Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Fujianvenator prodigiosus Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: The evidence of a Bizarre’ bird-like dinosaur Fujianvenator prodigiosus has enthralled scientists recently. Background:- Scientists reported to have unearthed the fossil of a Jurassic Period dinosaur they named Fujianvenator from the Fujian Province. (Dinosaur footprints in China) It is a creature that sheds light on a critical evolutionary stage in the origin of birds. About Fujianvenator prodigious:- Distribution: southeastern China. (Abnormal’ dinosaur egg in India) Fujianvenator is a member of a grouping called avialans. This group includes all birds and their closest non-avian dinosaur Survival: Despite their modest beginnings, birds survived the asteroid strike 66 million years ago that doomed their non-avian dinosaur comrades. Diet and lifestyle: The Fujianvenator fossil, discovered lacks the animal’s skull and parts of its feet, making it hard to interpret its diet and lifestyle. Physical Description: – It was a pheasant-sized and bird-like dinosaur. It had elongated legs and arms built much like wings. It had a puzzling anatomy suggesting it either was a fast runner or lived a lifestyle like a modern wading bird. Its lower leg bone – the tibia – was twice as long as its thigh bone – the femur. It also had a long bony tail. The forelimb is generally built like a bird’s wing, but with three claws on the fingers, which are absent from modern birds. It cannot be determined whether it could fly or not  MUST READ: Dinosaur eggs SOURCE: THE HINDU  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1Consider the following fauna: (2023) Lion-tailed Macaque Malabar Civet Sambar Deer How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to (2017) fossils of a kind of dinosaurs an early human species a cave system found in North-East India a geological period in the history of the Indian subcontinent Battery energy storage systems Syllabus Prelims –Government Scheme Context: The government recently approved ₹3,760 crore for viability gap funding of up to 40% of total capital cost to set up a 4,000 MWh battery energy storage system in the country. Background:- The entire ₹3,760 crore viability gap funding (VGF) will be borne by the central government. The VGF will be released in five tranches till 2030-31. Viability Gap Finance: It means a grant to support projects that are economically justified but not financially viable. It aims to reduce the levelized cost of storage (LCoS) to ₹5.50-6.60 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), making storage a viable option to manage peak power demand. It will help in the creation of 4,000 MWh storage across the country. The selection of BESS developers for VGF grants will be carried out through a transparent competitive bidding process, promoting a level-playing field for both public and private sector entities. About Battery energy storage systems:- A battery energy storage system is a type of energy storage system that uses batteries to store and distribute energy as electricity. These are often used to enable energy from renewable sources, like solar and wind, to be stored and released. Types of Battery energy storage systems:- Residential BESS: for homes Commercial BESS: for businesses Utility-scale BESS: for large-scale energy storage. Benefits:- BESS will enhance renewable energy integration into the grid. (Sustainable Energy) It will reduce wastage, and minimize infrastructure upgrade costs. It will reduce peak demand and associated costs. Challenges:- It has High initial costs. ( Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for 1000 MWhourproject) Recycling and disposal of batteries issues. Regulatory and grid integration issues.  MUST READ: Solar Energy in India SOURCE: THE HINDU  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) Statement-I: Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change. Statement-II: Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I Statement-I is correct but Statement II is incorrect Statement-I is incorrect but Statement II is correct Q.2) “R2 Code of Practices” constitutes a tool available for promoting the adoption of (2021) Environmentally responsible practices in the electronics recycling industry Ecological management of ‘’Wetlands of International Importance” under the Ramsar Convention Sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands ‘’Environmental Impact Assessment’’ in the exploitation of natural resources UPI-ATM Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, India’s first UPI-ATM was unveiled. Background:- India’s first UPI-ATM was launched recently as a White Label ATM (WLA) by Hitachi Payment Services in collaboration with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in order to enable “seamless cash withdrawals”. It offers an experience that allows customers of certain banks to enjoy “QR-based cashless withdrawals”. About UPI-ATM:- IMAGE SOURCE: Paisabazaar.com The UPI-ATM service is also known as Interoperable Cardless Cash Withdrawal (ICCW). It offers a convenient way for customers of participating banks who are using UPI to withdraw cash from any ATM that supports UPI-ATM functionality, without the need for a physical card. India’s first UPI-ATM was launched recently as a White Label ATM (WLA) by Hitachi Payment Services in collaboration with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). (UPI and NPCI Regulation) Working Mechanism:- When a customer selects the ‘UPI cash withdrawal’ option at the ATM, they will be prompted to enter the desired withdrawal amount. Once the amount is entered, a unique and secure dynamic QR code will appear on the ATM screen. To complete the transaction and obtain cash from the ATM, the customer simply needs to scan this QR code using any UPI app and authorize the transaction with their UPI PIN on their mobile device. Features of UPI-ATM Compatible with various systems. Transactions without the need for a physical card. Transaction limit of up to ₹10,000 per transaction, aligned with existing UPI daily limits

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) G20 New Delhi Declaration Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: The Group of Twenty (G20) recently adopted the G20 New Delhi Leader’s Declaration. Background:- The New Delhi Leader’s Declaration was adopted on September 9, 2023. The Countries committed to, accelerating their actions to address environmental crises and challenges, including climate change. About G20 New Delhi Leader’s Declaration:- The New Delhi Leader’s Declaration was adopted with consensus on a number of issues. These include sustainable development goals (SDG), climate finance, energy transitions, using and restoring natural ecosystems, harnessing and preserving ocean-based economy, plastic pollution, reducing disaster risk, and building resilient infrastructure. (SDG India) In the declaration under the Green Development Pact for a Sustainable Future, the countries have committed to “urgently accelerate actions to address environmental crises and challenges, including climate change”. Paris Agreement: One of the aims of the declaration is “to tackle climate change by strengthening the full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement and its temperature goal. This reflects equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR). The inclusion of the principles of CBDR is interesting as some developed G20 countries such as the United States have been averse to the usage. The G20 members also cited the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Synthesis