Current Affairs

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Energy Mix (2025) Category: ENERGY Context:  India’s Union Budget 2025-26 announced a major push to achieve 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047 Key Highlights: India’s Nuclear Power Journey: Early Start: India was a pioneer in Asia, with its first research reactor in 1956 and power reactor at Tarapur in 1969. Setbacks: Progress slowed after: Refusal to sign the NPT (1968). Pokhran nuclear tests (1974, 1998). Denial of international cooperation and fuel supply. Recovery: Civil nuclear deal with the US in 2005. NSG waiver in 2008 helped resume international collaboration. Challenges in Meeting 100 GW Target: Current Constraints: Existing capacity is just 8.2 GW. New capacity addition (5.4 GW) still in progress. All plants are owned by the public sector NPCIL; private and foreign participation is not allowed under existing law. Policy & Legal Reforms Required: Amendments to: Atomic Energy Act (1962) – to allow private sector ownership/control. CLND Act (2010) – to address liability and insurance concerns. Electricity Act (2003) – to enable dispute resolution and open access. Revisit nuclear regulation: separate regulatory body needed (like AERB being independent). Finance & Economics: High capital costs (₹60-₹90 crore/MW) make nuclear power less attractive. Delay in returns, safety concerns, and risk management require viability gap funding, public-private partnerships, and financial guarantees. Learning Corner: India’s Energy Mix (2025) India’s total installed power generation capacity stands at around 485 GW. The energy mix is evolving with a strong shift towards clean energy, though coal remains dominant in electricity generation. Installed Capacity (by source): Coal & thermal: ~50–55% Renewables (solar, wind, biomass): ~35–40% Large Hydro: ~10% Nuclear: ~2% Electricity Generation Share: Coal & thermal: ~70–75% Renewables + Hydro: ~20–22% Nuclear: ~3% Key Trends: India has achieved over 50% of its installed capacity from non-fossil sources. Solar and wind are the fastest-growing sectors. Despite growth in capacity, coal still contributes the bulk of actual electricity generation. Around 56 GW of clean energy projects are under construction. Target: ~35–40% clean energy in generation mix by 2030. Source: THE HINDU Bio stimulants Category: AGRICULTURE Context: Bio stimulants, now under Agri Ministry’s scrutiny What are Bio stimulants? Definition: Substances that stimulate physiological processes in plants to enhance nutrient uptake, yield, growth, and stress tolerance. Components: Derived from natural sources—botanical extracts, seaweed, vitamins, bio-chemicals. Exclusion: Not classified as pesticides or fertilizers under current law. Why Under Scrutiny? Farmers complained retailers were bundling bio stimulants with subsidized fertilizers like urea and DAP. Concerns raised over ineffectiveness of many products. ~30,000 unchecked products existed until recently; now reduced to ~650 after stricter checks. Legal Framework Previously unregulated, unlike fertilizers/pesticides. Regulated under: Fertiliser Control Order (FCO), 1985 – amended in 2021 to include bio stimulants. Essential Commodities Act, 1955 – allows periodic updates to FCO. 2021: Government created a 5-year Central Bio stimulant Committee for scientific assessment. Learning Corner: Biofortification Definition: Process of increasing the nutritional value of food crops through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern biotechnology. Example: Iron-rich pearl millet, zinc-rich wheat. Objective: Address hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiency).  Biofertilizers Definition: Microorganisms that fix nutrients (like nitrogen, phosphorus) in the soil and make them available to plants. Examples: Rhizobium (legumes), Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza. Benefit: Reduce chemical fertiliser dependency. Precision Farming Definition: Use of technology and data analytics to deliver nutrients and water in precise amounts needed by crops. Tools: GPS, remote sensing, drones. Outcome: Efficient nutrient delivery, reduced wastage. Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) Definition: Ratio of crop yield to the amount of nutrient applied. Goal: Increase yield with minimal nutrient loss. Enhanced Through: Balanced fertilization, slow-release fertilizers. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Definition: Combined use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures, and biofertilizers to maintain soil fertility and productivity. Advantage: Sustainable nutrient supply. Nanofertilizers Definition: Fertilizers developed using nanotechnology to enhance nutrient availability and uptake. Example: Nano Urea (by IFFCO). Pros: Lower doses, reduced environmental impact. Foliar Nutrition Definition: Application of nutrients directly to plant leaves in liquid form. Use Case: Quick correction of micronutrient deficiencies (like Zn, Fe). Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Article 143 Category: POLITY Context : The Supreme Court has issued notices to the Centre and all States based on a presidential reference seeking clarity on the powers and timelines for the President and Governors to act on state legislature Bills. Key Issues: Whether the judiciary can impose timelines on constitutional authorities where the Constitution is silent. Whether the President’s and Governors’ actions or inactions under Articles 200 and 201 are subject to judicial review. Whether the Supreme Court can use its powers under Article 142 to “deem” assent in cases of inaction. Whether delays or refusals based on irrelevant reasons are unconstitutional. Presidential Reference: President Droupadi Murmu, under Article 143(1), has asked the Supreme Court 14 key legal questions regarding: Judicial scrutiny of constitutional discretion. Legal validity of judicially imposed timelines. Grounds for deeming assent and limiting executive delays. Learning Corner: Article 143 – Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Purpose: Empowers the President of India to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact of public importance. Types: Article 143(1): Advisory opinion on any question of law or fact. Article 143(2): Opinion on disputes arising out of pre-Constitution treaties or agreements. Notable Cases: Re Berubari Union Case (1960): First use of Article 143. SC opined that a constitutional amendment is needed to cede Indian territory to Pakistan. Re Kerala Education Bill (1958): Clarified constitutional provisions regarding minority education rights. Re Special Courts Bill (1979): SC upheld the constitutionality of special courts for trying politicians for corruption. Article 200 – Assent to Bills by Governor Purpose: Empowers the Governor to: Give assent to a Bill. Withhold assent. Reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration. Return the Bill (if not a money bill) for reconsideration by the legislature. Key Observation: Governor cannot sit on a bill indefinitely; expected to act in a reasonable time frame. Notable Issue: Tamil Nadu NEET Exemption Bill (2021): Governor delayed action, raising questions about misuse of Article 200. Article 201 – President’s Power on Reserved

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Enforcement Directorate (ED) Category: POLITY Context:  The Supreme Court of India strongly criticized the Enforcement Directorate (ED) for misusing its powers to pursue political battles The court emphasized that: ED should not be used as a political tool. Officers are “crossing all limits” in their conduct. The SC firmly reminded the ED to uphold constitutional values, not act as a tool for political vendetta, and maintain judicial fairness and professionalism. Learning Corner: Enforcement Directorate (ED) About: The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is a law enforcement and economic intelligence agency under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Key Functions: Enforces the following laws: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 Main Objectives: Investigate cases of money laundering, foreign exchange violations, and financial fraud. Attach and confiscate properties derived from illegal means. Prosecute offenders in special courts under PMLA. Powers: Conduct search and seizure, arrest, and summon individuals. Attach proceeds of crime. File prosecution complaints (charge sheets) under PMLA. