Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   THE DEPOSIT ISSUE: WHY BANKS ARE STRUGGLING TO LEND  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: Banks are currently experiencing a deposit crunch, which is limiting their ability to extend credit. Background: – The Reserve Bank of India Governor Shaktikanta Das had, in July, raised concerns over slower deposit mobilisation compared to credit growth stating that as it may create structural liquidity issues. Key takeaways India is among the fastest-growing large economies of the world largely driven by the government’s elevated expenditure on infrastructure development. While government capital expenditure has spurred the growth rate, job creation remains a concern with youth unemployment touching 17 per cent, as highlighted by the World Bank. Private investment, measured by private Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), has been subdued, declining to a four-quarter low of 6.46 per cent in Q4FY24, down from 9.7 per cent in the previous quarter. The Economic Survey 2023-2024 also highlighted that between FY19 and FY23, the share of private non-financial corporations in overall GFCF increased only by 0.8 percentage points from 34.1 per cent to 34.9 per cent. In a worrying trend, S&P Global forecasted that year-on-year credit growth is set to decline during the current financial year to 14 per cent, compared to 16 per cent in the previous fiscal year. One key reason for this is the reduced risk appetite from banks for lending to the private sector, which is the economy’s largest job creator. S&P Global also said that “regulatory actions to tame unsecured lending” are also slowing credit growth. The RBI recently increased risk weights for unsecured loans which has moderated loan growth in this segment in recent months. Widening Credit-Deposit Gap A healthy credit growth rate is essential to maintain economic growth, especially in India where bank credit is a key component. However, for banks to extend credit, deposits must grow in tandem. But banks are currently experiencing a deposit crunch, which is limiting their ability to extend credit. This has led to a widening gap between bank deposits and credit growth. Current and savings accounts (CASA) – the banks’ primary low-cost funding sources, account for 41 per cent of total deposits, down from 43 per cent last year. Changing investment habit The slowdown in deposit growth comes amid an outflow of household savings from banks to capital markets. Following the Covid pandemic, the Indian capital markets have seen a meteoric rise. However, economists say that the shift in households’ saving behaviour towards alternative saving instruments have not alone lowered bank deposits as a move to alternate saving instruments would still imply that the money finds its way into bank deposits. “A shift in the savings portfolio of a household alone does not lead to a fall in deposits. It does, however, change the composition of deposits – for instance, a shift to CASA from term deposit or a move towards shorter tenure term deposits compared to longer tenure. This in turn could have an adverse impact on the money multiplier and the deposit creation process,” HDFC Bank said in a research report. Low government spending in the run up to the election has also exaggerated the deposit problem in recent months. Government spending remained low in the run up to the elections over the last few months and this led to an increase in government cash balances with the RBI. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (NIA)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: To improve the information network on a national level against “organised criminals”, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) will make a database of gangsters, criminals running their gangs from behind jails, and their associates. Background: – Sharing some of the key features of the database, a source said it would have the latest photographs of the criminals, biometric details, interrogation report, their logistics provider, weapon suppliers, and harbourers. Key takeaways Established: 2008 under the NIA Act, 2008, in response to the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks. The NIA, with its headquarters (Hqrs) at New Delhi, has 18 Branch Offices in the country. Mandate: Investigation and prosecution of offenses affecting national security such as terrorism, financing of terrorism, and related activities. Special Jurisdiction: Unlike state police forces, the NIA can investigate and prosecute cases across states without special permission, overriding the federal division of powers in normal criminal law. Key Features: Investigative Scope: The NIA can investigate and prosecute offences under the Acts specified in the Schedule of the NIA Act. NIA deals with offenses related to: Terrorism under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) Bomb blasts, hijacking, human trafficking, cyber terrorism, and counterfeit currency Special Acts like the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, and Anti-Hijacking Act, 2016 etc Powers: Similar to a state police force but operates across states. It also has the power to investigate matters referred by the central government or with cross-border implications. NIA Amendment Act, 2019 focussed on three main areas: OFFENCES OUTSIDE INDIA: The original Act allowed NIA to investigate and prosecute offences within India. The amended Act empowered the agency to investigate offences committed outside India, subject to international treaties and domestic laws of other countries. The amended section reads: “Where the Central Government is of the opinion that a Scheduled Offence has been committed at any place outside India to which this Act extends, it may direct the Agency to register the case and take up investigation as if such offence has been committed in India.” The NIA special court in New Delhi will have jurisdiction over these cases. WIDENED SCOPE OF LAW: The Schedule originally had The Atomic Energy Act, 1962, The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, and The Anti-Hijacking Act, 1982, among other entries. The amendment has allowed the NIA to investigate, in addition, cases related to (i) human trafficking, (ii) counterfeit currency or banknotes, (iii) manufacture or sale of prohibited arms, (iv) cyber-terrorism, and (v) offences under the Explosive Substances Act, 1908. SPECIAL COURTS: The 2008 Act constituted Special Courts for conducting the trial of offences under the Act. The 2019

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   SIXTH QUAD LEADERS’ SUMMIT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: Recently, Prime Minister Modi participated in the sixth Quad Leaders’ Summit in Wilmington, Delaware during his three day visit to US. Background: – Emphasizing that the Quad leaders were convening amidst global tensions, Prime Minister Narendra Modi reaffirmed that the alliance is not directed against any nation. He highlighted that the Quad stands in support of a rules-based international order, upholds respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and advocates for the peaceful resolution of disputes. Key takeaways Modi’s remarks during the Quad summit at President Joe Biden’s hometown of Delaware were a thinly veiled reference to China and its aggressive behaviour in the Indo-Pacific region. Wilmington Declaration The Quad declaration, adopted after the summit, focused on “militarisation” and “intimidating maneuvers in the South China Sea”. It also addressed other key global issues, including the conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza. The declaration highlighted the negative impacts of the war in Ukraine with regard to global food and energy security. The declaration also condemned the ongoing attacks perpetrated by the Houthis and their supporters against international and commercial vessels transiting through the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, which are destabilising the region and impeding navigational rights and freedoms and trade, and jeopardise the safety of vessels and people. The Quad leaders also announced the Quad Cancer Moonshot — a groundbreaking partnership that will focus initially on combating cervical cancer in the Indo-Pacific region while laying the groundwork to address other forms of cancer as well. The Quad is