Report. It stated that Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected to peak between 2020 and at the latest before 2025 in global modeled pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot and in those that limit warming to 2°C and assume immediate action. (Mitigating Climate Change) The G20 members also highlighted the macroeconomic risks stemming from climate change and transition pathways. The G20 countries also noted the institutionalization of the Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group under the presidency of India, which catalyzed efforts toward disaster risk reduction. The document also talks about accelerating progress on early warning and early action through strengthening national and local capacities, innovative financing tools, private sector investments, and knowledge sharing. The members supported the United Nations initiatives such as the Global Platform for DRR and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure in “furtherance of such collaboration and sharing”. MUST READ: India and G20 Presidency SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements about G-20: (2023) The G-20 group was originally established as a platform for the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss the International economic and financial issues. Digital public infrastructure is one of India’s G-20 priorities. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) The ‘Fortaleza Declaration’ recently in the news, is related to the affairs of: (2015) ASEAN BRICS OECD WTO Golden egg Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Recently, a Golden egg was found on the Alaskan seafloor. Background:- Researchers from NOAA Ocean Exploration found the yellowish object while diving on a small seamount in the Gulf of Alaska. Initially referred to as ‘yellow hat’, the still-unidentified object is now being dubbed as ‘golden egg’ or ‘golden orb’. About Golden Egg:- Discovered on: 30 August 2023. Discovery site: Gulf of Alaska. Discovered by: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was discovered during a mission to map unexplored deepwater habitats off Alaska using remotely operated vehicles. Features:- The ‘golden egg’ is a gold, dome-shaped It is about 10 centimeters (4 inches) in diameter. It was tightly adhered to a rock. A small hole or tear near its base revealed a similarly colored interior. It is still unclear whether the ‘golden egg’ is associated with a new species or represents the unknown life stage of an existing one. Significance: Researchers believe that the new species have the potential to reveal new sources for medical therapies and vaccines, food, energy, and other societal benefits and knowledge. The researchers are still working to unveil the ‘golden egg’ mystery. MUST READ: Dinosaur eggs SOURCE: HINDUSTAN TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following ‘fauna: (2023) Lion-tailed Macaque Malabar Civet Sambar Deer How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to (2017) fossils of a kind of dinosaurs an early human species a cave system found in North-East India a geological period in the history of the Indian subcontinent HII-A rocket Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Japan launched the HII-A rocket recently. About HII-A rocket:- Launching site: Tanegashima Space Center in southwestern Japan. Launched by: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Objective: to explore the origins of the universe. Composition:- The rocket put a satellite called X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission, or XRISM, into orbit around Earth. It will measure the speed and makeup of what lies between galaxies. This information will help in studying how celestial objects were formed. It can also lead to solving the mystery of how the universe was created. The mission is significant for delivering insight into the properties of hot plasma. Plasma: superheated matter that makes up much of the universe. Understanding the distribution of this hot plasma in space and time, as well as its dynamical motion, will shed light on diverse phenomena such as black holes, the evolution of chemical elements in the universe, and the formation of galactic clusters. The rocket also has the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, or SLIM which is a lightweight lunar lander. MUST READ: India’s first private rocket – Vikram-S SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media?  (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Phanigiri artifacts Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: The Phanigiri artifacts, belonging to 200 BCE-400 CE were put on display at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. Background:- The Phanigiri artifacts would be displayed in the art collection of the Tree and Serpent exhibition, which began at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art (popularly known as The Met) in July 2023. The exhibition has 125 objects between 200 BCE and 400 CE. The exhibition at The Met is on till November 13, 2023. About the Phanigiri artifacts:- Discovered: 1942. Rediscovered: 2003. Location: Phanigiri, Phanigiri in Suryapet district is a small village of about 4,000 residents, about 150 km from Hyderabad. The Phanigiri Buddhist site is considered one of the most important finds in Buddhist iconography in this millennium. (Buddhist monastery complex at Bharatpur of Bengal) Phanigiri means the hillock of snake hood. Key Findings and their Significance:- The thoranas discovered at Phanigiri are very important as they are among the first found south of Sanchi. The same thorana has a panel that shows both the Mahayana and Hinayana school of thought. This shows that despite philosophical differences, both sects co-existed in Phanigiri. There is evidence from Phanigiri that shows the deification of Buddha. (The Buddhist Circuit) The change from a historical and spiritual identity and a transition to canonization and ritual is evident in Phanigiri. The artifacts from this site, include a limestone carving of Buddha wearing what appears to be a Roman toga. MUST READ: Buddhist caves, temples in Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, located? (2023) Andhra Gandhara Kalinga Magadha Q.2) With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements: (2023) The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin. The stupa was generally a repository of relics. The stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in Buddhist tradition. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is working with lenders to introduce new features to popularise the central bank digital currency (CBDC), in recent times. About Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC):- CBDC is fiat money or money established/backed by a government through its central bank in a virtual form. It is a legal tender issued by a central bank in a digital form. It combines the power of blockchain with the logistics of distributed ledger technology (DLT), where data can be synchronized across multiple locations without the need for centralized storage. Salient Features:- CBDC is a high-security digital instrument. It is a means of payment, a unit of account, and a store of value. Just like paper currency, each unit is uniquely identifiable to prevent counterfeiting. It is a liability of the central bank just as physical currency is. It’s a digital bearer instrument that can be stored, transferred, and transmitted by all kinds of digital payment systems and services. Advantages:- CBDC is a faster system. Financial inclusion Improve Monetary policy facilitation. It can become a regional currency for cross-border transactions. MUST READ: Rupee SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Central Bank digital currencies, consider the following statements: (2023) It is possible to make payments in a digital currency without using the US dollar or the SWIFT system. A digital currency can be distributed with a condition programmed into it such as a timeframe for spending it. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) In the context of finance, the term ‘beta’ refers to: (2023) the process of simultaneous buying and selling of an asset from different platforms. an investment strategy of a portfolio manager to balance risk versus reward a type of systemic risk that arises where perfect hedging is not possible a numeric value that measures the fluctuations of a stock to changes in the overall stock market. Marine pollution Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Small island nations seek for protection from Marine /ocean pollution, and climate change in the United Nations recently. Background:- Small island nations that have been disproportionately harmed by the climate crisis will go up against high-emitting nations A landmark climate justice case started its hearing in the United Nations maritime tribunal in Hamburg, Germany, on September 11, 2023. About Marine pollution:- Marine pollution can be defined as the contamination of marine water, mainly big seas and oceans with pollutants and contaminants like industrial effluents, oil spills from huge vessels, chemical displacements, chemical spills, sewage, etc. Causes:- Sewage: Sewage or polluting substances flow through sewage, rivers, or drainages directly into the ocean. Industries: Industrial waste which is directly discharged into the oceans, results in ocean pollution. The runoff from industries raises the temperature of the ocean and causes thermal pollution due to which aquatic animals and plants have difficulty surviving at higher temperatures. Land Runoff: Land-based sources (such as agricultural run-off, discharge of nutrients and pesticides, and untreated sewage including plastics) account for approximately 80% of marine pollution. Oil Spills: Crude oil lasts for years in the sea and is extremely toxic to marine life, it suffocates the marine animals to death. Ocean Mining: Ocean mining sites drilling for silver, gold, copper, cobalt, and zinc create sulfide deposits up to three and a half thousand meters down into the ocean. Harmful Effects of Marine Pollution:- Reduction of oxygen level in the water: Most of the waste dumped in oceans uses up oxygen to decompose thereby decreasing the oxygen level in the water. Affects the oceanic food chain: Agricultural & and industrial waste enters the seawater and affects organisms. Upset the coral reef cycle. Oil spills that cover the surface of seawater do not allow sunlight to reach oceanic plants Prevention of Marine Pollution:- Puttin a stop

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Morocco Syllabus                 Prelims –GEOGRAPHY Context: The Moroccan media reported damage in many parts of Morocco including the city of Marrakesh due to the recent Earthquake. Background:- At least 1,037 people have been killed and 672 people injured in the 6.8 earthquake. The epicenter was in the High Atlas Mountains, 71 kilometres (44 miles) southwest of Marrakesh. The quake was felt in Marrakesh, Rabat, Casablanca, and several other areas. Moroccan media reported that the 12th-century Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakech, one of the city’s most famed landmarks, suffered damage. Marrakech is the chief city of central Morocco. The ancient section of the city, known as the medina, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1985. About Morocco:- IMAGE SOURCE: WorldAtlas Location: Western North Africa. Boundary: Algeria to the east and southeast, Western Sahara to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. It is the only African country with coastal exposure to both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Strait: It lies directly across the Strait of Gibraltar from Spain. National languages of Morocco: Arabic. Climate: Mediterranean climate, with mild wet winters and hot dry summers. Mountain Ranges: The Atlas Mountains dominate the central part of the country, while the Rif Mountains make up the northern edge. Jebel Toubkal is the highest point in Morocco at 13,664 ft (4,165 m) and is also the highest peak of the Atlas Mountains. Seismic Activity:- It lies along the boundary of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates. These two massive plates interact, and their movements can result in seismic activity. About Earthquake:- An earthquake is an intense shaking of the Earth’s surface. The shaking is caused by movements in Earth’s outermost layer. The Earth is made of four basic layers: a solid crust, a hot, nearly solid mantle, a liquid outer core, and a solid inner core. The solid crust and top, stiff layer of the mantle make up a region called the lithosphere. It’s actually made up of tectonic plates which are constantly shifting as they drift around on the viscous, or slowly flowing, mantle layer below. This non-stop movement causes stress on Earth’s crust. When the stresses get too large, it leads to cracks called When tectonic plates move, it also causes movements at the faults. An earthquake is the sudden movement of Earth’s crust at a fault line. Hypocentre/Focus: The point where the energy is released. Epicentre: The point on the surface directly above the focus. Isoseismic line: A line connecting all points on the surface where the intensity is the same. Causes of Earthquakes:- Fault Zones Plate tectonics Volcanic activity Human-Induced Earthquake Types of Earthquakes:- Tectonic Earthquakes: These are caused by the movement of the tectonic plates along the fault line.  (Anatolian Plate) Volcanic Earthquake: Earthquakes produced by stress changes in solid rock due to the injection or withdrawal of magma (molten rock) are called volcano earthquakes (Volcano) Human-Induced Earthquakes: In areas of intense mining activity, sometimes the roofs of underground mines collapse causing minor tremors. These are called collapse earthquakes. Ground shaking may also occur due to the explosion of chemical or nuclear devices. Such tremors are called explosion earthquakes. MUST READ: Earthquake in Indonesia SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following is a part of the Congo Basin? (2023) Cameroon Nigeria South Sudan Uganda Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2018) The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 3 only 1 and 3 First Global Symposium on Farmers’ Rights Syllabus Prelims – GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Context: President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the First Global Symposium on Farmers’ Rights in New Delhi recently. About First Global Symposium on Farmers’ Rights:- Venue: ICAR Convention Centre, National Agricultural Science Centre, New Delhi. Date: September 12 to 15, 2023. Historical Background: The proposal to hold the first GFSR was mooted by the Government of India at the Ninth Session of the Governing Body (GB9) of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (International Treaty) held in India in September 2022, which was agreed by the FAO. Organized by: Secretariat of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (International Treaty) of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. Hosted by: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, in