Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Cancer treatment drugs Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A recent investigation by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, published in The Hindu, has revealed that many cancer drugs shipped globally have failed quality tests. Common Chemotherapy Drugs Covered: Cisplatin Type: Platinum-based Use: Treats testicular, ovarian, bladder, and lung cancers Mechanism: Binds to cancer DNA, blocking division Side Effects: Kidney damage, sickness, immune suppression, hearing issues Oxaliplatin Type: Platinum-based Use: Advanced colorectal cancer Mechanism: Similar to cisplatin Side Effects: Similar to cisplatin Cyclophosphamide Use: Breast cancer, leukemia, sarcoma, lymphoma Mechanism: Damages cancer DNA, lowers white blood cells Side Effects: Inflammation in bladder, immune suppression Doxorubicin Nickname: “Red devil” (due to color and toxicity) Use: Breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma Mechanism: Interferes with DNA replication Side Effects: Heart damage, infections, skin issues, hair loss Methotrexate Use: Leukemia, lymphoma, tumor types Mechanism: Blocks DNA synthesis Side Effects: Toxic at high doses; managed by leucovorin Leucovorin Type: Not a direct chemotherapy drug Use: Taken with methotrexate to reduce its toxicity Function: A form of vitamin B9 used to protect healthy cells Learning Corner: Cancer Care and Treatment in India Cancer is a major public health challenge in India, with over 1.5 million new cases diagnosed annually. The country is working to strengthen its cancer care system through a mix of public health programs, infrastructure development, and financial assistance schemes.   Key Components of Cancer Treatment in India Types of Treatment Available Surgery: Removal of tumors or cancerous tissues Radiation therapy: Use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells Chemotherapy: Use of anti-cancer drugs Immunotherapy & Targeted Therapy: Advanced treatments to boost the body’s immune response or attack specific cancer cells Bone marrow transplant: For blood cancers like leukemia Palliative care: To improve quality of life in advanced stages Government Initiatives and Support National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) Focuses on early detection, screening, and referral for cancer Implemented under Ayushman Bharat Health & Wellness Centres Tertiary Cancer Care Centres (TCCC) Upgrading existing medical colleges and hospitals to provide advanced cancer care Financial Assistance Schemes Ayushman Bharat–PMJAY: Free treatment for poor and vulnerable families Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund Support from state-level insurance schemes (e.g., Arogyasri in Telangana/AP) Recent Developments Launch of Digital Cancer Registry and AI-based diagnostics Expansion of National Cancer Grid (NCG) to link over 300 cancer centers Promotion of indigenous cancer drugs and equipment to lower treatment costs Source: THE HINDU Golden Jubilee of the Department of Official Language Category: POLITY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah, speaking at the Golden Jubilee of the Department of Official Language in New Delhi. Key highlights: The importance of promoting India’s official and regional languages. The department’s role in implementing the Official Languages Act and preserving linguistic diversity. Recognition of the department’s contributions over the past 50 years. A call for continued efforts to strengthen the use of Hindi and regional languages in governance and public communication. The address reinforced the government’s commitment to linguistic inclusivity and national unity through effective language use. Learning Corner: Provisions on Language in the Indian Constitution The Indian Constitution includes detailed provisions to manage the country’s rich linguistic diversity. These are mainly covered under Articles 343 to 351 in Part XVII. Official Language of the Union (Articles 343–344): Article 343: Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union. English was to be used for official purposes along with Hindi for 15 years (till 1965), and continues today due to the Official Languages Act, 1963. Article 344: A Commission and Committee of Parliament to be constituted to recommend measures to promote Hindi and restrict the use of English. Regional Languages (Articles 345–347): Article 345: State legislatures can adopt any one or more languages in use in the state as official language(s). Article 346: For communication between the state and the Union, Hindi or English will be used unless the President permits otherwise. Article 347: President can recognize a language spoken by a section of the population of a state if there is a demand. Language of the Judiciary and Laws (Articles 348–349): Article 348: English to be used in Supreme Court and High Courts and for laws unless Parliament provides otherwise. Article 349: Parliament must consider recommendations of the President and Language Commission before changing the official language of legislation. Special Directives (Articles 350–351): Article 350: Citizens can submit grievances in any language used in the Union or State. Article 350A: States must provide facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary level for children of linguistic minorities. Article 350B: Provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to report to the President. Article 351: The Union must promote the spread and development of Hindi, drawing from Sanskrit and other Indian languages, without harming other languages. Official Languages Act, 1963 The Official Languages Act, 1963 was enacted to regulate the use of Hindi and English for official purposes of the Union of India, especially after the expiry of the 15-year constitutional limit (1950–1965) for English use under Article 343. Key Provisions: Continuation of English: Even after 1965, English can continue to be used for official purposes of the Union alongside Hindi. This was done to avoid backlash from non-Hindi-speaking states (especially southern states like Tamil Nadu). Communication Between Union and States: Hindi or English to be used for communication between the Union and Hindi-speaking states. English to be used for communication with non-Hindi-speaking states. Optional Use of Regional Languages: States can use their own official languages for state-level administration. English translations must be provided when communicating with the Union or other states. Bilingual Communication: Central government documents, notifications, and bills should be issued in both Hindi and English. Amendment in 1967: The Official Language (Amendment) Act, 1967 ensured indefinite continuation of English along with Hindi for all official purposes. Source: PIB MSME Day 2025 Category: ECONOMICS Context : President Droupadi Murmu will preside over the MSME Day 2025 – Udyami Bharat celebrations on June 27,

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) India-U.S. Trade Deal Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India and the U.S. are in the final stages of talks to conclude a limited trade agreement before the July 8, 2025, deadline. Key U.S. Demands Lower tariffs and non-tariff barriers on American exports—especially autos, medical devices, and agricultural goods (soy, corn, wheat, ethanol, apples). Market access for genetically modified (GM) crops. Better terms in sectors like aviation and energy. India’s Stance Protects sensitive sectors like agriculture and dairy to safeguard farmers’ interests and food security. Offers limited concessions: reduced tariffs on almonds, pistachios, and some defense/energy goods. Seeks rollback of U.S. tariffs on Indian steel and auto parts. Sticking Points Disagreement over tariffs on farm goods, steel, and auto components. U.S. wants immediate, broad access; India prefers a phased approach. Talks may need top-level intervention (Modi-Trump) to break the impasse. If No Deal by July 8 A 10% tariff on Indian goods could be reimposed. Likely limited impact, as exports have remained resilient. India is also strengthening trade ties with the EU and UK. Learning Corner: Bilateral Trade Between India and the USA Overview: India and the United States share a robust and growing trade relationship, marked by both strategic cooperation and occasional trade tensions. The U.S. is one of India’s largest trading partners, and India is a key market and strategic ally for the U.S. in the Indo-Pacific region. Key Facts (as of 2024 estimates): Total Bilateral Trade: Over $190 billion, making the U.S. India’s largest trading partner. India’s Exports to U.S.: ~$118 billion – Includes pharmaceuticals, textiles, IT services, gems & jewelry, auto parts. India’s Imports from U.S.: ~$72 billion – Includes crude oil, defense equipment, aircraft, agricultural products, and technology. Areas of Cooperation: Energy Trade: The U.S. is a key supplier of crude oil, LNG, and coal to India. Defense & Technology: Growing defense procurement (Apache, C-130, drones), and tech