Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Sea Level Rise Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: A quarter of the coastal land of China will sink below sea level within a century, putting hundreds of millions of people at risk of being flooded, due to land subsidence and climate change, according to a new study, published in the journal Science on Friday (April 19). Background:- The land subsidence in China is primarily a result of rapid urbanisation — activities such as excessive groundwater extraction and the weight of buildings lead to subsidence. The situation has been exacerbated by climate change, which is resulting in the rise of sea levels. Sea level rise isn’t just limited to China. It is a global issue that is projected to affect between 130 million to half a billion people depending on different temperature scenarios in the long run, according to a UN report. How fast is the global sea level rising? The global sea level has risen by about 8–9 inches or 21–24 centimetres since 1880, according to a report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The more worrying sign is that since 1993, the rate of increase has been accelerating. It has more than doubled from 0.07 inches or 0.18 centimetres per year in 1993 to the current rate of 0.17 inches or 0.42 centimetres per year. Global average sea level rose by about 0.3 inches or 0.76 centimetres from 2022 to 2023. Experts said there was a huge jump in global sea level between the two years mainly due to the development of El Niño, a weather pattern associated with warmer oceans, in June 2023. Now that El Niño is weakening, the rate of sea level rise is expected to slow down. How climate change is leading to sea level rise? The key driver behind rising sea levels is global warming. As temperatures across the world continue to soar, more and more glaciers and ice sheets are melting and adding water to the ocean. Global warming is also making the ocean warmer, which is leading to something called thermal expansion — when water becomes warmer, it expands in volume. This is contributing to sea level rise as well. Why does sea level rise matter? The most visible consequence of sea level rise will be the flooding of coastal areas. Take the example of coastal cities in India. A 2022 analysis by RMSI, a global risk management firm, found that some critical properties and road networks in Mumbai, Kochi, Mangalore, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, and Thiruvananthapuram will be submerged by 2050. Things are worse for island countries like Indonesia. In 2019, Indonesia announced that the country’s capital would be relocated from Jakarta, which is prone to flooding, to the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The rise of sea level also leads to more intense storm surges — the rise in seawater level caused solely by a storm — flooding, and damage to coastal areas. That’s because higher sea level can allow more water inland during hurricane-related storm surges. With sea level rise, saltwater contaminates freshwater aquifers, many of which are used by communities for agricultural and drinking purposes. Source: Indian Express Earth Day Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: Every year, April 22 is observed as Earth Day, an international event celebrated around the world to pledge support for environmental protection. Background: The year 2024 marks the 54th anniversary of the annual celebrations. About Earth DAY : Earth Day was first observed in 1970 when 20 million took to the streets to protest against environmental degradation. The event was triggered by the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill and other issues such as smog and polluted rivers. For over the next half century, Earth Day continued to play an important role in environmental activism. The landmark Paris Agreement, which brings almost 200 countries together to set a common target to reduce global greenhouse emissions, was signed on Earth Day 2016. In 2009, the United Nations designated Earth Day as International Mother Earth Day. According to earthday.org,Earth Day aims to “build the world’s largest environmental movement to drive transformative change for people and the planet.” The movement’s mission is “to diversify, educate and activate the environmental movement worldwide.” Earth Day is celebrated to remind each of us that the Earth and its ecosystems provide us with life and sustenance. This day also recognises a collective responsibility, as called for in the 1992 Rio Declaration, to promote harmony with nature and the Earth to achieve a just balance among the economic, social and environmental needs of present and future generations of humanity. This year, the theme is ‘Planet vs. Plastics’. The theme highlights the threat plastics pose to the planet and human health. It calls for an end to all plastic waste by demanding a 60% reduction in the production of plastics by the year 2040. Source: Indian Express Iran- Israel Conflict Syllabus Prelims & Mains – International Event Context: Iran launched a significant attack on Israel, deploying over 300 projectiles, including approximately 170 drones, cruise missiles, and over 120 ballistic missiles. Background: Tit-for-tat confrontation between Israel and Iran has sparked concerns about escalation dragging the Middle East into all-out war. What led Iran to attack Israel? In 2018, Israel hails US withdrawal from Iran’s nuclear deal with world powers after years of lobbying against the agreement, calling Trump’s decision “a historic move”. In 2020, Israel welcomed the assassination of General Qassem Soleimani, commander of the overseas arm of Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, in an American drone strike in Baghdad. Iran strikes back with missile attacks on Iraqi bases housing American troops. In October 2023, Hamas (the Iran-backed terrorist group) launched a missile attack targeting Israel. In response, Israel conducted airstrikes on Gaza. In November 2023, Israel started conducting raids and attacking medical facilities as Hamas was reportedly operating from these hospital buildings and carrying out their warfare. In November 2023, The Iran-backed Houthi group, based in Yemen, landed their helicopter on the Galaxy Leader cargo vessel as it was passing

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Indelible ink used in election Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: With the first phase of voting for the 2024 Lok Sabha elections beginning on April 19, the classic symbol of Indian polls is visible everywhere – a left hand with only its index finger extended, marked by a purple-black indelible ink. Background:- Devised as a method to prevent a person from casting more than one vote, the indelible ink has been used for decades in India. It has also travelled to other parts of the world to help in conducting elections. About the Indelible ink used in elections The Section 61 of Representation of the People Act (RoPA) of 1951 mentions the ink. It states that rules may be made under the Act “for the marking with indelible ink of the thumb or any other finger of every elector who applies for a ballot paper or ballot papers for the purpose of voting at a polling station before delivery of such paper or papers to him.” Why papers? Because before EVMs, ballot papers existed at polling stations. They contained the list of contesting candidates alongside their party symbols and names. Voters had to mark their preference on the paper and then drop it in ballot boxes to vote. Indelible ink contains silver nitrate. It is a colourless compound which becomes visible when exposed to ultraviolet light, including sunlight. The water-based ink also contains a solvent like alcohol to allow its faster drying. Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.The higher silver nitrate’s concentration, say around 20 percent, the higher will be the ink’s quality, according to a report from the United Nations Development Programme. For up to 72 hours after application it can remain resistant to soap, liquids, home-cleansing, detergents, etc. The indelible ink was first manufactured at the ECI’s request by the government’s Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR). It was later patented by the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC), New Delhi. Mysore Paints & Varnish Ltd. has been licensed to manufacture the ink and has been in the business since 1962. Earlier called Mysore Lac & Paint Works Ltd, it was established in 1937 by Nalwadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, then the Maharaja of Mysore. This Karnataka Government Undertaking is the sole manufacturer of the ink in India. Today, once a voter has her credentials checked at the polling booth, and before she casts her vote by pressing a button on the Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), the indelible ink is applied on her finger. This has been the case for decades, although the mode of voting has changed. Currently, the indelible ink is exported to more than 25 countries that include Canada, Ghana, Nigeria, Mongolia, Malaysia, Nepal, South Africa and the Maldives. Source: Hindu Fourth global mass coral bleaching Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: The fourth global mass coral bleaching event has been triggered by extraordinary ocean temperatures, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said on Monday (April 15). This could have serious consequences for ocean life and millions of people who rely on reefs for food, jobs, and coastal defence. Background: Since mid-March 2023, the average sea surface temperature (SST) has been abnormally high. What are corals and coral reefs? Corals are essentially animals, which are sessile, meaning they permanently attach themselves to the ocean floor. They use their tiny tentacle-like hands to catch food from the water and sweep into their mouth. Each individual coral animal is known as a polyp and it lives in groups of hundreds to thousands of genetically identical polyps that form a ‘colony’. Corals are largely classified as either hard coral or soft coral. It is the hard corals that are the architects of coral reefs — complex three-dimensional structures built up over thousands of years. “Unlike soft corals, hard corals have stony skeletons made out of limestone that are produced by coral polyps. When polyps die, their skeletons are left behind and used as foundations for new polyps,” according to NOAA. Coral reefs, also referred to as “rainforests of the sea”, have existed on the Earth for nearly 450 million years. Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is the largest in the world, stretching across 2,028 kilometres. What is the significance of corals? Coral reefs have a crucial role in marine ecosystems. Thousands of marine species can be found living on one reef. For instance, the Great Barrier Reef contains over 400 coral species, 1,500 fish species, 4,000 mollusc species and six of the world’s seven sea turtle species. Research has shown that there could be millions of undiscovered species of organisms living in and around reefs. These massive structures also provide economic goods and services worth about $375 billion each year. More than 500 million people across the world depend on coral reefs for food, income and coastal protection from storms and floods. Coral reefs can absorb up to 97% of the energy from waves, storms, and floods, which prevents loss of life, property damage, and soil erosion. Therefore, the absence of coral reefs would not only result in severe ramifications for marine life but also for humans. What is coral bleaching? Most corals contain algae called zooxanthellae — they are plant-like organisms — in their tissues. Corals and zooxanthellae have a symbiotic relationship. While corals provide zooxanthellae a safe place to live, zooxanthellae provide oxygen and organic products of photosynthesis that help corals to grow and thrive. Zooxanthellae also give bright and unique colours to corals. Corals are very sensitive to light and temperature and even a small change in their living conditions can stress them. When stressed, they expel zooxanthellae and turn entirely white. This is called coral bleaching. Coral bleaching doesn’t immediately lead to the death of corals. They rather go under more stress and are subject to mortality. Coral bleaching reduces the reproductivity of corals and makes them more vulnerable to fatal diseases. If the bleaching is not too severe, corals have been known to recover. Global mass bleaching of coral

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Ethylene Oxide Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) will conduct checks on products of spice brands MDH and Everest Group after authorities in Hong Kong and Singapore last week determined that four of their spice mixes contained high levels of carcinogen ethylene oxide. Background:- FSSAI doesn’t permit use of ethylene oxide in any food product. About Ethylene Oxide Ethylene oxide is a pesticide that has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, meaning there is sufficient evidence from human studies that it can cause cancer. It is used by the spice industry as a fumigant to reduce microbial contamination, such as E. coli and Salmonella. It is a colourless, highly flammable and very reactive gas that kills bacteria, viruses and fungi. It is an industrial chemical. Ethylene oxide can damage DNA during sterilisation procedures. While the risk from occasional, low-level exposure may be minimal, spices and spice blends like those flagged are commonly used in household cooking across multiple dishes. This can lead to chronic, persistent exposure over time, which has been linked to an increased risk of cancers like leukemia, stomach cancer and breast cancer. It can even lead to respiratory irritation and lung injury, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and shortness of breath. Ethylene oxide was banned by the European Union (EU) in 2011 for fumigation of food and animal feed during transport and storage. The use of ethylene oxide is now only permitted in disinfection and sterilisation of medical devices. Additional information Escherichia coli (E.coli) is a bacterial strain that is commonly found in the intestines of people and animals, fecal waste of cattle and humans. Salmonella is a group of bacteria that can cause food-borne illnesses known as salmonellosis. The World Health Organisation (WHO) identifies Salmonella as one of four key global causes of diarrhoeal diseases.Individuals who develop salmonellosis may show symptoms such as nausea, diarrhoea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12-72 hours after contracting the infection. Source: Indian Express Ongoing Israel – Palestine Conflict Syllabus Prelims & Mains – International Event Context: Six months after the October 7 attack, Israel’s war to eliminate Hamas has resulted in the near-complete destruction of Gaza and a dire humanitarian crisis with the area on the verge of famine.Iran and its allies have militarily united behind the Palestinian cause and expanded the confrontation to other parts of the region. Background: The dynamics of war have drastically changed following the massive Iranian drone and missile attacks on military targets in Israel on April 14. This was in retaliation to Israeli aerial strikes on an Iranian diplomatic compound in Damascus on April 1 in which top Iranian generals were killed. Israel had not seen direct attacks by a state on its soil since 1991 when Saddam Hussein fired 42 Scud missiles. A volatile Middle East: The geopolitics of the region has already undergone a sea change since October 7 in four substantive ways: First, thawing of the hitherto icy Shia-Sunni relationship, with Hezbollah, Houthis and Iran (all Shia entities) extending open support to “Sunni” Palestinians, presenting regional unity via the Axis of Resistance, opposing US-Israel domination. The first signs of the Resistance surfaced early on in the war, with conflict with Hezbollah in northern Israel leading to the displacement of thousands of Israeli civilians who are yet to return. This active front is likely to simmer. Second, the war has expanded across the region, pushing the US to become the fulcrum of efforts to contain expansion and making it a primary target. Third, the Saudi-aligned Sunni Arab States have adopted the political and diplomatic route, advocating a ceasefire, supporting humanitarian assistance, and calling for a two-state solution while remaining in line with US-led initiatives. Fourth, the Yemen-based Houthis — a non-state actor devoid of a navy — have managed to successfully disrupt a critical sea lane of communication for five months, impairing trade substantively. Additional Information The expansion of the war has already caused economic distress to the Israeli economy .The Israeli economy has reportedly shrunk by 20 per cent in the last quarter of 2023. Two crucial Israeli ports, Eilat on the Red Sea and Haifa on the eastern Mediterranean have been sporadically attacked.  