more strategically aligned than ever before and is a force for good that delivers real, positive, and enduring impact for the Indo-Pacific, said the Wilmington Declaration issued after the summit. The next Quad Foreign Ministers’ meeting will be hosted by the US in 2025, and the Quad Leaders’ Summit will be hosted by India in 2025. In 2025, the Quad Regional Ports and Transportation Conference is also likely to be held in Mumbai. The US Coast Guard, Japan Coast Guard, Australian Border Force, and Indian Coast Guard plan to launch a first-ever Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission in 2025, to improve interoperability and advance maritime safety. A new regional Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI) was announced to enable partners in the region to “maximize tools provided through IPMDA (Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness ) and other Quad partner initiatives, to monitor and secure their waters, enforce their laws, and deter unlawful behaviour.” India will host the inaugural MAITRI workshop in 2025. The launch of a Quad Indo-Pacific Logistics Network pilot project was also announced. Source: Indian Express CLIMATE FINANCE ISSUES  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Azerbaijan, the host of this year’s climate conference, COP29, has proposed to launch a new climate fund for developing countries. Background: – Climate finance refers to the investments that are needed to tackle climate change by way of either preventive steps to reduce emissions, known as mitigation or preparatory steps to tackle its impacts, known as adaptation. Key takeaways Azerbaijan’s proposal comes at a time when negotiation on climate finance agreement is struggling to make progress. Finalising this finance agreement is the main agenda before COP29, which is scheduled to run from November 11 to 22 in Baku. The rich and industrialised countries are currently under an obligation to mobilise at least $100 billion annually for developing countries. The Paris Agreement, however, mandates that this amount must be increased after 2025 and every five years thereafter. The new fund proposed by Azerbaijan is unlikely to make a substantial difference to the availability of climate finance for developing countries. Currently, there are strong differences over even definitions of climate finance. Developing countries complain of double-counting and innovative accounting, and say that the actual amount of money flowing in for climate action is significantly lower than the claims made by developed countries. The other complaint relates to the neglect of adaptation activities. Most of the climate finance flows are directed at mitigation projects, the ones that lead to emissions reductions. This is because mitigation brings global dividends. Any emission reduction anywhere in the world benefits the entire planet. On the other hand, adaptation has local benefits. Donor countries are less inclined to invest in projects that only benefit the recipients. Developing countries have been demanding that adaptation should receive at least 50% of climate finance, much more than the less than 20% that has gone into it so far Developed countries are demanding the expansion of donor base.For instance, China, today the world’s second-largest economy, South Korea, and the oil-rich Gulf nations such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar do not have any financing obligations under the UNFCCC. Azerbaijan’s proposed fund is supposed to be financed by oil and gas producing countries, and corporations, but in a voluntary manner. This has raised questions over the amount of money it can attract as even funds to which countries are obligated to contribute have remained undercapitalised. For instance, the Loss and Damage Fund — created at COP27 in Egypt, in 2022, after years of negotiation — has so far received pledges of just $600-700 million. Azerbaijan’s fund, even if created, would not have the same status. It has not come through negotiations but at the initiative of a host country. Primarily, it is an effort towards leaving a legacy, much like similar initiatives by previous COP presidencies in the past. Source: Indian Express INDO-PACIFIC ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR PROSPERITY (IPEF)  Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL Context: India signed the US-led 14-member Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) bloc’s agreements on a clean and fair economy. Background: Agreement on clean economy intends to accelerate efforts of IPEF partners towards energy security, GHG emissions mitigation, developing innovative ways of reducing dependence on fossil fuel and promoting technical cooperation. Agreement on fair economy intends to create transparent and predictable business environment, which can spur greater trade and investment in member countries. About Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) is a strategic initiative

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL (CAG)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Observing that the Comptroller And Auditor General (CAG) plays a key role in ensuring transparency and accountability in public finance, President Droupadi Murmu said recently that the office of CAG has lived up to the expectations of the Constitution-makers. Background: – President was addressing the opening session of the 16th assembly of Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (ASOSAI). Key takeaways Constitutional Provision: The CAG is an independent authority established under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution. The CAG is appointed by the President of India. Tenure and Removal: The CAG holds office for 6 years or until reaching the age of 65, whichever is earlier. The CAG can only be removed from office through a process similar to the removal of a Supreme Court judge, i.e., through impeachment by Parliament on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity. Duties and Powers: The CAG audits the accounts of the Union and State Governments, including public sector enterprises. Article 149 outlines the duties and powers of the CAG, as defined by Parliament. The CAG submits audit reports to the President or Governor, which are then laid before the Parliament or State Legislature. The reports include audits of receipts and expenditure of the government and its agencies. Role and Responsibilities: Ensures that public funds are used effectively and lawfully. Audits the Consolidated Fund of India, State Governments, and Union Territories. Audits expenditure from the Contingency Fund and Public Account of India. Plays a crucial role in ensuring accountability and transparency in the financial administration of the country. Significance: CAG acts as the guardian of the public purse and maintains financial accountability of the government. The office of the CAG strengthens parliamentary control over public expenditure. Relevant Articles: Article 148: Appointment and terms of the CAG. Article 149: Duties and powers of the CAG. Article 150: Form of accounts of the Union and States to be kept as prescribed by the CAG. Article 151: Submission of reports of the CAG. Source: Indian Express ANTYODAYA DIWAS 2024  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – HISTORY, GS 4 Context: Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya was born on September 25, 1916. His birth anniversary is observed every year on the same day as Antyodaya Diwas. Background: – It serves as a day to remember and celebrate Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya’s life and legacy, as he was one of the most influential leaders in Indian political history. Key takeaways Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya (1916–1968) was an Indian politician, philosopher, economist, and a key proponent of Hindutva ideology. He was a significant figure in India’s political landscape, particularly within the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), the precursor to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Early Life, Education and Political Career: Birth: Deendayal Upadhyaya was born on September 25, 1916, in a Brahmin family in the small village of Nagla Chandrabhan, near Mathura in Uttar Pradesh. Childhood: Orphaned at an early age, Deendayal was brought up by his maternal uncle. Despite these hardships, he excelled academically and earned a scholarship to attend high school. Education: He studied at the prestigious Birla College in Pilani (now Birla Institute of Technology and Science) and later went to Prayag (Allahabad) University. He completed a Bachelor of Arts degree and cleared the civil services exam but did not join the service. He instead dedicated himself to public service through nationalist organizations. RSS Involvement: Upadhyaya joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in the 1930s, where he emerged as a pracharak (full-time worker). His organizational skills and dedication soon brought him to the forefront of the RSS. Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS): In 1951, Upadhyaya became closely involved with the newly founded Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), led by Syama Prasad Mukherjee. He was instrumental in shaping the BJS’s ideology and was appointed General Secretary. He remained in this role for nearly 15 years. Party Leadership: After the untimely death of Syama Prasad Mukherjee in 1953, Deendayal Upadhyaya became the de facto leader of the BJS. In 1967, he was formally elected as the President of Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Ideological Contributions: Integral Humanism: Upadhyaya is best known for formulating the philosophy of Integral Humanism (Ekatma Manavavad), which was officially adopted as the guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1965. Integral Humanism seeks to create a harmonious balance between the individual, society, and the state. It rejected both capitalism and socialism, proposing a middle path that was grounded in Indian culture, values, and ethos. The philosophy advocates for a holistic development approach that integrates the physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions of life. It emphasizes the dignity of the individual and the importance of self-reliance, decentralization of power, and social justice. Antyodaya: Upadhyaya championed the idea of Antyodaya, which means the “rise of the last person.” This concept emphasized the upliftment of the most disadvantaged sections of society. It is a principle that resonates in several welfare schemes implemented by Indian governments even today. Death:Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya’s life was tragically cut short when he was found dead under mysterious circumstances near Mughalsarai railway station (now Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction) in February 1968. Schemes in His Name: Several government schemes, such as the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana and Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana, have been named after him, focusing on rural development, skill training, and poverty alleviation. Integral Humanism Today: His philosophy of Integral Humanism continues to be a guiding principle in Indian politics. It remains relevant in discussions about India’s development trajectory, blending economic progress with cultural values. Key Quotes: “We should have before us the ideal of Integral Man, and on that basis, we should keep in view the individual, family, society, nation, and humanity. Only then can we have an integral development of man.” Source: Indian Express G4 NATIONS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has met his counterparts from the G4 countries. Background: Jaishankar, who is in the US on an official

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Nearly half the sanctioned posts in the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees in Union Territories (PCCs) across the country are lying vacant. While 11 states have over 60% vacancies, Sikkim tops the list with all posts yet to be filled. Background: – The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) submitted these details in an affidavit to the NGT recently. Key takeaways According to the affidavit, of the total 11,562 sanctioned posts in all SPCBs and PCCs, 5,671 (49.04%) posts have been left unfilled. Only two states — Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh — have no vacancies, with all 17 and 27 sanctioned posts respectively being filled. The states with the most vacancies are Sikkim (100%), Jharkhand (73.06%), Andhra Pradesh (70.10%), Madhya Pradesh (63.76%) and Manipur (63.02%). Setting a deadline, the NGT, on September 11, directed all states and UTs to fill the vacancies by April 30 next year. This, however, does not include Punjab, Delhi and the states with areas in the National Capital Region (NCR) — Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.Vacancies in SPCBs in these states and PCC in Delhi are already the subject of an ongoing case in the Supreme Court. Over the past year, both the Supreme Court and the NGT have been monitoring states’ efforts to fill these vacancies. The NGT began monitoring SPCB vacancies in November last year, after taking suo motu cognizance of a media report. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): Constitution: Established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further, CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Role: CPCB is a statutory organization under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Functions: Regulatory Functions: Implement national standards for air and water quality, noise levels, and waste management. Monitoring: Collect and disseminate information related to pollution, oversee environmental quality, and monitor pollution levels. Advisory Role: Advise the Central Government on prevention and control of pollution. Coordination: Coordinate activities with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and promote clean technology and environmental protection measures. State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs): Constitution: Established under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 in each state. Role: SPCBs function at the state level under the guidance of the CPCB. Functions: Enforcement of Environmental Laws: Implement pollution control laws at the state level, including the Water Act, Air Act, and Environment Protection Act, 1986. Granting Consent: Issue “Consent to Establish” (CTE) and “Consent to Operate” (CTO) for industries based on their compliance with environmental standards. Monitoring and Reporting: Monitor pollution sources and report to CPCB. Local-level Environmental Management: Work with municipal bodies, industries, and other stakeholders for pollution control. Public Awareness: Conduct campaigns and provide public awareness programs on pollution control and waste management. Source: Scroll DENGUE  Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: As cities across India report a surge in dengue cases, a record number of cases have been reported around the world this year with Brazil and other South American countries worst affected Background: – Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) show that the number of dengue cases have been increasing year-on-year. Key takeaways The dengue virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Other species within the Aedes genus can also act as vectors, but their contribution is normally secondary to Aedes aegypti. However, in 2023, a surge in local transmission of dengue by Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito) has been seen in Europe. Dengue isn’t contagious from person to person except when passed from a pregnant person to their child. Most people with the infection report mild symptoms, but the disease is known to cause fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pains, nausea and vomiting, pain behind the eyes, and rashes. The severe form of dengue fever, also called dengue hemorrhagic fever, can cause serious bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure (shock) and death. More than 12 million cases and 6,991 deaths have been recorded globally till August this year, according to data from the WHO’s global dengue surveillance. This is more than double the 5.27 million cases recorded in all of last year, which itself was a record. India is witnessing an increase in the geography of the infection. The disease spread from only eight states and Union Territories in 2001 to every single state and UT in 2022, with Ladakh reporting the first two cases that year. The Lancet identifies “the triad of urbanisation, climate change, and the movement