collaboration. Services & IT: U.S. is the largest market for India’s IT exports; many Indian professionals work in the U.S. under H-1B visas. Challenges & Frictions: Tariff Disputes: The U.S. often criticizes India’s high tariffs on products like autos and agriculture. Trade Barriers: India raises concerns about U.S. visa restrictions and protectionist policies. Digital Trade & Data Localization: Emerging areas of disagreement in the tech sector. Conclusion: India-U.S. trade is strategic and multifaceted, with significant growth potential. While challenges persist, both countries recognize the mutual economic and geopolitical benefits of a deeper trade partnership. Different Types of Trade Agreements Trade agreements are treaties between two or more countries that outline how they will conduct trade with each other. These agreements help reduce trade barriers like tariffs and quotas and promote economic cooperation. The main types include: Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) Between: Two countries Objective: Reduce tariffs, enhance trade in goods/services, promote investment. Example: India–UAE CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) Features: Tailored to specific mutual interests; faster to negotiate than multilateral agreements. Multilateral Trade Agreement Between: More than two countries, usually under international organizations. Example: WTO agreements like GATT, TRIPS Objective: Promote global trade by creating uniform rules for all members. Features: Broad in scope but difficult to negotiate due to multiple stakeholders. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Goal: Eliminate tariffs and quotas on most goods traded between member countries. Example: India–ASEAN FTA Features: Focuses on goods, services, and sometimes investment. Members retain independent trade policies with non-members. Customs Union Goal: Free trade within the union and a common external tariff policy. Example: European Union (EU) Features: Greater economic integration than FTAs but requires coordination on external trade policies. Common Market Goal: Free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor among member states. Example: European Single Market Features: Requires deeper political and economic integration; harmonized regulations and laws. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) Goal: Broader than FTAs—covers trade, investment, IPR, dispute resolution, etc. Example: India–Japan CEPA Features: Includes both tariff and non-tariff issues; often sector-specific cooperation. Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) Goal: Reduce tariffs on selected goods, not comprehensive. Example: India–Mercosur PTA Features: Less ambitious than FTAs; serves as a stepping stone toward deeper agreements. Source: THE HINDU Dhole in Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Researchers have documented the first camera-trap evidence of the endangered dhole (Cuon alpinus)—also known as the Asiatic wild dog—in the Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape, Assam This rediscovery is significant as the species was previously believed to be locally extinct in the region. The image, captured in the Amguri corridor (a vital wildlife linkage between Kaziranga National Park and Karbi Anglong hills), was taken just 375 metres from a national highway, emphasizing the threat posed by human infrastructure in critical wildlife habitats. The dhole is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Its decline across Asia has been due to habitat loss, prey depletion, and human-wildlife conflict. Kaziranga, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is already home to species like the one-horned rhinoceros, Bengal tiger, and wild water buffalo. The rediscovery of the dhole enhances the region’s conservation value and highlights the importance of preserving wildlife corridors in Northeast India. Learning Corner: Kaziranga National Park Location: Kaziranga National Park is located in the state of Assam, India, along the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River. Key Highlights: UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1985) for its unique natural environment and rich biodiversity. Famous for hosting the world’s largest population of the one-horned rhinoceros. Also home to the Big Five of Kaziranga: One-horned Rhinoceros Bengal Tiger Asian Elephant Wild Water Buffalo Swamp Deer Biodiversity: Supports over 35 species of mammals, 500+ bird species, and diverse reptile and plant life. Important habitat for migratory birds, river dolphins, and endangered species like the dhole (Asiatic wild dog). Conservation Status: Declared a National Park in 1974. Protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Recognized as a Tiger Reserve since 2006. Managed by the Assam Forest Department and supported by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Challenges: Seasonal flooding, poaching, habitat fragmentation, and human-wildlife conflict. Pressure from nearby

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) Category: POLITY Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has initiated steps to de-list 345 Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) that haven’t contested elections in the last six years and whose offices could not be physically located. Decoding the context: What is a Registered Political Party? Forming associations, including political parties, is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(c) of the Constitution. Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 governs party registration. Within 30 days of formation, parties must submit their memorandum/constitution to the ECI. Must declare allegiance to the Constitution and uphold sovereignty, democracy, etc. Benefits of RUPP Status: Eligible for: Income tax exemptions (under Section 13A of IT Act). Common election symbol. Donations and campaign funding benefits. Why are parties being de-listed? 345 RUPPs haven’t contested elections since 2019 and can’t be physically traced. These are considered ‘inactive’ and ineligible for tax benefits and candidate nomination. The ECI directed State Chief Electoral Officers to issue show-cause notices before de-listing. What else needs attention? Over 1000 ‘active’ RUPPs may also not have contested elections recently. Law Commission (255th Report, 2015) and ECI (2016 reforms memo) had recommended: De-registration if a party fails to contest elections for 10 consecutive years. However, there is no explicit power under current laws for the ECI to de-register parties. Legal amendments to the RP Act may be needed for such powers. Learning Corner: Election Commission of India (ECI) The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for conducting free and fair elections in India. Constitutional Status: Established under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution. Came into force on January 25, 1950 (celebrated as National Voters’ Day). Functions of ECI: Conducts elections to: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha State Legislative Assemblies and Councils President and Vice President of India Prepares and updates electoral rolls Recognizes political parties and allots symbols Enforces the Model Code of Conduct Monitors election expenditures and ensures transparency Composition: Originally a single-member body (Chief Election Commissioner) Since 1993, it is a multi-member body: Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Two Election Commissioners Tenure and Removal: Appointed by the President of India Tenure: 6 years or up to the age of 65, whichever is earlier CEC can be removed like a Supreme Court judge (through impeachment) Other Election Commissioners can be removed on the recommendation of the CEC Significance: Ensures democratic integrity through impartial election processes Acts as a watchdog of democracy and a protector of electoral rights Source: THE HINDU Kolhapuri chappals Category: ECONOMICS Context: In its Spring/Summer 2026 menswear collection, Prada featured sandals closely resembling Kolhapuri chappals, traditional handcrafted leather footwear from Maharashtra and Karnataka with a Geographical Indication (GI) tag Key Issues: Cultural Appropriation: The design was used without recognizing its Indian heritage or the artisans behind it. Economic Disparity: While authentic Kolhapuris are sold for around ₹500, Prada’s version was priced above ₹1 lakh, highlighting the imbalance in profits and credit. Weak Legal Enforcement: Despite GI protection, there is limited legal recourse against global misuse, exposing gaps in international IP law. Artisan Marginalization: The incident reflects ongoing neglect of traditional craftsmen in global markets. Learning Corner: Geographical Indication (GI) Tag A Geographical Indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation, or characteristics inherent to that location. It is a form of intellectual property right (IPR) governed in India by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. Administered by: Geographical Indications