The Eilat port is said to be down to a quarter of its business, while Israeli media reports an acute shortage of labour in Israel, primarily on account of military conscription and volunteerism. Source: Indian Express GREEN FINANCING Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Economy & Environment Context: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) recently unveiled its Climate Strategy 2030 document which aims to address India’s need for green financing. Background: NABARD’s Climate Strategy 2030 is structured around four key pillars which include accelerating green lending across sectors, playing a broader market-making role, internal green transformation and strategic resource mobilisation. What is Green financing Green financing refers to any structured financial activity – a product or service – that has been designed to ensure a better environmental outcome. It encompasses a variety of loans, debt mechanisms, and investments aimed at promoting the development of green projects or minimizing the climate impact of regular projects. Purpose and Importance: Green finance aims to align financial activities with environmental goals. It plays a crucial role in achieving several of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals by supporting sustainable development priorities. Examples of Green Finance Projects: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: Funding projects related to clean energy sources and energy-saving technologies. Pollution Prevention and Control: Financing initiatives that reduce pollution and promote cleaner practices. Biodiversity Conservation: Supporting efforts to protect and preserve biodiversity. Circular Economy Initiatives: Investing in projects that promote resource efficiency and waste reduction. Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Land: Financing projects that balance economic development with environmental conservation. Green Bonds: Green bonds are a common green finance instrument. They adhere to specific criteria, including the use of proceeds, project evaluation, proper management, and detailed reporting. The

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Effect of rising temperature on health Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Health & Climate Change Context: A study of 266 studies worldwide,  revealed that heat waves were associated with a 11.7 per cent increase in mortality. The highest specific risk was for stroke and coronary heart disease. Background:- Even as we must try energetically to mitigate the drivers of climate change and global warming, we must prepare adaptation plans. Heat Waves and Health The consequences of climate change, mostly mediated through global warming, adversely affect human, animal and plant health in several ways: Direct effects of heat exposure on the body; extreme weather events; water scarcity; vector-borne and water-borne infections; non-communicable diseases (strokes; heart attacks; diabetes; respiratory disease; cancers); mental health disorders; food and nutrition insecurity due to reduced yield and nutrient quality of crops. Health systems will face increased demand due to these and the movement of displaced climate refugees. They will also be affected by the adverse impact of extreme weather events on healthcare infrastructure, supply chains and personnel. Of these myriad threats, heat waves are of immediate concern as summer advances across the Indian Subcontinent.A heat wave represents a combination of heat and humidity. At any level of heat, its impact on human body is amplified if humidity is high in the ambient air. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) says that such “moist heat” stress has increased by 30 per cent between 1980 and 2020. Heat acts through dehydration, inability of the skin to cool the body through perspiration, dilatation of blood vessels and thickening of blood with increased risk of clot formation (thrombosis). Infants and young children are more vulnerable than adults, since their bodies have higher fluid content than grownups. Among adults, vulnerability is high among the elderly, persons with disabilities and in those with serious comorbidities. Women are more vulnerable than men. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contribute to 65 per cent of deaths in India. The heat effects of climate change will only exacerbate the problem. As our population ages and cardiovascular risk factors rise in our population, every 1 degree centigrade rise in ambient temperature will compound the risk of serious cardiovascular events. Wildfires triggered by excessive heat release particulate matter (PM 2.5) and toxic chemicals (ozone, carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic compounds and nitrogen dioxide) can cause extensive inflammation, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (heart attacks, strokes, heart rhythm abnormalities, pulmonary embolism, heart failure), respiratory disease, diabetes and pre-diabetes. Chemicals like benzene and formaldehyde (also present in wildfire emissions) increase the risk of cancer. Less immediate, but with a long lasting impact on health, is the impact on food systems which threatens nutrition security. Countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa currently grow staples (like rice and wheat) at the highest levels of heat tolerance. A further increase of 1 degree centigrade will lower their yield by 10 per cent. The crops will also be more deficient in zinc, protein and iron. Rising ocean temperatures will flood coastal agriculture while reducing fish yields. Loss of biodiversity will reduce access to nutritious “wild foods”. Heat will kill us not only through its effect on our skin but also our stomachs. There is a need to prepare for adaptation plans. These will include heat action climate-smart and climate resilient food and healthcare systems, and education of public and healthcare providers. Source: Indian Express Rise of a ‘new’ Japan Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Japan’s Prime Minister Fumio Kishida’s address to the United States Congress earlier this month, and the developments from his summit meeting with President Joe Biden, announced the arrival of a new, assertive Japan to the world. Background: Japan has given up its post-War pacifism and is working to become a major military power. The turn is historic, and promises to transform the geopolitics of Asia and the world. A politically resolute and militarily strong Japan contributes to India’s objective of building a multipolar Asia in a multipolar world. Key Takeaways: After World War II, a defeated and chastened Japan adopted a policy of pacifism — it avoided building significant armed capability, limited its defence expenditure, and refused to participate in military conflicts anywhere.This pacifism was rooted in Japan’s determination to expiate its militarism and imperialism in the pre-War decades. Japan’s