Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Logistic Performance Index Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, India climbed 6 places on World Bank’s Logistic Performance Index. About Logistic Performance Index:- The Logistics Performance Index (LPI), developed by the World Bank Group. It is an interactive benchmarking tool created to help countries identify the challenges and opportunities they face in their performance on trade logistics and what they can do to improve their performance. It is the weighted average of the country’s scores on the six key dimensions: Efficiency of the clearance process (i.e., speed, simplicity and predictability of formalities) by border control agencies, including customs. Quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure (e.g., ports, railroads, roads, information technology). Ease of arranging competitively priced shipments. Competence and quality of logistics services (e.g., transport operators, customs brokers). Ability to track and trace consignments. Timeliness of shipments in reaching destinations within the scheduled or expected delivery time. The LPI 2023 allows for comparisons across 139 countries. The 2023 LPI for the first time measures the speed of trade with indicators derived from big datasets tracking shipments. India’s new ranking on Logistics Performance Index 2023 is 38. India was ranked 44th on the index in 2018 and has now climbed to 38th in the 2023 listing. According to the report, India’s rank moved up five places in infrastructure score from 52nd in 2018 to 47th in 2023. It climbed to the 22nd spot for international shipments in 2023 from 44th in 2018 and moved four places up to 48th in logistics competence and equality. MUST READ: National Logistics Policy SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Rapid Financing Instruments” and “Rapid Credit Facilities” are related to the provisions of lending by which of the following: (2022) Asian Development Bank International Monetary Fund United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative World Bank Q.2) Consider the following: (2021) Foreign currency convertible bonds Foreign institutional investment with certain conditions Global depository receipts Non-resident external deposits Which of the above can be included in Foreign Direct Investments? 1, 2 and 3 3 only 2 and 4 1 and 4 Caribbean Community and common market (CARICOM) Syllabus Prelims –International Relations Context: Recently, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar, co-chaired the 4th India-CARICOM ministerial meeting with his Jamaican counterpart. About CARICOM:- IMAGE SOURCE: What is Caricom? | Multimedia | teleSUR English The Caribbean Community and common market (CARICOM or CC) is an intergovernmental organisation that is a political and economic union of 15 member states (14 nation-states and one dependency) throughout the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean. It was established in 1973. CARICOM is the oldest surviving integration movement in the developing world. Objective: promote economic integration and cooperation among its members, to ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared, and to coordinate foreign policy. CARICOM has 15 members including Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad & Tobago. The Chairmanship of the Community is rotated every six months among the member countries. The CARICOM Single Market and Economy are intended to benefit the people of the region by providing more and better opportunities to produce and sell goods and services and to attract investment. India-CARICOM :- Prime Minister of India had a meeting with 14 leaders of the CARICOM group of countries on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly in New York in 2019. The meeting deliberated on the steadily intensifying and deepening relations India provided immediate financial assistance of USD 1 million to recover from the destruction caused by Hurricane Dorian in the region and the worst-hit island of the Bahamas. India announced a USD 14 million grant for community development projects in the CARICOM and another 150 million Line of Credit for solar, renewable energy climate-change-related projects. The Government of India funded the US$ 1.166 million information technology and communication infrastructure, computer software and community studio at the CARICOM Secretariat in 2005-2006. India’s External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar co-chaired the 4th India-CARICOM ministerial meeting and discussed a range of issues, including trade, climate change and counterterrorism. MUST READ: Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In which one of the following groups are all four countries members of G20? (2020) Argentina Mexico, South Africa and Turkey. Australia Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam Indonesia Japan Singapore and South Korea Q.2) Which of the following adopted a law on data protection and privacy for its citizens known as the ‘General Data Protection Regulation’ in April 2016 and started the implementation of its from 25th May 2018? (2019) Australia Canada The European Union The United States of America Darwin’s theory of evolution Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Recently, the scientific community voiced against