Registry under the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks. Legal protection: Prevents unauthorized use by others not belonging to the geographical region. Validity: Initially for 10 years, can be renewed indefinitely. Benefits: Protects traditional knowledge and skills. Helps local artisans, farmers, and producers gain premium value in markets. Promotes rural economic development and preserves cultural heritage. Tagged Products in India Product State of Origin Kolhapuri Chappal Maharashtra & Karnataka Darjeeling Tea West Bengal Mysore Silk Karnataka Pochampally Ikat Telangana Banarasi Saree Uttar Pradesh Kanchipuram Silk Saree Tamil Nadu Aranmula Kannadi (mirror) Kerala Bhut Jolokia (Chili) Assam Alphonso Mango Maharashtra Basmati Rice Punjab, Haryana, UP, etc. Lakadong Turmeric Meghalaya Vasmat Haldi (Turmeric) Maharashtra Uttarakhand Lal Chawal (Red Rice) Uttarakhand Khamti Rice (Khaw Tai) Arunachal Pradesh Agassaim Brinjal Goa Borsuri Tur Dal Maharashtra Marcha Rice Bihar Manipuri Black Rice Manipur Kaji Nemu (Lemon) Assam Attappady Red Gram & Beans Kerala Miraj Sitar & Tanpura Maharashtra Hupari Silver Craft Maharashtra Sawantwadi Wooden Craft Maharashtra Goan Feni Goa Polavaram Cotton Sarees Andhra Pradesh Sohrai–Khovar Painting Jharkhand Telia Rumal Textile Telangana Sundarbans Honey West Bengal Murshidabad Garad & Korial Sarees West Bengal Tangail Sarees West Bengal Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Turmeric Board Category: POLITY Context : Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah recently inaugurated the headquarters of the National Turmeric Board in Nizamabad, Telangana, a key turmeric-producing region in India. Key Points: The board aims to promote the turmeric industry, focusing on: Market access for farmers Research and quality improvement Value addition and exports Sustainable farming practices This move is expected to boost farmer incomes, enhance India’s global turmeric presence, and provide a structured platform for industry development. Learning Corner: National Turmeric Board (NTB) The National Turmeric Board is designed to provide a comprehensive and inclusive framework that supports all aspects of the turmeric value chain—from cultivation and research to marketing and exports.  Key Components of the Board Structure Category Role/Representation Chairperson Appointed by the Government of India to lead the Board Secretary Nominated from the Department of Commerce, acts as the administrative head Central Government Members Representatives from: – Ministry of AYUSH – Department of Pharmaceuticals – Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare – Ministry of Commerce & Industry State Government Representatives Officials from three major turmeric-producing states (rotated periodically) Research & Institutional Members Representatives from national/state institutions engaged in turmeric-related research Farmer Representatives Selected turmeric farmers to represent ground-level cultivation challenges and needs Exporter Representatives Individuals or associations involved in turmeric

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) The Thali Index Category: ECONOMICS Context: Poverty estimates in India, sparked by household consumption data (2023–24) from the National Statistics Office. Reports from SBI and the World Bank suggest a significant drop in poverty. Decoding the context: Questioning Traditional Poverty Metrics: Critique poverty measurement based solely on calorie intake and physiological needs, calling it outdated and inadequate in capturing real-life deprivation. Introduction of the ‘Thali Index’: Propose the Thali Index as a more realistic, relatable, and region-specific indicator, measuring the cost of a basic home-cooked meal. It reflects actual food consumption patterns and regional variations in prices, offering a clearer picture of living costs. Relevance to Policy and Subsidies: The Thali Index serves as a practical tool for evaluating poverty and guiding food subsidy policies. It provides a grounded economic perspective by directly connecting food costs with livelihood realities. Critique of Premature Subsidy Removal: There should be caution against removing food subsidies based on optimistic or debatable poverty estimates. Instead, there should be rationalising subsidies, as many citizens still rely on them for basic sustenance. Policy Recommendation: Poverty assessment and welfare decisions should be anchored in real costs of living, like those captured by the Thali Index, rather than relying on abstract statistical estimates. Learning Corner: Poverty Measurement in India Poverty measurement in India has traditionally relied on household consumption expenditure surveys to estimate the proportion of people living below a defined poverty line. The focus has largely been on ensuring a minimum calorie intake necessary for survival and work. Traditional Approach (Calorie-based): Based on the Tendulkar Committee (2009) and Rangarajan Committee (2014). Defines poverty using a minimum daily caloric intake (e.g., 2400 kcal in rural, 2100 kcal in urban areas). The monetary poverty line is derived from the expenditure required to meet this intake. This is a physiological approach — focused on energy needs through food. Consumption Expenditure Surveys: Conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and NSO. Data is used to estimate poverty headcount ratios, consumption patterns, and economic inequality. Issues with the Current Method: Does not reflect nutritional quality, non-food needs, or regional variations. Ignores changing lifestyles, health costs, education, housing, etc. Urban and rural cost differences often not adequately captured. Emerging Approaches: Use of “Thali Index”: Cost of a simple, home-cooked meal (thali) to reflect real food expenditure and living standards. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Used by NITI Aayog in line with UNDP — includes indicators like education, health, and living standards. Policy Implications: Recent claims of poverty decline (SBI & World Bank reports) raise questions on how poverty is defined. Critics argue for more realistic, consumption-linked, and multidimensional poverty assessment. Emphasis is shifting from calorie-based to livelihood and dignity-based measurements. Poverty estimation committees Tendulkar Committee (2009): Chairperson: Suresh D. Tendulkar Objective: To revise the methodology for poverty estimation in India. Key Features: Shifted from calorie-based poverty line to one based on actual private consumption expenditure, including health and education. Introduced a uniform poverty line basket for both rural and urban areas (earlier, calorie norms were different for each). Used 2004–05 NSS data and updated the poverty line accordingly. Recommended using Mixed Reference Period (MRP) for consumption data. Estimated poverty in 2004–05 as: Rural: 41.8% Urban: 25.7% Overall: 37.2% Significance: Marked a major methodological shift and was adopted by the Planning Commission until 2014. Faced criticism for setting a very low poverty line (₹33/day in urban areas in 2011–12). Rangarajan Committee (2014): Chairperson: C. Rangarajan Objective: To revisit the poverty estimation methodology due to criticisms of the Tendulkar Committee. Key Features: Restored calorie norms (2400 kcal rural, 2100 kcal urban) and added norms for protein and fat intake. Considered basic non-food expenses more comprehensively (education, housing, clothing, etc.). Based on 2011–12 NSS data, it set a higher poverty line: Rural: ₹32/day Urban: ₹47/day Estimated poverty in 2011–12 as: Rural: 30.9% Urban: 26.4% Overall: 29.5% Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS India’s Secular Constitution Category: POLITY Context: Inclusion of the terms “secular” and “socialist” in the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) during the Emergency. Key Points: Background: These terms were added through the 42nd Amendment by Indira Gandhi’s government and retained after the Janata government reversed most changes via the 44th Amendment (1978). Preamble & Secularism: The Preamble is a vision statement, but the Supreme Court in Berubari Union (1960) held it is not a source of power. Secularism, although added formally later, was always inherent in the Constitution — evident through Articles 14, 15, 16, and Directive Principles. Judicial Stand: Even before the 42nd Amendment, in Kesavananda Bharati (1973), the SC ruled that secularism is part of the Constitution’s basic structure. In Minerva Mills (1980), SC held “socialism” to be constitutionally aligned with Part IV (DPSPs). The SC reaffirmed secularism as a basic feature in later rulings, including SR Bommai (1994) and 2024’s Khanna ruling, stating constitutional amendments can’t dilute core principles like secularism. Learning Corner: Salient Features of the Indian Constitution The Indian Constitution, adopted on 26th November 1949 and enforced from 26th January 1950, is the supreme law of the land. It is known for combining the best features of major constitutions of the world while reflecting India’s unique socio-political context. Salient Features: Lengthiest Written Constitution Contains 470+ Articles, 12 Schedules, and numerous amendments. Includes detailed provisions for Union, States, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, and more. Drawn from Multiple Sources Inspired by British, US, Irish, Canadian, Australian and other constitutions. Blends parliamentary democracy with federalism and judicial independence. Federal System with Unitary Bias Division of powers between Centre and States (3 Lists: Union, State, Concurrent). During emergencies, the Centre becomes more powerful. Parliamentary Form of Government Based on the Westminster model. Real power lies with the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Secular State No official state religion. Equal treatment of all religions (Articles 25–28). Fundamental Rights and Duties Guarantees civil liberties to individuals (Articles 12–35). Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) added by the 42nd Amendment. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) Guidelines for the government to promote social and economic