of people and goods” as facilitating the spread of dengue, and its mosquito vector. URBANISATION: The disease can spread more quickly in urban areas with a dense population. This is because urban spaces provide ample breeding grounds to the Aedes aegypti mosquito which breeds in clean, stagnant water. CLIMATE CHANGE: An increase in temperatures allows mosquitoes to breed in places where they previously could not — in higher altitudes for instance. MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE: The global movement of people and goods has, in general, led to a greater spread of infections that these people carry with them. Vaccination against dengue: The WHO recommends two vaccines – Sanofi’s Dengvaxia and Takeda’s QDenga. However, these have not received approval in India. Apart from dengue, other infections such as chikungunya and zika, which are also transmitted by the same vector, have also been on the rise. Zika was first reported in India in 2016 but there have been several outbreaks since then. Source: Indian Express WHY SOUTH AMERICA IS BURNING  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: South America is witnessing its worst forest fire season in nearly two decades, breaking a previous record for the number of blazes seen in a year. Background: Satellite data analysed by Brazil’s space research agency INPE has spotted 346,112 fire hotspots so far this year in all 13 countries of South America, surpassing the previous record of 345,322 hotspots in 2007. Key takeaways Since the beginning of this year,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CBI LOSES GENERAL CONSENT IN KARNATAKA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Karnataka government on Thursday (September 26) decided to withdraw its earlier notification granting unrestricted permission (general consent) to the CBI to conduct probe in the State. Background: – With this, Karnataka joins many non-BJP ruled States in withdrawing general consent for the CBI in recent years. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Establishment: The CBI was established in 1963 through a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was based on the recommendation of the Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption (1962–1964). Legal Status: CBI functions under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946. While it is not a statutory body created through an act of Parliament, its powers are derived from the DSPE Act. Jurisdiction: The CBI investigates a variety of cases related to corruption, economic crimes, special crimes like serious frauds, murder, kidnapping etc. Its jurisdiction generally extends to Union Territories and, in the case of states, requires the consent of the state government. General Consent for CBI Concept: As per Section 6 of the DSPE Act, the CBI needs general consent from the states to exercise its powers in any state. States have the constitutional right to grant or withdraw this consent. General Consent: States typically grant “general consent” to the CBI, which allows it to investigate cases across the state without requiring case-specific permission. Withdrawal of General Consent: Several states, such as West Bengal, Maharashtra, Kerala, Punjab, and Chhattisgarh, have withdrawn general consent in recent years due to political and jurisdictional conflicts. When general consent is withdrawn, the CBI cannot investigate cases within that state unless directed by a court (High Court or Supreme Court) or specific consent is given for each case. Implications of Withdrawal: Limited Jurisdiction: CBI’s ability to investigate in states becomes restricted. However, it can still investigate cases referred by courts or Union agencies. Federal Tensions: The withdrawal of general consent often reflects tensions between the central and state governments, especially when states perceive central overreach or political bias in CBI investigations. Relevant Constitutional and Legal Aspects Constitutional Provisions: Police is a state subject under the Seventh Schedule (List II) of the Constitution. Therefore, states have jurisdiction over criminal investigation within their territory. Supreme Court’s Stand: The Supreme Court has ruled that the CBI can investigate without state consent if ordered by constitutional courts like the High Court or the Supreme Court, making judicial intervention a way for CBI to bypass the withdrawal of general consent. Source: The Hindu KASTURIRANGAN COMMITTEE ON WESTERN GHATS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The Karnataka government decided to reject the Kasturirangan committee report on the protection of the ecologically sensitive areas (ESAs) Western Ghats region from environmental degradation, despite advocating in the last few months that the report would be reviewed. Background: – Cutting across political lines, MLAs and MPs from districts such as Shivamogga, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Chikkaamagaluru, Kodagu, and Uttara Kannada, all of which come under the Western Ghats region, have been strongly opposing the implementation of the report. Kasturirangan Committee on Western Ghats The Western Ghats are one of the eight “hottest biodiversity hotspots” in the world and have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), headed by Madhav Gadgil, submitted a report in 2011 recommending stringent measures for the protection of the Western Ghats. Due to strong opposition from several state governments and local communities, a new high-level working group (HLWG) was formed in 2012 under Dr. K. Kasturirangan to review the Gadgil Committee report. Key Recommendations: Zoning: The committee proposed demarcating 37% of the Western Ghats area (about 60,000 sq km; compared to the 64% suggested by the Gadgil Committee) as Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) across six states (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu). The state of Karnataka has the highest percentage of the ESA- 46.50 per cent. Development Restrictions: The report recommended a blanket ban on mining, quarrying, setting up of red category industries (highly polluting industries) and thermal power projects in ESA. However, activities like agriculture and plantations were allowed with stricter norms. Protection of Local Livelihoods: It emphasized the need to balance ecological conservation with the livelihood concerns of local communities, suggesting development activities that are sustainable and eco-friendly. Involvement of Local Communities: The report highlighted the importance of decentralized governance and the role of local communities in environmental decision-making. Challenges: Several states opposed the report, fearing that restrictions could impact local economies and development activities. The implementation of the recommendations has been delayed due to lack of consensus among states, despite multiple reminders from the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. Source: The Hindu ARMED FORCES SPECIAL POWERS ACT (AFSPA)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Union Home Ministry on Thursday extended the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in parts of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh for another six months. Background: Both the State and Union governments can issue notification regarding AFSPA. For the States of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, the Ministry issues periodic “disturbed area” notifications. About Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) is a law that grants special powers to the Indian armed forces in regions classified as “disturbed areas.” It was enacted to maintain public order in areas experiencing insurgencies, militancy, or internal disturbances. First enacted: In 1958, the AFSPA was originally introduced to address insurgencies in the Northeast region, particularly in Nagaland. Extension to other areas: Over time, the AFSPA was extended to other parts of the country, including Jammu & Kashmir (1990) and various Northeastern states. Objective: The primary objective of AFSPA is to empower the armed forces to restore and maintain law and order in “disturbed areas” where civilian authorities are unable to function effectively due to insurgency or militancy. Key Provisions: Power to Declare Areas as Disturbed: The Act allows the central or state government to declare

