Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Index of Industrial Production (IIP) Category: Economy Context: Growth in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP), released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, stood at 3.2% in September last year. However, growth had since accelerated to 4.3% by July 2025, following which it slowed again. About Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Nature: The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a key statistical tool used to measure the short-term changes in the volume of production in Indian industries.  Objective: It provides insight into the growth or contraction of industrial activity over a given period, making it a crucial economic performance indicator. Nodal ministry: The IIP is published by the Central Statistics Office (CSO), which is part of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Base year: The current base year for the index is 2011–12. This base year was adopted to reflect modern industrial structure and production patterns, following periodic revisions from earlier base years such as 1937, 1946, 1951, 1956, and so on. Sectoral Composition of IIP (Weight-wise): Manufacturing: 77.63% of total weight (809 items) Mining: 14.37% (29 items) Electricity: 7.99% (1 item) Composite indicator: It is a composite indicator that measures the growth rate of industry groups classified under: Broad sectors, namely, Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity. Use-based sectors, namely Basic Goods, Capital Goods, and Intermediate Goods. Eight Core Sectors: These comprise 40.27% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The eight core sector industries in decreasing order of their weightage: Refinery Products, Electricity, Steel, Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Cement, Fertilizers. Source: The Hindu National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Category: Polity and Governance Context: Ahead of Cyclone Montha’s landfall on Tuesday night, the National Disaster Response Force deployed 25 teams across Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Puducherry, and Tamil Nadu, while another 20 teams were on standby. About National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): Establishment: NDRF was established under section 44 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005. Role: It is a multi-skilled and highly specialist force capable of dealing with all types of natural and man-made disasters like Floods, Cyclone, Earthquakes, Landslides, Building-collapse, Trains and road accidents etc. Objective: It is aimed at specialized response to natural and man-made disasters. Nodal ministry: It functions under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and is headed by a Director General. Expansion: Initially established in 2006 with 8 Battalions, the NDRF has now expanded to 16 Battalions, drawn from the CAPF, viz Border Security Force, Central Reserve Police Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Sashastra Seema Bal and Assam Rifles. Importance: The strategic deployment of NDRF resources, characterized by “proactive availability” and “pre-positioning” during imminent disaster situations, has proven instrumental in mitigating damages caused by natural calamities across the country. It has also been very active in responding to natural disaster under multi-lateral and bi-lateral agreement at international level. Notable works: The NDRF teams responded during triple disaster (Earthquake, Tsunami and Radiation Leakage) of Fukushima, Japan in 2011 and during Earthquake in Nepal in 2015. Source: The Hindu Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS) Category: Government Schemes Context: Union Electronics and IT Minister announced the approval of first trench of 7 projects under the Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS). About Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS): Launch: The ECMS, was launched in April 2025 as a complement to the India Semiconductor Mission. Objective: It seeks to strengthen India’s electronics value chain beyond finished goods and chip fabrication by boosting Domestic Value Addition (DVA) and linking Indian firms with Global Value Chains (GVCs).   Major sectors: ECMS supports horizontal linkages with automobile, power, and industrial sectors. Uniqueness: It is the first dedicated Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme focused specifically on boosting electronics components manufacturing. Tenure: The scheme has a tenure of 6 years (1 year of gestation period) i.e. from FY2025-26 to FY2031-32. Incentive Structure: The ECMS provides turnover-linked, capex-linked, or hybrid fiscal incentives, with a portion of both turnover and capex incentives linked to employment generation. Incentives will be given on a first-come, first-served basis to firms ready for early production.   Importance: Electronics is India’s third-largest export, with the country being the 2nd-largest mobile manufacturer globally. The ECMS, along with Production Linked Incentive (PLI) and semiconductor initiatives, is crucial for establishing a USD 500 billion electronics manufacturing ecosystem by 2030-31. Source: PIB Dogri Language Category: History and Culture Context: According to the former Director of the Central Institute of Languages (CIIL), India has lost over 220 languages in the last 50 years. In recent years, growing concern has emerged over the gradual decline of the Dogri language in the Jammu region.                          About Dogri Language: Origin: It is an Indo-Aryan language (language of the Vedas and Laukik Sanskrit), part of the larger Indo-European family of languages. Earliest reference: The earliest written reference to Dogri (using the paleonym Duggar) is found in the Nuh sipihr (“The Nine Heavens”), written by the poet Amir Khosrow in 1317 CE. Evolution over time: Like other modern Indo-Aryan languages, Dogri has also passed through Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) and Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, Prakrit, and Apabhramsha) stages of development and entered the modern Indo-Aryan stage around the 10th century A.D. Hence, it shows its three-fold process of development of its sound structure, expressing its affinity with Shaurseni Prakrit. Script: Once the official script of the Dogra princely state under Maharaja Ranbir Singh (1857–85 CE), it was written in Dogra Akkhar but later replaced by Devanagari script in the 20th century. Current relevance: It is one of the 22 scheduled languages under the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and an official language of J&K since 2020. It was added to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003. Major features: Dogri uses 10 vowels and 28 consonants with tonal variations (level, falling, rising). It displays nasalization, metathesis, and tone-based sound differentiation. It also incorporates borrowings from Persian and English while retaining Sanskritic roots. Prevalent in northern states: It is spoken in

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Maha MedTech Mission Category: Government Schemes Context: The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), in collaboration with the ICMR and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, has launched the Maha MedTech Mission to boost India’s medical technology ecosystem. About Maha MedTech Mission: Nature: The Mission for Advancement in High-Impact Areas (MAHA)–MedTech is a national initiative to accelerate innovation, manufacturing, and commercialization of cutting-edge medical technologies in India, enhancing access and affordability in healthcare. Launch: It is jointly launched by the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Objective: It aims to reduce India’s dependence on high-cost medical imports, strengthen domestic capacity, and ensure equitable access to affordable and high-quality medical devices and diagnostics aligned with national health priorities such as tuberculosis, cancer, and neonatal care. Funding: It provides Rs. 5–25 crore per project (up to ₹50 crore for exceptional cases) for startups, MSMEs, academic, hospital, and industry collaborations. Coverage: It covers devices, diagnostics, implants, AI/ML-based tools, robotics, and assistive technologies. Enabling Frameworks: It includes Patent Mitra for IP protection, MedTech Mitra for regulatory clearances, and a Clinical Trial Network for validation. Source: PIB Great Nicobar Island Project Category: Environment and Ecology Context: Home minister Amit Shah said that India’s maritime global trade will get a boost with proposed Great Nicobar Island Project. About Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project: Launch: The Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project was conceived by NITI Aayog and it was launched in 2021. Objective: It aims to build an International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT), a greenfield international airport, a township, and a gas–solar power plant. Implementation: It is implemented by Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO).  