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Employment Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme Category: POLITY Context: To generate over 3.5 crore jobs in the organised sector between August 1, 2025, and July 31, 2027, with a special focus on first-time workforce entrants and the manufacturing sector. Decoding the context: Incentive Structure Part A – Incentive to First-Time Employees Eligibility: First-time EPFO-registered employees earning up to ₹1 lakh/month. Benefit: One month’s wage (max ₹15,000), paid in two instalments: After 6 months of service. After 12 months + financial literacy completion. Savings Component: Portion of benefit held in a savings instrument with a lock-in. Target Beneficiaries: 1.92 crore individuals. Part B – Support to Employers Eligibility: EPFO-registered employers hiring additional employees earning up to ₹1 lakh/month. Benefit Duration: 2 years (extended to 4 years for manufacturing sector). Hiring Condition: Firms with <50 employees must hire at least 2 additional staff. Firms with ≥50 must hire at least 5. Benefit Amount: EPF Wage Range Employer Incentive Up to ₹10,000 ₹1,000/month ₹10,001 – ₹20,000 ₹2,000/month ₹20,001 – ₹1,00,000 ₹3,000/month Expected Job Creation via Employers: Nearly 2.6 crore jobs. Payment Mechanism: Employees: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) via Aadhaar. Employers: Credited to PAN-linked accounts. Learning Corner: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) Launch: 2005 Aim: Provide 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural households. Features: Demand-driven scheme for unskilled manual work. Focus on rural infrastructure and water conservation. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) Launch: 2015 Aim: Skill development and training for youth to enhance employability. Features: Free short-term skill training. Industry-relevant certifications. Target groups: school dropouts, unemployed youth. Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) Launch: 2016 (ended in 2020) Aim: Encourage employers to generate new jobs. Features: Government paid EPF contributions for new employees. Benefitted over 1.2 crore workers. Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY) Launch: 2020 Aim: Promote formal job creation post-COVID-19. Features: EPF subsidy for employers hiring new employees. Applicable to workers earning less than ₹15,000/month. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Launch: 2014 Aim: Skill development and placement for rural youth (15–35 years). Features: Focus on wage employment. Placement-linked skill training programs. National Career Service (NCS) Launch: 2015 Aim: Provide employment-related services online. Features: Job matching, career counselling, and vocational guidance. Over 1 crore active job seekers. Source: THE HINDU INS Udaygiri Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Navy inducts second indigenous stealth frigate in record time. INS Udaygiri  Inducted on: July 1, 2025 Built by: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. (MDL), Mumbai Project: Second indigenous stealth frigate under Project 17A Build Time: Delivered in a record 37 months from launch Project 17A Features: Successor to Shivalik-class (Project 17) frigates Enhanced stealth, sensors, and weapons systems 4.54% larger hull than its predecessor Equipped with: Supersonic surface-to-surface missiles Medium-range surface-to-air missiles 76mm main gun Close-in weapon systems (30mm and 12.7mm) Technological and Industrial Aspects: Powered by Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) propulsion Features controllable pitch propellers and integrated platform management system 75% indigenous content, with support from over 200 MSMEs Employment generated: ~4,000 directly, ~10,000 indirectly INS Udaygiri is the 100th warship designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau Learning Corner: Project 17A (P-17A) Project 17A is an advanced warship construction initiative by the Indian Navy aimed at building a new class of indigenous stealth frigates, following the successful Shivalik-class (Project 17). Key Highlights: Total Ships: 7 stealth frigates Shipyards Involved: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL), Mumbai Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata Purpose: Enhance the Indian Navy’s blue-water capabilities Strengthen self-reliance in defence manufacturing Replace older frigates with advanced multi-role warships Design & Technology: Stealth Features: Low radar, infrared, acoustic, and magnetic signature Propulsion: Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) system Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS) for automation Weapons Systems: Supersonic cruise missiles Surface-to-air missiles 76mm main gun, CIWS Sensors & Radar: State-of-the-art surveillance and fire control systems Indigenous Content & Industry Support: Over 75% indigenous content Support from 200+ MSMEs and multiple Indian defence firms Significant employment generation in defence and ancillary sectors Current Status (as of July 2025): INS Nilgiri (lead ship) and INS Udaygiri delivered Remaining five ships under various stages of construction Entire project expected to be completed by end of 2026 Source: THE HINDU Climate-Friendly Air Conditioning Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : A UK laboratory has developed a revolutionary air-conditioning technology using a solid, waxy refrigerant, eliminating the need for greenhouse gas-emitting substances like HFCs and CFCs. Key Features: No Greenhouse Gases: The system avoids harmful refrigerants, significantly reducing emissions. Higher Energy Efficiency: Early studies suggest better performance than current AC systems, lowering electricity use. Advanced Cooling Materials: Utilizes thermoelectric and barocaloric materials that cool via pressure or electric currents instead of vapor compression. Lower Environmental Impact: Targets one of the fastest-growing sources of emissions—cooling systems—by offering a sustainable alternative. Scalable Design: Suitable for both residential and commercial use, and can integrate with existing infrastructure. Commercial Potential: Seen as a future game-changer for the HVAC industry, aiding global climate goals. Learning Corner: HFCs and CFCs Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are man-made chemical compounds primarily used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, and in foam production. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Composition: Contain carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. Use: Widely used in refrigerators, air-conditioners, and aerosol sprays until the 1990s. Environmental Impact: Ozone-depleting substances (ODS): Major cause of ozone layer depletion. Banned under the Montreal Protocol (1987) due to their harmful impact on the stratospheric ozone layer. Example: CFC-11, CFC-12. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): Composition: Contain hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon, do not contain chlorine. Use: Introduced as CFC substitutes, commonly used in air conditioning and refrigeration. Environmental Impact: Do not harm ozone, but are potent greenhouse gases with high Global Warming Potential (GWP). Targeted for phasedown under the Kigali Amendment (2016) to the Montreal Protocol. Example: HFC-134a, HFC-23. Summary Table: Aspect CFCs HFCs Ozone Depletion Yes No Global Warming Yes Yes (high GWP) Regulation Phased out (Montreal Protocol) Phased down (Kigali Amendment) Current Use Banned or obsolete Still in use but being reduced Barocaloric Effect The barocaloric effect is a thermodynamic phenomenon where certain materials undergo a reversible change