NCERT’s decision to remove Darwin’s theory of biological evolution from Class 10 CBSE textbooks. About Darwin’s theory of evolution:- IMAGE SOURCE: Darwin’s theory of biological evolution info – Bing images Charles Darwin is known as the father of evolution due to his contribution to the establishment of the theory of evolution. Darwin published his concept of evolution in his book entitled “The Origin of Species”. Ideas by Darwin on the theory of natural selection:- The species keep on changing or evolving with time. As the environment changes, the requirements of the organisms also change and they need to adapt to their new environment. According to the natural requirements, the phenomenon of change over a period of time is known as adaptation. According to Darwin’s theory, only higher changes tend to get naturally selected and lower ones are automatically eliminated. This leads to progressive evolution and not all the adaptations are able to contribute. All the organisms had a common ancestor at some point in time and this kept on diverging since then according to Darwin. As per Charles Darwin, evolution is a gradual and slow process. Darwinism consists of five principles which are: Over-production or prodigality of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) First Ever Census on Water Bodies in India Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: Recently, the first-ever Census on Water Bodies in India took place. About First Ever Census on Water Bodies in India:- IMAGE SOURCE: India’s first water body census: How was it done, what does the report say | Explained News,The Indian Express The first-ever census of water bodies across the nation was conducted by the Ministry of Jal Shakti. The census provides a comprehensive inventory of India’s water resources, including natural and man-made water bodies like ponds, tanks, lakes, and more, and collects data on the encroachment of water bodies. The Census also highlighted disparities between rural and urban areas and varying levels of encroachment and revealed crucial insights into the country’s water resources. The census was launched under the centrally sponsored scheme, “Irrigation Census” in convergence with the 6th Minor Irrigation Census in order to have a comprehensive national database of all water bodies. The census also took into account all types of uses of water bodies like irrigation, industry, pisciculture, domestic/ drinking, recreation, religious, groundwater recharge etc. Key Findings:- 24,24,540 water bodies have been enumerated in the country, out of which 97.1% are in rural areas and only 2.9% are in urban areas. Top 5 States in terms of the number of water bodies are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Assam which constitute around 63% of the total water bodies in the country. Top 5 States in terms of the number of water bodies in urban areas are West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Tripura. The top 5 States in rural areas, are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Assam. 59.5% of water bodies are ponds, followed by tanks (15.7%), reservoirs (12.1%), Water conservation schemes/percolation tanks/check dams (9.3%), lakes (0.9%) and others (2.5%). 55.2% of water bodies are owned by private entities whereas 44.8% of water bodies are in the domain of public ownership. Out of all publicly owned water bodies, the maximum water bodies are owned by Panchayats, followed by State Irrigation/State WRD. Out of all privately owned water bodies, the maximum water bodies are in hands of Individual owners/farmers followed by groups of individuals and other private bodies. Top 5 States which lead in the privately owned water bodies are West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Jharkhand. Out of all ‘in use’ water bodies, major water bodies are reported to be used in pisciculture followed by Irrigation. Top 5 States wherein major use of water bodies is in pisciculture are West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Top 5 States wherein major use of water bodies is in irrigation are Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal and Gujarat. 78% of water bodies are man-made water bodies whereas 22% are natural water bodies.  1.6% (38,496) water bodies out of all the enumerated water bodies are reported to have encroached out of which 95.4% are in rural areas and the remaining 4.6% in urban areas. The information on the water spread area was reported in respect of 23,37,638 water bodies.  Out of these water bodies, 72.4% have a water spread area of fewer than 0.5 hectares, 13.4% have a water spread area between 0.5-1 hectare, 11.1% have a water spread area between 1-5 hectares and the remaining 3.1% of water bodies have water spread area more than 5 hectares. MUST READ: Water Crisis in India SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Gandikota canyon of South India was created by which one of the following rivers? (2022) Cauvery Manjira Pennar Tungabhadra Q.2) Consider the following pairs: (2022) Reservoirs        :     States Ghataprabha   :     Telangana Gandhi Sagar  :     Madhya Pradesh Indira Sagar    :     Andhra Pradesh Maithon           :     Chhattisgarh How many pairs given above are not correctly matched? Only one pair Only two pairs PAY Only three pairs All four pairs Farmer producer