Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   BALANCING THE CARE AND MONETISED ECONOMIES  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: In a recent policy brief on measuring the care economy, Shamika Ravi, member of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, noted that prioritising the care economy can lead to a long-term balancing of growth and development of Indian society. Background: – A monetised economy is an economy where goods and services are sold using money as a medium of exchange. It is characterised by paid labour, formal markets, and economic activities which are quantified and measured. In contrast, the care economy is marked by unpaid care work, double burden of labour, and time poverty. Key takeaways Defining care economy: Care refers to all activities and relations needed for the existence and well-being of societies. It includes both paid as well as unpaid care work, which are overlapping in nature. Unpaid care work is often direct, personal, and relational, and is provided without any monetary compensation. Examples include taking care of children, cooking for the family. Paid care work is performed in exchange for some remuneration or profit. It includes a wide range of personal service workers such as domestic workers, nurses, teachers, etc. The care economy is marked by low wages and informalities. Even when the care economy exists in formal markets, the remuneration is often low and the work is underestimated. For instance, ASHA workers are some of the least paid in the world. Another characteristic of the care economy is that women are disproportionately represented here. Double burden of work: The double burden of work can be defined as the unpaid work done at home along with any form of paid work. According to the Time Use Survey of 2019 data, women in the working age group spend approximately seven hours daily on unpaid household work alone. This large share of unpaid care work prevents women from entering the labour market. Moreover, the underpayment and undervaluation of care work contributes to its invisibility in economic metrics, resulting in market failure. This market failure leads to increasing time poverty for women along with care and motherhood penalties, which ultimately reduce female labour force participation. The contribution of care work to India’s GDP has been estimated to be around 15-17%. This figure underscores the economic value that unpaid and underpaid care work provides, although it is often overlooked in traditional economic measures. Hence, it can be argued that there needs to be a policy revision to better account for the intersection of care and monetary economies. The 5R framework provided by the International Labour Organisation has often been suggested as a key to understanding and improving the efficiency, sustainability, and fairness of care work. The 5R framework includes – recognising the social and economic value of paid and unpaid care work; rewarding, remunerating, and representing care work and care workers with professionalised work and equal pay for work of equal value; reducing the burden of unpaid care work on women; redistributing care work within households among all workers and eliminating the sexual division of labour; and reclaiming the public nature of care services. Policy revision Social care infrastructure: Investment in public care services like childcare will create job opportunities for women. This will further formalise traditionally unpaid work and provide women with paid employment. Childcare and eldercare services can relieve women from their unpaid responsibilities, enabling them to rejoin the workforce or pursue education or skill development. Women’s labour market access and opportunities: Introducing minimum wage for care workers and ensuring inclusion in formal labour frameworks can play a crucial role. This will also create an environment where care work is recognised as skilled labour, giving workers more bargaining power. Further, the provision of pensions, health insurance, and maternity benefits to informal caregivers (eg. domestic workers) would bring them into the formal sector. Recognising and representing unpaid work in macroeconomic policies: By using data (eg: from Indias time use survey), the value of unpaid care work can be estimated and these estimates can be incorporated into macroeconomic measures. This would help redefine the perception of care work from a domestic responsibility to a productive economic activity.  Moreover, policymakers may use this data to design gender-sensitive policies aimed at reducing women’s unpaid work burden. Challenging social and cultural norms: There is a need to destigmatise unpaid work and alter gender stereotypes. Public campaigns, educational programmes, and media can play a role in promoting men’s active participation in caregiving. Government policies can encourage paternity leave and parental leave policies. Policy revisions around care work are interdependent. While building care infrastructure can create job opportunities for women, it is important to ensure that these jobs do not remain underpaid and undervalued. The role of the State is pivotal in making care work inclusive and fair. Additional Information Global North is facing a “crisis of care”. As women from dominant communities enter the workforce, a “care gap” is emerging. This gap is often filled by migrant women or women from marginalised communities, resulting in the formation of a “global care chain”. The “global care chain” refers to a series of responsibilities passed from one woman to another across borders and socio-economic strata. As a result, women at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder are the most vulnerable and remain at the bottom of the chain. Source: Indian Express ANNUAL SURVEY OF INDUSTRIES (ASI)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2022-23, released on Monday, showed that the total number of employees in manufacturing industries increased by 7.5 per cent to 1.84 crore in 2022-23 from 1.72 crore in 2021-22. Background: – The ASI data is the principal source of industrial statistics and data for organised manufacturing. About Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) is a comprehensive and detailed survey conducted annually to gather statistical information on the industrial sector in India. Conducted by: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Scope and Coverage: Coverage: The ASI covers all factories registered under the Factories Act, 1948, which employ 10 or

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION (SCO)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar will travel to Islamabad to attend the Heads of Government meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) on October 15 and 16. Background: – The last time an Indian External Affairs Minister travelled to Pakistan was Sushma Swaraj in 2015 for the Heart of Asia conference and bilateral talks. About Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, international security and defence organization. Established: 2001 The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996 between the People’s Republic of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan. In June 2001, the leaders of these nations and Uzbekistan met in Shanghai creating SCO. Current Members: Presently 10. In 2017, India and Pakistan joined. Iran joined the group in 2023, and Belarus in 2024. The goals of the SCO are: to strengthen mutual trust, friendship and good-neighbourliness between the Member States; to encourage the effective cooperation between the Member States in such spheres as politics, trade, economy, science and technology, culture, education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection, etc; to jointly ensure and maintain peace, security and stability in the region; and to promote a new democratic, fair and rational international political and economic international order. Internally, the SCO adheres to the “Shanghai spirit”, namely, mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diversity of civilizations and pursuit of common development; and externally, it upholds non-alignment, non-targeting at other countries or regions and the principle of openness. Structure Council of Heads of States : The supreme decision-making body, meets annually. Council of Heads of Government : Meets once a year to discuss the strategy of multilateral cooperation and priority areas within the Organization, determine fundamental and topical issues in economic and other spheres, and approve the budget of the SCO. In addition to the meetings of the CHS and the CHG, there are also mechanisms for meetings on foreign affairs, national defense, security, economy and trade, culture, health, education, transport etc. The Council of National Coordinators is the SCO coordination mechanism. Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS): Based in Tashkent, focused on combating terrorism, extremism, and cyber threats. The official languages of the SCO are Russian and Chinese. Source: The Hindu IMMANUEL KANT’S PHILOSOPHY  Syllabus Mains – GS 4 Context: Anna Sebastian Perayil, working with multinational consulting firm Ernst & Young (EY) as a chartered accountant, died recently. Anna succumbed to extreme work pressure. This has ignited a debate around working hours which takes us nearer to Kant’s idea of moral rights and to ponder whether man is an end or means. Background: – Immanuel Kant came up with fundamental principles that completely changed the world of utilitarianism. Basis for Moral Rights Moral rights are entitlements that a person has regardless of utilitarian benefits. According to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), all human beings possess certain moral rights and duties. Kant emphasized that it is not the result of an action but the moral intention behind the action that matters. Influence of Rousseau and the French Revolution Though Kant led a routine academic life, he was significantly influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the French Revolution. Rousseau’s book Emile initially impressed Kant for its style, but upon rereading, he realized its deeper moral insights. One of Kant’s core beliefs was that no person’s actions should be controlled by the will of another—this highlights individual autonomy. Categorical and Hypothetical Imperatives Kant introduced the concept of Categorical Imperative, which means certain actions are morally necessary without considering their outcomes. Example: Helping others because it’s the right thing to do, not for any reward. He contrasted this with the Hypothetical Imperative, which means you should act in a certain way to achieve a specific end. Example: “If you want to be healthy, you must exercise.” Example of John Stephen Akhwari The story of Tanzanian marathon runner John Stephen Akhwari is a real-life example of the Categorical Imperative. Despite falling and injuring himself during the race, Akhwari finished because his purpose was not just to start the race but to finish it, showcasing will and duty over outcome. Treating Humans as Ends, Not Means Kant believed that every person must be treated as an end in themselves, never as a means to an end. This is a central principle of his philosophy—respecting the dignity and autonomy of each individual. Relation to Modern Work Environment The tragic case of Anna Sebastian Perayil, who died allegedly due to work pressure, is an example of people being treated as means rather than ends. Many people leave jobs not because of the work but because they feel they aren’t treated with respect—echoing Kant’s belief that people should not be used merely as tools. Kant’s Most Important Work Kant’s major philosophical work, The Critique of Pure Reason, took him 12 years to complete, while his ideas about morality were formalized in The Metaphysics of Morals (1785). He proposed the Categorical Imperative as the key principle to solve ethical issues. Kant stated that the moral value of an action lies in performing it out of duty, not merely because it is required by law. Acting from a sense of duty reflects true moral worth. Source: Indian Express WHY NORTH BIHAR SEES FLOODS EVERY YEAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Bihar is flooded yet again, with 11.84 lakh people affected. Background: Bihar is among India’s most flood-prone states. The reasons for this are the state’s unique geography, and a decades-old solution that has proved short-sighted. Key Points 76 per cent of the population in north Bihar lives under the recurring threat of flood. Bihar is crisscrossed by both snow-fed and rain-fed rivers, putting it at the risk of various kinds of floods. The state’s Disaster Management Authority has categoried floods into four classes. The first are flash floods, occurring due to rainfall in Nepal, lead time [time between forecast and flood] is short (8 hours), receding of flood waters is fast. Then are river floods, where the lead time is 24 hours and receding of flood waters takes one week or more. Class III: Drainage congestion in river confluence- lead time more than 24 hours, lasting full monsoon season (i.e. receding of flood water takes 3 months); Class IV: Permanent water logged area.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   BRITAIN TO RETURN CHAGOS ISLANDS TO MAURITIUS  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: The UK has agreed to hand over the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, ending years of bitter dispute over Britain’s last African colony. Background: – The agreement will allow a right of return for Chagossians, who the UK expelled from their homes in the 1960s and 1970s, in what has been described as a crime against humanity and one of the most shameful episodes of postwar colonialism. Key takeaways The Chagos Archipelago or Chagos Islands is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometres south of the Maldives archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmost archipelago of the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge, a long submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. In its north are the Salomon Islands, Nelsons Island and Peros Banhos; towards its south-west are the Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands and Danger Island; southeast of these is Diego Garcia, by far the largest island. The Chagos contain the world’s largest coral atoll, The Great Chagos Bank, which supports half the total area of good quality reefs in the Indian Ocean. Timeline of the island: 1783: The first inhabitants arrive on the Chagos Islands: enslaved Africans, who are put to work on coconut plantations, producing copra, created by the French. Later, after their emancipation, indentured Indians arrive. 1814: Britain formally takes possession of the Chagos Islands and nearby Mauritius from France. 1965: The Chagos Islands become the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). UK agreed with the US to create a military base on one of the islands, Diego Garcia. 1968: Mauritius is granted independence but the UK retains control of the BIOT. 1967-1973: The entire population of the Chagos Islands are forced to leave their homes, with most moving to the main island of Mauritius or to Seychelles, thousands of kilometres away. Human Rights Watch has called the forcible displacement an “appalling colonial crime” and a crime against humanity. 2019: In an advisory opinion, the UN’s highest court, the international court of justice, rules that continued British occupation of the remote Indian Ocean archipelago is illegal and orders the UK to hand it back to Mauritius. The UN general assembly passes a motion condemning Britain’s occupation of the islands. The motion sets a six-month deadline for Britain to withdraw and for the islands to be reunified with Mauritius, but the UK does not comply. 2021: The UN’s special international maritime court rejects the UK’s claim to sovereignty over the Chagos Islands. 