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) First Complete Genome Sequenced from Ancient Egyptian Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Researchers have successfully sequenced the complete genome of a man who lived 4,500–4,800 years ago during Egypt’s Old Kingdom, marking a major breakthrough in ancient DNA research Decoding the context: The DNA was extracted from a well-preserved tooth found in a sealed clay vessel at Nuwayrat, south of Cairo, enabling exceptional preservation. Key Highlights: Oldest and most complete genome from ancient Egypt, offering a rare genetic snapshot from the pyramid-building era. Ancestry analysis shows about 80% North African and 20% West Asian (Fertile Crescent) origins, confirming long-theorized population interactions. Skeletal evidence suggests the man led a labor-intensive life, possibly as a potter. This achievement overcomes decades of failed attempts due to DNA degradation in Egypt’s harsh climate. The discovery not only supports archaeological theories of ancient connections between Egypt and the Middle East but also opens doors to studying broader genetic and cultural histories of early civilizations. Learning Corner: Genome Sequencing  Definition: Genome sequencing is a laboratory method used to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organism’s genome. It reveals the order of nucleotides (adenine [A], thymine [T], cytosine [C], and guanine [G]), which form the genetic instructions that govern an organism’s structure and function. Types of Genome Sequencing: Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): Sequences the entire genome, including coding (exons) and non-coding regions (introns, regulatory sequences). Offers the most comprehensive genetic information. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES): Focuses only on the exome – the protein-coding regions (about 1–2% of the genome). More cost-effective, widely used in clinical diagnosis. Targeted Sequencing: Sequences specific genes or regions of interest. Steps Involved in Genome Sequencing: Sample Collection: Tissue, blood, saliva, or (in ancient DNA) bone/teeth. DNA Extraction: DNA is isolated from the sample. Library Preparation: DNA is fragmented and tagged for identification. Sequencing: DNA fragments are read by sequencers (e.g., Illumina, Oxford Nanopore). Data Assembly: Fragments are aligned using bioinformatics tools to reconstruct the genome. Annotation: Identifying genes, mutations, and regulatory elements. Applications: Field Application Medicine Diagnosis of genetic disorders, cancer genomics, pharmacogenomics Agriculture Genetically improved crops, disease resistance Forensics Crime investigation, paternity testing Evolutionary Biology Study of ancient DNA, population migration Microbiology Pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance tracking   Technologies Used: Sanger Sequencing: First-generation; accurate but slow and expensive. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): High-throughput, faster, cheaper (e.g., Illumina, Roche 454). Third-Generation Sequencing: Real-time, long-read technologies (e.g., PacBio, Oxford Nanopore). Challenges in Ancient DNA Sequencing: Degradation: DNA breaks down over time, especially in hot climates like Egypt. Contamination: Modern human DNA can contaminate ancient samples. Low yield: Often, only a small amount of DNA is recoverable. Source: THE HINDU Gig Workers in India Category: ECONOMICS Context: Gig workers in India are only partially represented in official labour data, with incomplete and inconsistent inclusion. Lack of Formal Recognition: Most gig workers are treated as independent contractors and are excluded from formal labour protections and regular employment statistics. Estimations, Not Enumeration: Projections from government bodies like NITI Aayog estimate up to 62 million gig workers by 2047, but these are based on surveys, not systematic inclusion. Limited Reach of e-Shram: While the e-Shram portal aims to register unorganized and gig workers, it has yet to achieve full coverage. Policy and Data Gaps: Existing frameworks are still evolving, and there’s a need for more robust mechanisms to include gig workers in labour statistics and social security systems. Learning Corner: Gig Workers in the India Definition: Gig workers are individuals who engage in flexible, temporary, or freelance jobs, often facilitated by digital platforms such as ride-sharing, food delivery, e-commerce logistics, and freelance services. Key Features: Work is task-based and often on-demand. Employment is usually contractual with no formal employer-employee relationship. Includes platform workers (working via digital apps) and non-platform gig workers (offline freelance/short-term work). Status in India: Growing Workforce: Estimated to reach 23.5 million by 2029–30 and 62 million by 2047. Driven by urbanization, youth population, and digital expansion. Lack of Formal Recognition: Gig workers are largely excluded from traditional labour laws, social security, and formal data sets. Considered “independent contractors,” they often lack protections like minimum wage, health insurance, or job security. Policy Measures: e-Shram Portal: Launched to register unorganized and gig workers, though coverage is still limited. Code on Social Security, 2020: Aims to extend social protection to platform and gig workers. Challenges: Data and regulatory gaps, inconsistent income, lack of job security. Absence of grievance redressal and collective bargaining mechanisms. Source: THE HINDU QS World University Rankings 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Indian universities have shown notable progress in the QS World University Rankings 2025, both globally and within Asia. IIT Delhi is now India’s top-ranked institution, placed 44th in Asia, followed by IIT Bombay at 48th. A total of seven Indian institutions features in Asia’s top 100: IIT Delhi (44), IIT Bombay (48), IIT Madras (56), IIT Kharagpur (60), IISc (62), IIT Kanpur (67), University of Delhi (81). UPES Dehradun made the biggest leap, jumping 70 spots to 148th. In the QS Sustainability Rankings 2025, IIT Delhi ranks 171st globally, leading among Indian institutions, followed by IIT Kharagpur (202) and IIT Bombay (234). Learning Corner: QS World University Rankings QS World University Rankings are annual rankings published by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a UK-based higher education analytics firm. They are among the most widely referenced global university rankings. Key Features: First Published: 2004 Coverage: Over 1,500 universities worldwide Categories: Global, regional (Asia, Europe, etc.), subject-specific, and sustainability rankings Main Indicators Used: Academic Reputation (40%) Employer Reputation (10%) Faculty-Student Ratio (20%) Citations per Faculty (20%) International Faculty Ratio (5%) International Student Ratio (5%) Note: Weightage may vary for subject or region-specific rankings. Significance: Helps students compare universities globally. Influences international collaborations, funding, and student mobility. Encourages institutions to improve academic and research performance. Recent Addition: QS Sustainability Rankings assess universities on environmental and social impact. Source :  THE HINDU Gaden Phodrang Trust Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The 14th Dalai Lama announced on Wednesday (July 2) “that the institution of the Dalai Lama will

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Rinderpest Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Bhopal, being designated as a Category A Rinderpest Holding Facility (RHF) by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the FAO Decoding Context:  What Is Rinderpest? Rinderpest, or “cattle plague,” was a deadly livestock disease eradicated globally in 2011. However, Rinderpest Virus-Containing Material (RVCM) is still stored in select labs, posing potential biosecurity risks if mishandled. India’s Recognition NIHSAD, Bhopal, is now one of only six Category A RHFs worldwide, alongside facilities in the UK, USA, France, Japan, and Ethiopia. It is a high-containment BSL-3 lab and India’s national RVCM repository since 2012. India applied for this status in 2019, and after a thorough international inspection in March 2025, it was officially granted RHF status at the 92nd WOAH General Session in May 2025. Significance Strengthens India’s role in global biosecurity and disease prevention Validates India’s biosafety protocols and emergency preparedness Supports future research and vaccine material management Enhances India’s standing as a leader in animal health containment Learning Corner: List of important human and animal diseases along with their causative pathogens  Viral Diseases Disease Causative Virus Influenza (Flu) Influenza virus (Type A, B, C) COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Dengue Dengue virus (Flavivirus) Measles Measles virus (Paramyxovirus) Mumps Mumps virus (Paramyxovirus) Rubella (German Measles) Rubella virus Rabies Rabies virus (Lyssavirus) Poliomyelitis Poliovirus (Enterovirus) Hepatitis A & E HAV, HEV Hepatitis B & C HBV (DNA), HCV (RNA) HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Smallpox (Eradicated) Variola virus Chickenpox Varicella-Zoster virus Rinderpest (Eradicated) Rinderpest virus (Morbillivirus) Foot-and-Mouth Disease FMD virus (Aphthovirus)   Bacterial Diseases Disease Causative Bacterium Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Typhoid Salmonella typhi Cholera Vibrio cholerae Plague Yersinia pestis Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Bordetella pertussis Tetanus Clostridium tetani Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) Mycobacterium leprae Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae, others Syphilis Treponema pallidum Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Brucellosis Brucella species   III. Protozoan Diseases Disease Causative Protozoan Malaria Plasmodium spp. (P. falciparum, etc.) Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma brucei Chagas Disease Trypanosoma cruzi Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) Leishmania donovani Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii   Fungal Diseases Disease Causative Fungus Ringworm Trichophyton spp., others Athlete’s Foot Tinea pedis Candidiasis (Thrush) Candida albicans Aspergillosis Aspergillus spp. Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum   Prion Diseases (Rare, Degenerative) Disease Causative Agent Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD) Prions (misfolded proteins) Mad Cow Disease (BSE) Prions Source: PIB Revision of GDP Base Year and Methodology Category: ECONOMICS Context: Revision of GDP Base Year and Methodology Purpose of Revising the Base Year: Reflect Current Economy: As economies evolve, sectoral contributions, consumption patterns, and new industries (like digital platforms and fintech) emerge. A revised base year ensures GDP reflects these changes. Use Better Data and Methods: Improved surveys and administrative records enhance the accuracy of GDP estimates. Methodological updates align with global statistical standards. Capture Post-Pandemic Shifts: Events like COVID-19 altered production and consumption patterns. A new base year captures these realities. Ensure International Comparability: Aligns India’s data with global norms, boosting credibility. How It Works: An expert committee recommends changes. A “normal” year is selected as the base year—free of economic shocks and recent enough to be relevant. Why the 2026 Revision Matters for India Key Implications: Improved Accuracy: Addresses concerns from the 2015 revision and provides more transparent, realistic estimates using 2022–23 as the new base year. Better Policy-Making: More precise data aids in targeting policies, especially in emerging sectors. Boosts Investor Confidence: Up-to-date economic indicators enhance India’s image and trustworthiness in global markets. Refined Growth Trends: Revised data may adjust past GDP growth rates, offering a clearer picture of the economy. Harmonized Indicators: Other indices like CPI and IIP will also be updated, ensuring consistency. Learning Corner: Important terms related to GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition: GDP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country during a specific time period (usually a year). Includes: Production by both domestic and foreign entities within the country Measured at market prices Types: Nominal GDP: At current market prices Real GDP: Adjusted for inflation (base year prices) Gross National Product (GNP) Definition: GNP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced by the residents (nationals) of a country in a given period, irrespective of their location. Formula: GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA) NFIA = Income earned by Indians abroad – Income earned by foreigners in India Net National Product (NNP) Definition: NNP is the GNP after deducting depreciation (consumption of fixed capital). It shows the net output available for consumption or saving. Formula: NNP = GNP – Depreciation Two measures: NNP at Market Price NNP at Factor Cost (also called National Income) National Income (NI) Definition: National Income is the net monetary value of all goods and services produced by a country’s nationals during a year, measured at factor cost. Formula: National Income = NNP at Factor Cost Includes: Wages and salaries Rent Interest Profits Mixed income of self-employed Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Falcon 2000 Category: ECONOMICS Context :  French aerospace firm Dassault Aviation and Reliance Aerostructure Ltd have announced a joint venture to manufacture Falcon 2000 business jets in Nagpur, India. Key Highlights Location: MIHAN SEZ, Nagpur Aircraft: Falcon 2000; parts of Falcon 6X & 8X Scope: Fuselage and wing assembly to be shifted to India Estimated Capacity: Up to 24 aircraft annually Timeline: First made-in-India jet by 2028 Significance Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat: Major boost to domestic aerospace manufacturing Global Positioning: India joins elite countries (US, France, Canada, Brazil) producing business jets Exports: Aircraft will cater to both domestic and international markets Centre of Excellence: Nagpur facility to become Dassault’s first such hub outside France Market & Strategic Impact Cost Efficiency: Local assembly reduces labour and logistics costs Policy Support: Aligned with government aerospace incentives Challenges: Regulatory clearances, technology transfer, and maintaining global aviation standards Conclusion This joint venture places India on the global aerospace map, signalling its capability to manufacture high-end civilian aircraft. It

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Bridging the Propulsion Gap Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: India remains heavily reliant on imported aircraft engines, affecting its defence capabilities and strategic autonomy Decoding Context:  Key Developments: HF-24 Marut: India’s first indigenous fighter jet, developed in the 1950s-70s, underperformed due to lack of a powerful indigenous engine, relying instead on imported engines. Kaveri Engine Project: Launched in 1986 for the LCA Tejas, it failed to meet requirements even after decades of development and ₹2,000 crore in spending. Why It Matters: Engine Dependency: Recent disruptions (e.g., GE F404 engine delivery delays from the U.S.) highlight how foreign engine delays hinder military programs like the LCA Mk1A. Import Bottlenecks: India depends on imported engines for air, sea, and land systems—impacting tanks, submarines, aircraft, and ships. This creates strategic vulnerability. Impact on Future Projects: India’s 5th-gen AMCA and other defence programs risk delays unless engine self-sufficiency is prioritized. Strategic Importance: Indigenous propulsion tech is crucial for: Sustained military readiness. Reducing foreign dependency. Withstanding geopolitical shocks. It’s not just a technical issue but a national security imperative. Learning Corner: HF-24 Marut (India’s first indigenous fighter jet) Developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in the 1950s with German assistance (engineer Kurt Tank). A milestone in India’s aerospace history. Faced engine issues due to lack of indigenous jet engine. Used underpowered British Orpheus engines. Retired in 1990 due to poor engine performance and limited upgrades. Kaveri Engine Project Initiated in 1986 to power the LCA Tejas fighter. Developed by Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE). Project delayed and unsuccessful due to technical challenges. ₹2,000+ crore spent without producing a viable combat-ready engine. Never inducted into the armed forces. AMCA Programme India’s 5th generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). Needs a more powerful indigenous engine (110 kN thrust). HAL negotiating with GE to co-develop an engine for AMCA. PM Modi announced $1 billion GE-HAL partnership to manufacture GE-414 engines in India. Source: THE HINDU International Conference to decipher Indus script Category: HISTORY Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) will organize a major international conference titled “Decipherment of Indus Script: Current Status and Way Forward” Purpose and Structure Aims to bring together global scholars and researchers to discuss the undeciphered Indus script. Will feature thematic sessions, presentations (in-person and virtual), and discussions. Registration and paper submission deadline: June 30, 2025. Background The Indus script, dating back to 3300–1300 BCE, remains undeciphered despite over a century of study. Found on seals, tablets, and pottery of the Harappan civilization across India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Conference Goals Assess the current research status. Outline future research directions. Promote interdisciplinary collaboration and support young scholars. Key Challenges Inscriptions are very short, limiting grammatical analysis. No bilingual texts exist for comparison. Underlying language remains unknown. Limited number and high symbol variation complicate interpretation. Recent Developments