In sync with Vision 20147: It aligns with India’s Maritime Vision 2030 and is one of the key projects under the Amrit Kaal Vision 2047. Tribal Safeguards: Large-scale development in GNI is permitted only after consultations with the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Directorate of Tribal Welfare and Andaman Adim Janjati VikasSamiti (AAJVS), as mandated by the Jarawa Policy (2004) and Shompen Policy (2015). Environmental Safeguards: The Project incorporates strict environmental safeguards, following the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006, and based on detailed EIAs and an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Source: The Hindu Vande Mataram Category: History and Culture Context: PM Modi acknowledged 150 years of ‘Vande Mataram’ in Mann ki Baat episode. About Vande Mataram: Meaning: Vande Mataram (meaning “I bow to thee, Mother”) is India’s national song, symbolizing reverence to the motherland and evoking patriotism and unity among citizens. Composition: It was composed in Sanskritised Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in the 1870s and it was first published in his novel Anandamath (1882). First public rendition: The song’s first public rendition was by Rabindranath Tagore at the 1896 Congress Session. It became the anthem of India’s freedom struggle, sung in protests and revolutionary gatherings despite being banned by the British. Adoption as national song: The Indian National Congress in 1937 adopted its first two stanzas as the National Song, balancing inclusivity and secular appeal. Comparison to national anthem: On January 24, 1950, the Constituent Assembly accorded Vande Mataram equal honour to the National Anthem “Jana Gana Mana.” Current Status: It is recognized by the Government of India as equal in stature to the National Anthem and its instrumental version is played at the closing of every Parliament session. Source: The Hindu CRYODIL Category: Science and Technology Context: In a breakthrough, scientists have developed a ready-to-use, egg yolk-free solution, CRYODIL with shelf life of 18 months, at refrigeration temperature, for cryopreserving buffalo semen. About CRYODIL: Nature: CRYODIL is a ready-to-use, egg yolk-free semen extender designed to preserve buffalo semen for long durations while maintaining fertility and motility. Development: It is developed by scientists at the National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP) under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Bengaluru. Objective: It aims to provide a safe, efficient, and affordable alternative to traditional egg-yolk-based semen extenders and enhance buffalo breeding efficiency in India. Long Shelf Life: It has the ability to preserve semen for up to 18 months without contamination or loss of motility. No risk of microbial defilement: It eliminates risk of microbial contamination associated with egg yolks and uses purified whey proteins instead of egg yolk, ensuring consistent semen quality. Cost-Effective: It is cheaper and easier to produce compared to imported commercial extenders. Source: The Hindu MISHTI Scheme Category: Government Schemes Context: While 19,220 hectares of land under MISTHI scheme has been taken up in Gujarat, only 10 hectares of mangrove plantation has been taken up in West Bengal which accounts for about 42% of mangrove cover in country. About MISHTI Scheme: Nature: The Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) scheme is a government-led initiative aimed at increasing the mangrove cover along the coastline and on salt pan lands. Launch: It was launched after India joined the ‘Mangrove Alliance for Climate’ launched during the 27th Conference of Parties (COP27) to the UNFCCC held in November 2022. Objective: It aims to restore mangrove forests by undertaking mangrove reforestation/afforestation measures along the coast of India across various states. Nodal Ministry: It comes under the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change. Focus areas: It is primarily focused on the Sundarbans delta, Hooghly Estuary in West Bengal and other bay parts of the country, but also includes other wetlands in the country. Financial assistance: Under this scheme the government is providing financial assistance to local communities to undertake mangrove plantation activities.  Leverage of other schemes: It leverages the strengths and provisions of different government schemes and initiatives such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) Fund and other relevant sources. Participatory mechanism: The plantation activities are carried out in a participatory manner, involving local communities and NGOs, to ensure sustainability and community ownership of the initiative. Source: The Hindu (MAINS Focus) Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses (GS

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Lokpal Category: Polity and Governance Context: The number of complaints, Lokpal has received since it began functioning in 2019-20 has dropped from a peak of 2,469 in 2022-23 to just 233 this year till September. About Lokpal: Nature: The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 provided for the establishment of Lokpal for the Union. It is a statutory body without any constitutional status. Work: They perform the function of an “ombudsman” and inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters. Composition: Lokpal is a multi-member body, that consists of one chairperson and a maximum of 8 members. Out of the maximum eight members, half will be judicial members and minimum 50% of the Members will be from SC/ ST/ OBC/ Minorities and women. Eligibility: Chairperson of the Lokpal should be either the former Chief Justice of India or the former Judge of Supreme Court having special knowledge and expertise of minimum 25 years in the matters relating to anti-corruption policy, public administration, vigilance, etc. The judicial member of the Lokpal either a former Judge of the Supreme Court or a former Chief Justice of a High Court. Term: The term of office for Lokpal Chairman and Members is 5 years or till the age of 70 years. Appointment: The members are appointed by the president on the recommendation of a Selection Committee. Selection panel: The selection committee is composed of the Prime Minister who is the Chairperson, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha,  Chief Justice of India or a Judge nominated by him/her and One eminent jurist. Powers: Lokpal has powers of confiscation of assets, proceeds, receipts and benefits arisen or procured by means of corruption in special circumstances. It has the power to recommend transfer or suspension of public servant connected with allegation of corruption. It also has the power to give directions to prevent the destruction of records during the preliminary inquiry. Jurisdiction: The jurisdiction of Lokpal includes Prime Minister, Ministers, members of Parliament, Groups A, B, C and D officers and officials of Central Government. However, it does not have jurisdiction over Ministers and MPs in the matter of anything said in Parliament or a vote given there. Exception: The Lokpal does not have jurisdiction over Ministers and MPs in the matter of anything said in Parliament or a vote given there. Source: The Hindu Western Ghats Category: Geography Context: The expansive Western Ghats and two other national parks in India have been categorised as being of “significant concern” in the IUCN list of natural World Heritage sites across Asia. About Western Ghats: Nomenclature: The range is called Sahyadri in northern Maharashtra and Sahya Parvatham in Kerala. The northern portion of the narrow coastal plain between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is known as the Konkan Coast. The central portion is called Kanara and the southern portion is called Malabar region or the Malabar Coast. In the south the range is known as the Nilgiri malai in Tamil Nadu. Views about its formation: The mountains of the Western Ghats are Block Mountains formed due to the down warping of a part of land into the Arabian Sea. The mountains of the Western Ghats are not true mountains, but are the faulted edge of the Deccan Plateau. Geographical extent: The Western Ghats extend from the Satpura Range in the north, go south past Goa, through Karnataka and into Kerala and Tamil Nadu end at Kanyakumari embracing Indian ocean. These mountains cover an area of around 140,000 km² in a 1,600 km long stretch. Prominent hill stations: It is home to many hill stations like Matheran, Lonavala-Khandala, Mahabaleshwar, Panchgani, Amboli Ghat, Kudremukh and Kodagu. Major rivers: West flowing: The rivers that originate in Western Ghats and flow towards west are Periyar, Bharathappuzha, Netravati, Sharavathi, Mandovi etc. East flowing: The rivers that originate in Western Ghats and flow towards east include three major rivers viz. Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri, and many smaller/tributary rivers such as Tunga, Bhadra, Bhima, Malaprabha, Ghataprabha, Hemavathi, Kabini. Influence on climate: The high montane forest ecosystems influence the Indian monsoon weather pattern. The Ghats act as a key barrier, intercepting the rain-laden monsoon winds that sweep in from the south-west during late summer. Vegetation: The western slopes have tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests marked predominantly by Rosewood, Mahogany, Cedar etc. The eastern slopes of the Western Ghats have dry as well as moist deciduous forests marked predominantly by Teak, Sal, Shisham, Sandalwood trees. Wildlife: The Nilgiri marten, brown palm civet, stripe-necked mongoose, Indian brown mongoose, small Indian civet and leopard cat are the small carnivores living in the forests of the Western Ghats. Many species are endemic, such as the Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) and the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus). Uniqueness: It is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is one of the eight hotspots of biological diversity in the world due to its high level of biological diversity and endemism. Protected areas: Western Ghats is home to India’s two biosphere reserves, 13 National parks, several wildlife sanctuaries and many Reserve Forests. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve forms the largest contiguous protected area in the Western Ghats. Source: The Hindu Birsa Munda Category: History and Culture Context: In the run-up to the fifth Janjatiya Gaurav Divas on November 15, which will mark the end of tribal icon Birsa Munda’s 150th birth anniversary, the Union government has written to the States, saying they “must organise” commemorative events at the State and district levels from November 1 to 15. About Birsa Munda: Birth: He was born in Ulihatu on 15th November 1875, now in Jharkhand’s Khunti district, to a poor sharecropper (sajhadar) family. He belonged to the Munda tribe, a major Adivasi community of the Chotanagpur plateau. Education: He attended local schools under the guidance of Jaipal Nag. He then studied at a missionary school and later at BEL school in Chaibasa for four years. He was also influenced by Christianity but

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Cyclones Category: Geography Context: The well-marked low pressure area over the Bay of Bengal, which is expected to become a cyclonic storm is likely to cause heavy rain, especially in north Tamil Nadu. About Cyclones: Definition: Cyclones are rapid inward air circulation around a low-pressure area. Cyclones are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather. Nomenclature: The word Cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake. It was coined by Henry Peddington because the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea appear like coiled serpents of the sea. Direction of air: The air circulates in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere. Types: There are 2 types of cyclones, viz. Tropical cyclones and Extra-Tropical cyclones. About Tropical Cyclones: Definition: Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to the coastal areas bringing about large scale destruction caused by violent winds, very heavy rainfall and storm surges. Uniqueness: Tropical Cyclones are one of the most devastating natural calamities in the world. Tropical cyclones originate and intensify over warm tropical oceans. Conditions required: The conditions favourable for the formation and intensification of tropical storms are: Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27° C. Presence of the Coriolis force. Small variations in the vertical wind speed. A pre-existing weak low- pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation. Upper divergence above the sea level system. Different names in different regions: They are known as Typhoons in the China Sea and Pacific Ocean; Hurricanes in the West Indian islands in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean; Tornados in the Guinea lands of West Africa and southern USA.; Willy-willies in north-western Australia and Tropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean. Naming of tropical cyclones: The naming of tropical cyclones is a recent phenomenon. The process of naming cyclones involves several countries in the region and is done under the aegis of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). About Extratropical Cyclones: Different names: Extratropical cyclones are referred to as mid-latitude depressions, temperate cyclones, frontal depressions and wave cyclones. Location: These are active above the mid-latitudinal region between 35° and 65° latitude in both the hemispheres. Uniqueness: The direction of movement is from west to east and more pronounced in the winter seasons. It is in these latitude zones the polar and tropical air masses meet and form fronts. Formation: The origin and development of temperate cyclones is best explained by the Polar Front theory. Source: The Hindu Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Category: History and Culture Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi will lead the Rashtriya Ekta Diwas parade near Kevadia in Gujarat on October 31 to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. About Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Birth: He was born on 31st October 1875, in Nadiad, Gujarat. Career: He completed law studies in England, earning a prize in Roman Law, and returned to India as a barrister in 1913. Legacy: He is popularly known as the “Iron Man of India” for his determination and firm approach. He is revered as a symbol of national unity and resilience. Statue of Unity: In 2018, the Statue of Unity, the world’s tallest statue at 182 meters (600 feet), was inaugurated at Kevadia, Gujarat, honouring Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.  His birth anniversary is observed as National Unity Day (31st October). Contributions in the Indian National Movement: He played a pivotal role in Kheda Satyagraha (1918) demanding tax exemptions for farmers affected by crop failure due to drought.  He led the resistance during the Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) against an unjust tax increase, earning him the title “Sardar” for his leadership. He played crucial role during Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience. He embraced Gandhi’s vision, leading actions like the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and facing multiple imprisonments for his involvement.  He chaired the 46th session of the Congress in 1931, navigating through the Gandhi-Irwin Pact discussions.  He was arrested and imprisoned during Quit India Movement (1942). Role after independence of India: He was India’s first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister.  He spearheaded the integration of 562 princely states into the Indian Union, securing stability and democracy for millions. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 allowed princely states to declare independence.  He was instrumental in establishing the modern All India Services, strengthening the administrative framework of the country.  He is remembered as the “patron saint of India’s civil servants” for his contribution to reinforcing the bureaucratic system.  