven urbanisation,” with both rural-to-urban and urban-to-urban migration. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the strain on urban planning became apparent, as reverse migration trends highlighted gaps in infrastructure. What are urban challenges in India? The main challenges Indian cities face include inadequate spatial planning, climate change, massive migration, growing inequality and social segregation, and governance limitations. Urban planning agencies have struggled due to two main issues. First, spatial and temporal plans are outdated and fail to accommodate population growth. Since the 1980s, deindustrialisation has led to job losses in cities like Ahmedabad, Delhi, Surat, and Mumbai. Many workers displaced by this trend moved to peri-urban areas, where they live in overcrowded conditions. Currently, 40% of India’s urban population resides in slums. Second, plans often focus on capital growth rather than people’s needs, leading to a lack of local ownership and engagement in the planning process. Similarly, climate change severely impacts Indian cities. Cities face severe pollution and are increasingly subject to urban flooding and “heat island effects.” Additionally, urbanisation was once believed to be neutral regarding social and religious dynamics, but Indian cities are increasingly segregated along these lines. Inequality is widening, with exclusive developments catering to the wealthy while millions lack

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   WAQF Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: In a letter to Lok Sabha Speaker, some Opposition members of the Joint Committee of Parliament on the Waqf (Amendment) Bill have threatened to “disassociate” from the panel, accusing its chairperson and BJP leader Jagdambika Pal of “bulldozing the proceedings” and “stonewalling” them. Background: – In India, the history of Waqf can be traced back to the early days of the Delhi Sultanate when Sultan Muizuddin Sam Ghaor dedicated two villages in favour of the Jama Masjid of Multan. As the Delhi Sultanate and later Islamic dynasties flourished in India, the number of Waqf properties kept increasing in India. Key takeaways Waqf refers to properties dedicated exclusively for religious or charitable purposes under Islamic law, and any other use or sale of the property is prohibited. Waqf means that the ownership of the property is now taken away from the person making Waqf and transferred and detained by Allah. ‘Waqif’ is a person who creates a waqf for the beneficiary. As Waqf properties are bestowed upon Allah, in the absence of a physically tangible entity, a ‘mutawalli’ is appointed by the waqif, or by a competent authority, to manage or administer a Waqf. —Once designated as waqf, the ownership is transferred from the person making the waqf (waqif) to Allah, making it irrevocable. India has had a legal regime for the governance of Waqfs since 1913, when the Muslim Waqf Validating Act came into force. The Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923 followed. After Independence, the Central Waqf Act, 1954, was enacted, which was ultimately replaced by the Waqf Act, 1995. In 2013, the law was amended to prescribe imprisonment of up to two years for encroachment on Waqf property, and to explicitly prohibit the sale, gift, exchange, mortgage, or transfer of Waqf property. The Waqf law provides for the appointment of a survey commissioner who maintains a list of all Waqf properties by making local investigations, summoning witnesses, and requisitioning public documents. A Waqf property is managed by a mutawalli (caretaker), who acts as a superviser. Waqf properties are managed in a way that is similar to how properties under Trusts are managed under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882. The Waqf Act states that any dispute related to Waqf properties will be decided by a Waqf Tribunal. The Tribunal is constituted by the state government, and comprises three members — a chairperson who is a state judicial officer not below the rank of a District, Sessions or Civil Judge, Class I; an officer from the state civil services; and a person with knowledge of Muslim law and jurisprudence. The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 : It changes the composition of the Central Waqf Council and Waqf Boards to include non-Muslim members. The Survey Commissioner has been replaced by the Collector, granting him powers to conduct surveys of waqf properties. Government property identified as waqf will cease to be waqf. Collector will determine ownership of such properties. Finality of the Tribunal’s decisions has been revoked. The Bill provides for direct appeal to the High Court. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAMME – NCAP Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Delhi is among the bottom five cities in terms of fund expenditure under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) — 68% of its funds are unutilised. Background: – Delhi’s air quality was in the ‘very poor’ category recently after diwali. Key takeaways The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) is India’s comprehensive strategy to combat air pollution across the country. Launched in January 2019 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the NCAP aims to systematically address air quality issues through targeted interventions and collaborative efforts. Objectives: Reduction Targets: NCAP aimed for a reduction of 20-30% in PM10 concentrations by 2024-25 compared to the baseline year of 2017-18. The target has been revised to achieve up to a 40% reduction in PM10 levels or to meet national standards (60 µg/m³) by 2025-26. The programme focuses on 131 cities (non-attainment cities and Million Plus Cities) in 24 States/UTs by engaging all stakeholders. Key Features: City-Specific Action Plans: Each non-attainment city is required to develop and implement a tailored action plan addressing local sources of pollution. Sectoral Interventions: The NCAP emphasizes interventions across various sectors, including transportation, industry, power, residential, and agriculture, to mitigate pollution sources. Monitoring and Evaluation: A robust monitoring framework has been established to track progress, involving real-time air quality monitoring systems and periodic assessments. Public Participation: The programme encourages active involvement from citizens, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions to foster community engagement and awareness. Implementation Mechanisms: Institutional Framework: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) oversees the implementation, supported by state pollution control boards and urban local bodies. Funding: Financial assistance is provided to states and cities for implementing action plans, with provisions for capacity building and technological support. Capacity Building: Training programs and workshops are conducted to enhance the capabilities of stakeholders involved in air quality management. Recent Developments: PRANA Portal: In September 2021, the MoEFCC launched the PRANA portal (Portal for Regulation of Air-pollution in Non-Attainment cities) to monitor the implementation of NCAP and disseminate information on air quality management efforts. Source: Indian Express     ST COMMISSION TO SEEK REPORT FROM NTCA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) has taken cognisance of representations sent to it against an advisory of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), asking state forest departments to submit action plans on the relocation of villages from tiger reserves. Background: According to NTCA, 591 villages, with a total of 64,801 families, are located within critical tiger habitats (core areas) across 54 tiger reserves in 19 states. NTCA has asked to state forest department to relocate them. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) The NCST was established under Article 338A of the Indian Constitution, introduced by the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003. It was created to safeguard the rights of Scheduled

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NEW COASTAL ZONE PLAN OF KERALA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has approved the Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMPs) of 10 coastal districts of Kerala. Background: – The plan, prepared in tune with the provisions of the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019, permits the coastal districts to take advantage of the relaxed Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules and initiate development activities including construction of buildings towards the seaward side. Key takeaways A Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) is a framework designed to regulate and manage activities within coastal areas to balance environmental conservation with sustainable development. In India, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) issued the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification in 2019, which mandates the preparation of CZMPs by coastal states and Union Territories. Key Objectives of CZMPs: Environmental Conservation: Protect ecologically sensitive areas such as mangroves, coral reefs, and wildlife habitats. Sustainable Development: Promote development activities that do not compromise the health of coastal ecosystems. Livelihood Security: Safeguard the interests and traditional rights of coastal communities, including fisherfolk. Components of a CZMP: Demarcation of Coastal Zones: Identification and classification of coastal areas into different zones (e.g., CRZ-I, CRZ-II, CRZ-III, CRZ-IV). Regulatory Measures: Establishment of guidelines and restrictions for permissible activities within each zone to prevent environmental degradation. Management Strategies: Development of plans for pollution control, disaster management, and conservation of coastal and marine resources. What does it mean for Kerala? Kerala has a coastline of around 590 km and nine of its 14 districts are located on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The 2011 Census put the population density of Kerala at 859 persons per square kilometre, which is more than double the national average of 382 people per square kilometre. The coastal areas of the State are marked by a high density of population when compared to other parts of the State. The high demographic pressure on land had resulted in rampant violations of the CRZ rules along the coast. The focus of the CRZ 2011 regime, which was in force till the approval of the CZMP, was on the conservation of the coastal ecosystem, which in turn protected the livelihood of millions of fishers and coastal communities. What are the benefits? The approval of the CZMP would directly benefit around 10 lakh