pacifism was compensated by its bilateral military alliance with the United States. Being a protectorate of the US in Asia, Japan was free to focus its energies on rebuilding its economy. Today, Japan is set to become a major military power, transform its famed civilian industrial capability into a military industrial complex, and turn from being a US protectorate into an American partner and a significant contributor to Asian and Indo-Pacific security. This is the second Japanese transition over the last decade. In the mid-2000s, Japan began to articulate ideas for a new security architecture in Asia. Take for instance the concept of the Indo-Pacific. The late Prime Minister Shinzo Abe first spoke about the strategic unity of the two oceans (Indian and Pacific) during his visit to India in 2007. Since then, Japan has invested enormous diplomatic, political, and financial resources to popularise this geopolitical construct that was eventually adopted by Australia, Indonesia, India, and the United States. In the second transition unfolding today, Japan is matching its strategic ideas with military resources and the political will to actively reshape the regional security order. Reasons behind the radical change in Japan’s reorientation in defence: A mix of external and internal factors have contributed to its Japan’s reorientation in the 21st century. On the external front, four elements have come together: the rise of China and its military assertion, especially on the territorial disputes with Japan; the deepening military bonds between Beijing and Moscow and the coordination of their policies in North East Asia; the growing military capabilities of North Korea; and the fears triggered by the Trump Administration that the US could withdraw its security protection to Japan and other Asian allies. Internally, this situation strengthened conservatives

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Inheritance Tax Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Current Event , Mobilisation of resources Context: The chairman of Indian Overseas Congress, Sam Pitroda’s comments on the inheritance tax, have raised the spectre of wealth redistribution, almost four decades after the very same Congress party under Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had abolished it. Background:- India did have an inheritance (or death) tax once. The tax, which was known as estate duty, was introduced in 1953, and was abolished in 1985 by the government of Rajiv Gandhi. India also had a wealth tax and a gift tax, which were abolished in 2015 and 1998 respectively. Ways to tax wealth Taxes are levied on the flow of income on wealth or at the time of transfer of wealth or on the stock of wealth linked to the value of owned assets as a one-time levy. There can be a capital levy on income from wealth or ownership of assets resulting in capital gains, transfer taxes in the form of wealth tax, inheritance tax, estate tax, or gift tax at the time of transfer of wealth or assets. Taxes can also be levied on a combination of income and wealth.Biden Administration (USA) has proposed legislation for a ‘Billionaire Minimum Income Tax’ of at least 25% on their full income, including unrealised gains. The taxes in India The now abolished estate duty was inheritance tax with a threshold of Rs 1 lakh, and progressive rates from 5% to 40% on the principal value of the estate exceeding Rs 20 lakh. The Estate Duty Act, 1953 was amended in 1958 to change the definition of accountable person, lower the applicable threshold, and redefine slabs. Even after its abolition, the idea of inheritance tax remained alive and was part of official and unofficial discussions. In December 2018, then Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said at a public event that hospitals, universities, and other institutions in developed countries receive large endowments due to factors like inheritance tax, but this practice is not prevalent in India. The Narendra Modi government announced the abolition of wealth tax and its replacement with a surcharge on the super rich in the Budget for 2015-16. Jaitley said while wealth tax was 1% on assets of Rs 30 lakh and above (excluding equities, bonds, and first house), the total wealth collection in 2013-14 was only Rs 1,008 crore. An additional surcharge of 2% was levied on individuals with taxable income of Rs 1 crore and above, which was expected to bring revenues of Rs 9,000 crore. Wealthy taxpayers are seen as being sensitive to high rates of taxation, which often results in flight of capital and investment to tax havens or tax jurisdictions with favourable tax rates. Also, high tax rates do not make sense if the cost of collection and administration of these taxes are high compared to the revenues that arise. In the initial years of estate duty, collections were lower than the budgeted estimates. The high cost of collection and double taxation in various forms of wealth tax were cited as reasons for abolishing estate duty. In his Budget speech of 1985-86, then Finance Minister V P Singh said the existence of two separate laws for tax on property — wealth tax before death and estate duty after death — amounted to “procedural harassment” of taxpayers. “While the yield from estate duty is only about Rs 20 crore, its cost of administration is relatively high. I, therefore, propose to abolish the levy of estate duty in respect of estates passing on deaths occurring on or after 16th March, 1985,” Singh said. The issue with wealth tax was the same. “Should a tax which leads to high cost of collection and a low yield be continued or should it be replaced with a low cost and higher yield tax? The rich and wealthy must pay more tax than the less affluent ones. I have therefore decided to abolish the wealth tax and replace it with an additional surcharge of 2% on the super rich with a taxable income of over Rs 1 crore,” Arun Jaitley said in his Budget speech for 2015-16. The gift tax was abolished in 1998 citing lower revenues. Gift tax was, however, revived in a different form later. In his Budget speech in July 2004, then Finance Minister P Chidambaram said there was a need to plug a loophole to prevent money laundering. Thus, purported gifts from unrelated persons above the threshold of Rs 25,000 (later raised to Rs 50,000), were decided to be taxed as income. Gifts from blood relations, lineal ascendants and descendants, and gifts on occasions like marriage continued to be exempt. Source: Indian Express Womens Workforce Participation Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Rights Context: Participation of women in the workforce is a constitutional entitlement and denying mothers child care leave violates this, the Supreme Court said Monday. Background: A bench of Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud and J B Pardiwala was hearing a plea by an assistant professor in the Government College, Nalagarh, who was denied childcare leave (CCL) to attend to her child suffering from a genetic condition. Key Takeaways: Women government employees are eligible for two years of childcare leave (CCL) for two children till they reach the age of 18 years. The judgment highlighted that Article 15 of the Constitution not only restricts discrimination based on gender but also enables the states to make special provisions for women. In a country where care is perceived as the responsibility of women, the verdict makes it clear that the state and the employer have responsibilities to enable women to join and retain their employment. In India, women have little choice but to single-handedly manage the triple burden of housework, care work and paid work. Working women often face “marriage penalties” and “motherhood penalties” as they are often temporarily forced to withdraw from the workforce due to marriage and pregnancy. It is no surprise that the female workforce participation in India is barely