National Civil Services Day (21st April) honours Sardar Patel’s 1947 speech, calling civil servants “the steel frame of India” and reinforcing their dedication to public service. He led the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities, and Tribal and Excluded Areas in the Constituent Assembly. Source: The Hindu Gyan Bharatam Mission Category: Government Schemes Context: The Gyan Bharatam Mission on manuscripts, will sign Memorandums of Understanding with around 20 institutes across the country for conservation, upkeep, and digitisation of manuscripts. About Gyan Bharatam Mission: Launch: The Gyan Bharatam Mission was announced in Union Budget 2025-26. Objective: The mission’s mandate is to preserve and establish a dedicated digital platform, known as the National Digital Repository (NDR), to share India’s manuscript heritage worldwide. Nodal Ministry: It is a flagship initiative of the Ministry of Culture for identifying, documenting, conserving, digitising, preserving, and promoting India’s vast manuscript heritage. Importance: With over 44 lakh manuscripts documented in Kriti Sampada (National Database of Manuscripts), it preserves India’s civilisational knowledge spanning philosophy, science, medicine, mathematics, arts, literature, and spirituality. Establishment of dedicated cell: The cluster centres have been asked to constitute a dedicated Gyan Bharatam Cell experienced in each vertical, in the spirit of voluntary service, to represent the Centre with sincerity, while also serving as a vital channel of communication to foster collaboration and ensure smooth coordination. Components of the mission: Survey & Documentation: Nationwide identification and cataloguing of manuscripts. Conservation & Restoration: Safeguard fragile texts through scientific and traditional methods. Digitisation & Repository: AI-assisted digitisation and creation

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Gaganyaan Mission Category: Science and Technology Context: ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan on Thursday said that about 90% of the development work on the Gaganyaan mission had been completed. About Gaganyaan Mission: Nature: It is India’s first human spaceflight program. Objective: It aims to send a crew of 3 astronauts to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at 400 km for 3 days and return them safely to Earth. Importance: Gaganyaan success will place India among the elite group of nations (US, Russia, China) with human spaceflight capability. Phased mission: It includes unmanned test missions followed by the first manned mission expected to happen in early 2027. Astronauts selected: Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair, Group Captain Ajit Krishnan, Group Captain Angad Pratap, and Wing Commander Shubhanshu Shukla are India’s astronauts-designated for Gaganyaan. Training: Astronaut Training Facility established in Bengaluru caters to Classroom training, Physical Fitness training, Simulator training and Flight suit training. Training modules cover Micro-gravity familiarization through Parabolic Flights, Aero-medical training, Recovery & Survival training, Crew Training Simulators, etc. Key Technologies for Crew Safety: Human-Rated Launch Vehicle (HLVM3): It is a modified version of ISRO’s LVM3 rocket. It includes solid, liquid, and cryogenic stages, re-configured to meet human rating requirements. It is capable of launching the Orbital Module to a Low Earth Orbit (400 km) and features a Crew Escape System (CES) with high burn rate solid motors to ensure crew safety during emergencies. Orbital Module (OM): It houses the Crew Module (CM) and Service Module (SM) with life support, avionics, and propulsion systems. The CM is a habitable space with an Earth-like environment, with a pressurized inner structure and unpressurized external structure. The SM supports the CM in orbit, providing thermal, propulsion, power systems, avionics, etc. but remains unpressurized. Preparatory tests for the mission: Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT): Validate parachute and deceleration systems. Test Vehicle Missions (TV): Test abort and launch systems. Pad Abort Test (PAT): Check crew module safety from various altitudes. Water Survival Test Facility (WSTF): Recovery trials with Navy support. Source: The Hindu Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) Category: Polity and Governance Context: The Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI), which heads the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) has directed digital monitoring for tracking the supply chain of high-risk solvents. About Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO): Nature: It is the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) of India for the medical devices industry under the provisions of the Drugs & Cosmetics Rules. Ministry: It works under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Headed by: Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) is the head of the CDSCO. Headquarters: Its headquarters is located in New Delhi. Major functions: Under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, CDSCO is responsible for, Regulatory control over the import of drugs Approval of new drugs and clinical trials Approval of certain licences as Central Licence Approving Authority Coordination of the activities of State Drug Control Organizations. About Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI): DCGI is the head of the department of the CDSCO of the Government of India. It is responsible for approval of licences of specified categories of drugs such as blood and blood products, IV fluids, vaccines and sera in India. DCGI also sets standards for the manufacturing, sales, import, and distribution of drugs in India. Source: The Hindu ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) Category: International Relations Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi will not travel to Malaysia for the ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) leaders’ summit, but will attend the meeting virtually on October 26 instead.       About ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations): Nature: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization which was established to promote political and social stability amid rising tensions among the Asia-Pacific’s post-colonial states. Establishment: It was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the founding fathers of ASEAN: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. 8th August is observed as ASEAN Day. Members: Its members are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Motto: The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”. Secretariat: Its secretariat is located in Indonesia, Jakarta. Decision Making: The primary mode of decision-making in ASEAN is consultation and consensus. Fundamental principles: The ASEAN fundamental principles, as contained in the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) of 1976 are: Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations. The right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion. Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another. Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner. Renunciation of the threat or use of force. Effective cooperation among themselves. Institutional mechanism: ASEAN Summit: It meets annually to discuss regional issues and set policy directions. ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC): It oversees the implementation of ASEAN agreements and decisions. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): It is a platform for dialogue and cooperation on political and security issues among ASEAN member countries and their partners. Forums led by ASEAN: ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): Launched in 1993, the twenty-seven-member multilateral grouping was developed to facilitate cooperation on political and security issues to contribute to regional confidence-building and preventive diplomacy. ASEAN Plus Three: The consultative group initiated in 1997 brings together ASEAN’s ten members, China, Japan, and South Korea. East Asia Summit (EAS): First held in 2005, the summit seeks to promote security and prosperity in the region and is usually attended by the heads of state from ASEAN, Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Russia, South Korea, and the United States. ASEAN plays a central role as the agenda-setter. ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM)-Plus Meeting: The ADMM-Plus is a platform for ASEAN and its eight Dialogue Partners to strengthen security and defence cooperation for peace, stability, and development in the region. Source: The Indian Express Kafala System Category: International Relations Context: In a welcome relief for millions of