Renewed global interest, including a $1 million prize for decipherment. New archaeological finds in Tamil Nadu show possible links to Indus symbols. Ongoing debates connect the script to Dravidian languages and other cultural traditions. Learning Corner: Indus Valley Civilization (IVC Time Period: ~3300 BCE to 1300 BCE Mature Phase: ~2600 BCE to 1900 BCE Geographical Extent: Spread across present-day Pakistan, and northwestern India (Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan). Major sites include: Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) Mohenjo-daro (Sindh, Pakistan) Dholavira (Gujarat, India) Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India) Kalibangan, Lothal, Banawali Key Features of the Civilization Urban Planning: Grid-pattern streets, drainage systems, granaries, and citadels. Architecture: Use of burnt bricks, standardized weights and measures. Economy: Trade (including overseas with Mesopotamia), agriculture, crafts (beads, pottery, metallurgy). Society: Evidence suggests a relatively egalitarian structure; no clear evidence of kings or temples. Religion: No temples found; likely worship of nature, fertility cults, proto-Shiva (pashupati seal), mother goddess figurines. Decline: Gradual—due to environmental shifts (climate change, river drying), and possible socio-economic disruption. Indus Script: Key Points Nature: Pictographic or logo-syllabic script found on seals, pottery, tablets, and copper tools. Undeciphered: Despite over a century of study, the script has not been conclusively deciphered. First Reported: In the 1931 excavation report of Mohenjo-daro. Writing Direction: Generally, right to left. Number of Symbols: Around 400–600 distinct signs. Usage: Mostly short inscriptions (average 5 symbols), often used on seals for trade or identification. Challenges in Decipherment: No bilingual inscriptions (like Rosetta Stone) Very short texts—no grammar context Unknown language base Variations in signs Source: THE HINDU Arak Heavy Water Reactor Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context :  Israël strike-hit Arak heavy water reactor was part of Tehran’s nuclear deal. About Arak Heavy Water Reactor  Located ~250 km southwest of Tehran, the Arak reactor has long been a global concern due to its capacity for producing weapons-grade plutonium. Originally designed to generate ~9 kg of plutonium per year—enough for one nuclear bomb annually. Role in the 2015 JCPOA (Iran Nuclear Deal) Iran agreed to redesign the Arak reactor to prevent plutonium production. The original core was disabled and filled with cement. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) verified the reactor was made inoperable and monitored modifications. Recent Developments (2025) June 19, 2025: Israeli airstrike damaged the reactor’s core seal and its heavy water production plant, aiming to prevent future weaponization. The reactor was not yet fueled, and the IAEA confirmed no radioactive risk. Concerns remain that Iran has not fully completed the redesign, with construction reportedly continuing and possible operation by 2026. Learning Corner: Types of Nuclear Reactors Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Moderator & Coolant: Light water (H₂O) Fuel: Enriched uranium (~3–5% U-235) Working: Water is pressurized to prevent boiling; heat is transferred via a steam generator. Example: Most reactors in the USA and France India: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (built with Russian technology) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Moderator & Coolant: Light water Fuel: Enriched uranium Working: Water boils in the reactor core to generate steam directly for turbines. Example: Fukushima (Japan), Tarapur (India) India: Tarapur Units 1 & 2 (BWRs supplied by the US in the 1960s) Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) Moderator & Coolant: Heavy water (D₂O) Fuel: Natural uranium Working: Uses pressurized heavy water as both moderator

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Category: ECONOMICS Context: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) has been awarded the Digital Payments Award 2024–25 by the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance Decoding Context:  It has significant role in expanding digital payments and promoting financial inclusion across India. The award was presented in New Delhi by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and Minister of State for Finance Pankaj Chaudhary. IPPB ranked first among all payments banks in the Performance Index for FY 2024–25, highlighting its strong digital banking performance and citizen-centric approach. By utilizing its vast network of over 2 lakh Postmen and Gramin Dak Sevaks, IPPB has extended digital financial services to remote and rural areas, supporting the government’s vision of a cash-light, digitally empowered economy. Learning Corner: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) – Brief Note Launched: January 30, 2017 Owner: 100% Government of India (under the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications) Headquarters: New Delhi Key Features: Established to leverage the postal network for providing banking services. Uses over 1.5 lakh post offices and 2 lakh postal staff (Postmen & Gramin Dak Sevaks) for last-mile delivery. Offers digital banking services such as savings accounts, money transfers, bill payments, and DBT (Direct Benefit Transfers). Focuses on financial inclusion by reaching unbanked and underbanked populations in rural and remote areas. Payment Banks in India – Overview Concept Introduced by: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) based on Nachiket Mor Committee recommendations in 2014 Launched: First licenses issued in 2015 Purpose: Enhance financial inclusion by providing small savings accounts and payments/remittance services to the underserved. Key Features: Can accept deposits up to ₹2 lakh per customer (limit may be revised by RBI). Cannot issue credit cards or give loans. Can offer services like: Savings/current accounts Mobile and online banking UPI, IMPS, NEFT, AEPS-based transactions Utility bill payments and insurance (through third parties) Examples of Payment Banks: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Airtel Payments Bank Paytm Payments Bank Fino Payments Bank NSDL Payments Bank Significance: Help bridge the urban-rural banking divide. Promote cashless economy and digital financial literacy. Act as a low-cost, technology-driven solution for basic banking services. Source: PIB India’s core sector Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s core sector growth slowed to a nine-month low of 0.7% in May 2025 The decline was driven by contractions in electricity (-5.8%), fertilisers (-5.9%), natural gas (-3.6%), and crude oil (-1.8%). While steel (6.7%) and cement (9.2%) recorded strong growth, and coal and refinery products also saw gains, these were not enough to offset the overall weakness. Economists attribute the slowdown to excessive rainfall and early monsoon onset, which affected power generation and mining. Learning Corner: Core Sectors of the Indian Economy – Brief Note The Core Sectors are the key industries that have a major impact on the overall economic activity and industrial performance in India. These sectors are considered the foundation of industrial growth. Eight Core Sectors: Coal Crude Oil Natural Gas Refinery Products Fertilisers Steel Cement Electricity Key Points: These sectors collectively account for ~40.27% of the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The performance of these sectors is released monthly by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Their growth is a leading indicator for measuring industrial performance and economic momentum. The Combined Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) is used to track their performance. Importance: Core sectors supply essential inputs for other industries and influence infrastructure development, manufacturing, and economic stability. Any fluctuations in these sectors significantly affect the GDP, inflation, and employment levels. Index of Industrial Production (IIP) – Brief Note The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a key economic indicator that measures the growth rate of various sectors of the economy, such as manufacturing, mining, and electricity, over a given period. Released by: National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) Base Year: Currently 2011–12 Components of IIP: Mining Manufacturing Electricity Use-Based Classification: Primary Goods Capital Goods Intermediate Goods Infrastructure/Construction Goods Consumer Durables Consumer Non-Durables Importance of IIP: Measures short-term changes in the volume of production. Acts as a barometer of industrial activity. Helps in economic planning, policy formulation, and investment decisions. Reflects the health of the industrial sector, which contributes significantly to GDP. Relation to Core Sectors: The Eight Core Sectors constitute around 40.27% of the weight in the IIP. Thus, performance