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Candidate elected unopposed Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context: On April 22, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party opened its tally in the Lok Sabha when its nominee for the Surat constituency in the western State of Gujarat, Mukesh Dalal, was elected unopposed. Background:- This happened because of the rejection of the nomination papers of the Congress candidates [main and substitute nominees] the previous day and the withdrawal of other nominees. How is a candidate declared elected before polling? Section 53 (3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 deals with the procedure in uncontested elections. According to this proviso, if the number of such candidates is less than the number of seats to be filled, the returning officer (RO) shall forthwith declare all such candidates to be elected. The RO’s actions are governed by Section 33 of the Act which pertains to the presentation of nomination papers and requirements for a valid nomination.The sub-section 4 says: “On the presentation of a nomination paper, the returning officer shall satisfy himself that the names and electoral roll numbers of the candidate and his proposer as entered in the nomination paper are the same as those entered in the electoral rolls”. In the given instance, three proposers of the Congress’ candidate for Surat, Nilesh Kumbhani, claimed in an affidavit to the district election officer (DEO) that they had not signed his nomination form. They did not also turn up before the DEO on April 21 to support the candidate’s nomination form. What is the scope for negative voting in the election system? There is ample scope in the system. While the NOTA (none of the above) option has been in force since 2013, the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, allows electors to decide not to vote through Rule 49-O. A remark to the effect that the elector has decided not to record his or her vote would have to be made in the “remarks column” against the entry relating to the elector in the Register of Voters by the presiding officer, after which the signature or thumb impression of the elector would have to be obtained against such a remark. The option of NOTA, introduced through the Supreme Court’s intervention, has been available on electronic voting machines (EVMs) since November 2013. This became a reality in the wake of a verdict given by a Bench of the Supreme Court comprising Chief Justice P. Sathasivam and Justices Ranjana Desai and Ranjan Gogoi in September 2013, while allowing a petition filed by the People’s Union for Civil Liberties. The then CJI, who wrote the judgment, said: “Giving right to a voter not to vote for any candidate while protecting his right of secrecy is extremely important in a democracy. Such an option gives the voter the right to express his disapproval of the kind of candidates being put up by the parties.” He expressed the hope that “gradually, there will be a systemic change and the parties will be forced to accept the will of the people and field candidates who are known for their integrity.” There is a difference between an elector exercising Rule 49-O and one using the NOTA option. In the case of the former, the likelihood of such an elector compromising his or her secrecy is high, as there is a procedure to be followed manually at a polling booth. However, in the case of the latter, there is no such issue. Source: Hindu Success of the INS Vikrant Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Current Event Context: On March 5, both aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy, INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant, showcased “twin carrier operations” with MiG-29K fighter jets taking off simultaneously from both and landing cross deck as Defence Minister Rajnath Singh looked on from onboard one of them. Background: An aircraft carrier is fundamental to command, control and coordination of operations from the sea and to project combat power ashore, over the seas or in the air. What does INS Vikrant signify? : The design work on the Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC)-I, later christened Vikrant, began in 1999; however 2005-2006 were probably the most crucial years for the carrier and for India’s war shipbuilding. The crucial decision was on the warship grade steel, which till then was procured from Russia. After much brainstorming, it was decided that it would be developed and produced in India, a collaborative effort between the Steel Authority of India, the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy.DMR grade steel was developed. Vikrant is an engineering marvel. It has a total area in excess of 12,450 m2 which equals to about two and a half hockey fields. The 262m long and 62m wide ship is powered by four General Electric LM2500 engines generating 88 MW of power giving it a maximum speed of 28 Knots and an endurance of 7,500 nautical miles. Built at an overall cost of around ₹20,000 crore and 76% indigenous content, the ship has around 2,200 compartments, for a crew of around 1,600 that include specialised cabins to accommodate women officers and sailors. Vikrant can operate an air wing of 30 aircraft comprising MiG-29K fighter jets, Kamov-31, MH-60R multi-role helicopters, in addition to indigenous Advanced Light Helicopters and Light Combat Aircraft (Navy). It uses the STOBAR (Short Take-Off but Arrested Recovery) method to launch and recover aircraft for which it is equipped with a ski- jump to launch aircraft, and three ‘arrester wires’ for their recovery. Noting that among manufacturing activities, shipbuilding has one of the highest employment multipliers of 6.48, the economic Survey 2022-23 said that Vikrant alone engaged approximately 500 MSMEs, 12,000 employees from ancillary industries, and 2,000 CSL employees. While the present Vikrant was the first carrier built in the country, India has had a long history of operating carriers. The erstwhile 19,500 tonne Vikrant was India’s first carrier purchased from the U.K., which arrived in 1961 and played a vital role in the 1971 war. Then came the 28,700 tonne

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Global Treaty on Plastic Waste Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: On Tuesday (April 23), thousands of negotiators and observers from 175 countries arrived in Ottawa, Canada, to begin talks regarding the very first global treaty to curb plastics pollution.  Scheduled to run till April 29, this is the fourth round of negotiations since 2022, when the UN Environmental Assembly agreed to develop a legally binding treaty on plastics pollution by the end of 2024. The final round will take place in November this year, in South Korea. Background:- Plastic waste is everywhere, from the peak of Mount Everest to the floor of the Pacific Ocean, inside the bodies of animals and birds, and in human blood and breast milk. A global plastics treaty is urgently required to limit plastic’s contribution to climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. Key Takeaways Since the 1950s, plastic production across the world has skyrocketed. It increased from just 2 million tonnes in 1950 to more than 450 million tonnes in 2019. If left unchecked, the production is slated to double by 2050, and triple by 2060. As plastic takes anywhere from 20 to 500 years to decompose, and less than 10% has been recycled till now, nearly 6 billion tonnes now pollute the planet, according to a 2023 study published by The Lancet. Much of this plastic waste leaks into the environment, especially into rivers and oceans, where it breaks down into smaller particles (microplastic or nanoplastic). These contain more than 16,000 chemicals which can harm ecosystems and living organisms, including humans. Plastic production and disposal are also contributing to climate change. According to a report by the OECD, in 2019, plastics generated 1.8 billion tonnes of GHG emissions — 3.4% of global emissions.Roughly 90% of these emissions come from plastic production, which uses fossil fuels as raw