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS F-35B Fighter Jet Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: British Royal Navy’s F-35B Fighter Jet Set to Fly Out from Kerala. Background: The F-35B, from the Royal Navy’s aircraft carrier HMS Prince of Wales, had to land in Kerala due to an emergency. The situation has now been resolved and the jet will rejoin its fleet. Key Details: Repairs were carried out by Air India’s MRO facility. A 14-member UK engineering team assisted with the assessment and safety checks. The aircraft was supported logistically by a UK Airbus A400M Atlas, which will take the team back. Learning Corner: F-35B Lightning II Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin (USA) Type: Stealth multirole fighter (Variant of F-35) Operator: U.S. Marines, U.K. Royal Navy, Italy, and others Key Feature: Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) capability – can operate from aircraft carriers without catapults Speed: ~1.6 Mach Avionics: Advanced sensor fusion, helmet-mounted display, AESA radar Stealth: Designed to evade radar detection using stealth shaping and coatings Armament: Air-to-air missiles, air-to-ground bombs, internal gun, and external pylons Fifth-Generation Fighter Aircraft – Key Features These are the most advanced class of fighter jets currently in service globally. Core Features: Stealth Technology: Radar-evading design and materials Advanced Avionics: Integrated sensors, electronic warfare systems, and sensor fusion Supercruise: Ability to cruise at supersonic speeds without afterburners (in some variants) Maneuverability: High agility using thrust-vectoring and fly-by-wire systems Network-Centric Warfare: Real-time data sharing with other platforms and command centers Situational Awareness: Helmet-mounted displays, 360° battlefield view Examples of Fifth-Generation Jets: F-22 Raptor (USA) F-35 Lightning II (A/B/C variants) (USA) Chengdu J-20 (China) Sukhoi Su-57 (Russia) HAL AMCA (India – under development) Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Right to vote Category: POLITY Context : The Supreme Court is examining if the right to vote, amid Bihar’s Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls, is a constitutional, statutory, or fundamental right. Legal Provisions: Article 326: Gives every citizen above 18 the right to vote based on adult suffrage. Section 62, Representation of the People Act, 1951: Lays down conditions under which a citizen is allowed or denied the right to vote (e.g., not in prison, being ordinarily resident, etc.). What the Courts Have Said: N.P. Ponnuswami case (1952): Right to vote is a statutory right, subject to limitations by law. Jyoti Basu case (1982): Reaffirmed that voting is not a fundamental or common law right. PUCL case (2003): Called it a ‘constitutional right’, if not fundamental. Kuldip Nayar case (2006): Reaffirmed it as a statutory right. Rajbala case (2015): Upheld the statutory nature of voting right. Anoop Baranwal case (2023): Majority reaffirmed the statutory view. Justice Ajay Rastogi (dissenting opinion): Argued that right to vote is an expression of choice under Article 19(1)(a) — linking it to freedom of speech and expression. Learning Corner: Types of Rights Explained: Natural Rights: Inherent and inalienable (e.g., right to life, liberty). Not always directly enforceable unless recognized in fundamental rights. Constitutional Rights: Guaranteed by the Constitution but not part of Fundamental Rights. Enforceable under Article 226 or 32 (e.g., right to property, right to vote under Article 326). Statutory Rights: Granted by laws made by Parliament or State Legislatures (e.g., MGNREG Act, Forest Rights Act). Can be changed or repealed by ordinary legislation. Source :  THE HINDU Vice President Resigns Category: POLITY Context: Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar resigned on July 21, 2025, citing health reasons. His resignation, effective immediately under Article 67(a) of the Constitution Constitutional Process & Impact Until a new Vice President is elected, Deputy Chairperson Harivansh Narayan Singh will preside over the Rajya Sabha under Article 91. A new Vice President must be elected within 60 days (by September 19, 2025). The election will follow the proportional representation system with a single transferable vote, involving an electoral college of 788 MPs. Learning Corner: Vice President of India Constitutional Position: The Vice President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in the country. Defined under Articles 63 to 71 of the Constitution. Key Functions: Ex officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). Acts as President of India in case of vacancy (due to death, resignation, removal, or absence) until a new President is elected (for a maximum of 6 months). Does not perform executive functions unless acting as President. Election Process: Elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha (including nominated members). Voting method: Proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote and secret ballot. No separate state-level representation (unlike Presidential election). Eligibility Criteria: Must be an Indian citizen, At least 35 years old, Qualified to be a member of the Rajya Sabha, Must not hold any office of profit under the Government. Term and Vacancy: Term: 5 years, but continues until successor takes office. Can resign (under Article 67) by writing to the President. In case of resignation or vacancy, Article 91 allows the Deputy Chairperson of Rajya Sabha to perform duties as presiding officer. Notable Facts: The Vice President is not

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Inflation Category: ECONOMICS Context:  India’s consumer price index (CPI) food inflation was just 2.1% in June 2025 — lower than the US (2.7%), UK (4.5%), and EU (3%). This is the lowest since January 2019. Key Points: Factors Controlling Inflation: Good monsoon for the second consecutive year boosted crop output. High central food stockpiles (see Table 1). Government policy: Allowed zero/low-duty imports of pulses and edible oils. Cooling global prices for oil and pulses. RBI Implication: This easing food inflation gives space for RBI to cut interest rates, which were kept high due to inflation worries. Monsoon and Crop Impact: Ample rainfall across the country boosted soil moisture and groundwater, benefiting Kharif crops like rice, arhar, and soybean. Area sown under Kharif crops has increased marginally in 2025 compared to 2024 (Table 2), especially for pulses, oilseeds, cotton, and maize. Imports and Price Support: Government imports of arhar and tur dal from Mozambique and Malawi. Edible oil imports (soybean, sunflower) were allowed at reduced duty to control inflation. Support prices for crops like tur increased to ensure farmers get remunerative returns. Learning Corner: Different Types of Inflation Inflation refers to the general rise in the price level of goods and services in an economy over a period. Different types of inflation are classified based on causes, speed, and scope: Based on Causes: Demand-Pull Inflation Caused by excess demand over supply in the economy. Occurs when consumer spending increases faster than production. Cost-Push Inflation Caused by a rise in production costs (e.g., wages, raw materials). Producers pass higher costs to consumers as higher prices. Built-in Inflation (Wage-Price Spiral) Occurs when workers demand higher wages to keep up with living costs, increasing production costs and causing further inflation. Based on Speed: Creeping Inflation Mild, slow rise in prices (≤ 3% per year). Considered manageable and sometimes desirable. Walking Inflation Moderate inflation (3–10% annually). Can affect the purchasing power and investment. Galloping Inflation Rapid inflation (double or triple digits). Destabilizes the economy. Hyperinflation Extremely high and typically uncontrollable inflation (e.g., >50% per month). Seen in crisis-hit countries (e.g., Zimbabwe, Venezuela). Based on Scope and Control: Headline Inflation Measures total inflation including volatile items like food and fuel. Tracked by indices like CPI (Consumer Price Index) in India. Core Inflation Excludes food and fuel to reflect the underlying trend in inflation. Useful for monetary policy decisions. Other Special Types: Stagflation Inflation + stagnant growth + high unemployment. Difficult to manage through traditional policies. Deflation Negative inflation; general fall in prices. Often indicates weak demand and economic slowdown. Reflation Deliberate policy-induced inflation to recover from deflation or recession. Achieved through fiscal/monetary stimulus. Skewflation Inflation only in specific sectors, like food or fuel, due to supply shocks. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Kailash Manasarovar Yatra Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The resumption of the Kailash Manasarovar Yatra in 2025, after a five-year gap, is seen as a key step in rebuilding India-China relations. The move has been hailed as a positive gesture in cultural diplomacy, promoting people-to-people exchanges and restoring mutual trust after years of pandemic-related suspension and border tensions. Chinese officials welcomed Indian pilgrims, describing them as “envoys of friendship,” while both governments emphasized the Yatra’s value as a confidence-building measure. Its revival aligns with the 75th anniversary of diplomatic ties, adding symbolic significance to the initiative. The decision follows high-level diplomatic engagements, with agreements to resume direct flights, improve cross-border cooperation on issues like water sharing and media, and discuss expanded routes and services for pilgrims. The Yatra is now being positioned not just as a spiritual journey, but as a strategic opportunity to stabilize and normalize bilateral ties. Learning Corner: Kailash Manasarovar Yatra The Kailash Manasarovar Yatra is a sacred pilgrimage undertaken by Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, and Bon devotees to Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar, located in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The sites are revered as the abode of Lord Shiva and hold immense spiritual and cultural significance. Key Features: Organized annually by the Government of India in collaboration with Chinese authorities. Traditionally conducted through two routes: Lipu Lekh Pass (Uttarakhand) Nathula Pass (Sikkim) Involves high-altitude trekking, requiring medical fitness and acclimatization. Recent Developments: Suspended since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and India-China border tensions. Resumed in 2025, symbolizing a thaw in bilateral relations and a step towards confidence building. Welcomed by both Indian and Chinese leaders as a move to enhance cultural diplomacy, people-to-people ties, and bilateral cooperation. Coincides with the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations between India and China. Source:  THE HINDU Cryptocurrency Category: ECONOMICS Context : CoinDCX Suffers ₹378-Crore Security Breach What Happened: CoinDCX, one of India’s largest cryptocurrency exchanges, suffered a major security breach on July 19, 2025. Hackers compromised an internal operational wallet used for liquidity management, stealing approximately ₹378 crore ($44.2 million). The breach did not affect any customer wallets or funds. Company Response: Founders reassured users that all customer assets remain safe and unaffected. The entire loss is being absorbed by CoinDCX’s own treasury, ensuring no financial impact on users. CERT-In was informed, and cybersecurity audits are underway. Details of the Hack: Hackers targeted stablecoins (USDT, USDC) and transferred funds across Solana and Ethereum chains, routing them through Tornado Cash to obscure tracking. The attack was flagged by blockchain investigators before CoinDCX made a public disclosure. Key Takeaways: User funds are fully secure. The breach only impacted a company-owned liquidity wallet. CoinDCX responded swiftly with transparency, containment, and external audits. The incident highlights the growing cybersecurity risks in crypto platforms despite proactive measures. Learning Corner: Different Types of Cryptocurrencies Cryptocurrencies are digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for security and operate on decentralized blockchain networks. They serve different purposes, from being digital money to powering decentralized applications. Payment Currencies Purpose: Designed as a medium of exchange. Examples: Bitcoin (BTC): The first and most widely used cryptocurrency. Litecoin (LTC), Bitcoin Cash (BCH): Faster and lighter alternatives to Bitcoin. Use case: Peer-to-peer payments, remittances, store of value. Stablecoins Purpose: Pegged to a stable asset

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Measles-Rubella Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  India has dispatched 3 lakh (300,000) doses of the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine to Bolivia in response to a measles outbreak, along with ancillary medical supplies. Bolivia recently declared a National Health Emergency after 60–98 confirmed measles cases, mostly among unvaccinated children. Key Highlights: Outbreak in Bolivia: Rising measles cases prompted door-to-door vaccination drives. India’s Role: Part of health diplomacy and solidarity with the Global South. Global Context: Measles cases are increasing in the Americas and Europe, emphasizing the need for coordinated global immunization efforts. Official Message: India reaffirmed its commitment to global public health and cooperation with friendly nations. This initiative strengthens India-Bolivia relations and reflects India’s proactive role in international health crises. Learning Corner: Measles-Rubella (MR) Measles and Rubella are contagious viral diseases that primarily affect children and can lead to severe complications if not prevented through vaccination. Measles Cause: Measles virus (Morbillivirus). Transmission: Airborne; spreads through coughs, sneezes, and contact with infected surfaces. Symptoms: High fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, followed by a red rash. Complications: Pneumonia, encephalitis, blindness, and death, especially in malnourished children. Rubella (German Measles) Cause: Rubella virus (a Togavirus). Transmission: Airborne; mainly affects children and young adults. Symptoms: Mild fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes. Complications: Dangerous for pregnant women; can lead to Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in the fetus, causing birth defects. Measles-Rubella Vaccine (MR Vaccine) Type: Combined live attenuated vaccine. Schedule: Two doses recommended — typically at 9–12 months and 16–24 months of age. Purpose: To eliminate both measles and rubella through immunization. India’s MR Campaign Launched in 2017 to eliminate measles and control rubella. Targeted 410 million children aged 9 months to 15 years. Significant drop in cases reported due to widespread vaccination coverage. Source: AIR Question Hour Category: POLITY Context: Importance of Question Hour. Question Hour is a crucial mechanism in India’s parliamentary democracy, held at the beginning of each sitting. It ensures executive accountability by compelling ministers to publicly answer questions about their ministries’ actions and decisions. Why It Matters: Ensures Transparency: Ministers respond to oral (starred) or written (unstarred) questions, making their actions open to scrutiny. Promotes Real-Time Accountability: MPs can ask follow-up questions, exposing policy gaps and implementation issues. Highlights Public Concerns: Brings urgent or overlooked issues to national attention. Links Government to Citizens: Allows the public, through their MPs, to question the government directly. Present-Day Relevance: With other forms of detailed debates becoming rare, Question Hour remains one of the few consistent tools for holding the executive accountable. Types of Questions: Type Description Significance Starred Oral answer with follow-ups Ensures direct ministerial response Unstarred Written answer only Provides detailed documentation Short-notice For urgent matters Raises pressing national issues Private member From non-minister MPs Encourages broader participation   Learning Corner: Parliamentary Tools to Ensure Government Accountability In a parliamentary democracy, the executive is collectively responsible to the legislature. The Indian Parliament uses several mechanisms to scrutinize the actions of the government and ensure transparency and accountability: Question Hour Held at the start of each sitting. MPs ask starred, unstarred, or short notice questions to ministers. Helps extract information, expose lapses, and clarify policy decisions. Zero Hour Unscheduled discussion after Question Hour. Members raise urgent matters of public importance without prior notice. Adjournment Motion Introduced to draw attention to a definite matter of urgent public importance. Leads to adjournment of normal business and discussion of the issue. A strong tool, used rarely. Calling Attention Motion Used to call a Minister’s attention to a matter of urgent public importance. Minister responds with a statement followed by discussion. Debate on Motion of Thanks to the President Post-President’s Address, MPs discuss government’s policies and programs. Serves as a mini confidence motion. No-Confidence Motion Moved in Lok Sabha to test the government’s majority. If passed, the government must resign. Censure Motion Criticizes specific policies or actions of the government. Does not require resignation, but expresses disapproval. Parliamentary Committees Standing Committees and Department-Related Committees examine bills, policies, and budgets in detail. Function as watchdogs with subject-matter expertise. Budgetary Control Tools Discussion and voting on Demands for Grants. Cut motions (policy, economy, token) to question expenditure. Appropriation Bill and Finance Bill debates test fiscal accountability. Reports and Audits CAG Reports, laid before Parliament, are examined by PAC (Public Accounts Committee). Government is held accountable for financial irregularities and inefficiencies. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS UAPA Category: POLITY Context : The Bombay High Court has upheld the constitutional validity of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), dismissing petitions that challenged its legality in the Elgar Parishad case. Key Legal Findings: Not a Preventive Detention Law: Despite using the term “prevention,” UAPA is not classified as a preventive detention law. Date of Commencement: The Act came into force on 30 December 1967, the date it received Presidential assent, as per legal norms. Legislative Competence: Parliament has the constitutional authority to enact laws like UAPA under Article 22 and List I powers. On Amendments and Non-Notified Clauses: The court held that unless specific provisions are officially notified, original provisions continue to apply. Fundamental Rights Challenge: Allegations of violations of Articles 14, 19, and 21 were rejected, and the law was upheld as constitutional. Learning Corner: UAPA (Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) is India’s primary anti-terror law aimed at preventing activities that threaten the sovereignty, integrity, and security of the nation. Key Features: Objective: To prevent unlawful activities and associations that threaten India’s sovereignty and integrity. Scope: Covers acts of terrorism, support to terrorist organizations, and membership in or association with banned groups. Wide Powers to Government: Enables the central government to declare individuals and organizations as terrorists or unlawful. Stringent Bail Provisions: Accused under UAPA face reverse burden of proof, and getting bail is difficult due to strict conditions. Amendments: 2004: Brought terrorism within UAPA after POTA was repealed. 2019 Amendment: Allowed individuals (not just organizations) to be designated as terrorists. Constitutional Standing: Parliament has the legislative competence to enact UAPA under Entry 9 of List