2024: The UK agrees to hand over the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, although it will retain control over the military base on Diego Garcia, which it operates jointly with the US. Source: The Guardian PREPARING FOR THE NEXT PANDEMIC: WHAT NITI AAYOG REPORT SAYS  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: An expert group constituted by NITI Aayog has recommended setting up a comprehensive framework to effectively manage future public health emergencies or pandemics. Background: – The expert group, which was formed in June 2023, based its recommendations on the learnings and challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic and other public health crises. key recommendations made by the expert group in its report, ‘Future Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response: A Framework for Action’: Enactment of PHEMA The report recommends enacting a Public Health Emergency Management Act (PHEMA) to address shortcomings in existing laws during health crises. Current laws like the Epidemic Diseases Act (EDA), 1897, and the National Disaster Management Act (NDMA), 2005, were inadequate during the Covid-19 pandemic. The EDA lacks definitions for key terms like “epidemic” or “infectious diseases” and omits provisions for drug dissemination, quarantine, and preventive measures. Similarly, the NDMA, while effective for natural disasters, was not designed for health emergencies. To bridge these gaps, PHEMA would empower central and state governments to respond to pandemics and other health emergencies, including those arising from non-communicable diseases or bioterrorism. Empowered panel of Secys The report proposed creating an Empowered Group of Secretaries (EGoS) — a committee which will be headed by Cabinet Secretary to prepare for public health emergencies and monitor preparedness during peace times. EGoS will guide on governance, finance, R&D, surveillance, partnerships and collaborations, and other necessary functions that can be ramped up for immediate response in case of an emergency. EGoS will develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for pandemics. Strengthen surveillance Report noted that several epidemics and pandemics in the past were caused by viruses linked to various bat species. Therefore, constant monitoring of the human-bat interfaces was crucial. The report proposed the creation of a national biosecurity and biosafety network, involving leading research institutions, biosafety containment facilities (labs that use specific safety equipment, practices, and building design to protect people and the environment from biological hazards), and genome sequencing centres. The report also recommended setting up an emergency vaccine bank, which would source vaccines from within or outside the country. Network for early warning The report proposed building an epidemiology forecasting and modelling network that can predict transmission dynamics of infectious diseases, and monitor the effectiveness of countermeasures, including vaccination, in different scenarios. A network of centres of excellence (CoE) for research on priority pathogens is also required. Diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for such priority pathogens, identified from the list maintained by the World Health Organisation, can be developed in advance. Independent drug regulator India needs a well-developed clinical trial network accepted by international regulatory authorities to ensure speedy access to innovative products to tackle health emergencies. The Central Drugs Standards Control Organisation (CDSCO), which is responsible for regulating the import, sale, manufacture and distribution of drugs, needs to be independent, and needs to have special powers. The CDSCO is currently under the Ministry of Health. Source: Indian Express CENTRE RECONSTITUTES MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The central government on Tuesday reconstituted the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) ahead of the monetary policy review of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on October 7-9. Background: The government has appointed three external members in the MPC. They  have been appointed for a period of four years. Key Points About the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC): Establishment: The MPC was constituted under the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PROGERIA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Sammy Basso, who was the longest living survivor of the rare genetic disease progeria, has died at the age of 28. Background: – There are only 130 recognised cases of classic progeria worldwide, of which four are in Italy. What is Progeria? Progeria, also known as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), is a rare genetic disorder characterized by accelerated aging in children. It results from a mutation in the LMNA gene, which produces the lamin A protein, essential for maintaining the structural integrity of cell nuclei. The mutation leads to the production of an abnormal form of lamin A, known as progerin, which causes cells to become unstable and age prematurely. Key Symptoms: Rapid aging in early childhood (usually between 1-2 years). Physical characteristics: Growth failure, loss of body fat and hair, aged-looking skin, stiffness of joints, and cardiovascular diseases. Intellectual development remains normal. Life expectancy is approximately 13 to 15 years, primarily due to complications like cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Death often occurs from heart attacks or strokes. Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis involves genetic testing for the LMNA mutation. No definitive cure, but symptomatic treatments include heart medications, physical therapy, and low-dose aspirin to prevent strokes. Lonafarnib, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, has been approved by the FDA to help manage some symptoms and extend life expectancy. Research and Advances: Research is focused on understanding the mechanism of progerin accumulation and finding treatments to reduce its effects. Stem cell research and gene therapy offer potential for future treatments. Source: Reuters INTERNATIONAL BIG CAT ALLIANCE (IBCA)  Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Recently, the Union cabinet approved the proposal of India to become a member country of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) by signing and ratification of the Framework Agreement on the establishment of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA). Background: – The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is a global initiative launched by India in April 2023 during the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger. About International Big Cat Alliance The Union cabinet in its meeting held on February 29 approved the establishment of International Big Cat Alliance with Headquarters in India with a one-time budgetary support of ₹150 crore for a period of five years from 2023-24 to 2027-28. So far four countries have become member of IBCA including India, Nicaragua, Eswatini and Somalia. All UN member countries are eligible for becoming the member of IBCA. Concept and Objectives: A multi-country, multi-agency coalition of big cat range and non-range countries, conservation partners, scientific organizations, business groups, and corporates. Aims to establish networks, synergies, and a centralized repository of best practices, personnel, and financial resources to strengthen big cat conservation efforts. Focused on arresting the decline of big cat populations and reversing the trend. Mission: Foster mutual cooperation among countries for big cat conservation. Support knowledge sharing, capacity building, networking, advocacy, finance, and research. Integrate big cat conservation with sustainable development and climate resilience. Approach: Multipronged Strategy: Broad-based linkages in areas like knowledge sharing, capacity building, research, advocacy, and technical support. Education and awareness campaigns targeting youth and local communities. Use big cats as symbols for sustainable development and livelihood security. Synergies and Partnerships: Collaborative platform for sharing gold-standard conservation practices. Access to centralized technical know-how and financial resources. Strengthen species-specific transnational initiatives on conservation. Align biodiversity policies with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sectoral Integration: Promote biodiversity integration into agriculture, forestry, tourism, and infrastructure. Support sustainable land-use practices, habitat restoration, and ecosystem-based conservation approaches. Contribute to climate change mitigation, food security, clean water, and poverty reduction. Governance Structure: Assembly of Members, Standing Committee, and Secretariat. Governance framework modeled on the International Solar Alliance (ISA). Director General (DG) appointed by MoEFCC as Interim Head, until formal appointment during IBCA Assembly. Source: Indian Express INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE ISSUES  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: India’s G20 Sherpa Amitabh Kant’s call for reforms in India’s insolvency resolution framework to cut delays and boost creditor recovery is latest in the growing chorus for making the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) more effective. Background: – In the recent past, various stakeholders, including RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das and the Parliament’s Standing Committee on Finance, also flagged concerns and the need to rethink the IBC’s design. Reforms in India’s Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) – Key Issues and Recommendations Introduced in 2016, the IBC aimed to rescue and reorganize distressed companies through a time-bound process, prioritizing their survival as going concerns. Despite fostering credit discipline, the IBC is facing delays, high case backlog, and steep haircuts for creditors, affecting its efficiency. Delays in Resolution Process: Average time for resolution at NCLT increased to 716 days in FY24 (up from 654 days in FY23), against the prescribed timeline of 330 days. The Standing Committee on Finance (Feb 2024) highlighted delays in admission and their impact on the value of stressed assets. RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das flagged admission delays, citing an average time of 468 days (FY21) and 650 days (FY22), eroding asset value. Impact of Delays on Debt Recovery: Inverse relationship between resolution time and recovery rate: Resolved within 330 days: 49.2% recovery of admitted claims. Resolved in 330–600 days: 36% recovery. Resolved after 600 days: 26.1% recovery. Delays push cases towards liquidation, with 44% of closed cases ending in liquidation by March 31, 2024. Steep Haircuts for Creditors: Ravi Mital, IBBI Chairperson, noted that creditors often approach IBC too late, with cases already losing over 50% of their value before admission. 84% recovery is possible when measured against the fair value, but delays reduce this figure significantly. Legal and Procedural Challenges: The NCLT often takes months to admit cases despite a 14-day timeline stipulated by law. The Supreme Court (2022) ruled that the 14-day timeline for admission is procedural, granting NCLT discretion to consider circumstances beyond just the default. This leads to further delays and uncertainty in the process. Key Concerns and Recommendations: Need for second-generation reforms to address procedural delays,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   MicroRNAs  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. The scientists won the esteemed prize for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation Background: – Chairperson of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine 2024, said that there are no clear applications of miRNAs yet. Understanding them is the first step towards further research. What are microRNAs? MicroRNAs, or miRNAs, are small, non-coding molecules of RNA. They are typically around 19-24 nucleotides long and play an important role in determining how much messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries genetic information, eventually gets translated into protein. The body makes proteins in a complex process with two broad steps. In the transcription step, a cell copies a DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. The mRNA moves from the nucleus, through the cell fluid, and attaches itself to the ribosome. In the translation step, another type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) brings specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they are linked together in the order specified by the mRNA to make the protein. Micro RNA, or miRNA, regulates the production of proteins by bonding with and subsequently silencing the mRNA at an appropriate juncture. The process is called post-transcriptional gene regulation. Nobel-winning research: a brief history Ambros and Ruvkun studied a roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans which, despite its small size, had specialised cell types such as nerve and muscle cells. Ambros and Ruvkun studied two mutant strains, lin-4 and lin-14, both of which exhibited abnormalities – their genetic programming that controls development was not functioning as expected. Ambros’ previous research proved that lin-4 suppressed the activity of lin-14, but could not tell how it did so. The biologists individually researched how lin-4 affected the activity of lin-14. Ambros analysed the lin-4 mutant and cloned the gene and found out that it produced an unusually short RNA molecule that lacked a code for protein production. The findings suggested that this small RNA molecule could be responsible for inhibiting lin-14. Around the same time, Ruvkun investigated the regulation of the lin-14 gene in his lab and found that lin-4 did not block the production of lin-14 mRNA. Since the late 1960s, gene regulation was understood as a process that determined which mRNAs are produced, and hence, how genetic information flows. Ruvkun found that the regulation of lin-14 mRNA occurred later in the gene expression process by inhibiting protein production. Ruvkon’s experiment also revealed an important segment in the lin-14 mRNA that was essential for its inhibition by lin-4. The short lin-4 sequence that Ambros discovered in his research matched complementary sequences in the critical segment of the lin-14 mRNA, which means that they can pair together like keys fit into locks. The two biologists conducted further experiments and found that lin-4 microRNA, the “unusually short” RNA molecule, attaches to lin-14’s mRNA and blocks the production of lin-14 protein. This is how microRNA was discovered. The results were not enthusiastically accepted by scientists as the behaviour was thought to be specific to C. elegans, and therefore irrelevant to complex animals. However, in 2000, Ruvkun’s research group published discovery of another microRNA, encoded by the let-7 gene. The let-7 gene is present throughout the animal kingdom. Applications A single micro-RNA can regulate the expression of many genes, and alternatively a single gene can also be controlled by multiple micro-RNAs. This leads to fine tuning of different types of cells despite similar genetic information. Abnormal regulation by microRNA can contribute to cancer, and mutations in genes coding for microRNAs have been found in humans, causing conditions such as congenital hearing loss, eye and skeletal disorders. Source: The Hindu INDIA MALDIVES RELATIONS  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Maldivian President Mohamed Muizzu met with Prime Minister Narendra Modi met in New Delhi. Both countries commenced a series of initiatives as bilateral relations improve post the weak phase. Background: – The Maldives is looking at a debt default as its foreign exchange reserves have dropped to $440m (£334m), just enough for one-and-a-half months of imports. Key initiatives Currency Swap Agreement: India signed a major currency swap agreement with the Maldives for $750 million, aimed at helping the Maldives manage its foreign currency crunch. RuPay Card and Infrastructure Cooperation: Agreements were signed for launching the RuPay card in the Maldives and the handover of 700 houses built with Indian assistance. Institutional Cooperation: Memorandums of understanding (MoUs) were inked between the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Maldivian Anti-Corruption Commission, as well as between policing and judicial training institutes of both countries. Tourism and People-to-People Ties: Maldivian President Mohamed Muizzu expressed hopes for the return of Indian tourists, whose numbers had halved due to recent tensions. Economic Cooperation: Both nations agreed to explore further cooperation on trade in national currencies, and discussions on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) were initiated. Other requests from the Maldives, including debt repayment waivers and further economic assistance, would be reviewed by India. Vision Statement: A “vision statement” was released for a comprehensive economic and maritime security partnership, which includes supporting the Maldives on the refit of its Coast Guard ship Huravee at an Indian facility. No Indian Military Personnel: There was no mention of the return of Indian military personnel to Maldives, a subject that had led to tension between New Delhi and Male, until India agreed to withdraw them and replace them with technical personnel in May 2023. India as a “First Responder”: Modi reiterated that India has always been a first responder and has played a major role in assisting Maldives, including thwarting a coup in 1988, providing emergency aid after the 2004 tsunami, and offering essential commodities and COVID-19 vaccines during recent crises. Strategic importance of Maldives Maldives’ proximity to the west coast of India (barely 70 nautical miles from Minicoy and 300 nautical miles from