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Category: International Relations Context: The ongoing Financial Action Task Force (FATF) meetings in Paris are expected to deliberate on state sponsorship as a means to fund and support terrorism, including the financing of banned outfits and their proxies operating in Pakistan. About Financial Action Task Force (FATF): Establishment: FATF is the global money laundering and terrorist financing watchdog set up in 1989 out of a G-7 meeting of developed nations in Paris. Objective: Initially, its objective was to examine and develop measures to combat money laundering. After the 9/11 attacks on the US, the FATF in 2001 expanded its mandate to incorporate efforts to combat terrorist financing. Members: It is a 39-member body representing most major financial centres in all parts of the globe. Out of 39 members, there are two regional organisations: the European Commission, and the Gulf Cooperation Council. India and FATF: India joined with ‘observer’ status in 2006 and became a full member of FATF in 2010. India is also a member of its regional partners, the Asia Pacific Group (APG) and the Eurasian Group (EAG). Special Recommendations: In April 1990, the FATF issued a report containing a set of Forty Recommendations intended to provide a comprehensive plan of action needed to fight against money laundering. In 2004, the FATF published a Ninth Special Recommendations, further strengthening the agreed international standards for combating money laundering and terrorist financing – the 40+9 Recommendations. Structure: The FATF Plenary is the decision-making body of the FATF. It meets three times per year. Secretariat: The FATF Secretariat is located at the OECD headquarters in Paris. The Secretariat supports the substantive work of the FATF membership and global network. Funding: The funding for the FATF Secretariat and other services is provided by the FATF annual budget to which members contribute. Grey and Black Lists of the FATF: Grey List: The Grey List includes countries that are considered safe haven for supporting terror funding and money laundering. It serves as a warning that the country may enter the blacklist. Black List: The Black List includes Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (NCCTs) that support terror funding and money laundering activities. Implications of inclusion in FATF Lists: Economic sanctions from financial institutions affiliated with FATF (IMF, World Bank, ADB etc.) Problem in getting loans from such financial institutions and countries Reductions in international trade International boycott Source: The Hindu National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Category: Polity and Governance Context: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) issued notice to the Kerala, Tripura, and Manipur governments over the alleged attack on three journalists at different places in the States in the past three months. About National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): Establishment: NHRC was established on 12th October 1993, under the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993. Amendments: It was amended by the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006, and Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019. Objective: It ensures the protection of rights related to life, liberty, equality, and dignity of individuals. It also ensures the rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution and international covenants enforceable by Indian courts. In sync with Paris principles: It was established in conformity with the Paris Principles, adopted for promoting and protecting human rights. Composition: The NHRC consists of a chairperson, five full-time Members and seven deemed Members. The chairman is a former Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court judge. Appointment of members: The chairman and members appointed by the President on the recommendations of a six-member committee. The committee consists of the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, leaders of the Opposition in both Houses of Parliament, and the Union Home Minister. Tenure of members: The chairman and members hold office for a term of three years or until they reach the age of 70. Major functions: It possesses powers of a civil court with judicial proceedings. It is empowered to utilise the services of central or state government officers or investigation agencies for investigating human rights violations. It can investigate matters within one year of their occurrence. Not binding: Its recommendations are primarily advisory in nature. Source: The Hindu Ningol Chakouba Festival Category: History and Culture Context: Manipur government holds fish fair ahead of the Ningol Chakouba festival and targets to sell 1.5 lakh kg of various fish varieties. About Ningol Chakouba Festival: Annual festival of Manipur: The festival is held every year in Manipur on the second day of the lunar month of Hiyangei of the Meitei calendar. Primarily celebrated by Meiteis: The festival is mainly celebrated by the Meiteis but nowadays many other communities also have started to celebrate it. Objective: It emphasises the importance of happiness and reunion of a family in bringing peace and harmony in a society.  Nomenclature: Ningol means ‘married woman’ and Chakouba means ‘invitation for feast’; so the festival is the one where the married women are invited to their parents’ home for a feast. Uniqueness: The main component of the festival is the visit of married sisters to their maternal homes for grand feast and joyous reunion followed by giving away the gifts. About the Meitei Community: Separate ethnic group: They are the predominant ethnic group of Manipur State. Language: They speak the Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), one of the 22 official languages of India and the sole official language of Manipur State. Distribution: The Meiteis primarily settled in the Imphal Valley region in modern-day Manipur, though a sizable population has settled in the other Indian states of Assam, Tripura, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram. There is also a notable presence of Meitei in the neighbouring countries of Myanmar and Bangladesh.  Clans: They are divided into clans, the members of which do not intermarry. Economy: Rice cultivation on irrigated fields is the basis of their economy. Source: The Indian Express UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik) Scheme Category: Government Schemes Context: Ministry of Civil Aviation is celebrating the 9th anniversary of the Regional

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) PM-SHRI Scheme Category: Government Schemes Context: The ruling Left Democratic Front (LDF) appears divided over the Kerala government’s move to sign a MoU with the Union government to access the Prime Minister’s Schools for Raising India (PM SHRI) government school modernisation funds. About Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India (PM-SHRI) Scheme: Launch: It is a centrally sponsored initiative, launched in 2022, by the Government of India aimed at establishing over 14,500 PM SHRI Schools by enhancing existing schools to showcase the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Objective: The primary objective is to create an inclusive and nurturing environment that promotes the well-being and safety of every student, offering diverse learning experiences and access to quality infrastructure and resources. Funding: The funding pattern is 60:40 between Centre and State Governments and UTs with legislature (except J&K). The sharing pattern is 90:10 for North Eastern and Himalayan States and UT of J&K and 100% central funding for the Union Territories without legislature. Need of MoU: States must confirm their participation by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Education Ministry. Duration: The duration of the scheme is from 2022-23 to 2026-27, after which it shall be the responsibility of the states/UTs to continue to maintain the benchmarks achieved by these schools. Eligibility: Schools managed by Central/State/UT Governments and local bodies.  