collaboration with the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPVFR) Authority, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), and ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR). Objective: to address critical issues related to farmers’ rights and their essential role in global food security and agriculture. Eminent scientists and resource persons will participate from 59 countries across the globe. They will deliberate on how to recognize and reward the enormous contribution that local and indigenous communities and farmers of all regions of the world have made to the conservation and development of plant genetic resources (PGR). Key Agendas:- Focus on Farmers’ Rights: The symposium places a strong emphasis on farmers’ rights as its central theme. Proposal for Future Work: Participants engage in discussions and deliberations aimed at formulating proposals for future work. Knowledge and Awareness: An essential outcome of the symposium is the promotion of knowledge and awareness regarding farmers’ rights among its participants. (Tenant Farmers in India) Sharing Best Practices: The symposium serves as a valuable platform for stakeholders to share best practices, experiences, and lessons learned related to farmers’ rights. (Organic Farming) The interconnectedness of Farmers’ Rights and Human Rights: Recognizing that farmers’ rights are intrinsic to human rights underscores their significance within the broader context of agriculture and farming. MUST READ: Doubling the Farmers’ Income SOURCE:

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Nipah Virus (NiV) Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: There has been an outbreak of Nipah Virus (NiV) in the state of Kerala recently. Background:- Two people have died and two others have been hospitalized, one of whom is in critical condition in the latest outbreak. The state government has set up a control room to monitor the evolving situation. NiV was first reported in the state in 2018 in Kozhikode district. About Nipah Virus (NiV):- IMAGE SOURCE: gmsciencein.com Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus. Zoonotic virus: It is transmitted from animals to humans. Natural host: Fruit bats (Pteropodidae family) Incubation period: 4 to 14 days. Incubation period: interval from infection to the onset of symptoms. Fatality rate: 40% to 75%. The Nipah virus was first recognized in 1999 during an outbreak among pig farmers in, (Zika Virus Disease) It was also recognized in Bangladesh in 2001, and nearly annual outbreaks have occurred in that country since. The disease has also been identified periodically in eastern India. The 2018 annual review of the WHO R&D Blueprint list of priority diseases indicates that there is an urgent need for accelerated research and development for the Nipah virus. Transmission:- Nipah virus can be transmitted to humans from animals (such as bats or pigs), or contaminated foods. Human-to-human transmission of the Nipah virus has also been reported among families and caregivers of infected patients. Signs and symptoms:- Human infections range from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory infection (mild, severe), and fatal encephalitis. Infected people initially develop symptoms including fever, headaches, myalgia (muscle pain), vomiting and sore throat. This can be followed by dizziness, drowsiness, altered consciousness, and neurological signs that indicate acute encephalitis. Some people can also experience atypical pneumonia and severe respiratory problems, including acute respiratory distress. Encephalitis and seizures occur in severe cases, progressing to coma within 24 to 48 hours. Diagnosis:- Nipah virus infection can be diagnosed with clinical history during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease. The main tests used are:- Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from bodily fluids. Antibody detection via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay Virus isolation by cell culture. Treatment:- There are currently no drugs or vaccines specific for Nipah virus infection. WHO has identified Nipah as a priority disease for the WHO Research and Development Blueprint. Intensive supportive care is recommended to treat severe respiratory and neurologic complications. Prevention:- Reducing the risk of bat-to-human transmission: decreasing bat access to date palm sap and other fresh food products. Reducing the risk of animal-to-human transmission: Gloves and other protective clothing should be worn while handling sick animals or their tissues and during slaughtering and culling procedures. Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission: Close unprotected physical contact with Nipah virus-infected people should be avoided MUST READ: Zombie Virus SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy : It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents, and pregnant women. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies, and fluorosis. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following : (2022) Bacteria Fungi Virus Which of the above can be cultured in an artificial/ synthetic medium? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 e-Courts Mission Mode Project Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: The Government has recently, approved the e-Courts Mission Mode Project Phase -3 as part of the National e-Governance Plan. Background:- It is a part of the National e-Governance Plan. It will span for four years with a financial outlay of seven thousand 210 crore rupees. About e-Courts Mission Mode Project:- Launched:2007. Ministry: Ministry of Law & Justice. E-Courts Project is a mission-mode project undertaken by the Department of Justice, Government of India. Objective: to provide designated services to litigants, lawyers, and the judiciary by universal computerization of district and subordinate courts in the country and enhancement of ICT enablement of the justice system. Implementation: The e-Courts project is being implemented in association with the e-Committee Supreme Court of India and the Department of Justice. The project is aimed at providing the necessary hardware and software application to enable courts to deliver e-services, and the judiciary to be able to monitor and manage the functioning of courts. It is a Central Sector Scheme. The e Committee of the Supreme Court has been overseeing the implementation of the e Courts Project, conceptualized under the “National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Indian Judiciary-2005”. The Chairperson of the e Committee is Dr Justice Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud, Judge, Supreme Court of India. Phases:- Phase I: It was implemented during 2011-2015. Phase II: It was started in 2015 under which various District and subordinate courts have been computerized. Draft vision document for Phase III aims for: (Phase III of the eCourts Project) Digitization of court processes. Upgrade the electronic infrastructure of the judiciary. Enable access to lawyers and litigants. Seamless exchange of information between various branches of the State through the Interoperable Criminal Justice System (ICJS). These branches include the judiciary, the police, and the prison systems. Advantages:- Faster justice (Digitization of Court Records) Clearing pendency which is around 3.27 crore cases before Indian courts. Reduce long delays and difficulties for ordinary litigants. Building people’s trust in the judiciary. Challenges:- Technical Challenges: Complex process that involves upgrading