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Measles-Rubella Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  India has dispatched 3 lakh (300,000) doses of the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine to Bolivia in response to a measles outbreak, along with ancillary medical supplies. Bolivia recently declared a National Health Emergency after 60–98 confirmed measles cases, mostly among unvaccinated children. Key Highlights: Outbreak in Bolivia: Rising measles cases prompted door-to-door vaccination drives. India’s Role: Part of health diplomacy and solidarity with the Global South. Global Context: Measles cases are increasing in the Americas and Europe, emphasizing the need for coordinated global immunization efforts. Official Message: India reaffirmed its commitment to global public health and cooperation with friendly nations. This initiative strengthens India-Bolivia relations and reflects India’s proactive role in international health crises. Learning Corner: Measles-Rubella (MR) Measles and Rubella are contagious viral diseases that primarily affect children and can lead to severe complications if not prevented through vaccination. Measles Cause: Measles virus (Morbillivirus). Transmission: Airborne; spreads through coughs, sneezes, and contact with infected surfaces. Symptoms: High fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, followed by a red rash. Complications: Pneumonia, encephalitis, blindness, and death, especially in malnourished children. Rubella (German Measles) Cause: Rubella virus (a Togavirus). Transmission: Airborne; mainly affects children and young adults. Symptoms: Mild fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes. Complications: Dangerous for pregnant women; can lead to Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in the fetus, causing birth defects. Measles-Rubella Vaccine (MR Vaccine) Type: Combined live attenuated vaccine. Schedule: Two doses recommended — typically at 9–12 months and 16–24 months of age. Purpose: To eliminate both measles and rubella through immunization. India’s MR Campaign Launched in 2017 to eliminate measles and control rubella. Targeted 410 million children aged 9 months to 15 years. Significant drop in cases reported due to widespread vaccination coverage. Source: AIR Question Hour Category: POLITY Context: Importance of Question Hour. Question Hour is a crucial mechanism in India’s parliamentary democracy, held at the beginning of each sitting. It ensures executive accountability by compelling ministers to publicly answer questions about their ministries’ actions and decisions. Why It Matters: Ensures Transparency: Ministers respond to oral (starred) or written (unstarred) questions, making their actions open to scrutiny. Promotes Real-Time Accountability: MPs can ask follow-up questions, exposing policy gaps and implementation issues. Highlights Public Concerns: Brings urgent or overlooked issues to national attention. Links Government to Citizens: Allows the public, through their MPs, to question the government directly. Present-Day Relevance: With other forms of detailed debates becoming rare, Question Hour remains one of the few consistent tools for holding the executive accountable. Types of Questions: Type Description Significance Starred Oral answer with follow-ups Ensures direct ministerial response Unstarred Written answer only Provides detailed documentation Short-notice For urgent matters Raises pressing national issues Private member From non-minister MPs Encourages broader participation   Learning Corner: Parliamentary Tools to Ensure Government Accountability In a parliamentary democracy, the executive is collectively responsible to the legislature. The Indian Parliament uses several mechanisms to scrutinize the actions of the government and ensure transparency and accountability: Question Hour Held at the start of each sitting. MPs ask starred, unstarred, or short notice questions to ministers. Helps extract information, expose lapses, and clarify policy decisions. Zero Hour Unscheduled discussion after Question Hour. Members raise urgent matters of public importance without prior notice. Adjournment Motion Introduced to draw attention to a definite matter of urgent public importance. Leads to adjournment of normal business and discussion of the issue. A strong tool, used rarely. Calling Attention Motion Used to call a Minister’s attention to a matter of urgent public importance. Minister responds with a statement followed by discussion. Debate on Motion of Thanks to the President Post-President’s Address, MPs discuss government’s policies and programs. Serves as a mini confidence motion. No-Confidence Motion Moved in Lok Sabha to test the government’s majority. If passed, the government must resign. Censure Motion Criticizes specific policies or actions of the government. Does not require resignation, but expresses disapproval. Parliamentary Committees Standing Committees and Department-Related Committees examine bills, policies, and budgets in detail. Function as watchdogs with subject-matter expertise. Budgetary Control Tools Discussion and voting on Demands for Grants. Cut motions (policy, economy, token) to question expenditure. Appropriation Bill and Finance Bill debates test fiscal accountability. Reports and Audits CAG Reports, laid before Parliament, are examined by PAC (Public Accounts Committee). Government is held accountable for financial irregularities and inefficiencies. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS UAPA Category: POLITY Context : The Bombay High Court has upheld the constitutional validity of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), dismissing petitions that challenged its legality in the Elgar Parishad case. Key Legal Findings: Not a Preventive Detention Law: Despite using the term “prevention,” UAPA is not classified as a preventive detention law. Date of Commencement: The Act came into force on 30 December 1967, the date it received Presidential assent, as per legal norms. Legislative Competence: Parliament has the constitutional authority to enact laws like UAPA under Article 22 and List I powers. On Amendments and Non-Notified Clauses: The court held that unless specific provisions are officially notified, original provisions continue to apply. Fundamental Rights Challenge: Allegations of violations of Articles 14, 19, and 21 were rejected, and the law was upheld as constitutional. Learning Corner: UAPA (Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) is India’s primary anti-terror law aimed at preventing activities that threaten the sovereignty, integrity, and security of the nation. Key Features: Objective: To prevent unlawful activities and associations that threaten India’s sovereignty and integrity. Scope: Covers acts of terrorism, support to terrorist organizations, and membership in or association with banned groups. Wide Powers to Government: Enables the central government to declare individuals and organizations as terrorists or unlawful. Stringent Bail Provisions: Accused under UAPA face reverse burden of proof, and getting bail is difficult due to strict conditions. Amendments: 2004: Brought terrorism within UAPA after POTA was repealed. 2019 Amendment: Allowed individuals (not just organizations) to be designated as terrorists. Constitutional Standing: Parliament has the legislative competence to enact UAPA under Entry 9 of List