Organizations Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recent reports show that big corporations with power over farmer producer companies are diluting their purpose. About Farmer producer Organizations:- IMAGE SOURCE: Farmers Producers Organization : Growth Engine for Indian Agriculture (ddmdeoria14.blogspot.com) Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO) is a generic name, which refers to the farmer producers organization incorporated/ registered either under Part IXA of Companies Act or under Co-operative Societies Act of the concerned States. The concept behind Farmer Producer Organizations is that farmers, who are the producers of agricultural products, can form groups. To facilitate this process, the Small Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) was mandated by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, to support the State Governments in the formation of the Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs). Objectives of FPOs:- To provide a holistic and broad-based supportive ecosystem to form new FPOs to facilitate the development of vibrant and sustainable income-oriented farming and for overall socio-economic development and wellbeing of agrarian communities. To enhance productivity through efficient, cost-effective and sustainable resource use. To provide handholding and support to new FPOs up to five years from the year of its creation. To provide effective capacity building to FPOs to develop agriculture entrepreneurship skills. Benefits Emanating From FPO:- FPOs can engage farmers in collective farming and address productivity issues emanating from small farm sizes. Provide additional employment generation due to the increased intensity of farming. Negotiating With Corporates: FPO can help farmers compete with large corporate enterprises in bargaining, as it allows members to negotiate as a group and can help small farmers in both input and output markets. Economics of Aggregation: The FPO can provide low-cost and quality inputs to member farmers. Social Impact: Social capital will develop in the form of FPOs, as it may lead to improved gender relations and decision-making of women farmers in FPOs. Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organisations :- It was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare in 2020. It is a Central sector scheme . Objective: to provide hand-holding support to FPCs and to meet the target of creating 10,000

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2022-23 Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2022-23 report suggested that States’ gross fiscal deficit is set to fall in 2022-23. About State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2022-23:- IMAGE SOURCE: Summary of the Economic Survey 2022-23 | A2Z Taxcorp LLP State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2022-23″ is a report by RBI. It is a comprehensive analysis of the financial position of the Indian states, including the trends and challenges in their revenue and expenditure. Key Findings of the Report:- According to the RBI report, states’ debt is expected to decrease to 29.5% of GDP in 2022-23, compared to 31.1% in 2020-21. The report also highlights that this is still higher than the 20% recommended by the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Review Committee in 2018. States are anticipating an increase in non-tax revenue, which is generated from sources such as fees, fines, and royalties. This increase is likely to be driven by revenue from industries and general services. The report notes that states are expecting to see an increase in revenue from various sources such as State GST, excise taxes, and sales taxes in the 2022-2023 fiscal year. Measures Suggested in the Report:- The report suggests that debt consolidation should be a priority for state governments. Debt consolidation: the process of combining multiple debts into a single, more manageable debt. By allocating more resources to key sectors such as healthcare, education, infrastructure, and green energy, the states can promote economic growth and development. The report is proposing that it would be beneficial to establish a fund that would be used to buffer capital expenditure during periods of strong revenue growth. In order to attract private investment, state governments should focus on creating a favourable environment for the private sector to operate and grow. States also need to encourage and facilitate higher inter-state trade and commerce to realize the full benefit of spillover effects of state capex across the country. MUST READ: RBI- Integrated Ombudsman Scheme SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements (2021) The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest. The Governor of the RBI draws his power from the RBI Act. Which of the above statements is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Which among the following steps is most likely to be taken at the time of an economic recession?