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   WASTE-TO-ENERGY  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Big cities are yet to clear any land in half of their legacy landfill sites, with only 38% of the total dumped waste being remediated so far. It underscores the need for more effective strategies and resources to overcome the obstacles in waste remediation, and draws attention to the significance of waste-to-energy technologies. Background: – While waste remediation involves processes that clean up and rehabilitate contaminated land, waste-to-energy technologies convert non-recyclable waste materials into usable forms of energy, such as electricity or heat. Traditional to Modern Waste Management: Key Insights The Industrial Revolution (mid-18th century) marked the beginning of large-scale waste generation due to industrial production. Traditional waste management involved direct disposal into landfills, oceans, or remote areas, which is now unsustainable due to environmental impacts. Definition of Waste: According to the UN Statistical Division, waste refers to materials that are no longer useful for production, transformation, or consumption and are meant for disposal. Global Waste Generation: Currently, global waste production is 1.3 billion tonnes annually and is projected to rise to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025, making waste management a critical global concern. Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Waste-to-energy technologies serve two purposes: (a) managing large-scale waste generated from household, municipal and industrial activities and, (b) meeting the rising energy demands. Simply put, ‘waste-to-energy refers to a series of technologies that convert non-recyclable waste into some usable forms of energy’. They align with UN SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and promote the circular economy. Conversion Processes: Thermochemical Technologies: Include incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification for energy recovery from waste. Incineration: Common method for treating heterogeneous waste by burning it at high temperatures in a specific kind of furnace called incinerators. This technique is appropriate for wastes with high caloric value as well as for non-hazardous municipal waste. Pyrolysis: Breaks down waste without oxygen to produce fuels (char, pyrolysis oil, syngas). It is an old technology that was used to produce charcoal from wood. Gasification: Decomposes carbon-rich waste to produce syngas. Pyrolysis and gasification are better suited for homogenous waste types. Biochemical Technologies: Use biological processes for organic waste (kitchen/garden). Anaerobic Digestion: is appropriate for organic waste where micro-organisms break down material in the absence of oxygen. One of the end-products is biogas. This method can occur naturally or can be engineered in bio-digesters and sanitary landfills. Landfilling: Composting and landfilling involve burying of waste accompanied by deploying landfill gas recovery systems. Although landfilling is less expensive, it is environmentally detrimental due to the release of toxic and obnoxious gases. Waste-to-Energy in India: The first plant was established in Delhi in 1987. As of 2022, India has 12 operational plants. Despite policies from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, power generation from waste remains minimal, at just 554 MW (0.1% of total energy generated). There is a perception that waste-to-energy plants have failed in India. Commonly cited reasons are administrative delays in getting approval as well local opposition This happened in the case of the Bandhwari plant proposed in Gurugram in Haryana in 2021. Other reasons include extremely heterogeneous, unsegregated and poor quality of waste which requires excessive pre-treatment and increases the fuel requirement making the entire process expensive and unviable. Global best practices (e.g., Denmark’s hedonistic sustainability) could be adapted in India. Source: Indian Express AMAZON RIVER  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: The Amazon River, battered by back-to-back droughts fueled by climate change, is drying up, with some stretches of the mighty waterway dwindling to shallow pools only a few feet deep.   Background: – Water levels along several sections of the Amazon River, fell last month to their lowest level on record, according to figures from the Brazilian Geological Service. About Amazon river The Amazon River, located in South America, is the second longest river in the world, after the Nile, with a length of approximately 6,400 kilometers. It flows through Peru, Colombia, and primarily Brazil, discharging into the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon Basin, the largest drainage basin in the world, covers about 7 million square kilometers, accounting for nearly 40% of South America’s landmass. The extensive lowland areas bordering the main river and its tributaries, called várzeas (“floodplains”), are subject to annual flooding, with consequent soil enrichment; however, most of the vast basin consists of upland, well above the inundations and known as terra firme. More than two-thirds of the basin is covered by an immense rainforest, which grades into dry forest and savanna on the higher northern and southern margins and into montane forest in the Andes to the west. Hydrological Significance: The Amazon carries more water than any other river on Earth, accounting for approximately 20% of the world’s fresh river water. It has the largest discharge of any river, with an average flow of about 209,000 cubic meters per second. The river is fed by over 1,000 tributaries, with the Rio Negro, Madeira, and Tapajós being the largest. Biodiversity: The Amazon River and its surrounding rainforest support one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world. It is home to a variety of species including the Amazon river dolphin (Boto), piranhas, electric eels, and more than 2,500 fish species. The Amazon rainforest, nourished by the river, houses around 10% of all known species, playing a crucial role in global biodiversity. Source: NewYork Times ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: On October 8, John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton won the 2024 Nobel Prize for physics for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks. Background: – Their work lies at the roots of a large tree of work, the newest branches of which we see today as artificially intelligent (AI) apps like ChatGPT. What are Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)? Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are computational models inspired by the human brain’s neural networks. They are composed of layers of interconnected artificial neurons that process data in a way that mimics human learning. ANNs are the foundation