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   VIZHINJAM INTERNATIONAL SEAPORT  Syllabus Prelims – NATIONAL Context: Recently, Vizhinjam International Seaport received MSC Claude Girardet, the biggest vessel to berth at an Indian port. Background: – Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan hailed the anchoring of the ultra large vessel as a step towards the state’s development. He said the state will witness a major development boost as cargo traffic though Vizhinjam Port, located near the international shipping line, becomes active. About Vizhinjam port The Vizhinjam International Seaport, located near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, is a strategically important deep-water multipurpose seaport developed by the Adani Group in partnership with the Government of Kerala. It aims to position India as a significant player in global maritime trade and relieve the nation’s dependency on foreign transshipment hubs such as Colombo, Singapore, and Dubai. Public-Private Partnership: Developed under a Public Private Partnership (PPP) model on a Design, Build, Finance, Operate, and Transfer (DBFOT) basis. The Adani Group signed a 40-year agreement with the state government in 2015 to design, develop, finance, and operate the port. The Adani Group will have the sole right to operate the port for the first 40 years, and for an additional 20 years if they build the second phase of the project at their own expense. Key Features of Vizhinjam International Seaport: Proximity to International Shipping Routes: Located close to the major international shipping routes in the Indian Ocean, Vizhinjam is ideal for transshipment, reducing logistical costs for Indian trade. Natural Depth: The port has a natural draft of 20 meters, allowing it to accommodate mega container vessels (over 18,000 TEUs) without expensive dredging. Geopolitical Importance: Its location is critical for India’s maritime security and trade dominance in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Boost to Transshipment: Vizhinjam is expected to serve as a transshipment hub, enabling large container ships to offload cargo to smaller vessels for further distribution, reducing India’s reliance on foreign ports like Colombo for transshipment services. Job Creation and Regional Development: The project will generate employment opportunities boosting local and regional economies. Support to Blue Economy: The port will also contribute to India’s larger Blue Economy initiatives by fostering maritime trade, tourism, and fisheries in the coastal region of Kerala. Source: New Indian Express U.K. BACKS INDIA’S BID FOR PERMANENT UNSC SEAT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: British Prime Minister Keir Starmer joined the leaders of the United States and France in backing India’s bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Background: – Besides permanent representation for India, Africa, Brazil, Japan and Germany, the UK also made a pitch for more seats for elected members of the Security Council. About United Nations Security Council (UNSC) The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), tasked with ensuring international peace and security. It holds significant authority under the UN Charter, including the power to impose sanctions, authorize military action, and enforce binding resolutions on member states. Key Features of the UNSC: Composition: Permanent Members (P5): The UNSC consists of five permanent members with veto power — the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, China, and France. Non-permanent Members: In addition to the P5, the UNSC has 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. These seats are distributed among the various regions of the world: 5 seats for Africa and Asia 2 seats for Latin America and the Caribbean 2 seats for Western Europe and other states 1 seat for Eastern Europe Functions and Powers: Maintaining International Peace and Security: The UNSC has the primary responsibility for preventing conflict, resolving international disputes, and authorizing peacekeeping operations. Sanctions and Military Action: The Council can impose economic sanctions, arms embargoes, and authorize the use of force if diplomacy fails. Peacekeeping Operations: The UNSC authorizes and oversees UN peacekeeping missions in conflict zones. Conflict Mediation: It works to mediate disputes between countries and encourages diplomatic negotiations to prevent or end conflicts. Decision-Making: Voting System: Decisions on substantive matters require 9 out of 15 votes from UNSC members, but no decision can pass if a permanent member exercises its veto power. Resolutions: UNSC resolutions are binding on all UN member states, giving the Council a unique authority compared to other UN bodies like the General Assembly. Criticisms and Calls for Reform: Permanent Membership and Veto Power: The concentration of power in the hands of the P5, especially their veto power, has often led to criticism of the UNSC’s structure. Critics argue that this arrangement is outdated, given the geopolitical realities of the 21st century. Lack of Representation: Many countries, including India, Japan, Germany, and Brazil (G4 nations), advocate for permanent membership reform to reflect the global distribution of power and increase representation from Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Stalled Decision-Making: The use of the veto by permanent members, particularly in cases of geopolitical rivalry (such as between the US and Russia/China), has paralyzed the Council on crucial global issues, including the Syrian civil war and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Inadequate Response to New Threats: The UNSC’s inability to adequately address non-traditional security threats, such as climate change, pandemics, and cyber warfare, has led to calls for it to expand its focus beyond traditional military conflicts. India and the UNSC: India has been elected as a non-permanent member of the UNSC eight times (most recently for 2021-2022). During its tenure, India has actively pushed for multilateralism, counter-terrorism initiatives, and comprehensive reform of the UNSC. Source: The Hindu PINAKA ROCKETS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Indian Army is looking at extending range of the Pinaka rockets. Background: Building on the lessons from the Ukraine war and the offensive in Gaza by Israel, Indian Army is going for extended range rockets, which have proven to be decisive, and indigenising and diversifying vendor base to build resilient supply chains as well as going for futuristic ammunition. About Pinaka rocket system Pinaka Rockets are an indigenously developed multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL) system, designed and produced by

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   MAHATMA GANDHI AND NARAYANA GURU’S IDEA OF NON-VIOLENCE  Syllabus Mains – GS 1 AND GS 4 Context: Ukraine’s former Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Kuleba invoked the legacy of Gandhi to seek India’s support for the freedom and independence of Ukraine. Background: – Gandhi’s philosophy and practice of ahimsa is insurmountable in any discourse of peace. However, like any political philosophy, Gandhi’s idea of non-violence was not unchallenged. His conversation with his contemporary, Narayana Guru, helps elucidate the intricacies of Gandhi’s creed of ahimsa Gandhi and Guru Gandhi could not separate religion from politics. He cherished the religious doctrines of truth and non-violence in spiritualising his political mission. Similarly, Guru, the spiritual leader and social reformer in Kerala, could not detach his actions and thoughts from the issues of worldly life. For him, worldly life and its complexities were not mere illusions but an essential part of his spirituality. That is why he equated social discrimination against fellow beings with the rejection of God. Thus, both Gandhi and Guru set similar goals but walked through different paths. An analysis would reveal that the distinction between politics and religion is blurring between and within their thoughts. Despite differences on some issues, both Gandhi and Guru agreed on the necessity of cherishing the value of non-violence for spiritual well-being and human welfare. When Gandhi preaches values of truth, ahimsa, and love in politics, Guru’s