All Kendriya Vidyalayas and Navodaya Vidyalayas which are non-project and run from permanent buildings. Main features of these schools: These schools will focus on holistic student development of students including the skills of communication, collaboration and critical thinking.  Schools will have modern labs, libraries, art rooms, and promote “green” initiatives like water conservation and waste recycling. Learning outcomes will be prioritized, with competency-based assessments that apply knowledge to real-life situations. Source: The Hindu Chandrayaan-2 Category: Science and Technology Context: The lunar orbiter of India’s second moon mission, Chandrayaan-2, has made the first-ever observation of the effects of the sun’s coronal mass ejection (CME) on the moon.   About Chandrayaan-2: Nature: It is the second lunar exploration mission developed by ISRO after Chandrayaan-1. It is the 1st Indian expedition to attempt a soft landing on moon with indigenous technology. Objectives: to study lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice; to study the water ice in the south polar region and thickness of the lunar regolith on the surface; and to map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it. Launch vehicle: It was launched using India’s most powerful launcher GSLV MK-III from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh. Components: There are three components of the mission, a lunar orbiter, the Vikram lunar lander, and the Pragyan rover. The mission’s lander is named Vikram after Dr Vikram A Sarabhai, the Father of the Indian Space Programme. The lander, rover and orbiter will perform mineralogical and elemental studies of the lunar surface. The orbiter is deployed at an altitude of 100 kilometers above the surface of the Moon.  Major payloads: Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) CHandra’s Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (CHACE 2) Dual Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR) Imaging Infra-Red Spectrometer (IIRS) Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC 2) Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) Dual Frequency Radio Science (DFRS) Experiment Step towards PLANEX: The mission is an important step in India’s plans for planetary exploration, a program known as Planetary Science and Exploration (PLANEX). Source: The Hindu BrahMos Missile Category: Defence and Security Context: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh said that the BrahMos missiles were a symbol of India’s growing indigenous strength in defence manufacturing and every inch of Pakistan was within their reach. About BrahMos Missile: Nomenclature: It is named after the Brahmaputra River of India and the Moskva River of Russia. Range: An Indo-Russian joint venture, the standard BrahMos missile has a range of 290 km and but extended-range versions can reach up to 500 km. Future variants like the BrahMos-II are planned to have a much longer range of up to 1,500 km. Fastest cruise missile: It is the world’s fastest cruise missile with a top speed of Mach 2.8 (about three times the speed of sound).  Two-stage missile; It is a two-stage (solid propellant engine in the first stage and liquid ramjet in the second) missile. The solid propellant booster engine propels it to supersonic speed before separating, and during the cruise phase, the liquid ramjet or second stage, propels the missile closer to 3 Mach. Launch platforms: It is a multiplatform missile which can be launched with great accuracy from land, air and sea having multi-capability capabilities and can operate during day and night despite bad weather.  Uniqueness: It operates on the “fire and forget” principle i.e. it does not require guidance after launch. It also carries a conventional warhead weighing 200 to 300 kg. Propulsion and Flight: Jet engines are the primary mode of propulsion for cruise missiles. Most cruise missiles are subsonic and use Turbofan and Turbojet engines. While less common, supersonic and hypersonic cruise missiles utilize Ramjet and Scramjet engines. Source: The Hindu Indian Wolf Category: Environment and Ecology Context: A discreet, charismatic denizen of scrubland and grasslands, the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is likely to be classified as a new species by the IUCN. About Indian wolf: Nature: The Indian wolf is one of the most ancient and genetically unique wolf lineages in the world, endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Scientific Name: Canis lupus pallipes, commonly referred to as the Peninsular wolf or Indian grey wolf. Uniqueness: Fossil and genetic studies show that it diverged from other wolf species thousands of years ago, making it one of the oldest wolf lineages in the world. Conservation status: It is classified as ‘Vulnerable’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is placed under ‘Schedule 1’ of the Wildlife Protection Act. Distribution: The Indian wolf was historically found across northern and western India, from Punjab and Haryana to Rajasthan and Maharashtra, thriving in open plains and semi-arid regions. Drastic reduction in population:

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Cell2Sentence-Scale 27B (C2S-Scale) Category: Science and Technology Context: Google’s new AI, Cell2Sentence-Scale 27B (C2S-Scale) finds promising approach for cancer treatment. About C2S-Scale: Nature: The Cell2Sentence-Scale 27B (C2S-Scale) is a 27-billion-parameter foundation model designed to understand the language of individual cells within the body. This enables it to simulate and predict cellular behaviour under various conditions, such as in diseases like cancer. Significance: C2S-Scale can generate insights that were previously unrecognized by understanding how individual cells react and interact. This allows researchers to explore new pathways in drug discovery and disease treatment.  Development: The C2S-Scale is an advanced artificial intelligence (AI) model developed by Google DeepMind and Google Research in collaboration with Yale University and based on the Gemma framework. Changes course of medical research: This development marks a significant milestone in medical research by generating new scientific hypotheses, bridging computational predictions with experimental validation. Working mechanism: The model was trained using large data sets to identify patterns in cell behavior, especially under conditions where immune system responses are low (low levels of interferons), such as in early-stage cancer. By analyzing this data, C2S-Scale can generate hypotheses about cellular behavior and suggest potential drug combinations that could trigger immune responses in tumors that are typically hidden from the immune system. Source: The Hindu H-1B Visa Category: International Relations Context: The U.S. Chamber of Commerce has filed a lawsuit challenging the Donald Trump administration’s $100,000 fee on new H-1B visa applications. About H-1B Visa:   Nature: The H-1B is a non-immigrant visa which allows temporary entry to the US for purposes like tourism, business, work, study, or medical treatment.  Objective: It allows US-based companies to hire and employ foreign workers for specialty jobs like science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM), and IT (High skills and at least a bachelor’s degree). Introduction: It was introduced in 1990 to help US employers address skill shortages when qualified US workers are unavailable. Duration: The H-1B visa is valid for three years and can be extended one time for an additional three years. In general, the H-1B is valid for a maximum of six years. There is no limit to the number of H1-B Visas that an individual can have in his or her lifetime. Buffer period for reapplication: After this period, the visa holder must either leave the US for at least 12 months before reapplying for another H-1B visa or apply for a Green Card (Lawful Permanent Residency for themselves and their family). Eligibility: A valid job offer from a U.S. employer for a role that requires specialty knowledge Proof of a bachelor’s degree or equivalent experience in that field The US employer must show that there is a lack of qualified U.S. applicants for the role. Limit: Currently, there is a regular annual cap of 65,000 new H-1B visas each fiscal year. An additional 20,000 visas are available for applicants who hold a master’s degree or higher from a US university.  