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CAN INDIA ESCAPE MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP?  Syllabus Mains – ECONOMY Context: The World Development Report 2024 — authored by the World Bank — calls attention to the phenomenon of the “middle-income” trap, or the slowing down of growth rates as incomes increase. Background: – Over the last 34 years, only 34 middle-income economies — defined as economies with per capita incomes between $1,136 and $13,845 — have transitioned to higher income levels. Key takeaways The WDR details the policies and strategies necessary to break the trap based on the experiences of countries that did manage the transition. It highlights the importance of the “3i” approach: investment, infusion, and innovation. Economies must invest, ensure the infusion of new global technologies, and develop an environment conducive to domestic innovation. Role of the state Most countries that broke the trap were part of the European Union which facilitated growth and mobility of capital and labour for its members. Such institutions that aid free factor mobility are not available for most countries. An important non-European country that managed to escape the trap is South Korea. The South Korean state was heavily interventionist, often directing the private sector’s activities and ensuring their participation in an export-driven growth model. Successful companies were rewarded with access to new technologies and supportive measures, while firms that did not perform were allowed to fail. Another economy that broke the trap was Chile. But it too, saw state intervention in ensuring the success of natural resource exporting sectors. The salmon industry, for instance, succeeded in Chile due to the targeted intervention of the state to ensure that the industry flourished. The South Korean government’s approach carries significant lessons. The state must be seen as being neutral amongst private players and ensuring those who do not make the mark are allowed to fail. The benefits firms receive from the state must be based on performance instead of closeness to power. The presence of powerful business houses can promote growth provided they invest, ensure the adoption and infusion of new technologies, and innovate. The pitfalls South Korea’s success was built on manufacturing exports; such a strategy is not possible now. World export growth has slowed, with demand slowing down. Several countries have turned to protectionism due to perceived job loss. Several countries have been hit by ‘premature deindustrialisation’. Modern economies face a reduction in the income share of manufacturing at much lower levels of GDP compared to previous economies. Manufacturing is no longer an engine of growth for developing economies, and it remains to be seen whether the service sector is strong enough to break the trap. Challenges facing India The power of billionaires in the Indian economy has increased, and they are seen as being close to the state, with the state unable — or unwilling — to ensure high rates of investment from domestic capital. The manufacturing sector has stagnated, and there has been a reversal of the process of structural transformation, with employment increasing in agriculture and in low-productive forms following the pandemic. While the government estimates a real GDP growth of around 7% in recent years, wages have not kept up. Wage earners have seen little to no real wage growth. An economy cannot break a middle-income trap if workers are unable to partake in the growth process, as reduced consumption demand will become a drag. South Korea’s export strategy was overseen by a military government that ruled till the 1980s. Chile deposed the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende by a coup. It is vital not to take the wrong lessons and think that democracy is an acceptable price to pay for higher growth. The challenge for policy is to promote state intervention to ensure growth while maintaining the sanctity of the democratic ethos. Source: The Hindu ETHICAL LESSONS FROM THE LIFE OF RATAN TATA  Syllabus Mains – GS 4 Context: Former Tata Group Chairman Ratan Tata, whose dedication to integrity and social upliftment touched the hearts of many, breathed his last on Wednesday Background: – Known for his ethical business practices and commitment to improving lives through social initiatives, Ratan Tata’s life serves as an example of how to bring change. Key values, quotes and examples from his life Kindness : Kindness is a virtue that encompasses the ability to be polite and caring towards others. It entails empathy and compassion towards others. During the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, Ratan Tata displayed extraordinary kindness by providing free trucks to Sikh survivors who had lost their vehicles and livelihoods in the violence. Tata Motors’ gesture helped these individuals rebuild their businesses and regain their livelihood at a time of immense hardship. Virtues such as kindness, empathy, and compassion play key roles in creating a positive environment, fostering a sense of safety, and building trust with others. Civil servants interact with diverse communities daily. By demonstrating empathy and kindness, they can build trust within the community. Spirit of Service: It is a quality of a person that encourages one to be committed to public service without any self motives. During the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, Ratan Tata, as Chairman of the Tata Group, led the restoration of the Taj Hotel and personally supported affected employees. He quickly established the Taj Public Service Welfare Trust to provide relief to victims and to help and rehabilitate those recovering from such tragic events in the future, demonstrating compassion and resilience in a time of crisis. Compassion: Compassion is defined as the emotional response when perceiving suffering and involves an authentic desire to help. Practicing compassion increases our well-being by enhancing a sense of connection to others. Ratan Tata is known for his love of animals, particularly dogs. A LinkedIn user shared a story of visiting Mumbai’s Taj Hotel, where she saw a dog being cared for by the staff. This act of compassion was due to Tata’s directive to treat animals kindly. Leadership: Leadership is the ability of an individual to guide and influence people. The values, decision-making style, ethics

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EMPOWERING LOCAL BODIES FOR EFFECTIVE URBAN GOVERNANCE  Syllabus Mains – POLITY & GOVERNANCE Context: In August-September, heavy rains impacted cities across Gujarat, especially Vadodara, where flooding, power outages, and waste-filled streets crippled the city. While residents criticized the Vadodara Municipal Corporation, the local body worked tirelessly to mitigate the damage, underscoring the crucial role of urban local bodies (ULB’s). Background: – ULBs include Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Nagar Panchayats. They are responsible for urban governance and providing essential services like waste management, sanitation, and urban planning. Historical Context: Pre-colonial: Informal governance structures which varied based on the city’s primary activities (religious town or trading town). Colonial Era: British established city institutions like Improvement Trusts (e.g., in Bombay, Calcutta) for urban sanitation. First Municipal Body: Established in Madras (1687), followed by Bombay and Calcutta. The improvement trusts were tasked with the responsibility of cleaning up the city and ensuring that epidemics were prevented. Lord Ripon’s Resolution: In 1882, Lord Ripon (often called as father of local self-government in India) introduced the resolution for local-self governments, thereby laying the foundations of a democratically elected municipal government to manage cities. Post-Independence Evolution: After independence, municipal corporations continued to evolve but faced major obstacles with a growing population and limited infrastructure. They were heavily reliant on their respective state governments for financial and operational support. 