existing technology and infrastructure. Cybersecurity Risks. Equity Concerns: The digitization of courts can exacerbate existing disparities in access to justice for marginalized communities, particularly those without access to technology. Preservation of Records: Digitizing records poses challenges for preserving historical records MUST READ: Judiciary & AI SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Edible oil Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: India could soon see record imports of edible oil of over 16 to 16.5 million tonnes during the current oil year ending October 2023. Background:- Low rainfall in the month of August, along with other factors, is driving the high demand. Data released on September 2023, showed the import of edible oil in August 2023 was 35 percent higher compared to imports in August 2022. About Edible oil:- IMAGE SOURCE: bestfoodfacts.org Oilseeds and edible oils are two of the most sensitive essential commodities. India is the world’s second-largest consumer and number one importer of vegetable oil. In terms of volumes, palm oil, soya bean oil, and mustard oil are the three largest consumed edible oils in India. India is one of the largest producers of oilseeds in the world. (Edible oil prices) India produces- rapeseeds, soybean, peanut, groundnut, copra, cottonseeds and sunflower seeds. In India, the Edible Oil industry is dependent on the vagaries of monsoons like other agricultural products. In order to cater to rising demand, India imports refined edible oil or crude stock to meet the demand-supply gap. India imported 0 million tonnes of edible oil in the year 2019, while the production is around 7.0 million tonnes. At present, India meets nearly 55% to 60% of its edible oil demand through imports. Palm oil (Crude + Refined) constitutes roughly 62% of the total edible oils imported and is imported mainly from Indonesia and Malaysia. Soyabean oil (22%) is imported from Argentina and Brazil. Sunflower oil (15%) is imported mainly from Ukraine and Russia. India’s Export-Import Policy on Edible Oils:- To reduce the import of edible oils in the country, the Indian Government is focusing on increasing the production and productivity of oilseeds and area expansion under Oil Palm and tree-borne oilseeds to enhance the domestic availability of edible oils. National Mission on Oil Seed and Oil Palm (NMOOP) was launched by the Government from 2014-15 to increase the production and productivity of Oilseed crops including mustard and soybean in the country. The scheme is now merged with the National Food Security Mission from 2018-19 as NFSM-Oilseeds & Oil Palm. (National Food Security Act) It has also placed the import of refined palm oil in the ‘restricted’ category with effect from 8th January 2020. MUST READ: National Mission on Edible Oil-Oil Palm (NMEO-OP) SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) Statement-I: India accounts for 3·2% of global export of goods. Statement-II: Many local companies and some foreign companies operating in India have taken advantage of India’s ‘Production-linked Incentive’ scheme. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I Statement-I is correct but Statement II is incorrect Statement-I is incorrect but Statement II is correct Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2018) The quantity of imported edible oils is more than the domestic production of edible oils in the last five years. The Government does not impose any customs duty on all imported edible oils as a special case. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Hindi Diwas Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: Hindi Diwas was celebrated across country recently. About Hindi Diwas:- “Hindi Diwas” is celebrated annually on September 14th in India. It commemorates the adoption of Hindi as one of India’s official languages. The Constituent Assembly of India, on September 14, 1949, formally recognized Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, as the official language of India for central government and Union purposes. This decision was enshrined in Article 343 of the Constitution of India. Article 351 pertains to the ‘Directive for development of the Hindi language’. World Hindi Day is observed on 10th January. (International Mother Language Day) About 425 million people speak Hindi as their first language and about 120 million people speak Hindi as their second language. The Hindi language is majorly spoken in states like Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Bihar, Jharkhand etc. Hindi is also spoken in Mauritius, Nepal, Fuji, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago. Other languages in India:- The Indian constitution recognizes 22 major languages of India in what is known as “the 8th Schedule” of the Constitution. These include Sanskrit, Assamese, Bangla, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kashmiri, Kannada, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Santali, Sindhi, and Urdu. MUST READ: Languages of India SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (2022) This would prevent the transfer of land from tribal people to non-tribal people. This would create a local self-governing body in that area. This would convert that area into a Union Territory. The State having such areas would be declared a Special Category State. Q.2) With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho, and Kui’ pertain to (2021) dance forms of Northwest India musical instruments pre-historic cave paintings tribal languages Skill India Digital app Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT POLICIES Context: Recently, the centre launched the Skill India Digital app. Background:- The Skill India Digital app, brings together listings for upskilling courses and job listings. The app was soft launched in April 2023, and was announced by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman during the Budget session of Parliament. About Skill India Digital app:- Launched in 2023. Developed by: National Skill Development Corporation. Ministry: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. Skill India Digital app, brings together listings for upskilling courses and job listings. The app will be linked with DigiLocker and Aadhaar to issue verifiable certificates of course completion. It will generate digitally signed CVs for job applicants and people taking courses. The app would help in distributing

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs (IICA) recently, organized a workshop on Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR). Background:- The Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs (IICA), organized a workshop on Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) in collaboration with UNICEF and the National Stock Exchange at the NSE premises in Mumbai on September 12, 2023. The workshop aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the BRSR framework, which is based on the nine principles of the National Guidelines for Responsible Business Conduct (NGRBC). About Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR):- The BRSR framework is a mandatory disclosure mechanism for the top 1000 listed companies or businesses to report their performance on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) aspects. It demonstrates their commitment to responsible business practices. It will be applicable to the top 1000 listed entities (by market capitalization), for reporting on a voluntary basis for FY 2021 – 22 and on a mandatory basis from FY 2022 – 23. It includes:- Sustainability Reporting: disclosure and