people, according to an estimation of the State government as the earlier restrictions for the construction of new houses and repair of existing homes will be relaxed. The new regime will see the No Development Zone (NDZ) — the area which has to be left untouched — around the tidal-influenced water bodies reduced. For instance, the decision will see 37 village panchayats categorised as CRZ-III A, where the NDZ has been reduced to one-fourth of the earlier regime. The CRZ-III A are densely populated rural areas with a population density of 2,161 per square kilometre as per the 2011 Census. The NDZ in the category is 50 meters from the High Tide Line against 200 meters as specified by CRZ 2011 notification. What about mangroves? Vast tracts of mangrove vegetation would be exposed to exploitation as the 2019 notification has limited the legal protection of government holdings of an extent over 1,000 sq. metre to 50-metre buffer zones. The new regime has also taken away the mandatory buffer zone around mangrove vegetation located in private holdings. Source: The Hindu NOT ALL PRIVATE PROPERTY CAN BE TAKEN OVER BY STATE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: In a landmark ruling that has implications on the citizen’s right to hold property, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court ruled that not all private property can be deemed “material resource of the community” for redistribution under Article 39(b) of the Constitution. Background: – Falling under Part IV of the Constitution titled “Directive Principles of State Policy” (DPSP), Article 39(b) places an obligation on the state to create policy towards securing “the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good”. Key takeaways The ruling in the constitutional reference essentially undoes several decades of Supreme Court jurisprudence on the issue. A line of judgments holding that both public and private resources fell within the ambit of “material resources of the community” under Article 39(b) stem from a minority opinion by Justice V R Krishna Iyer in State of Karnataka v Shri Ranganatha Reddy (1977). A 1982 five-judge constitution bench ruling in the case Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company vs Bharat Coking Coal Ltd, had affirmed Justice Iyer’s view. The majority opinion of the SC has now disagreed with these judgments. It said Justice Iyer “cast the net wide, holding that all resources which meet material needs are covered by the phrase, and any attempts by the government to nationalize these resources would be within the scope of Article 39(b)”. SC added, “In essence, the interpretation of Article 39(b) adopted in these judgments is rooted in a particular economic ideology and the belief that an economic structure which prioritises the acquisition of private property by the state is beneficial for the nation.” As per the recent judgement, the text of the provision indicates that not all privately owned resources fall within the ambit of the place. However, privately owned resources are not excluded as a class, and some private resources may be covered. The court added that the Ranganath Reddy and Sanjeev Coke judgments “are incorrect to the extent that they hold that all resources of an individual are part of the community, and thus all private property is covered by the phrase material resources of the community”. The majority view also cited B R Ambedkar’s view that “if the Constitution laid down a particular form of economic and social organisation, it would amount to taking away the liberty of people to decide the social organisation in which they wish to live”. Citing this, the ruling framed the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CSR’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO AGRI SUSTAINABILITY Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) figures has been increasing over the years. But its contributiona towards agriculture remains a concern. Background: – A decade ago, India became the first country to legally mandate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Section 135 of the Companies Act 2013 outlines the rules and regulations governing CSR. According to the National CSR Portal, from 2014 to 2023, Rs 1.84 lakh crore of CSR funds were disbursed. Key takeaways Corporate entities in India have shown clear intent to support climate action and sustainability in the agricultural sector through their CSR budgets. Capital requirements and infrastructural development are the most important needs of agriculture — and this is also where CSR activities have previously contributed and are expected to continue doing so. Some examples of such activities are establishing grain banks, farmer schools, livelihood projects based on agriculture and allied activities, water conservation projects, and energy-efficient irrigation. The recent paradigm shift in agriculture towards sustainability and modern agriculture makes a good case for CSR funds from the private sector. However, there is an important problem that hinders CSR’s potential in agriculture: there is currently no way to fully determine the extent of funding going into these projects consistently and distinctively, and to categorise them based on targeted sectors of CSR activities. In other words, current reporting mechanisms have little to no emphasis on agriculture-related CSR initiatives. This isn’t the case with CSR sectors like