Exemptions: Petitions for H-1B visa holders seeking continued employment and those seeking employment at higher education institutions, affiliated nonprofits, or government research organizations are eligible for cap exemption. Dominance of Indians: People born in India are the largest beneficiaries accounting for more than 70% of all approved H-1B petitions annually since 2015. People born in China rank second, consistently making up 12-13% of petitions since 2018. Source: The Hindu Rotavirus Category: Science and Technology Context: A recent study on the impact of the indigenous rotavirus vaccine in India found marked reductions in rotavirus-based gastroenteritis in sites across the country.       About Rotavirus: Family: Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus genus in the Reoviridae family. Contagious: Rotavirus is a contagious disease that spreads easily from child to child. Mortality: Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe diarrhoea and death among children less than five years of age. It is responsible for around 10% of total child mortality every year. Mode of spread: Rotavirus spreads easily through the fecal-oral route )when a person comes in contact with the feces of someone who has rotavirus and then touches their own mouth). For example, rotavirus can spread when a child with rotavirus doesn’t wash their hands properly after going to the bathroom and then touches food or other objects. Symptoms Severe diarrhea Throwing up Dehydration Fever Stomach pain Dosage: World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that the first dose of rotavirus vaccine be administered as soon as possible after 6 weeks of age, along with DTP vaccination (diptheria, tetanus and pertussis). Inclusion in National Schedules: WHO has recommended the inclusion of rotavirus vaccine in the National Schedules of the countries where under five mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases is more than 10%. Vaccines available: Currently, two vaccines are available against rotavirus: Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline): is a monovalent vaccine recommended to be orally administered in two doses at 6-12 weeks. Rota Teq (Merck) is a pentavalent vaccine recommended to be orally administered in three doses starting at 6-12 weeks of age. Source: The Hindu National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) Category: Government Schemes Context: In a move towards greener public transport, Pune has begun trials of a hydrogen fuel-powered bus under the Centre’s National Green Hydrogen Mission.        About National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM): Launch: India launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) in January 2023 with the budget outlay of Rs. 19,744 crore. Ministry: The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) is tasked with implementing the scheme. Objective: The mission’s primary aim is to establish India as a global hub for the production, utilisation, and export of green hydrogen and its derivatives. The main target of the scheme to achieve a production capacity of 5 million tonnes per annum of Green Hydrogen in the country by the year 2030. Major components of the scheme: Strategic Interventions for the Green Hydrogen Transition Programme (SIGHT): SIGHT will incentivise the domestic manufacturing of electrolysers and the production of green hydrogen. Green Hydrogen Hubs: The mission will identify and develop states and regions into Green Hydrogen Hubs, fostering large-scale production and utilization. Hydrogen Valley Innovation Cluster (HVIC): The Department of Science

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Category: International Relations Context: Members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) should harness the initiative to advance the aspirations of the Global South, said Minister of State for External Affairs. About Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Background: The Non-Aligned Movement was formed during the Cold War as an organization of States that did not seek to formally align themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union, but sought to remain independent or neutral. Origin: The basic concept for the group originated in 1955 during discussions that took place at the Asia-Africa Bandung Conference held in Indonesia. Foundation: The Non-Aligned Movement was founded and held its first conference in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1961 under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia. Objective: The purpose of the organization was enumerated in Havana Declaration of 1979 to ensure “the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries” in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign subjugation. Members: It has 120 members comprising 53 countries from Africa, 39 from Asia, 26 from Latin America and the Caribbean and 2 from Europe (Belarus, Azerbaijan). There are 17 countries and 10 international organizations that are Observers at NAM. Significance: During the cold war era, the NAM played a vital role in stabilizing the world order and preserving peace and security. Non alignment of NAM doesn’t mean the neutrality of state on global issues, it was always a peaceful intervention in world politics. Panchsheel: The principles of NAM was largely guided by Panchsheel principles, some of them are: Respecting each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. Not to take aggressive action against each other. Not to interfere in each other’s internal matters. To follow the policy of equality and mutual benefit. Believe in the policy of peaceful co-existence. Source: The Hindu National Green Tribunal (NGT) Category: Polity and Governance Context: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) termed the submitted replies on the pollution and encroachment level in the river Markanda “materially deficient” and instructed the pollution boards of Himachal Pradesh and Haryana to submit fresh reports. About National Green Tribunal (NGT): Establishment: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established on October 18, 2010, under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, to expedite environmental justice in India. Headquarters: The headquarters of NGT is in New Delhi. It also has regional benches in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, and Chennai. Disposal of cases: The tribunal endeavours to resolve cases within six months from the filing date. Composition: It has a chairperson (a retired Supreme Court judge or Chief Justice of a High Court), 10-20 Judicial Members (former Supreme Court or High Court judges) and 10-20 expert Members (with a Master’s degree in Science, Engineering, or Technology and relevant environmental experience). Follows principles of natural justice: The NGT operates under the principles of natural justice and has the authority to create its procedures, rather than following those outlined in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 now Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Samhita. Powers of a civil court: It has the power to act as a Civil Court when settling cases. Suo-moto powers: The NGT is endowed with suo motu powers, allowing it to take up environmental issues on its initiative without requiring a formal complaint. Enforcement of laws: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) addresses violations of key environmental laws, which include: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; Biological Diversity Act, 2002; and Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991. Source: The Indian Express Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 Category: Environment and Ecology Context: The Chhattisgarh High Court for the first time, addressed the question of whether forest rights granted under the 2006 Forest Rights Act (FRA) can be revoked or cancelled, given that the law does not explicitly provide for any such measure. About Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006: Landmark legislation: The Forest Rights Act, 2006 (officially known as the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act) is a landmark legislation aimed at recognizing and securing the rights of forest-dwelling communities in India. Reasons behind bringing the Act: The FRA, 2006 was implemented