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (1992): Gave constitutional recognition to ULBs as the third tier of governance. Part IX-A: Details the composition, roles, and powers of ULBs. 12th Schedule: Lists 18 functions devolved to ULBs (e.g., urban planning, public health). The amendment mandated elections every five years, with municipal councillors elected from local constituencies (wards). While the elected mayor serves as the ceremonial head, real executive power rests with the municipal commissioner, a state-appointed bureaucrat. Challenges Faced by ULBs: Financial Constraints: ULBs lack sufficient revenue sources. Property taxes and state government funding are the primary revenue streams. Initiatives like municipal bonds remain rare due to lack of expertise. Political Autonomy: Mayors have limited executive power compared to municipal commissioners. State governments often exert control through funding and legislative changes (e.g., Bihar Municipality Amendment Bill, 2024). Personnel and Expertise Shortage: ULBs face low state capacity, with a significant shortage of urban planners and technical experts (1 planner per 75,000 people). Indian cities will need 3 lakh planners by 2031. International Comparison: Global Cities: Mayors in cities like London and New York have significant power over policies, including housing, transportation, and infrastructure. Example: London’s Mayor controls Transport for London (TfL). TfL is responsible for improving mobility and accessibility in London. It is also in charge of implementing the Mayor’s sustainable transport plan whereby 80 per cent of trips in London shall be on foot, cycle or public transport by 2040. The Way Forward: Greater Financial Autonomy: ULBs should raise revenue through market measures (bonds, securities) and user charges (parking fees, congestion charges). Participatory Budgets: Allow residents to decide how taxes are used, increasing local problem-solving. Improved Technical Expertise: ULBs need to recruit more experts and planners to tackle complex urban challenges like floods and heat islands. Decentralized Governance: According to the principle of subsidiarity, local issues should be managed by ULBs, minimizing reliance on state or central governments. Source: Indian Express STRUGGLING TEXTILE INDUSTRY  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: Union Minister for Textiles recently said that the Indian textile and apparel sector is aiming for a total business of $350 billion annually by 2030. However, the industry went through a tumultuous phase during the last two financial years, casting a shadow on the possibility for growth. Background: – Several MSME textile mills downed their shutters as there is no demand. What is the status now? In FY22, India was the third largest textile exporter globally, enjoying a 5.4% share. India is also said to have the second largest manufacturing capacity, with capability across the value chain. The sector’s contribution to GDP is close to 2.3% (FY21) and 10.6% of total manufacturing Gross Value Added (GVA) in FY23. About 105 million people are employed by the textile and garment units, directly and indirectly. For an industry that has 80% of its capacity spread across MSMEs and is sensitive to global markets, FY2021-2022 saw tremendous growth with $43.4 billion exports. However, slowdown in demand that started in 2022-2023 only worsened in FY24 with a slump in exports and domestic demand. This impacted manufacturing clusters severely. Tamil Nadu, which has the largest spinning capacity in the country, saw the closure of nearly 500 textile mills in the last two years. Why did exports slump? Geopolitical developments and a slump in demand in buying countries hit the exporting units. This was exacerbated by high raw material prices of both, cotton and Man Made Fibres (MMF), and the growing import of fabrics and garments. The imposition of a 10% import duty on cotton has made Indian cotton more expensive compared to international prices. In the case of MMF, introduction of quality control orders has disturbed raw material availability and price stability. The industry is repeatedly demanding removal of the import duty on cotton at least during the off-season months of April to October. What are the other challenges? Apart from policy issues, the industry is also staring at disruptions in its traditional business systems. Direct retailing to customers through e-commerce is a trend with more startups entering this space. Foreign brands are fast-tracking the adoption of ESG (Environmental, Social, & Governance) sustainability across the supply chain. They are defining sustainability targets and want to source from vendors who will meet these targets. Further, there is a rise in comfort wear, loungewear, and athleisure as the emphasis on comfortable clothing has increased among consumers. Source: The Hindu TOOLS TO DESIGN PROTEINS, PREDICT STRUCTURE WIN 2024 CHEMISTRY NOBEL  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The 2024 Nobel Prize for chemistry was jointly awarded to David Baker for his work on computational protein design and to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN Syllabus Prelims & Mains – HISTORY Context: Jayaprakash Narayan, popularly known as Lok Nayak, was born on 11 October 1902 in Bihar’s Saran district. As we commemorate his 122nd birth anniversary this year, his legacy as a people’s leader and champion of their cause continues to inspire. Background: – He played a noteworthy role in the Indian national struggle and especially in leading the call for ‘Total Revolution‘ during the Emergency. Key takeaways The first encounter of Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) with freedom struggle happened during the Swadeshi movement. He gave up his foreign clothes and footwear in support. From the beginning, he was influenced by Gandhi. In December 1920, Gandhi visited Patna with the message of Non-cooperation. Inspired by his speech, JP wanted to invest all his time into political work but was held back by apprehension. His misgivings disappeared when Maulana Abul Kalam Azad visited Patna and prompted students. JP quit college and became part of the Non-Cooperation Movement. In 1922, he left India to study at the University of California, Berkeley, where Karl Marx’s ideas influenced him. In 1929, upon returning to India, he joined the Indian National Congress. During the Civil Disobedience Movement, when all the prominent leaders were arrested, JP kept the Congress functional. He began working on building an extensive illegal underground network distributing literature and recruiting supporters. Several warrants were issued against him, eventually leading to his arrest in 1932. Influenced by Socialist ideas, the young congressmen in Bihar founded the Bihar Socialist Party in 1931, JP was associated with the organisation since its inception. JP became instrumental in the formation of the All India Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in 1934 with Narendra Deva as president and himself as secretary. It was during the Quit India Movement (1942) that JP came to the forefront. He along with Ram Manohar Lohia and Aruna Asaf Ali, took charge of the movement after all the senior leaders were arrested. Soon, he was also arrested under Defence India Rules. He was taken to Hazari Bagh Central Jail from where he escaped in November 1942. JP organised an “Azaad Dasta” (armed guerrilla revolutionaries) in Nepal after escaping from jail. JP hoped to launch a countrywide revolution. However, he was arrested in September 1943, exactly ten months and ten days after he escaped from Hazaribagh jail. It was only in 1946 that he was released from jail. Following Independence, JP took the CSP out of the Congress and formed the Socialist Party, which he merged with J B Kripalani’s Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party to form the Praja Socialist Party. Soon afterward, after turning down Nehru’s calls to join the ministry, JP decided to walk away from electoral politics and involved himself with Acharya Vinoba Bhave’s Bhoodan movement. In March 1974, students in Bihar protesting against rising prices and unemployment, invited JP, who has given up from active politics, to guide the student movement. JP accepted it on one condition that the movement will remain non-violent and will not limit itself to Bihar.  JP demanded the dismissal of the Congress government in Bihar and gave a call for a “total revolution“ in the social, economic, and political spheres. A massive protest was organised in Delhi’s Ramlila grounds on 25 June 1975 where JP announced a nationwide satyagraha for then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi’s resignation and asked the army, the police, and government employees not to obey “illegal and immoral orders”. In response, the government declared a state of emergency on 25 June 1975. The General Elections were called in 1977. The election results turned into a referendum on Emergency, at least in north India. Indira Gandhi’s government was defeated, paving the way for the formation of the first-ever non-Congress government at the Centre. Throughout the Emergency, JP fought vigorously against the authoritarian and became a beacon of hope in the face of adversity. Source: Indian Express GREEN PATCH SPREADS IN ANTARCTICA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Plant cover across the Antarctic Peninsula, a long, mountainous extension of Antarctica that points north towards South America, has increased more than 10 times over the past few decades due to rising temperatures, a new study says. Background: – In March 2022, Antarctica experienced its most intense heatwave — temperatures in East Antarctica soared to 39 degrees Celsius above normal. How quickly is Antarctica warming? The continent is warming twice as fast as the global average, at a rate of between 0.22 degrees Celsius and 0.32 degrees Celsius per decade currently. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the UN body that advances scientific knowledge about climate change, has estimated that the Earth as a whole is warming at the rate of 0.14-0.18 degrees Celsius per decade. The situation in the Antarctic Peninsula is worse than in the rest of Antarctica — it is warming five times faster than the global average. The Antarctic Peninsula is now almost 3 degrees Celsius warmer on average than in 1950. Antarctica has also been experiencing record-breaking heatwaves, especially during the height of its winter season (which is summer in the northern hemisphere). What has the study found? Researchers used satellite imagery and data to conclude that the extent of vegetation – mostly mosses and lichen – in the Antarctic Peninsula has increased 14 times in just 35 years. Rising temperatures in Antarctica have also resulted in a rapid decrease in the extent of sea ice — the 2024 extent was the second smallest of the satellite record, only slightly more than the record low set in 2023. Warmer open seas may be leading to wetter conditions that favour plant growth. Why should we worry about increased vegetation in Antarctica? Mosses can colonise bare rock and create the foundation of soils that could in milder conditions make the continent more favourable for the growth of other invasive species that could threaten native flora and fauna. Increase in plant life could also reduce the Antarctic Peninsula’s ability to reflect sunlight (solar energy) back to Space — a darker surface absorbs more solar radiation. This could further increase ground temperatures, with local and global

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   X-BAND RADAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: After devastating floods and landslides killed more than 200 people in Kerala’s Wayanad district in July 2024, the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences approved an X-band radar to be installed in the district. Background: – A torrential downpour triggered the landslide in the valley instantly wiping out habitations. Key takeaways Radar is short for ‘radio detection and ranging’. The device uses radio waves to determine the distance, velocity, and physical characteristics of objects. A transmitter emits a signal aimed at an object whose characteristics are to be ascertained (in meteorology, this could be a cloud). A part of the emitted signal is echoed by the object back to the device, where a receiver tracks and analyses it. Weather radar, also known as a Doppler radar, is a common application of this device. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of sound waves as their source moves towards and away from a listener. In meteorology, Doppler radars can reveal how fast a cloud is moving and in which direction based on how the cloud’s relative motion changes the frequency of the radiation striking it. Doppler radars can monitor weather conditions and anticipate new wind patterns, the formation of storms, etc. What is an X-band radar? Doppler radar relies on Rayleigh scattering, when the scatterer is much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. A radar trying to ‘see’ smaller particles like rain droplets or fog will need to use radiation of lower wavelengths, like in the X-band. An X-band radar is radar that emits radiation in the X-band of the electromagnetic spectrum: 8-12 GHz, corresponding to wavelengths of around 2-4 cm (this is in the microwave part of the spectrum.) The smaller wavelengths allow the radar to produce images of higher resolution. However, the greater the frequency of some radiation, the faster it will be attenuated. So X-band radars have a relatively shorter range. In Wayanad, the new radar is expected to be able to monitor the movements of particles, such as soil, to inform landslide warnings. The device will also perform high temporal sampling, that is, rapidly sample its environs, allowing it to spot particle movements happening in shorter spans of time. How many radars does India have? In its X-band radar network, India has both wind-finding and storm-detecting radars, and some with dual capabilities. The country also uses S-band radars (2-4 GHz) for long-range detection. In September, the Union Cabinet cleared the ₹2,000-crore ‘Mission Mausam’ to upgrade meteorological infrastructure in the country. This includes installing up to 60 meteorological radars until 2026 under the Mission’s first phase. Source: The Hindu SCUTTLING PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO INFORMATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: There is a severe backlash against the Right to Information (RTI) Act, which has just entered its 20th year, and those who use it. Background: – From exposing corruption in the delivery of basic rights to bringing to light the truth behind the opaque electoral bonds scheme, the RTI Act has been used by citizens to hold power to account. Key takeaways Vacant Posts & Dysfunctional Commissions: Governments are scuttling the RTI Act by not appointing information commissioners. A 2023-24 report of the Satark Nagrik Sangathan,a citizens group that campaigns for transparency in government functioning, shows that: Seven out of 29 information commissions across the country were defunct in 2023-24. Jharkhand’s commission has been non-functional for over four years, Tripura’s for three years, and Telangana’s for 1.5 years. Maharashtra’s commission has over 1 lakh pending cases, and six out of 11 commissioner posts are vacant. Central Information Commission (CIC) has eight out of 11 posts vacant. More than 4 lakh appeals and complaints are pending in information commissions across India. Ineffective Appointments: Most commissioners appointed are retired officials or those with political ties, often reluctant to act against violations of transparency. The report by Satark Nagrik Sangathan shows that commissions did not impose penalties in 95% of the cases where penalties could be imposed. This failure sends a signal that violating the law will not invite consequences. This destroys the framework of incentives and disincentives built into the RTI Act, promotes a culture of impunity, and exasperates applicants who seek information. Regressive Amendments: 2019 Amendments: Empowered the central government to control tenure, salaries, and post-retirement benefits of commissioners, reducing the autonomy of information commissions. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: It included a provision to amend the RTI law to exempt all personal information from disclosure. The RTI Act of 2005 provided for protection of the privacy through section 8(1)(j). In order to invoke this section to deny personal information, at least one of the following grounds had to be proven: information sought had no relationship to any public activity or public interest; or information sought was such that it would cause unwarranted invasion of privacy, and the information officer was satisfied that there is no larger public interest that justified disclosure. The DPDP Act amended section 8(1)(j) to expand its purview and exempt all personal information from the ambit of the RTI Act. It also deleted a key provision in the law, which gave citizens a right to information at par with MPs and MLAs. Threats to RTI Activists: Nearly 100 people have been killed for using the RTI Act, and many more have been assaulted or threatened, according to Transparency International India data. The Whistleblowers Protection Act, passed in 2014, remains non-operational due to a lack of implementation rules. Erosion of Democracy: The RTI Act has played a crucial role in redistributing power and reshaping the government-citizen relationship. Any erosion of the RTI Act, through inaction or regressive amendments, is a direct threat to the democratic framework. Source: The Hindu EUROPA CLIPPER MISSION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: NASA is set to launch Europa Clipper mission today. Background: – The spacecraft is scheduled to launch from Nasa’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida aboard