notion of compassion assembles all these virtues in the duties of an Advaiti. Advaita is a Sanskrit word that means “not two” or “no second.” It refers to the philosophical concept in Advaita Vedanta. Unraveling misunderstandings A misunderstanding arose between Gandhi and Guru following the latter’s interview on the Vaikom satyagraha. The Vaikom Satyagraha was the first among many temple entry movements in India, which foregrounded the issue of untouchability and caste oppression. Guru’s interview on the movement was published in Malayalam weekly Deshabhimani. In this, Guru was cited as saying, “Volunteers should scale over the barricades, and not only walk along the prohibited roads but enter all temples including the Vaikom temple. It should be made practically impossible for anyone to observe untouchability.” Guru’s statements irked the supporters of Gandhian non-violence, while Gandhi perceived these comments as a rejection of his most sacred method of ahimsa or as support for ‘open violence’. Clarifying misunderstandings The person who informed about Guru’s comments to Gandhi urged him to instruct the Congress to call off the Satyagraha. But Gandhi refused to intervene. Instead, he expressed his displeasure over Guru’s comments, labeling them as the ‘reverse of Satyagraha’, a call for ‘open violence’ and an example of ‘imposing force’ in his weekly journal, Young India. Guru wanted to resolve the misapprehension. Guru wrote to Gandhi and categorically stated that ‘any method of work that may be adopted for eradicating the evil of untouchability must be strictly non-violent’. Gandhi published Guru’s letter in Young India. What Guru had expressed through his comments was not a call for physical force but his moral outrage and sarcastic contempt for social inequalities and discriminatory practices. It was not a refutation of the Vaikom Satyagraha or its non-violent methods. On the contrary, it rejected discriminatory thoughts through his unique means of sarcasm. The debate on the method of non-violence did not end with Guru’s clarification letter. It continued when Gandhi met Guru in Kerala in 1925. He sought Guru’s opinion on non-violent Satyagraha and the futility of using physical force in a movement to attain rights. Guru replied that he did not think that violent force was good. Compassion and nonviolence For Guru, non-violence is the fundamental nature of a follower of Advaita philosophy. In Atmopadesa Satakam, Guru writes that whatever one does for the happiness of oneself should cause happiness to others. If one’s action causes harm to others, it reflects a form of self-loathing. This is the rationale of Guru’s ahimsa. Guru emphasises the importance of avoiding pain to others’ bodies, minds and souls by one’s words, deeds and thoughts. Commitment to non-violence Compassion (anukampa) is the ultimate value that helps contain the potential for violence against others. For Guru, a religion sans compassion is not a religion at all. His philosophical teaching that views harm to others as a form of self-loathing constitutes the core of his ‘religion of compassion’. Non-violence need not be referred to as an independent category – it is immanent in Guru’s philosophy, especially in the virtue of compassion. Being a social reformer and sage, Guru saw no distinction between spiritual goals and social action aimed at the welfare of humanity. Similarly, in Gandhi’s political thought, religion and politics were inseparable entities. Gandhi’s ahimsa and Guru’s non-violence Gandhi evaluated political morality against his absolute doctrine of ahimsa (non-violence). A ‘living faith in God’ was the essential part of Gandhi’s ahimsa, as he could not conceive of non-violence as a creed without this condition of indomitable faith in God. For Gandhi, violence was the negation of the highest spiritual force, and non-violence was path to God. This is where Guru’s idea of non-violence and non-dualism meet with Gandhi’s creed of ahimsa. Both have blurred the rigid boundaries between spiritual and temporal life, suggesting that rejecting non-violence in worldly life leads to the negation of God. But Gandhi and Guru differed over the centrality of compassion in their idea of non-violence. For Guru, compassion was the essential virtue of an Advaiti, and it encompassed all duties and values, including non-violence. In his philosophy, non-violence was an integral part of his broader creed of compassion. Gandhi, however, viewed compassion as just one of the many virtues associated with a practitioner of non-violence. For him, non-violence stood as an independent and ultimate virtue of ideal human. While Gandhi acknowledged that non-violence encompassed virtues of love, compassion, and forgiveness, he argued that compassion alone cannot qualify one to be a practitioner of non-violence. Source: Indian Express SMALL NUCLEAR REACTORS (SMR) GET TRACTION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – NATIONAL Context: India’s plans to get into the manufacturing value chain of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) are yielding some positives

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   MAHATMA GANDHI’S VISION FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTS ISSUES  Syllabus Mains – GS 1 AND GS 4 Context: Amid recent debates on gender equality and incidents of violence against women, Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of women’s rights issues calls for renewed engagement, especially on the occasion of his 155th birth anniversary. Background: – Gandhi’s vision for the upliftment of women was a curious mix of promoting women’s political mobilisation, self-reliance, and economic independence, while focussing on traditional feminine virtues. Key takeaways Nationalist Movement and Women’s Cause The rise of India’s nationalist movement challenged existing power structures, including gender norms. Banning sati (1829), promoting women’s education, addressing purdah, and enhancing women’s political participation became some of the prominent issues, signifying the growing concern for the status of Indian women. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar advocated for women’s rights, contributing to an emerging discourse on women’s status in modern society. Gandhi, one of the most important leaders in the twentieth century, brought a change in the prevailing discourses. He rejected the wholesale adoption of Western civilisation and the English education system, and rather emphasised the significance of Indian traditions, spirituality, and moral values. Women in the Swadeshi Movement Women’s participation in politics increased during the Swadeshi Movement (1905) against the partition of Bengal. Ramendra Sundar Tribedi called for the observance of “Arandhan Day” on October 16, 1905, when women were to protest by not cooking in their homes and holding women-only protests. Women like Kadambini Ganguly and Swarnakumari Devi attended major political events. Organizations like Bharat Stree Mahamandal and Abanindranath Tagore’s iconic Bharat Mata painting symbolized women’s presence in the movement, though their impact was limited. Feminine Virtues and Gandhi’s Satyagraha One of Gandhi’s greatest contributions concerning women was encouraging their large-scale participation in the national movement. The Black Act of 1913 in South Africa required the registration of non-white marriages, which led to the labelling of unregistered marriages as “illegitimate”. Women were at the forefront of opposing this Act and Gandhi used the issue to further their cause. Gandhi recognized feminine virtues—tolerance, nonviolence, sacrifice—as central to his philosophy of Satyagraha. For Gandhi, the ideal women were the likes of Sita, Draupadi and Damyanti. Sita represented ‘chastity’ and unyielding support to Ram. Draupadi, in spite of all odds, was a multitasker and resolute companion to the Pandavas. Damayanti exemplified loyalty and remained faithful to her husband, King Nala, even after he abandoned her. Gandhi also exhorted women to rise above the role of ‘wifehood’ and become ‘sisters’. For him, women were supposed to be moving away from being a source of ‘lust’ to ‘chastity’, from bondage to freedom and from ignorance to education. Gandhi recognized the role of women in enforcing prohibition, which became successful when women took leadership roles during