to recognize and vest the forest rights and occupation in forest land in forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in such forests for generations but whose rights could not be recorded. The Act also aimed to undo the historical injustice occurred to the forest dwelling communities due to the forest management policies of colonial and post-colonial India, which did not acknowledge their symbiotic relationship with the forests. The Act further intended to empower the forest dwellers to access and use the forest resources in a sustainable manner, to conserve the biodiversity and ecological balance, and to protect them from unlawful evictions and displacement. Major provisions of the Act: The Act recognizes and vests the forest rights and occupation in Forest land in Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDST) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD) who have been residing in such forests for generations. Forest rights can also be claimed by any member or community who has for at least three generations (75 years) prior to the 13th day of December, 2005 primarily resided in forest land for bona fide livelihood needs. The Gram Sabha is the authority to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of Individual Forest Rights (IFR) or Community Forest Rights (CFR) or both that may be given to FDST and OTFD. Four types of rights, identified by the Act: Title rights: It gives FDST and OTFD the right to ownership to land farmed by tribals or forest dwellers subject to a maximum of 4 hectares. Ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family and no new lands will be granted. Use rights: The rights of the dwellers extend to

Archives (PRELIMS  Focus) Green Crackers Category: Science and Technology Context: Ahead of Deepavali, the Supreme Court relaxed the blanket ban on fireworks in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR) and allowed the sale of green fireworks approved by Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO). About Green Crackers: Nature: Green crackers are dubbed as ‘eco-friendly’ crackers and are known to cause less air and noise pollution as compared to traditional firecrackers. Designed by: These crackers were first designed by the National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), under the aegis of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in 2018. Objective: These crackers replace certain hazardous agents in traditional crackers with less polluting substances with the aim to reduce the noise intensity and emissions. Range of sound: Regular crackers also produce 160-200 decibels of sound, while that from green crackers are limited to about 100-130 decibels. Features: Most green crackers do not contain barium nitrate, which is the most dangerous ingredient in conventional crackers. Green crackers use alternative chemicals such as potassium nitrate and aluminium instead of magnesium and barium as well as carbon instead of arsenic and other harmful pollutants. Types of green crackers: SWAS – Safe Water Releaser: These crackers do not use sulphur or potassium nitrate, and thus release water vapour instead of certain key pollutants. It also deploys the use of diluents, and thus is able to control particulate matter (PM) emissions by upto 30%. STAR – Safe Thermite Cracker: Just like SWAS, STAR also does not contain sulphur and potassium nitrate, and besides controlling particulate dust emissions, it also has lower sound intensity. SAFAL – Safe Minimal Aluminium: It replaces aluminium content with magnesium and thus produces reduced levels of pollutants. Production: All three types of green crackers can currently only be produced by licensed manufacturers, approved by the CSIR. Certification: The Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) is tasked with certifying that the crackers are made without arsenic, mercury, and barium, and are not loud beyond a certain threshold. About Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO): Ministry: PESO is an office under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industries. Establishment: It was established in 1898 as a nodal agency for regulating safety of substances such as explosives, compressed gases and petroleum. Head office: Its head office is located in Nagpur, Maharashtra. Source: The Hindu India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Category: International Relations Context: The IMEC visualises the upgradation of maritime connectivity between India and the Arabian Peninsula, as well as high-speed trains running from the ports in the UAE to the Haifa port in Israel through Saudi Arabia and Jordan. About India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Launch: The IMEC is a strategic multi-modal connectivity initiative launched through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) during the G20 Summit 2023 in New Delhi.  Members: Signatories include India, US, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, France, Germany, Italy and the European Union. Objective: It aims to develop an integrated network of ports, railways, roads, sea lines, energy pipelines, and digital infrastructure aimed at enhancing trade between India, the Middle East, and Europe.  Alternative to BRI: IMEC seeks to position itself as a viable alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by promoting transparent, sustainable, and debt-free infrastructure without compromising national sovereignty.  Part of PGII: The initiative is a part of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), launched by the G7 in 2021. Focus on cooperation: IMEC includes energy pipelines, clean energy infrastructure, and undersea cables to enhance trade and energy cooperation. Corridors: IMEC has two parts the Eastern Corridor (India to Gulf) and the Northern Corridor (Gulf to Europe).  Significance for India: IMEC is set to reduce logistics costs by up to 30% and transportation time by 40%, compared to the Suez Canal Maritime route making Indian exports more competitive globally.  In sync with OSOWOG: India’s One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) initiative aligns with IMEC’s energy goals, enabling India to harness solar and green hydrogen power from the Middle East, a region rich in renewable energy potential.  It will attract Foreign Direct Investment into India, particularly in infrastructure, logistics, green energy, and digital technologies, helping India access low-cost renewable energy and transition to a low-carbon economy.  Setback:  The project faced a major setback due to the Israel-Hamas conflict in 2023. Geopolitical instability in the Middle East has temporarily slowed momentum.  Source: The Hindu National Commission for Minorities (NCM) Category: Polity and Governance Context: The Delhi High Court sought a response from the Union government on long-pending vacancies in the National Commission for Minorities (NCM). About National Commission for Minorities (NCM): Genesis: The Minorities Commission (MC) was established in 1978 through a Ministry of Home Affairs Resolution and was moved to the newly created Ministry of Welfare in 1984. Nature: It is a statutory body established under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. The first statutory Commission was constituted on 17th May 1993. In 1988, the Ministry of Welfare excluded linguistic minorities from the Commission’s jurisdiction. Objective: It was formed with the vision to safeguard and protect the interests of minority communities.   Composition: It consists of a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, and five Members, all nominated by the Central Government but absence of a full body has led to concerns over inefficiency.  Eligibility of members: Each member must belong to one of the six notified minority communities: Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, Parsi, and Jain.  Powers: It has quasi-judicial powers and each member serves a three-year term from the date they assume office.  Removal: The Central Government may remove the Chairperson or any Member of the NCM if they:  Are adjudged insolvent,   Take up paid employment outside their duties,   Refuse or become incapable of acting,   Are declared of unsound mind by a court,   Abuse their office, or   Are convicted of an offence involving moral turpitude. About Minorities in India: Not defined by Constitution: The Constitution of India does not provide a definition for the term ‘Minority’,