healthcare and education, which are the funds’ largest recipients and make up half of the total CSR contributions. Importantly, their allocations can be tracked effectively because their activities are clearly demarcated and well-defined. Under activities mentioned in Schedule VII of the Companies Act, activities targeting agricultural sustainability could fall under 11 of the 29 development sectors of CSR allocations specified in documents on the National CSR Portal. These are gender equality; agroforestry; poverty, eradicating hunger and malnutrition; technology incubators; animal welfare; environmental sustainability; livelihood enhancement projects; conservation of natural resources; rural development projects; socio-economic inequalities; and women’s empowerment. But there’s little chance of tracking the funds spent for agriculture-related initiatives alone because these 11 sectors encompass a great variety of activities, many of which are unrelated to agricultural sustainability, thus affecting reporting and limiting sectoral impact assessments. To encourage sustainable activities in land-based sectors in India, including agriculture, forestry, and fishing, this is of particular concern because these sectors are related to various aspects of human wellbeing and to policy priorities in India, including rural development and climate action. Given this issue as well as the importance of agriculture for the Indian economy, specifying agriculture as a distinct sector in CSR activities is crucial. Transitioning the reporting framework based on sectors receiving funds would also help streamline and better target the available funds, will add more meaning to the contributions, and will ensure transparency. Source: The Hindu SANCTION NEEDED UNDER PMLA TO PROSECUTE PUBLIC SERVANTS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Supreme Court recently held that Section 197(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) that mandates prior sanction from the government to take cognizance of an offence against public servants will apply to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) too. Background: – Supreme Court said this while upholding the Telangana High Court decision, setting aside a trial court order taking cognizance of the complaint against IAS officers facing money laundering charges. Key takeaways Section 197 (1) says, “When any person who is or was a judge or magistrate or a public servant not removable from his office save by or with the sanction of the government, is accused of any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty, no court shall take cognizance of such offence except with the previous sanction”. ED had 2 arguments in court. First one of the accused cannot be considered public servant. Secondly, ED contended that in view of Section 71 of the PMLA, its provisions have an overriding effect over the provisions of the other statutes, including the CrPC. The court did not agree with ED saying that first condition as required under Section 197(1), is satisfied in the case of both the respondents as they are civil servants. Also, the acts alleged against them are related to the discharge of the duties entrusted to them and thus the second condition for the applicability of Section 197(1) also stands satisfied. The ruling pointed out that Section 65 of PMLA makes the provisions of the CrPC applicable to all proceedings under the PMLA, provided the same are not inconsistent with the PMLA provisions. Additional Information The PMLA lays down stringent standard for granting bail. Section 45 of the PMLA is a ‘negative’ provision — which bars courts from granting bail unless the accused can prove that there is no “prima facie” case against them, and that they will not commit any offence in the future. The first challenge to PMLA was against the alternate criminal law system that the PMLA creates since the ED is kept outside the purview of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). The ED is not considered ‘police’, and hence does not follow the provisions of CrPC for searches, seizures, arrests, and attachment of properties. Source: Indian Express KUMBH MELA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 is going to be held at Prayagraj from January 13th, 2025 to February 26th, 2025. Background: The Maha Kumbh Mela is deeply embedded in Hindu mythology and represents one of the most significant gatherings of faith in the world. Key takeaways Kumbh Mela is a major pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism, celebrated four times over the course of 12 years, the site of the observance rotating between four river-bank pilgrimage sites: Prayagraj (Ganges-Yamuna-Sarasvati confluence), Haridwar (Ganges), Nashik (Godavari), and Ujjain (Shipra). The timing of each Kumbh Mela is