in core industries has a direct impact on IIP trends. Source: THE HINDU UK Assisted Dying Bill Category: INTERNATIONAL Context :  British lawmakers have approved a landmark bill legalizing assisted dying for terminally ill adults in England and Wales. UK Assisted Dying Bill – Key Highlights Key Provisions: Applies to mentally competent adults (18+) diagnosed with a terminal illness and a life expectancy of less than six months. Requires approval from two doctors and a specialist panel (including a psychiatrist, social worker, and legal expert). Patients must self-administer the life-ending medication. Includes safeguards such as independent advocates for the disabled and a disability advisory board. Voluntary participation for medical professionals. Public and Political Response: The issue remains deeply divisive, balancing compassionate choice versus concerns over vulnerability and abuse. The Labour government has taken a neutral stance, allowing MPs to vote based on personal conscience. Once enacted, the UK would join countries like Canada, New Zealand, Spain, and several U.S. states in allowing assisted dying for terminally ill patients. Learning Corner: Assisted Dying / Euthanasia in India – Brief Note In India, the issue of assisted dying or euthanasia is legally, ethically, and socially sensitive. While active euthanasia remains illegal, passive euthanasia has been permitted under strict conditions. Types of Euthanasia: Active Euthanasia: Direct action (like administering a lethal injection) to end life. Illegal in India. Passive Euthanasia: Withholding or withdrawing medical treatment (like life support) that prolongs life in terminally ill patients. Legalized in 2018 under certain guidelines. Legal Framework: Key Case: Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) Supreme Court verdict recognized the right to die with dignity as part of Article 21 (Right to Life). Legalized passive euthanasia with strict procedural

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Expansionary policy and economic slowdown Category: ECONOMICS Context: India have recently turned expansionary to address a slowing economy Decoding Context:  Key Points: RBI’s Expansionary Monetary Policy: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has cut the policy repo rate in two successive meetings, now at 5.5%. Falling inflation (within the 4% ± 2% target) has provided room for rate cuts. The aim is to stimulate private investment and growth. Fiscal Policy Shifts: Recent income tax cuts point to an expansionary fiscal stance. These are intended to increase disposable income and consumer spending. Policy Coordination Challenge: For macroeconomic stability, fiscal and monetary policy must be coordinated. If fiscal policy is expansionary but monetary policy is tight (or vice versa), the effects may cancel each other out. Household Behavior Issues: Households may delay spending tax gains, due to uncertainty or a forward-looking mindset, limiting the intended stimulus impact. Muted Growth Signals: Despite policy support, growth is weak: GDP forecast at 6.5%, credit growth fell to 9%, and unemployment rose to 5.6% in May 2025. Deficit Risk: Tax cuts may lead to a revenue shortfall, increasing the fiscal deficit unless offset by spending cuts. This could undermine long-term fiscal sustainability. Learning Corner: Tools to Adopt Expansionary Policy During Economic Slowdown During an economic slowdown, governments and central banks adopt expansionary policies to boost demand, investment, and employment. These tools can be categorized into fiscal and monetary measures: Fiscal Policy Tools (Handled by the Government) a) Increased Government Spending Direct investment in infrastructure, public services, welfare programs, etc. Boosts aggregate demand and creates jobs. b) Tax Cuts Reduction in personal income tax, corporate tax, or GST. Increases disposable income and encourages spending and investment. c) Subsidies & Transfers Targeted subsidies (e.g., on food, fuel) or cash transfers (like PM-KISAN). Helps low-income households maintain consumption during downturns. d) Public Sector Employment Schemes Programs like MGNREGA in India provide rural employment and support consumption. Monetary Policy Tools (Handled by the RBI or Central Bank) a) Repo Rate Cuts Reducing the repo rate lowers borrowing costs for banks, which passes on to consumers and businesses. Encourages loans and investment. b) Reduction in CRR/SLR Lower Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) or Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) frees up more funds for banks to lend. c) Open Market Operations (OMOs) Central bank buys government bonds to inject liquidity into the banking system. d) Quantitative Easing (QE) (used in advanced economies) Large-scale asset purchases by the central bank to infuse liquidity. e) Forward Guidance Assuring markets of low interest rates in the future to build investor confidence. Other Supportive Measures Credit Guarantee Schemes for MSMEs Regulatory Forbearance: Relaxation in banking norms to sustain credit flow Incentives for Exports/Startups Objective of Expansionary Policies Boost aggregate demand Increase employment Stimulate private investment Prevent deflation or recession Source: THE HINDU Antimicrobial Resistance Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Fighting antimicrobial resistance with insect-based livestock feed Key Highlights: Problems with Traditional Livestock Feed: Leads to high greenhouse gas emissions, water and land use. Drives antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to overuse of antibiotics. AMR is a growing threat with projected deaths increasing to 10 million by 2050 if unchecked. Insect-Based Feed: A Sustainable Alternative: Insects like black soldier fly larvae, crickets, locusts, etc., are being considered as high-protein feed sources. They can convert organic waste into protein-rich feed, reducing waste and emissions. Uses less land and water, produces fewer emissions, and is cost-effective. Indian Initiatives: CIBA and ICAR have signed MoUs to explore and scale up insect feed in shrimp and fish farming. Research is ongoing to evaluate nutritional benefits and scalability. Scientific Evidence: Insects offer better digestibility than soy or fish meal. 1 kg of soymeal can be replaced by 0.76 kg of crickets or 0.88 kg of locusts, making it efficient. They are rich in amino acids, healthy fats, and micronutrients. Global Support: The UN FAO supports insect farming to reduce AMR and meet rising protein demand sustainably. Learning Corner: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)  What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve and no longer respond to medicines like antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals. This makes infections harder to treat, increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. Causes of AMR Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals Incomplete dosage or self-medication Overuse in agriculture and livestock Poor infection control in hospitals and clinics Environmental contamination from pharmaceutical waste Global Impact AMR is a growing global health threat. Could cause 10 million deaths annually by 2050 if unchecked. Increases treatment costs, hospital stays, and mortality. Ways to Reduce AMR Rational Use of Antibiotics Prescribe only when necessary and complete the full course. Avoid self-medication and over-the-counter antibiotic use. Responsible Use in Agriculture Ban non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feed. Promote alternatives like insect-based feed and vaccines. Improved Hygiene and Sanitation Handwashing, clean water, and infection control reduce the need for antibiotics. Stronger Surveillance and Regulation Monitor antibiotic use and resistance patterns. Enforce strict guidelines in healthcare and veterinary sectors. Promote R&D Invest in new antibiotics, diagnostics, and vaccines. Public Awareness Educate communities on the dangers of AMR and safe medicine practices. India’s Efforts National Action Plan on AMR (2017–2021) Red Line Campaign: Marking prescription-only antibiotics with a red line FSSAI regulations to curb antibiotic use in food-producing animals Source: THE HINDU INS Tamal Category: DEFENCE Context :  INS Tamal to be commissioned on July 1, 2025 Key Highlights Final Foreign-Built Warship: Marks the end of India’s reliance on foreign-built warships as focus shifts to indigenous shipbuilding under ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’. Class & Design: 8th Krivak-class frigate 2nd in the upgraded Tushil-class (evolved from Talwar and Teg classes) Displacement: 3,900 tonnes | Length: 125m | Speed: 30+ knots Crew: Over 250 | Blue-water endurance Weapons & Systems: BrahMos cruise missiles, Shtil SAMs A190-01 100mm main gun CIWS, torpedoes, ASW rockets Advanced radar, EW, and electro-optical systems Network-centric warfare capable Indigenous Contribution: 26% Indian-made components Learning Corner: Frigates in Indian Defence What Are Frigates? Frigates