communication of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) goals. It is intended to have quantitative and standardized disclosures on ESG parameters to enable comparability across companies, sectors, and time. Environmental criteria: consider how a company performs as a steward of nature. Social criteria: examine how it manages relationships with employees, suppliers, customers, and the communities where it operates. Governance: deals with a company’s leadership, executive pay, audits, internal controls, and shareholder rights. The listed entities already preparing and disclosing sustainability reports based on internationally accepted frameworks (such  as  GRI,  SASB,  TCFD, or Integrated  Reporting) Significance:- Such disclosures will be helpful for investors to make better investment decisions. It shall also enable companies to engage more meaningfully with their stakeholders, by encouraging them to look beyond financials and social and environmental impacts. MUST READ: National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the investments in the following assets: (2023) Brand recognition Inventory Intellectual property Mailing list of clients How many of the above are considered intangible investments? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks in developing strategies and capital-raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 NeVA Project Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: President Droupadi Murmu launched the Gujarat Assembly’s National e-Vidhan Application (NeVA) project recently. About National e-Vidhan Application (NeVA) project:- National eVidhan Application (NeVA) is an online application. It is a Mission Mode Project (MMP) that comes under the Digital India Programme. Objective: to make all legislatures digital with the help of Information & Communication Technologies (ICT). Ministry: Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (MoPA). It is the ‘Nodal Ministry’ for its implementation in all the 31 States/UTs with Legislatures. Funding: It is provided by the MoPA. The funding of NeVA is through Central Sponsored Schemee. 60:40; and 90:10 for North East & and hilly States and 100% for UTs. The technical support by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MietY). So far, 21 State Assemblies have signed Memorandums of Understanding to implement NeVA, and funding has been allocated for 17 of them. Nine legislatures have transitioned fully into digital Houses and actively operate on the NeVA platform. Himachal Pradesh was the first Digital Legislature of the country. Significance:- NeVA epitomizes the concept of ‘One Nation, One Application’, with a mission to prioritize cloud-first and mobile-first approaches. It is to serve the Members of Legislative Assemblies more effectively. It enables automation of the entire law-making process, tracking of decisions and documents, and sharing of information. Through the cloud technology (Meghraj), data deployed can be accessed anywhere at any time. The live webcasting of Lok Sabha TV and Rajya Sabha TV is also available on this application. MUST READ: Global Digital Governance SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of the “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018) Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centers within our national geographical boundaries. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places, and major tourist centers. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Regarding Digi Locker’, sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) It is a digital locker system offered by the Government under the Digital India Programme. It allows you to access your e-documents irrespective of your physical location. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Probiotics Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent studies have shown the positive role of probiotics in reducing Cholesterol. Background:- Using probiotics to reduce cholesterol is an upcoming area of interest and the research is promising. Probiotics are thought to help lower cholesterol levels via a number of mechanisms. These include helping to incorporate cholesterol into cells and adjusting the microbiome of the gut to favor the elimination of cholesterol via the faeces. In a 2018 study, researchers pooled results from 32 studies and analyzed them all together in a type of study known as a meta-analysis. The people who took probiotics reduced their total cholesterol level by 13 percent. Other systematic reviews support these findings. (Indian scientists develop a next-generation probiotic) About Probiotics:- Probiotics are a combination of live beneficial bacteria and/or yeasts. Probiotic supplements are a way to add good bacteria

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), arrested a Chartered Accountant in Hyderabad recently. Background:- Shri Nalin Prabhat Panchal, a Chartered Accountant by profession was arrested for failure to honour the summons issued in connection with the prosecution of Nityank Infrapower & Multiventures Private Limited. About Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO):- Ministry: Ministry of Corporate Affairs. HQ: New Delhi. Establishment: As per the Companies Act, 2013, the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) has been established through the Government of India Notification dated 07.2015. It is a multi-disciplinary organization, consisting of experts in the field of accountancy, forensic auditing, banking, law, information technology, investigation, company law, capital market and taxation, etc. Objective: It works for detecting and prosecuting or recommending for prosecution white-collar crimes/frauds. (Shell Companies) It has five Regional Offices in Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad & and Kolkata. Composition:- Headed by: a Director as Head of Department in the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India. The Director is assisted by Additional Directors, Joint Directors, Deputy Directors, Senior Assistant Directors, Assistant Directors Prosecutors, and other secretarial staff.  Functions:- Take up for investigation cases characterized by complexity and having inter-departmental and multi-disciplinary ramifications. substantial involvement of public interest to be judged by size, either in terms of monetary. the possibility of investigation leading to or contributing towards a clear improvement in systems, laws, or procedures. Investigate serious cases of fraud received from the Department of Company Affairs. Investigate the affairs of a company on: – on receipt of a report of the Registrar or inspector under section 208 of the Companies Act, 2013. on intimation of a special resolution passed by a company that its affairs are required to be investigated. in the public interest. on request from any department of the Central Government or a State Government.  MUST READ: CBI and ED SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps Public Sector Banks develop strategies and capital-raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thogai Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recently, the Tamil Nadu government has identified 1.06 crore women, who are eligible to benefit from the Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thogai (women’s basic income) scheme. Background:- Chief Minister M.K. Stalin launched the scheme in Kancheepuram on September 15, the birth anniversary of the former CM. C.N. Annadurai. About Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thogai:- Launched: September,2023. Launched by: Government of Tamil Nadu. Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam is a scheme through which a monthly grant is to be provided to eligible women heads of households. Under this program, qualified women are entitled to a monthly rights grant of Rs 1,000, totaling Rs 12,000 annually. It will be effective from 15, September 2023. Objective: to give women economic recognition, and empowerment. Background:- The scheme was one of the poll promises of the ruling DMK government in 2021. During the State Budget presentation in March this year, the then Finance Minister Palanivel Thiaga Rajan announced that ₹7,000 crore would be allotted for the scheme for the current financial year. Initially, an estimated 2.2 crore women heads of families, all ration card holders were expected to benefit from this scheme. However, now the government has indicated an estimated one crore women heads of families would receive the rights grant. Eligibility:- Beneficiary families should meet the following economic criteria:- Annual income below ₹2.5 lakh. Ownership of less than five acres of wetland or less than ten acres of dryland. Consumption of less than 3,600 units of electricity per year for domestic use. Significance:- This initiative aims to enhance the economic well-being and living standards of women, ultimately fostering societal self-respect. Once implemented, will be one of the biggest cash transfer schemes implemented by any State government in India’s history.  MUST READ: SAMARTH initiative for women SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother a minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘stand up India scheme’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Its purpose is to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs. It provides for refinancing through SIDBI. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Flood Syllabus Prelims –DISASTER MANAGEMENT Context: The flood in Narmada following the release of water in Narmada Dam displaced thousands in Gujarat recently. Background:- The Narmada and other rivers are in full spate as severe rains pounded portions of Gujarat on 17, September, 2023. The rivers inundated several low-lying areas and cut off many villages in the central and southern regions of the state. About Flood:- A high water level that overflows the natural banks along any portion of a stream is called a flood. They are the most frequent type of natural disaster. They occur when an overflow of water submerges land that is usually dry. Risks: Floods can cause

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Shantiniketan Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated the nation on the inclusion of Shantiniketan in the UNESCO World Heritage list. Background:- Shantiniketan has been listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List on Sep 17, 2023. In a social media post, Prime Minister Modi said that this is a proud moment for all Indians. Modi said that Shantiniketan is an embodiment of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore’s vision and India’s rich cultural heritage. About Shantiniketan:- Location: Birbhum district in West Bengal. Established: 1901. Established by: Maharshi Debendranath Tagore. Maharshi Debendranath Tagore was the father of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. Shantiniketan has been listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2023. It was based on old Indian traditions and a vision of humanity’s unity that transcended religious and cultural barriers. Santiniketan grew into the Visva Bharati University in 1921, attracting some of the most creative minds in the country. The Visva-Bharati University at Shantiniketan is the epitome of the revolutionary tradition of breaking barriers of all kinds, be it castes, religions, classes, creeds, genders, cultures with a principal focus on humanities, arts, and contact with nature. Even today, Shantiniketan follows Tagore’s principles of equality. It houses a little over 10,000 students on its campuses who comprise Indian and international students within a co-educational facility. The trend of Gurukul (open-air classes) is still practiced under the campus trees. Shantiniketan is also famous for its many festivals. Some of them include:- Grand Poush Utsav: celebrated on the Foundation Day of the University. Basant Utsav: celebrated on Holi. Sarad Utsav: Autumn Festival. Magh Utsav : Founding Day of the Sriniketan campus Vrikhsharopan Utsav: Tree Planting Festival. Important Places in Shantiniketan:- Tagore’s Ashram: The Ashram complex is the oldest area of Shantiniketan where Maharshi Debendranath Tagore built Shantiniketan Griha, the first guest house. Rabindra Bhaban Museum or Tagore Museum: The Rabindra Bhaban Museum was founded just after the death of Rabindranath Tagore in 1942. Vishwa Bharati University: Established with the principal motto and objective to explore arts, humanities, language, music, dance, and folk arts, Visva Bharati’s focal point is to create oneness in diversity. Uttarayan Complex: Located in the northern part of Shantiniketan, it is a collection of five houses built by Rabindranath Tagore during his lifetime. Upasana Griha: the Prayer Hall is one of the stunning buildings in the entire Shantiniketan area. Kala Bhavan: One of the most beautifully designed blocks within the Visva Bharati University premises is the Kala Bhavan. China Bhavan: The academic blocks within the vicinity of Visva Bharati University Complex are named in accordance with the purpose, culture, and subject being taught there. Nippon Bhavan: Like China Bhavan, the Nippon Bhavan is dedicated to Japanese culture, literature, art, language and tradition. Chhatimtala: The site of Chhatimtala is considered to be sacred and is of great importance to everyone at Shantiniketan. MUST READ: Gitanjali by Rabindranath Tagore SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following freedom fighters: (2022) Barindra Kumar Ghosh Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee Rash Behari Bose Who of the above was/were actively associated with the Ghadar Party? 1 and 2 2 only 1 and 3 3 only Q.2) With reference to Madanapalle of Andhra Pradesh, which one of the following statements is correct? (2021) Pingali Venkayya designed the tricolour Indian National Flag here. Pattabhi Sitaramaiah led the Quit India Movement of the Andhra region from here. Rabindranath Tagore translated the National Anthem from Bengali to English here. Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott set up the headquarters of the Theosophical Society first here. G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI) Meeting Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: The Fourth G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI) Meeting concluded recently. Background:- The three-day meeting saw G20 GPFI delegates engaging in thought-provoking discussions on energizing growth for MSMEs, empowering consumers through digital financial literacy and consumer protection as well as key priority areas of GPFI, namely, digital financial inclusion and SME (Small and Medium Enterprise) Finance. About G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI) Meeting:- Venue: Mumbai, India. Date: from September 14-16, 2023. The meeting brought together over 50 delegates from G20 member countries, special invitee countries, and International Organizations. (India and G20 Presidency) The meeting involved discussions on ongoing work of the financial inclusion agenda under the G20 India Presidency in areas of Digital Financial Inclusion and SME Finance. A Symposium on Digital Public Infrastructure for energizing MSMEs was held on September 14, 2023. The Symposium saw a panel discussion between global experts around two key themes “Energizing MSMEs for Higher Economic Growth through Digital Public Infrastructure” and “Credit Guarantees and SME ecosystems”. GPFI members discussed GPFI work regarding the implementation of G20 GPFI High-Level Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion, Update of National Remittance Plans and SME best practices and innovative instruments to overcome common constraints in SME financing. A Symposium on “Advancing Financial Inclusion through Digital Public Infrastructure: Empowering Consumers through Digital and Financial Literacy and Consumer Protection” was also held on September 16, 2023, as part of the GPFI Meeting. The delegates attending the 4th GPFI WG meeting also visited the Kanheri Caves in Mumbai. Significance:- Through the New Delhi Leaders Declaration, the G20 Leaders renewed their commitment to accelerate “strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth” and “the full and effective implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” and underscored that MSMEs will be central in fulfilling both the commitments. Through two-panel discussions, eminent global panelists deliberated upon approaches to bridge the challenges faced by MSMEs through innovative measures like DPI (Digital Public Infrastructure) for bridging the credit gap, promoting transparency, enhancing affordability, and driving innovations and productivity gains. The GPFI Plenary Meeting included discussions on GPFI work regarding the implementation of G20 GPFI High-Level Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion, Update of National Remittance Plans and SME best practices and innovative instruments to overcome common constraints in SME financing. The discussions contributed towards the culmination of the remaining work of the ongoing three-year Financial Inclusion Action Plan FIAP 2020 which is

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Segur elephant corridor Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: A Supreme Court-appointed committee recently declared 12 private resorts, along the Segur elephant corridor, illegal. Background:- The committee’s ruling highlighted that the resorts had constructed unlawful structures that impeded the natural movement of elephants. Despite assertions from resort owners who disputed the corridor’s designation as an elephant habitat, the committee ultimately sided with preserving the corridor’s integrity. While this decision secures the protection of the corridor, it carries economic implications for the local communities that depend on employment opportunities provided by these resorts. About Segur elephant corridor:- IMAGE SOURCE: downtoearth.org.in The Segur elephant corridor serves as a crucial passageway for the movement of elephants and various other wildlife species between different habitats within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. ( Endangered Asian elephant in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve) The corridor is situated in the ecologically fragile Sigur plateau. Sigur plateau connects the Western and the Eastern Ghats. It facilitates easy movement of about 6,300 Asiatic elephants from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. It sustains elephant populations and their genetic diversity. (Elephant Conservation) The elephants cross the plateau in search of food and water. It has the Nilgiri Hills on its southwestern side. Moyar River Valley is on its northeastern side. The plateau is a low-rainfall marginal land. It has poor soils and in recent times, also had a low population density. There are five major streams in the Sigur plateau: Moyar River, Sigur River, Avarahalla River, Kedarhalla River, and Gundattihalla River. All these rivers originate in the Nilgiris plateau. MUST READ: Project Re-Hab SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following makes a tool with a stick to scrape insects from a hole in a tree or a log of wood? (2023) Fishing cat Orangutan Otter Sloth bear Q.2) With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements: (2022) Wild animals are the sole property of the government. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled to equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 2 only 1 and 3 3 only UN Convention on the International Effects of Judicial Sales of Ships Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, 15 countries joined the UN Convention on the International Effects of Judicial Sales of Ships. Background:- The convention was opened for signatures at a ceremony in Beijing on September 5, 2023, according to the United Nations. 15 countries, including China, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Switzerland, signed the UN Convention. About the UN Convention on the International Effects of Judicial Sales of Ships:- Date of adoption: 7 December 2022. Objective: to promote legal certainty and predictability at the international level by creating a uniform regime for the international effects of ‘judicial’ sales of ships. Background:- It was developed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). It was to address the problem of bona fide new owners and those financing the purchase of vessels who, for instance, find themselves dealing with previous creditors laying claim to the ship as security for a loan. The convention is also known as the Beijing Convention on the Judicial Sale of Ships. It establishes a harmonized regime for giving international effect to judicial sales while preserving domestic law governing the procedure of judicial sales and the circumstances in which judicial sales confer clean title. By ensuring legal certainty as to the title that the purchaser acquires in the ship as it navigates internationally, the Convention is designed to maximize the price that the ship is able to attract in the market and the proceeds available for distribution among creditors and to promote international trade. Key Provisions:- Basic rule of the Convention:- A judicial sale conducted in one State Party which has the effect of conferring clean title on the purchaser has the same effect in every other State Party (article 6). The basic rule is subject only to a public policy exception (article 10). Additional rules of the Convention:- The first is a requirement that the ship registry deregister the ship or transfer registration at the request of the purchaser (article 7). (UN biodiversity Summit) The second is a prohibition on arresting the ship for a claim arising from a pre-existing right or interest (i.e. a right or interest extinguished by the sale) (article 8). The third is the conferral of exclusive jurisdiction on the courts of the State of judicial sale to hear a challenge to the judicial sale (article 9). The Convention provides for the issuance of two instruments: a notice of judicial sale (article 4) and a certificate of judicial sale (article 5). It also establishes an online repository of those instruments which is freely accessible to any interested person or entity (article 11). The Convention regime is “closed”, in the sense that it applies only among States Parties (article 3), but “not-exclusive”, in the sense that it does not displace other bases for giving effect to judicial sales, for instance under more favourable domestic law regimes (article 14). MUST READ: UN High Seas Treaty SOURCE: BUSINESS LINE PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022) A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only