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES DAY Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: National Legal Services Day is observed in India every year on November 9. Background: – Article 39A of the Constitution of India: It provides that State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disability. Key takeaways The Supreme Court of India established National Legal Services Day in 1995 to provide free legal assistance and support to society’s most vulnerable section.  The day emphasizes empowering marginalised communities, highlighting the importance of equal access to justice, and advocating that no one should be deprived of legal representation due to economic disadvantages. It aims to bridge the gap between the law and people in greatest need through a variety of activities organised by NALSA and other legal entities, including legal awareness programs, workshops, and camps. In 1987 Legal Services Authorities Act was enacted to give a statutory base to legal aid programmes throughout the country on a uniform pattern. This Act was finally enforced on 9th of November, 1995 after certain amendments were introduced therein by the Amendment Act of 1994. National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) The NALSA has been constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to provide free Legal Services to the weaker sections of the society.  It organizes Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes. It also monitors and reviews various legal aid programs and  provides rules and principles for legal services under the Act. NALSA also distributes funding and grants to state legal services authorities and non-profit organisations to help them execute legal aid systems and initiatives. Hon’ble Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief and NALSA is housed at Supreme Court of India State Legal Services Authority (SLSA) & District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) The State Legal Services Authority is established in every state to implement NALSA policies and provide free legal services, including Lok Adalats. The State Legal Services Authority is headed by Hon’ble Chief Justice of the respective High Court who is the Patron-in-Chief of the State Legal Services Authority. Similarly, in every District, District Legal Services Authority has been constituted to implement Legal Services Programmes in the District. The District Legal Services Authority is chaired by the District Judge of the respective district and is situated in the District Courts Complex in every District. Who is Eligible for Getting Free Legal Services? Under Section 12 of the Legal Services Authorities Act every person who has to file or defend a case shall be entitled to legal services under this Act if that person is:  Women and children; Members of SC/ST, Industrial workmen; Victims of mass disaster, violence, flood, drought, earthquake, industrial disaster; Disabled persons; Persons in custody. If that person is related to section 2 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 (53 of 1986) or in a psychiatric hospital or psychiatric nursing home within the meaning of clause (g) of section 2 of the Mental Health Act, 1987 (14 of 1987) Those persons who have annual income of less than the amount prescribed by the respective State Government, if the case is before any court other than the Supreme Court, and less than Rs. 5 Lakhs, if the case is before the Supreme Court. Victims of Trafficking in Human beings or begar. Source: Indian Express OLYMPICS BID Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) has sent a letter of intent to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), expressing its desire to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games in India. Background: – After submitting the ‘Letter of Intent’, India advances from the ‘Informal Dialogue’ to the ‘Continuous Dialogue’ stage of the host election process. During this stage, the IOC performs a ‘feasibility study’ on the status of Games-related projects in the possible host country. Key takeaways Confirming the contents of the letter, officials involved said it has dipped into the country’s “vast cultural diversity, shaped by thousands of years of history”. The entire nation is united in this dream by the spirit of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ — a Sanskrit phrase that means ‘the world is one family’ — and to seek peace, friendship and collective progress among all nations. This is India’s and our Olympic bid’s message to the world at a time when it is needed most,” it says, according to sources. India is the “only major economy yet to host the Games”, the letter says. Apart from highlighting the possibility of the Games serving as a “critical catalyst for India’s continued rise on the global stage”, the letter also talks about the “transformative economic, social and cultural impact in wider SAARC nations in South Asia”. India is learnt to have told the IOC that “there are over 600 million Indians under the age of 25” and “in India’s current stage of economic development, the Games would serve as a powerful force for job creation and business opportunities, particularly in sectors connected to sports infrastructure, services and tourism”. India is one of the many countries in contention to host the Olympic Games in 2036, the earliest available slot after the Los Angeles Games in 2028 followed by Brisbane in 2032. A decision, following a long-drawn process, is not expected before 2026 or 2027, the IOC has said. While there is no mention of a host city in the letter of intent, Ahmedabad is considered to be the frontrunner. India’s primary contenders are likely to be Saudi Arabia and Qatar, as there is an unwritten law of continent rotation, with the 2036 Games scheduled for Asia following Paris 2024 (Europe), Los Angeles 2028 (Americas), and Brisbane 2032 (Oceania). Source: Indian Express CPI INFLATION AND IIP DATA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) recently