material. What can the treaty entail? Experts believe that the proposed treaty will be the most important environmental accord since the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change. While none of the treaty’s details have currently been finalised, experts believe that it can go beyond just putting a cap on plastic production in UN member states. The treaty can theoretically lay out guidelines on how rich nations should help poorer ones meet their plastic reduction target. It may also ban “particular types of plastic, plastic products, and chemical additives used in plastics, and set legally binding targets for recycling and recycled content used in consumer goods,” according to a report by the Grist magazine. The treaty can mandate the testing of certain chemicals in plastics. It can also have some details on just transition for waste pickers and workers in developing countries who depend on the plastic industry for a living. What are the roadblocks to the treaty? Some of the biggest oil and gas-producing countries, as well as fossil fuel and chemical industry groups are trying to narrow the scope of the treaty to focus just on plastic waste and recycling. Treaty negotiations, so far, have been deeply polarising. Since the first round of talks in Uruguay in November 2022, oil-producing nations like Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Iran have opposed plastic production caps, and are using myriad delay tactics (like arguing over procedural matters) to derail constructive dialogues. On the other end, there is a coalition of around 65 nations — known as the “High-Ambition Coalition” — which seeks to tackle plastic production. The coalition, which includes African nations and most of the European Union, also wants to end plastic pollution by 2040, phase out “problematic” single-use plastics, and ban certain chemical additives that could carry health risks. The US has not joined the HAC. While it has said it wants to end plastic pollution by 2040, unlike the HAC, it advocates that countries should take voluntary steps to end plastic pollution. Source: Indian Express Joe Biden’s comments offends Papua New Guinea Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Papua New Guinea Prime Minister James Marape criticised U S President Joe Biden for implying that his uncle was eaten by cannibals in New Guinea during World War II.Biden had said that after his uncle’s plane was shot down in New Guinea, “they never found the body because there used to be, there were a lot of cannibals, for real, in that part of New Guinea.” Background: The people of New Guinea have long tried to shed the cannibal label. While there have been documented cases of cannibalism among tribes on the island, the use of the stereotype has as much to do with European ideas on race and civilisation. Key takeaways : The Korowai tribe of New Guinea number between 2,000 and 4,000. Anthropologist Rupert Stasch wrote that “their spectacular treehouses, their limited possession of factory-made commodities such as cotton clothing, and their practice of cannibalism” make them “a perfect fit with Westerners’ stereotypes of ‘primitive’ humanity”. Although some anthropologists say the practice has been discontinued, the Korowai gained global notoriety as cannibals. But they themselves do not identify as such. “The Korowai have no knowledge of the deadly germs that infest their jungles, and so believe that mysterious deaths must be caused by khakhua, or witches who take on the form of men,” a 2006 Smithsonian Magazine article said. When a member of the tribe dies, his or her male relatives kill the khakhua responsible (the dying person names him). And then they eat him. As a Korawai man told the Smithsonian Magazine: “We don’t eat humans, we only eat khakhua.” Cannibalism in New Guinea has also been documented among the Fore (pronounced FOR-ay) people who live in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. This tribe of approximately 20,000 individuals (today) consumed human flesh as part of mortuary rituals till about the 1960s. For the Fore, this was an act of love and grief. “If the body was buried it was eaten by worms; if it was placed on a platform it was eaten by maggots; the Fore believed it was much better that the body

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   International Criminal Court (ICC) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Israel is voicing concern that the International Criminal Court could be preparing to issue arrest warrants for government officials on charges related to the conduct of its war against Hamas. Background:- The ICC – which can charge individuals with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide – is investigating Hamas’ October 7 cross-border attack and Israel’s devastating military assault on Hamas-ruled Gaza. About International Criminal Court (ICC) It is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague, Netherlands. It has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, crime of aggression. It is intended to complement existing national judicial systems. It may exercise its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals. It may only investigate and prosecute crimes committed within member states, crimes committed by nationals of member states, or crimes in situations referred to the Court by the United Nations Security Council.The ICC lacks universal territorial jurisdiction. Israel is not a member of the court and does not recognise its jurisdiction, but the Palestinian territories were admitted with the status of a member state in 2015. Established in 2002 pursuant to the multilateral Rome Statute, the ICC is considered by its proponents to be a major step toward justice. However, it has faced a number of criticisms from governments and civil society groups, including objections to its jurisdiction, accusations of bias, Eurocentrism and racism, questioning of the fairness of its case selection and trial procedures, and doubts about its effectiveness. Additional Information The ICC is distinct from the International Court of Justice (ICJ), an organ of the United Nations that hears disputes between states. The ICJ, is also known as the World Court. Source: Indian Express The Election Commission of India’s options when polling process is disrupted Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The Election Commission of India (EC), under various Sections of the Representation of People Act, 1951 (RPA), declared void the poll on April 19, in 11 polling stations of Manipur, and 8 polling stations of Arunachal Pradesh. Repolls were conducted on April 22 and April 24 respectively. Elections were also adjourned in Madhya Pradesh’s Betul Lok Sabha constituency due to the death of a candidate on April 9. The polling, originally scheduled on April 26, will now be held on May 7. Background: India’s election laws provide a framework for handling situations where the normal polling process is disrupted for any reason, including damage to EVMs, booth-capturing, natural disasters, or a candidate’s death. The provisions for repolls, adjournments, and the voiding of polls ensure that the democratic process remains fair, transparent, and uninterrupted. Circumstances when the normal polling process is disrupted — and the options before the EC in each case : Intentional destruction, taking away of EVMs: Under Section 58 of the RPA (‘Fresh poll in the case of destruction, etc., of ballot boxes’), the EC can declare the poll at a polling station to be void if: an unauthorised person has unlawfully taken away any EVM; any EVM has been accidentally or intentionally destroyed, or lost, or damaged, or tampered with; or a mechanical failure develops in any EVM during the recording of votes. In such cases, the Returning Officer (RO) immediately informs the EC and the Chief Electoral Officer of the state about the relevant facts and material circumstances, after considering which, the EC can declare the poll void and formally fix the date and time