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The significant health risks posed by endocrine disruptors found in plastic waste. It highlights the growing concern over plastic pollution, particularly microplastics and chemicals like endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that infiltrate the human body, causing hormonal disruptions, reproductive dysfunction, and chronic diseases, including cancer. The evidence suggests that microplastics, smaller than 5mm, are not only environmental pollutants but also biologically active, with studies reporting their presence in human tissues, including lungs, placentas, breast milk, and semen. Research has found that male reproductive tissues, such as testicular tissue in Indian men, contain high levels of microplastics. The article emphasizes that plastic, especially in informal waste sectors, is a major threat to vulnerable populations. It discusses scientific findings linking exposure to microplastics to various health issues, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disorders. Further studies are needed to quantify the impact of these chemicals on human health. India, facing a growing plastic waste crisis, is urged to adopt stronger measures to monitor and mitigate exposure to microplastics and EDCs. Public health efforts must focus on raising awareness and developing strategies for reducing plastic pollution and its effects. Learning Corner: Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine (hormonal) system. These substances can mimic or block hormones, leading to disruptions in the regulation of biological processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproductive health. EDCs can be found in various environmental sources, including pesticides, plastic products, industrial chemicals, and certain pharmaceuticals. Common examples of EDCs include Bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, pesticides like DDT, and some flame retardants. Exposure to these chemicals, especially during critical periods of development (e.g., pregnancy, infancy), can result in long-term health problems, including hormonal imbalances, infertility, developmental issues, and an increased risk of cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. EDCs have been linked to a variety of health concerns, such as reproductive disorders, metabolic diseases (like diabetes), thyroid dysfunction, and developmental abnormalities in both humans and wildlife. Monitoring and regulating the use of these chemicals are key steps in reducing the risk they pose to public health. Source: THE HINDU RECLAIM Framework Category: POLITY Context: Coal Ministry to Launch RECLAIM Framework for Mine Closure and Repurposing. Developed by the Coal Controller Organisation in collaboration with the Heartfulness Institute, RECLAIM aims to guide the mine closure and repurposing process with a focus on community participation and sustainable development. Purpose and Vision Mine Closure Impacts: RECLAIM addresses the significant effects of mine closures on the environment and local livelihoods, ensuring a just transition for mining communities. National Model: The framework aims to serve as a replicable model for equitable transitions, aligning with India’s sustainability and climate goals. Key Features Structured Guide: A practical, step-by-step approach for inclusive community engagement during mine closure and post-closure phases. Community Participation: Ensures that local voices are central to planning and implementation. Actionable Tools: Includes tools, templates, and methodologies tailored to the Indian context. Inclusivity: Focuses on gender inclusivity, representation of vulnerable groups, and alignment with Panchayati Raj Institutions. Ecological and Socio-Economic Focus: Balances ecological restoration with long-term socio-economic well-being. RECLAIM Approach Step Description R – Reach Out Understand the community and its needs E – Envision Define a shared vision for the future C – Co-Design Plan together with all stakeholders L – Localise Adapt strategies to local realities A – Act Implement with active community participation I – Integrate Ensure sustainability through systems M – Maintain Sustain progress via local leadership Strategic Focus Areas Community-Centric Transition: Ensures inclusive planning and implementation. Field-Tested Methodologies: Uses proven tools for effective engagement. Gender and Vulnerable Groups: Prioritizes the inclusion of women and marginalized communities. Local Governance: Aligns with Panchayati Raj Institutions for local ownership. Ecological Restoration: Integrates environmental rehabilitation with economic repurposing of mine sites. Learning Corner: National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET): Focuses on funding mineral exploration activities, enhancing the mineral sector’s sustainability, and promoting skill development in mining communities. Part of the scheme’s objectives is to support the well-being of local populations by enhancing employment opportunities through mining-related projects. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY): Provides life insurance coverage to workers, including miners, especially those in the unorganized sector, ensuring financial protection for their families in case of untimely death. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY): Offers accidental death and disability insurance to miners and other workers, covering injuries or fatalities due to mining accidents. Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act (MMDR): This act includes provisions for providing compensation and rehabilitation for displaced communities due to mining activities, promoting sustainable development. District Mineral Foundation (DMF): A fund established in mining districts to work for the welfare of local communities. It supports education, healthcare, sanitation, infrastructure, and skill development projects in mining-affected areas. Mineworkers Welfare Fund: This fund supports the welfare of mine workers through various benefits such as medical treatment, housing, and education. It also focuses on providing relief in case of accidents or fatalities. Skill Development Initiatives: Several programs under the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) aim to upskill the local population and miners, ensuring they have the skills for employment opportunities in and around mining areas. Source: PIB The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) Category: POLITY Context : DAC Approves 10 Capital Acquisition Proposals Worth ₹1.05 Lakh Crore. These proposals fall under the Buy (Indian–Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured) (IDDM) category, supporting India’s goal of self-reliance in defence manufacturing. Key Highlights Total Value: ₹1.05 lakh crore Focus: Indigenous sourcing and development Objective: Enhance operational preparedness, mobility, air defence, and maritime security Major Systems Approved Armoured Recovery Vehicles: Battlefield recovery and maintenance support Electronic Warfare Systems: Enhanced situational awareness and electronic combat Surface-to-Air Missiles: Air defence and protection against aerial threats Moored Mines: Coastal deterrents Mine Counter Measure Vessels (MCMVs): Naval mine detection and clearance Super Rapid Gun Mounts: High-speed naval artillery deployment Submersible Autonomous Vessels: Unmanned reconnaissance and undersea missions Strategic Impact Tri-Services Modernization: Enhances the Army, Navy, and Air Force’s capabilities across mobility, logistics, and air defence. Maritime Security:

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) First Complete Genome Sequenced from Ancient Egyptian Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Researchers have successfully sequenced the complete genome of a man who lived 4,500–4,800 years ago during Egypt’s Old Kingdom, marking a major breakthrough in ancient DNA research Decoding the context: The DNA was extracted from a well-preserved tooth found in a sealed clay vessel at Nuwayrat, south of Cairo, enabling exceptional preservation. Key Highlights: Oldest and most complete genome from ancient Egypt, offering a rare genetic snapshot from the pyramid-building era. Ancestry analysis shows about 80% North African and 20% West Asian (Fertile Crescent) origins, confirming long-theorized population interactions. Skeletal evidence suggests the man led a labor-intensive life, possibly as a potter. This achievement overcomes decades of failed attempts due to DNA degradation in Egypt’s harsh climate. The discovery not only supports archaeological theories of ancient connections between Egypt and the Middle East but also opens doors to studying broader genetic and cultural histories of early civilizations. Learning Corner: Genome Sequencing  Definition: Genome sequencing is a laboratory method used to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organism’s genome. It reveals the order of nucleotides (adenine [A], thymine [T], cytosine [C], and guanine [G]), which form the genetic instructions that govern an organism’s structure and function. Types of Genome Sequencing: Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): Sequences the entire genome, including coding (exons) and non-coding regions (introns, regulatory sequences). Offers the most comprehensive genetic information. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES): Focuses only on the exome – the protein-coding regions (about 1–2% of the genome). More cost-effective, widely used in clinical diagnosis. Targeted Sequencing: Sequences specific genes or regions of interest. Steps Involved in Genome Sequencing: Sample Collection: Tissue, blood, saliva, or (in ancient DNA) bone/teeth. DNA Extraction: DNA is isolated from the sample. Library Preparation: DNA is fragmented and tagged for identification. Sequencing: DNA fragments are read by sequencers (e.g., Illumina, Oxford Nanopore). Data Assembly: Fragments are aligned using bioinformatics tools to reconstruct the genome. Annotation: Identifying genes, mutations, and regulatory elements. Applications: Field Application Medicine Diagnosis of genetic disorders, cancer genomics, pharmacogenomics Agriculture Genetically improved crops, disease resistance Forensics Crime investigation, paternity testing Evolutionary Biology Study of ancient DNA, population migration Microbiology Pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance tracking   Technologies Used: Sanger Sequencing: First-generation; accurate but slow and expensive. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): High-throughput, faster, cheaper (e.g., Illumina, Roche 454). Third-Generation Sequencing: Real-time, long-read technologies (e.g., PacBio, Oxford Nanopore). Challenges in Ancient DNA Sequencing: Degradation: DNA breaks down over time, especially in hot climates like Egypt. Contamination: Modern human DNA can contaminate ancient samples. Low yield: Often, only a small amount of DNA is recoverable. Source: THE HINDU Gig Workers in India Category: ECONOMICS Context: Gig workers in India are only partially represented in official labour data, with incomplete and inconsistent inclusion. Lack of Formal Recognition: Most gig workers are treated as independent contractors and are excluded from formal labour protections and regular employment statistics. Estimations, Not Enumeration: Projections from government bodies like NITI Aayog estimate up to 62 million gig workers by 2047, but these are based on surveys, not systematic inclusion. Limited Reach of e-Shram: While the e-Shram portal aims to register unorganized and gig workers, it has yet to achieve full coverage. Policy and Data Gaps: Existing frameworks are still evolving, and there’s a need for more robust mechanisms to include gig workers in labour statistics and social security systems. Learning Corner: Gig Workers in the India Definition: Gig workers are individuals who engage in flexible, temporary, or freelance jobs, often facilitated by digital platforms such as ride-sharing, food delivery, e-commerce logistics, and freelance services. Key Features: Work is task-based and often on-demand. Employment is usually contractual with no formal employer-employee relationship. Includes platform workers (working via digital apps) and non-platform gig workers (offline freelance/short-term work). Status in India: Growing Workforce: Estimated to reach 23.5 million by 2029–30 and 62 million by 2047. Driven by urbanization, youth population, and digital expansion. Lack of Formal Recognition: Gig workers are largely excluded from traditional labour laws, social security, and formal data sets. Considered “independent contractors,” they often lack protections like minimum wage, health insurance, or job security. Policy Measures: e-Shram Portal: Launched to register unorganized and gig workers, though coverage is still limited. Code on Social Security, 2020: Aims to extend social protection to platform and gig workers. Challenges: Data and regulatory gaps, inconsistent income, lack of job security. Absence of grievance redressal and collective bargaining mechanisms. Source: THE HINDU QS World University Rankings 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Indian universities have shown notable progress in the QS World University Rankings 2025, both globally and within Asia. IIT Delhi is now India’s top-ranked institution, placed 44th in Asia, followed by IIT Bombay at 48th. A total of seven Indian institutions features in Asia’s top 100: IIT Delhi (44), IIT Bombay (48), IIT Madras (56), IIT Kharagpur (60), IISc (62), IIT Kanpur (67), University of Delhi (81). UPES Dehradun made the biggest leap, jumping 70 spots to 148th. In the QS Sustainability Rankings 2025, IIT Delhi ranks 171st globally, leading among Indian institutions, followed by IIT Kharagpur (202) and IIT Bombay (234). Learning Corner: QS World University Rankings QS World University Rankings are annual rankings published by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a UK-based higher education analytics firm. They are among the most widely referenced global university rankings. Key Features: First Published: 2004 Coverage: Over 1,500 universities worldwide Categories: Global, regional (Asia, Europe, etc.), subject-specific, and sustainability rankings Main Indicators Used: Academic Reputation (40%) Employer Reputation (10%) Faculty-Student Ratio (20%) Citations per Faculty (20%) International Faculty Ratio (5%) International Student Ratio (5%) Note: Weightage may vary for subject or region-specific rankings. Significance: Helps students compare universities globally. Influences international collaborations, funding, and student mobility. Encourages institutions to improve academic and research performance. Recent Addition: QS Sustainability Rankings assess universities on environmental and social impact. Source :  THE HINDU Gaden Phodrang Trust Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The 14th Dalai Lama announced on Wednesday (July 2) “that the institution of the Dalai Lama will

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Rethinking the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in the context of geopolitics, climate change, and India’s national interest. Decoding context: Why IWT Needs Rethinking: The Indus Waters Treaty (1960) was signed during a time of new geopolitical realities post-Partition. Pakistan’s location as a lower riparian state made it vulnerable, prompting a Western-brokered agreement. The treaty was never a simple water-sharing agreement but a product of Cold War-era geopolitics involving the World Bank and Western powers. Climate Change & Hydrological Impact: Climate change is a critical factor: altering glacier melt, river flows, and storage needs. The treaty does not account for changing water availability or extreme weather events. India’s need for more storage capacity and hydropower must be factored into a renegotiation. Asymmetry in the Treaty: Pakistan, as the lower riparian, has veto power over Indian projects on the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). India receives only 20% of the basin’s waters despite contributing significantly to the basin’s geography and climate. The treaty is not reciprocal, giving Pakistan more leverage and delaying Indian hydropower projects. Strategic Need for Renegotiation: India must assert its rights and renegotiate on terms that reflect present realities. A revised treaty should consider: India’s climatic and developmental needs, China and Bangladesh’s influence on other river systems, The scientific understanding of the Indus Basin (e.g., glaciology, hydrology). Learning Corner: Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Signed: 1960 Parties: India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank Objective: Water-sharing of the Indus River System between India (upper riparian) and Pakistan (lower riparian) Key Provisions: Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab): Allocated to Pakistan, with limited use permitted to India (non-consumptive uses like hydropower) Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej): Allocated to India Permanent Indus Commission: Established for cooperation and dispute resolution Dispute Mechanism: Includes negotiation, neutral expert, and international arbitration Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Medical Commission (NMC) Category: POLITY Context: Three out of the four autonomous boards under the National Medical Commission (NMC) — India’s apex medical education regulator — have no presidents. Current Problems: 3 out of 4 boards lack presidents; other members have also resigned or completed their tenure. Boards are running in an ad hoc manner, stalling inspections, decisions, and curriculum updates. 