the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930). Limitations of Gandhi’s Vision Although Gandhi encouraged women to come out of their domestic roles, his insistence on ‘pure’ and ‘virtuous’ womanhood restricted their opportunities. Distinctions were also made on the basis of respectability, resulting in the marginalisation of those who did not adhere to conventional moral standards. For instance, Gandhi excluded sex workers from Congress campaigns, creating a divide between ‘women on the street’ and ‘women of the street’. Self-reliance was a key principle of Gandhian philosophy. Charkha and Khadi were introduced for self-reliance and economic independence, especially amongst widowed women.However, Gandhi’s emphasis on self-reliance through Khadi and Charkha did not significantly empower women or make them aware of their rights. Gandhi placed the responsibility of household and religious duties on women, framing them as the solution to societal ills. While advocating for women’s education, he made a distinction between the education of men and women based on what he perceived as their natural differences. Child rearing was primarily seen as women’s work which was integral to the character-building of the nation. Although Gandhi believed in the metaphysical equality of the sexes, his vision still confined women to traditional roles. Gandhi supported the idea of property rights for women but never actively campaigned for their legal recognition. Rather than advocating for material rights for women, he encouraged selfless service and moral virtues. Source: Indian Express CHINA SHOCK 2.0  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: Steep hike in tariffs by the US on imports from China kicked in on Friday, as the world’s top economy along with India and a dozen other countries grapple with a rapid influx of goods — dubbed China Shock 2.0 — into global markets. Background: – Researchers believe that the unexpected surge in Chinese exports coincides with a slowdown in the Chinese economy due to the ongoing property crisis, weak credit, and low consumer demand. Key takeaways The US tariff hikes include a 100 per cent duty on electric vehicles, a 50 per cent duty on solar cells and 25 per cent on steel, aluminum, EV batteries, and some minerals. In 2024, India imposed over 30 anti-dumping investigations against China, the most against any country. India and several other countries have moved to impose a fresh wave of anti-dumping measures, fearing a repeat of the manufacturing job losses that occurred in the years since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the early 2000s. The years following China’s entry into the WTO came to be known as the “China shock” as inexpensive Chinese goods, backed by abundant labour, flooded global markets, resulting in manufacturing job losses internationally. It not only disrupted Western markets but also adversely impacted Indian manufacturing and trade. The renewed wave of goods exports by China is not just driven by its ambition to move up the export value chain to high-tech sectors such as solar equipment, electric vehicles, and semiconductors; it now comes amid a demand slump at home, and is intensifying trade tensions internationally. India’s imports from China grew at a much faster pace than from the rest of the world. Goods imports from China surged from $10.87 billion in 2005-06 to $61.71 billion in 2015-16. This dependence grew so

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   BALANCING THE CARE AND MONETISED ECONOMIES  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: In a recent policy brief on measuring the care economy, Shamika Ravi, member of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, noted that prioritising the care economy can lead to a long-term balancing of growth and development of Indian society. Background: – A monetised economy is an economy where goods and services are sold using money as a medium of exchange. It is characterised by paid labour, formal markets, and economic activities which are quantified and measured. In contrast, the care economy is marked by unpaid care work, double burden of labour, and time poverty. Key takeaways Defining care economy: Care refers to all activities and relations needed for the existence and well-being of societies. It includes both paid as well as unpaid care work, which are overlapping in nature. Unpaid care work is often direct, personal, and relational, and is provided without any monetary compensation. Examples include taking care of children, cooking for the family. Paid care work is performed in exchange for some remuneration or profit. It includes a wide range of personal service workers such as domestic workers, nurses, teachers, etc. The care economy is marked by low wages and informalities. Even when the care economy exists in formal markets, the remuneration is often low and the work is underestimated. For instance, ASHA workers are some of the least paid in the world. Another characteristic of the care economy is that women are disproportionately represented here. Double burden of work: The double burden of work can be defined as the unpaid work done at home along with any form of paid work. According to the Time Use Survey of 2019 data, women in the working age group spend approximately seven hours daily on unpaid household work alone. This large share of unpaid care work prevents women from entering the labour market. Moreover, the underpayment and undervaluation of care work contributes to its invisibility in economic metrics, resulting in market failure. This market failure leads to increasing time poverty for women along with care and motherhood penalties, which ultimately reduce female labour force participation. The contribution of care work to India’s GDP has been estimated to be around 15-17%. This figure underscores the economic value that unpaid and underpaid care work provides, although it is often overlooked in traditional economic measures. Hence, it can be argued that there needs to be a policy revision to better account for the intersection of care and monetary economies. The 5R framework provided by the International Labour Organisation has often been suggested as a key to understanding and improving the efficiency, sustainability, and fairness of care work. The 5R framework includes – recognising the social and economic value of paid and unpaid care work; rewarding, remunerating, and representing care work and care workers with professionalised work and equal pay for work of equal value; reducing the burden of unpaid care work on women; redistributing care work within households among all workers and eliminating the sexual division of labour; and reclaiming the public nature of care services. Policy revision Social care infrastructure: Investment in public care services like childcare will create job opportunities for women. This will further formalise traditionally unpaid work and provide women with paid employment. Childcare and eldercare services can relieve women from their unpaid responsibilities, enabling them to rejoin the workforce or pursue education or skill development. Women’s labour market access and opportunities: Introducing minimum wage for care workers and ensuring inclusion in formal labour frameworks can play a crucial role. This will also create an environment where care work is recognised as skilled labour, giving workers more bargaining power. Further, the provision of pensions, health insurance, and maternity benefits to informal caregivers (eg. domestic workers) would bring them into the formal sector. Recognising and representing unpaid work in macroeconomic policies: By using data (eg: from Indias time use survey), the value of unpaid care work can be estimated and these estimates can be incorporated into macroeconomic measures. This would help redefine the perception of care work from a domestic responsibility to a productive economic activity.  