for a new poll. All electors will be allowed to vote at the fresh poll.During the repoll, the voters’ left middle fingers are inked to distinguish between the mark made during the original poll (on their left forefinger). Booth capturing Booth-capturing, defined in Section135A of the RPA, includes all or any of the following activities by any person or persons : seizure of a polling station, affecting the conduct of elections; taking possession of a polling station, allowing only his or their supporters to vote; intimidating or threatening any elector and preventing him from going to the polling station; seizure of a counting place affecting the counting of votes; involvement of any person in government service in any of the above activities. Booth capturing is punishable for a term of not less than one year, which may extend to three years for lay people, and not less than three years, extending to five years for government servants. Under Section 58A (‘Adjournment of poll or countermanding of election on the ground of booth capturing’) in case booth capturing has taken place at a polling Station, the Presiding Officer of a polling station immediately closes the Control Unit of EVM and detaches the Ballot Unit(s) from the Control Unit under Rule 49X of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961. He/She then informs the RO, who reports the full facts to the EC through the fastest means of communication. The EC, based on the material facts, may: (a) declare the poll at that polling station to be void and direct a fresh poll on a new date; or (b) countermand the election in the constituency in case booth capturing has taken place in a large number of polling stations, or if it has affected the counting of votes. Natural disasters, other disruptions to polling The Presiding Officer of a polling station can adjourn the poll at a polling station under section 57(1) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in case of: a natural calamity like a flood, a severe storm; non-receipt or loss or damage to essential polling materials like EVM, electoral roll etc; interruption or obstruction due to any riot or, open violence; non-arrival of the polling party due to obstruction or any other serious difficulty; or non-commencement of the poll within two hours from the scheduled time due to malfunctioning of EVM, or any other reason. After seeking the EC’s approval on the date and hours, the adjourned poll will recommence from the stage at which it was left immediately before the adjournment. Contesting

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   La Cumbre volcano Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: On March 2, La Cumbre erupted for the first time since 2020, NASA’s Earth Observatory reported, when lava began slowly seeping out of a fissure near the summit of the volcano’s 4,850-foot-tall (1,480 meters) southeast flank and dribbling down the mountain’s tree-covered slopes. Since then, lava has continually poured out of the volcano, and in early April, the river of molten rock reached the island’s coastline around 6 miles (10 km) from La Cumbre Background:- Fernandina, the youngest of the Galápagos islands, is also the most volcanically active. The island’s La Cumbre volcano lies directly atop the mantle plume, or hot spot, that produced all of the Galápagos islands. About La Cumbre volcano La Cumbre is a shield volcano on Fernandina Island in the Galápagos Islands. Volcanic emissions from Galápagos volcanoes are typically rich in sulfur dioxide and have little ash. The La Cumbre volcano is located around 1,125 kilometres off mainland Ecuador. Since Fernandina – the most volcanically active island among the Galápagos Islands – is uninhabited, there is no risk to people or infrastructure, but the lava flow reportedly has proven to be a spectacle for people on passing ships. Most of Fernandina is rocky and inhospitable to vegetation due to recent lava flows, but a ring of vegetation grows on the volcano’s upper slopes. Vegetation covers more of the other Galápagos islands, where eruptions are less frequent. The island is also home to a large population of rare land iguanas which nest and lay eggs on the rim of the volcano’s large crater or caldera and deep within it. About Galápagos Islands The Galápagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands in the Eastern Pacific, located around the Equator 900 km (560 mi) west of South America. They form the Galápagos Province of the Republic of Ecuador. The Galápagos are famous for their large number of endemic species, which were studied by Charles Darwin in the 1830s and inspired his theory of evolution by means of natural selection. All of these islands are protected as part of Ecuador’s Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve. Source: Nasa Great Rift Valley Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: At least 42 people died when a dam burst its banks near a town in Kenya’s Rift Valley, as heavy rains and floods battered the country recently. Background: A rift valleyis a lowland region that forms where Earth’s tectonic plates move apart, or Rift valleys are found on land and at the bottom of the ocean, where they are created by the process of seafloor spreading. Rift valleys differ from river valleys and glacial valleys in that they are created by tectonic activity and not the process of erosion. About the Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley is a series of contiguous geographic trenches, approximately 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) in total length, that runs from Lebanon in Asia to Mozambique in Southeast Africa. While the name continues in some usages, it is rarely used in geology as it is considered an imprecise merging of separate though related rift and fault systems. The northern part of the system is the Jordan Rift Valley. The Jordan Rift Valley stretches from the Golan Heights, near Israel’s border with Syria and Lebanon, to the Dead Sea, to the Gulf of Aqaba—an inlet of the Red Sea that separates the Sinai Peninsula from the Arabian Peninsula. Associated with the Jordan Rift Valley to the south is the Red Sea Rift. Millions of years ago, the Arabian Peninsula was connected to Africa. Seafloor spreading caused the Arabian and African plates to rift apart. The Indian Ocean flooded the rift valley between the continents, creating the Red Sea. Today, Africa and Asia are connected by the triangle of the Sinai Peninsula. Eventually, the Red Sea Rift will separate Africa and Asia entirely and connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas. South of the Red Sea Rift lies the massive, complex East African Rift. Throughout the East African Rift, the continent of Africa is splitting in two. The African plate, sometimes called the Nubian plate, carries most of the continent, while the smaller Somali plate carries Horn of Africa. Several deep, elongated lakes, called ribbon lakes, exist on the floor of this rift valley: Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika are examples of such lakes. The region has a unique ecosystem and contains a number of Africa’s wildlife parks. Source: National Geographic NAVRATNA STATUS Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: Recently, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency, a public sector undertaking company was granted ‘Navratna status’ from the department of public enterprises. Background: IREDA provides funding and other services to projects focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency. About NAVRATNA STATUS The Indian government classifies Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) into three categories: Maharatna, Navratna, and Miniratna. Navratna companies are a group of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) in India that enjoy a certain degree of financial autonomy from the government. These companies have specific privileges and can invest up to Rs 1,000 crore without explicit government approval. Eligibility Criteria for Navratna Status: A company must first be a Miniratna and have four independent directors on its board before it can be considered for Navratna status. The company must score at least 60 out of 100 based on specific parameters, including : PBDIT (Profit Before Depreciation, Interest, and Taxes), Total Manpower Cost, Cost of Services, Capital Employed, Net Worth, Net Profit. Additionally, the company must demonstrate significant global presence or international operations. Benefits of Navratna Status: Navratna companies can invest up to Rs 1,000 crore or 15% of their net worth in a single project, whichever is lower. They can also invest up to 30% of their net worth over the entire year, again not exceeding Rs 1,000 crore. These companies have greater financial flexibility and can undertake strategic projects without seeking explicit government approval. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) is a ‘Navratna’ Government of India Enterprise under the administrative control of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Established in 1987, IREDA serves as a Non-Banking Financial Institution (NBFC) dedicated to promoting, developing, and extending financial assistance for projects related to renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency/conservation. Source: Livemint CONFLICT MINERALS Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Recently, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has accused Apple of using conflict minerals. Background: The DRC accuses

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   State of the Climate in Asia Syllabus Mains – Climate Change & Disaster Management Context: Asia has warmed faster than the global average since 1960, the World Meteorological Organisation’s 2023 ‘State of the Climate in Asia’ report has said. Background:- According to the report, released on April 23, the Asian continent is struggling with extreme climate events like floods and heatwaves, with record-breaking temperatures and precipitation reported across its countries. Key Takeaways from the report More than 2,000 people were killed and more than nine million were affected by extreme climate events across Asia in 2023. More than 80% of these events were related to storms and floods. The report recorded several parts experiencing severe heat waves, leading to multiple fatalities, but acknowledged that heat-related mortality is widely underreported. In India, severe heat waves in April and June killed around 110 people by heat stroke (a condition in which the body temperature increases beyond 40 degrees C). In India, floods and landslides in August 2023, primarily in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, killed at least 25 and damaged a lot of infrastructure. Lightning by itself accounted for 1,200 deaths around India through the year. Report noted an “alarming gap” between climate projections and the ability of Asian countries to adapt to and mitigate climate change and its impacts. How well can Asia spot a coming disaster? An early-warning system is an integrated process that monitors, predicts, and forecasts hazards. It also includes activities related to risk-assessment, communications, and preparedness that allow individuals, communities, governments, businesses, etc. to take timely action to mitigate risks. Thanks to such systems, for example, authorities in Bangladesh had a day’s head-start to prepare for Cyclone Mocha and take anticipatory action in Cox’s Bazar, which allowed local communities to better survive its landfall. According to the U.N. Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, the average composite score for the availability of and access to multi‑hazard early warning systems was 0.46 out of 1 in Asia; 0.58 for preparedness to respond; and 0.50 for observation and forecasting. To compare, the world scored 0.35, 0.78, and 0.33, respectively, on average on these counts. Warning and dissemination was the strongest area under the framework for Asia while risk knowledge was the weakest. What do these findings mean for India? India’s early preparedness when dealing with cyclones is commendable, but managing deaths and destruction caused by lightning needs improvement. The response time for lightning is very less. Although India has built mobile applications and other tools, marginalised communities are unable to utilise it. It is crucial that India empowers communities and local governments with the necessary resources and policies to effectively combat these evolving climatic adversities. Source: The Hindu Labour Day or May Day Syllabus Prelims & Mains – History Context: Politicians, celebrities and members of civil society came together on Wednesday to celebrate Labour Day and recognise the contributions of workers. Background: Also known as May Day, May 1 is celebrated to honour the working class and commemorate their struggles for fair wages and better working conditions.On the occasion, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) emphasised the importance of renewing commitment to social justice. What is the history and significance of May Day? The origins of May Day can be traced back to the late 19th century, specifically to the 1886 Haymarket Massacre in Chicago. At the time, several countries were reeling under the heat of industrialisation. Crop failure in the 1840s had led to widespread anti-feudal upheavals collectively called ‘The Revolutions of 1848,’ with Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto leaving a lasting impact on workers. The subsequent events resulted in the birth of an umbrella body for socialists and communist organisations in 1864, known as the First International. Thousands of blue-collar workers in the industrial city of Chicago in the United States went on a massive strike to demand better working conditions and a reduction in their work hours from 12-15 hours a day to eight hours daily. The movement spread throughout the country, rallying tens of thousands of workers. On May 4, 1886, a bomb went off at a protest rally at the Haymarket Square in Chicago and ended in a riot as workers clashed with police. At least 11 people were killed. The incident, which came to be known as the Haymarket massacre, is referred to as the origin of May 1 being celebrated as Workers’ Day. The Second International that emerged in 1889 declared May 1 as International Workers’ Day to commemorate the struggle for labour rights and as a tribute to those killed in Chicago. On June 28, 1894, U.S. President Grover Cleveland signed a bill into law declaring the first Monday in September as Labour Day and a national holiday. As for India, Labour Day was first celebrated on May 1, 1923, in Chennai (then known as Madras). Two meetings were held— one on the Triplicane Beach and another near the Madras High Court. These were organised by the Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan. The party was founded by Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar, who was one of the founders of the Communist Party of India (CPI). It was at these meetings that a resolution was passed urging the British government to declare May 1 as Labour Day and a government holiday. Interestingly, the red flag that is synonymous with the Left movement was used for the first time during the Chennai event. Source: Hindu BIOHACKING Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Recently, the Biohacking India 2.0 event took place in New Delhi. Background: This event provided a platform for discussions, knowledge sharing, and innovative ideas related to enhancing human health and performance through cutting-edge technology and lifestyle modifications. About BIOHACKING Biohacking refers to the practice of using science and technology to optimize and enhance the human body’s performance and well-being. It is a broad term that encompasses a variety of practices, from simple lifestyle and dietary changes to the use of advanced technology and biometrics. It includes practices aimed at improving physical and mental