11 of 18 board posts and 6 part-time posts are vacant. Even virtual inspections of colleges are being done by non-technical staff, leading to concerns over quality assurance. Lack of official acceptance of resignations has worsened the leadership vacuum. Consequences: New medical college inspections and seat renewals are delayed. Academic changes (e.g., curriculum updates on LGBTQ+ issues, ethics) are stalled. No full Commission meeting has happened in nearly a year. Students and colleges are affected due to regulatory inaction. Learning Corner: National Medical Commission (NMC)  Background: Established: September 2020 By: National Medical Commission Act, 2019 (replacing the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956) Objective: To overhaul the medical education system, improve governance, transparency, and eliminate corruption associated with the Medical Council of India (MCI). Composition of NMC: Chairperson 10 Ex-officio members 22 part-time members 4 autonomous boards (very crucial): Undergraduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB) Postgraduate Medical Education Board (PGMEB) Medical Assessment and Rating Board (MARB) Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB) Each board is headed by a President and performs a specialized regulatory function. Key Functions of NMC: Regulate medical institutions, education, and professionals. Frame curriculum standards for undergraduate and postgraduate education. Grant permission for establishment of new medical colleges and increase of seats. Maintain National Register of licensed medical practitioners. Ensure adherence to ethical codes of conduct. Conduct National Exit Test (NEXT) for final-year MBBS students (will serve as a licentiate exam and PG entrance test). Promote evidence-based medical education and practice. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Remittances Category: ECONOMICS Context : The US House of Representatives has passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) imposing a 1% tax on non-commercial overseas remittances, effective January 1, 2026. Details of the Tax: Initially proposed at 5%, later reduced to 1%. Applies to cash, money orders, cashier’s checks, or informal transfers like through money service providers. Exemptions: Transfers under $15. Transfers using bank accounts or US-issued debit/credit cards. Impact on India: India may see a limited impact, as: Most remittances use formal channels, which are exempt. Indian remittances may be frontloaded before Jan 2026. The new tax is milder than earlier proposals. According to the Center for Global Development, India will be the second-most affected country after Mexico, but the impact will still be modest. Learning Corner: Remittances to India (2025) India continues to be the top recipient of global remittances, receiving a record $135.46 billion in FY 2024–25, marking a 14% increase from the previous year. These inflows play a critical role in India’s balance of payments, accounting for over 10% of the country’s current account receipts. Key Source Countries: United States (largest contributor) United Kingdom Singapore Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries like UAE, Saudi Arabia Developed countries now contribute around 45% of the total inflow, while GCC nations’ share has slightly declined due to changing migration patterns. Trends and Drivers: Growth in high-skilled Indian migrants to OECD nations Expansion of the Indian diaspora, now exceeding 18 million Strong use of formal banking channels Increased use of digital remittance platforms Economic Significance: Helps offset trade deficits Acts as a stable source of foreign exchange Often exceeds foreign direct investment (FDI) in volume Supports household consumption, rural spending, and financial inclusion Source :  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Ramleela Category: CULTURE Context:Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on a visit to Trinidad, called Lord Ram the “divine link beyond oceans” during a community event, referring to the cultural legacy of Ramleela among the Indian diaspora. Trinidad and Indian Roots: Trinidad and Tobago has a population of ~13 lakh, with a large percentage tracing roots to India. Indian indentured labourers arrived here between 1838 and 1917, mostly from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. They brought with them cultural traditions, especially Ramleela—the dramatic retelling of Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas. Carrying Ram Across the Seas: Though they had few possessions,

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Balance of Payments Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s foreign exchange earnings from invisible exports—services and private remittance transfers—now exceed visible goods exports. Decoding context: Key Points: Definition and Shift: Visible trade refers to physical goods exports. Invisible trade includes services (like IT, finance) and private transfers (like remittances). India’s invisible exports in 2024–25: $576.54 billion, surpassing goods exports of $441.79 billion. Tangibles vs Intangibles: Goods exports grew from $66.29 billion (2003-04) to $441.79 billion (2024-25). Invisible receipts jumped sharply post-2020 due to services boom and remittance inflows. Major boost came during 2021–23 due to global recovery post-COVID. Invisible Components: Services exports: $387.54 billion in 2024–25, largely from IT, financial, and professional services. Private transfers (mainly NRI remittances): $135.43 billion, driven by Indian diaspora in the Gulf and West. Economic Significance: Invisibles are resilient to geopolitics, tariffs, and supply shocks, unlike goods trade. India maintains a goods trade deficit (e.g., -$278.1 billion in 2024–25) but balances it via a strong invisibles surplus ($263.85 billion). Strategic Advantage: India’s comparative advantage lies in exporting skills, services, and human capital rather than material goods. This has shielded the economy from global economic disruptions and enhanced macro-economic stability. Learning Corner: Balance of Payments (BoP) The Balance of Payments (BoP) is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world during a specific period, usually a year or a quarter. Main Components of BoP: Current Account Deals with day-to-day transactions of goods, services, and transfers. a) Merchandise Trade (Visible Trade): Export and import of physical goods (e.g., oil, machinery). b) Services (Invisible Trade): Export and import of intangible services like IT, banking, tourism. c) Primary Income: Income from investments and wages, such as dividends, interest, and salaries earned abroad. d) Secondary Income (Transfers): One-way transfers like remittances from NRIs, gifts, and donations. Current Account Balance = Exports – Imports (of goods, services, income & transfers) Capital Account Records capital transfers and acquisition/disposal of non-produced, non-financial assets (minor component). Financial Account Tracks investment flows across borders. a) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) b) Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) c) Loans and banking capital d) Reserve assets (like foreign exchange reserves held by the RBI) Errors and Omissions A balancing item to account for discrepancies due to data mismatches. BoP Status: If inflows > outflows → BoP Surplus If outflows > inflows → BoP Deficit India often has a current account deficit (due to goods import dependency) but maintains BoP stability through strong capital inflows and invisible receipts. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS 17th BRICS Summit 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: PM Narendra Modi addressed the 17th BRICS Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Key Takeaways Emphasized that 20th-century institutions like the UNSC, WTO, and Multilateral Development Banks no longer reflect the realities of the 21st century. Urged for a multipolar and inclusive world order, with reforms in global institutions to ensure fair representation. Highlighted that two-thirds of the global population, largely from developing nations, remain underrepresented. Criticized double standards and tokenism in global commitments on development, climate finance, and technology access. Called for reforms that bring tangible outcomes—restructuring governance, leadership roles, and voting rights. Used analogies like “SIM card without network” and “21st-century software on a 20th-century typewriter” to stress outdated global systems. Welcomed Indonesia as a new BRICS member and praised Brazil’s leadership in expanding the bloc. Reiterated India’s commitment to the Global South and working with BRICS to promote inclusive global cooperation. The summit saw participation from new members such as Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia, focusing on building a more just and sustainable world order. Learning Corner: 17th BRICS Summit (2025) The 17th BRICS Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from July 6–7, 2025. Theme: “Reforming Global Governance for a Multipolar World” Key Highlights: Attended by leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and new members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia. Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for: Greater representation of the Global South in global institutions Urgent reforms in the UNSC, WTO, and international financial institutions End to double standards in global development, climate finance, and technology access Modi emphasized that 20th-century institutions are outdated for 21st-century challenges. Welcomed Indonesia’s inclusion and praised Brazil’s leadership in driving BRICS expansion. Summit Outcomes: Reaffirmed commitment to inclusive multilateralism Supported expansion of BRICS membership Called for equitable and sustainable global development Emphasized South-South cooperation and reforms in global governance architecture Significance: Marked a shift toward making BRICS a more inclusive platform for the Global South. Strengthened BRICS’ role in shaping a more balanced international order. BRICS BRICS is a multilateral grouping of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It was established to promote peace, development, and cooperation among developing countries and to reform global governance structures. Key Features: Formation: Originated as “BRIC” in 2006; South Africa joined in 2010, making it BRICS. Purpose: Promote economic cooperation among emerging economies Advocate for a multipolar world order Push for reforms in global institutions like the UN, IMF, and World Bank Strengthen South-South cooperation Core Pillars of Cooperation: Political and Security Economic and Financial Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges Major Initiatives: New Development Bank (NDB): Provides funding for infrastructure and development projects Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): Supports member countries during financial crises BRICS Summit: Annual meeting of leaders to discuss strategic global issues Recent Expansion: In 2024–25, BRICS expanded to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia, increasing its global influence. Significance: Represents over 40% of the world population and nearly 25% of global GDP. Acts as a voice for the Global South in shaping a more balanced and equitable international order. Source: THE HINDU Heavy Water Reactors Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Indigenous 700 MW Heavy Water Reactors Get Operational Licence Key Highlights: India’s Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has granted operational licences to two indigenously built 700 MW Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) at Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS) in Gujarat. KAPS-3 and KAPS-4 are the first Indian-designed reactors of this scale. KAPS-3 reached full

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Rubin Observatory Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile and its Simonyi Survey Telescope, which is equipped with the world’s largest camera and promises to revolutionize astronomy. Key Highlights Telescope Features: World’s largest digital camera and a wide field of view equivalent to 40 full moons aligned in a row. Utilizes a unique three-mirror system for exceptional image depth and clarity. Will capture 20 terabytes of data every night for 10 years. Major Scientific Objectives: Milky Way Structure – Map and understand the detailed structure of our galaxy. Dark Matter & Dark Energy – Help unravel the nature of unseen forces/substances. Solar System Census – Discover millions of new asteroids and comets. The Changing Sky – Provide a time-lapse view of the dynamic cosmos. Observational Method: Unlike traditional telescopes, Rubin will scan the sky continuously, without pre-selecting targets. Its software can compare new images with old ones to automatically detect changes. Significance Expected to catalogue 17 billion stars, 20 billion galaxies, and around 100,000 near-Earth objects. Has already identified 2,140 new asteroids within 10 hours of engineering data. Named after Vera Rubin, who confirmed the existence of dark matter. Learning Corner: India has established several important space observatories to advance astronomical research and space science. Here are the major ones: Astrosat – India’s First Dedicated Space Observatory Launched by: ISRO (September 28, 2015) Orbit: Low Earth Orbit (~650 km) Purpose: Multi-wavelength space telescope — observes cosmic sources in UV, visible, and X-ray bands simultaneously. Significance: India’s counterpart to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope Used for studying black holes, neutron stars, supernovae, and galaxy evolution Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO), Hanle – Ground-Based Location: Hanle, Ladakh (4,500 m above sea level) Operated by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) Features: One of the highest altitude observatories in the world Home to the Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) – optical and near-infrared telescope Importance: Ideal location for astronomical observations due to clear skies and low humidity. GROWTH-India Telescope Location: Hanle, Ladakh Joint Project: IIA and IIT Bombay under a global collaboration Purpose: Time-domain astronomy — rapid follow-up of transient events like gamma-ray bursts and gravitational wave sources Vainu Bappu Observatory (VBO) Location: Kavalur, Tamil Nadu Managed by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics Features: Houses the Vainu Bappu Telescope (VBT) — 2.3 m optical telescope Significance: One of Asia’s largest optical telescopes for visible light astronomy Udaipur Solar Observatory (USO) Location: Fatehsagar Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan Managed by: Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Focus: Dedicated to solar observations Unique Feature: Located on an island, minimizing air turbulence for better image quality Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Phone Tapping Category: POLITY Context: Two recent Delhi and Madras High Court rulings and the legal framework governing phone-tapping Legal Framework for Phone Tapping Government’s power to intercept communications is defined under three laws: Indian Post Office Act, 1898 – interception of postal communication Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 – tapping of voice calls Information Technology Act, 2000 – interception of electronic communication (emails, messages) Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act permits interception during: Public emergency In the interest of public safety High Court Rulings Delhi High Court: Upheld interception in a bribery case where corruption was deemed a threat to public safety. Cited the economic scale of the offence (₹2,149.93 crore) as justification. Emphasized the broad impact of corruption on public trust and national security. Madras High Court: Quashed a 2011 MHA interception order due to lack of justification under “public emergency.” Stressed that tax evasion, in that case, did not qualify as a public emergency. Criticized outdated standards and lack of oversight in the interception process. Supreme Court Precedent In 1997, SC upheld Section 5(2) but laid down safeguards: Orders must come from the Home Secretary. Must record “reasonable satisfaction” and the need to use phone-tapping as last resort. Review Committee to examine each order within 2 months. Rule 419-A of Telegraph Rules formalizes these safeguards. Learning Corner: Phone Surveillance and Violation of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution – A Brief Note In India, the Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights that can be impacted or violated by unauthorized phone surveillance, tapping, or hacking. Fundamental Rights Involved: Right to Privacy (Part of Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal Liberty) Recognized as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in the landmark Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (2017) judgment. Phone tapping, surveillance, or unauthorized access to personal communication without legal sanction is a violation of this right. Freedom of Speech and Expression – Article 19(1)(a) Constant surveillance can create a chilling effect on free speech, especially for journalists, activists, and opposition leaders. Fear of surveillance may deter individuals from expressing critical or dissenting views. Protection Against Arbitrary Action – Article 14 Any discriminatory or selective surveillance can violate the right to equality before law and equal protection of the laws. Judicial View: In PUCL v. Union of India (1997), the Supreme Court ruled that telephone tapping infringes Article 21, and laid down procedural safeguards. Surveillance must be authorized, proportionate, necessary, and time-bound, or else it will be unconstitutional. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Golden Dome Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The Golden Dome is a U.S. missile defence initiative announced by President Trump in 2025. What is the Golden Dome? It proposes deploying thousands of satellites in low-Earth orbit, equipped with sensors and interceptors, to detect and neutralize threats like ballistic, cruise, and hypersonic missiles across all phases of their trajectory—even from space. Challenges to Space Law Militarization vs. Weaponization The 1967 Outer Space Treaty bans nuclear weapons in orbit but doesn’t explicitly prohibit conventional arms. The Golden Dome’s deployment of space-based interceptors blurs the line between peaceful use and militarization, raising legal and ethical concerns. Space Arms Race Countries like China warn that the project may provoke a global arms race in space. Since the Cold War, powers have avoided placing weapons in orbit. Golden Dome would break this precedent, potentially triggering copycat programs worldwide. Legal Ambiguities The treaty’s silence on conventional weapons creates ambiguity. Additionally, many