Moreover, policymakers may use this data to design gender-sensitive policies aimed at reducing women’s unpaid work burden. Challenging social and cultural norms: There is a need to destigmatise unpaid work and alter gender stereotypes. Public campaigns, educational programmes, and media can play a role in promoting men’s active participation in caregiving. Government policies can encourage paternity leave and parental leave policies. Policy revisions around care work are interdependent. While building care infrastructure can create job opportunities for women, it is important to ensure that these jobs do not remain underpaid and undervalued. The role of the State is pivotal in making care work inclusive and fair. Additional Information Global North is facing a “crisis of care”. As women from dominant communities enter the workforce, a “care gap” is emerging. This gap is often filled by migrant women or women from marginalised communities, resulting in the formation of a “global care chain”. The “global care chain” refers to a series of responsibilities passed from one woman to another across borders and socio-economic strata. As a result, women at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder are the most vulnerable and remain at the bottom of the chain. Source: Indian Express ANNUAL SURVEY OF INDUSTRIES (ASI)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2022-23, released on Monday, showed that the total number of employees in manufacturing industries increased by 7.5 per cent to 1.84 crore in 2022-23 from 1.72 crore in 2021-22. Background: – The ASI data is the principal source of industrial statistics and data for organised manufacturing. About Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) is a comprehensive and detailed survey conducted annually to gather statistical information on the industrial sector in India. Conducted by: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Scope and Coverage: Coverage: The ASI covers all factories registered under the Factories Act, 1948, which employ 10 or

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION (SCO)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – INTERNATIONAL Context: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar will travel to Islamabad to attend the Heads of Government meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) on October 15 and 16. Background: – The last time an Indian External Affairs Minister travelled to Pakistan was Sushma Swaraj in 2015 for the Heart of Asia conference and bilateral talks. About Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, international security and defence organization. Established: 2001 The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996 between the People’s Republic of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan. In June 2001, the leaders of these nations and Uzbekistan met in Shanghai creating SCO. Current Members: Presently 10. In 2017, India and Pakistan joined. Iran joined the group in 2023, and Belarus in 2024. The goals of the SCO are: to strengthen mutual trust, friendship and good-neighbourliness between the Member States; to encourage the effective cooperation between the Member States in such spheres as politics, trade, economy, science and technology, culture, education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection, etc; to jointly ensure and maintain peace, security and stability in the region; and to promote a new democratic, fair and rational international political and economic international order. Internally, the SCO adheres to the “Shanghai spirit”, namely, mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diversity of civilizations and pursuit of common development; and externally, it upholds non-alignment, non-targeting at other countries or regions and the principle of openness. Structure Council of Heads of States : The supreme decision-making body, meets annually. Council of Heads of Government : Meets once a year to discuss the strategy of multilateral cooperation and priority areas within the Organization, determine fundamental and topical issues in economic and other spheres, and approve the budget of the SCO. In addition to the meetings of the CHS and the CHG, there are also mechanisms for meetings on foreign affairs, national defense, security, economy and trade, culture, health, education, transport etc. The Council of National Coordinators is the SCO coordination mechanism. Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS): Based in Tashkent, focused on combating terrorism, extremism, and cyber threats. The official languages of the SCO are Russian and Chinese. Source: The Hindu IMMANUEL KANT’S PHILOSOPHY  Syllabus Mains – GS 4 Context: Anna Sebastian Perayil, working with multinational consulting firm Ernst & Young (EY) as a chartered accountant, died recently. Anna succumbed to extreme work pressure. This has ignited a debate around working hours which takes us nearer to Kant’s idea of moral rights and to ponder whether man is an end or means. Background: – Immanuel Kant came up with fundamental principles that completely changed the world of utilitarianism. Basis for Moral Rights Moral rights are entitlements that a person has regardless of utilitarian benefits. According to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), all human beings possess certain moral rights and duties. Kant emphasized that it is not the result of an action but the moral intention behind the action that matters. Influence of Rousseau and the French Revolution Though Kant led a routine academic life, he was significantly influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the French Revolution. Rousseau’s book Emile initially impressed Kant for its style, but upon rereading, he realized its deeper moral insights. One of Kant’s core beliefs was that no person’s actions should be controlled by the will of another—this highlights individual autonomy. Categorical and Hypothetical Imperatives Kant introduced the concept of Categorical Imperative, which means certain actions are morally necessary without considering their outcomes. Example: Helping others because it’s the right thing to do, not for any reward. He contrasted this with the Hypothetical Imperative, which means you should act in a certain way to achieve a specific end. Example: “If you want to be healthy, you must exercise.” Example of John Stephen Akhwari The story of Tanzanian marathon runner John Stephen Akhwari is a real-life example of the Categorical Imperative. Despite falling and injuring himself during the race, Akhwari finished because his purpose was not just to start the race but to finish it, showcasing will and duty over outcome. Treating Humans as Ends, Not Means Kant believed that every person must be treated as an end in themselves, never as a means to an end. This is a central principle of his philosophy—respecting the dignity and autonomy of each individual. Relation to Modern Work Environment The tragic case of Anna Sebastian Perayil, who died allegedly due to work pressure, is an example of people being treated as means rather than ends. Many people leave jobs not because of the work but because they feel they aren’t treated with respect—echoing Kant’s belief that people should not be used merely as tools. Kant’s Most Important Work Kant’s major philosophical work, The Critique of Pure Reason, took him 12 years to complete, while his ideas about morality were formalized in The Metaphysics of Morals (1785). He proposed the Categorical Imperative as the key principle to solve ethical issues. Kant stated that the moral value of an action lies in performing it out of duty, not merely because it is required by law. Acting from a sense of duty reflects true moral worth. Source: Indian Express WHY NORTH BIHAR SEES FLOODS EVERY YEAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Bihar is flooded yet again, with 11.84 lakh people affected. Background: Bihar is among India’s most flood-prone states. The reasons for this are the state’s unique geography, and a decades-old solution that has proved short-sighted. Key Points 76 per cent of the population in north Bihar lives under the recurring threat of flood. Bihar is crisscrossed by both snow-fed and rain-fed rivers, putting it at the risk of various kinds of floods. The state’s Disaster Management Authority has categoried floods into four classes. The first are flash floods, occurring due to rainfall in Nepal, lead time [time between forecast and flood] is short (8 hours), receding of flood waters is fast. Then are river floods, where the lead time is 24 hours and receding of flood waters takes one week or more. Class III: Drainage congestion in river confluence- lead time more than 24 hours, lasting full monsoon season (i.e. receding of flood water takes 3 months); Class IV: Permanent water logged area.