(2021) Cut in tax rates accompanied by an increase in interest rate Increase in expenditure on public projects Increase in tax rates accompanied by reduction of interest rate Reduction of expenditure on public projects State Wide Attention on Grievances by Application of Technology (SWAGAT) Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: PM Modi is to attend the 20th anniversary of SWAGAT initiative in Gujarat via video conferencing soon. About State Wide Attention on Grievances by Application of Technology (SWAGAT):- IMAGE SOURCE: State Wide Attention on Grievances by Application of Technology (SWAGAT), India (slideshare.net) The SWAGAT initiative of the Government of Gujarat was started in 2003. It is an innovative concept that enables direct communication between the citizens and the Chief Minister, as also between the citizens and other functionaries of the Government. The fourth Thursday of every month is designated as SWAGAT day, wherein the highest office in administration attends to the grievances of the common man. There is a three-tier grievance redressal system under SWAGAT – at State, District andTaluka levels. It is now extended to the village level also. Grievances submitted at the taluka and district levels are first resolved by the authorities at the respective levels and, thereafter, all pending grievances are reviewed by the Chief Minister himself. An applicant under SWAGAT is given a unique ID through which he/she can access the case details and status online. Complaints are divided into three categories Policy Matters-where a gap in the policy requires attention Long Pending -where the case has remained unresolved for at least 6 months after initial application. First Timer – cases are first referred to the concerned subordinate office for attention. The focus in SWAGAT is primarily on the long pending issues. SWAGAT program up to the village level, named as GRAM SWAGAT, was launched on 1st February 2011. SWAGAT Online program going rural has helped the rural people living even in the remotest corner of the state to get their problems solved quickly. Following impacts have been noticed of the SWAGAT initiative:- Public accountability has been strengthened Citizen satisfaction increased as grievances were attended at the highest level Monitoring system focuses attention on unresolved cases Transparency is brought about as all stakeholders are present during the interaction with Chief Minister Inputs from all – citizens, officers and elected representatives- leads to fair decisions Activates local level administration by requiring local level grievance to be resolved to the extent possible before they escalate to state level. MUST READ: Grievance Appellate Committees (GACs) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements : (2020) Aadhaar metadata cannot be stored for more than three months. State cannot enter into any contract with private corporations for sharing of Aadhaar data. Aadhaar is mandatory for obtaining insurance products. Aadhaar is mandatory for getting benefits funded out of the Consolidated Fund of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 4 only 2 and 4 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 only Q.2) In India under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020) Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer Cost of a new computer if some

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, UNPFII called for inclusion of indigenous people in socio-economic development, and conservation of the environment. About United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII):- IMAGE SOURCE: Fourth World: Least Developed Countries And A Look At Their Economy (valuewalk.com) The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) is a high-level advisory body to the Economic and Social Council. The Forum was established on 28 July 2000 by resolution 2000/22. It has the mandate to deal with indigenous issues related to economic and social development, culture, the environment, education, health and human rights. The first meeting of the Permanent Forum was held in May 2002, with yearly sessions thereafter. The Forum usually meets for 10 days each year, at the UN Headquarters in New York. The Permanent Forum is one of three UN bodies that is mandated to deal specifically with indigenous peoples’ issues. The others are the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of indigenous peoples. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues is the largest international gathering of Indigenous Peoples, with more than 1000 participants expected to attend. The 22nd Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) will convene in New York from 17 to 28 April 2023.  It has the theme “Indigenous Peoples, human health, planetary and territorial health and climate change: a rights-based Approach”. MUST READ: United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2019) The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’. The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument. A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its members States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 3 only 2, 3 and 4 only 2 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) Consider the following statements (2016) The Nuclear Security Summits are periodically held under the aegis of the United Nations. The International Panel on Fissile Materials is an organ of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Manamadurai pottery Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: Recently, Tamil Nadu’s Manamadurai pottery got a GI tag. About Manamadurai Pottery:- IMAGE SOURCE: PPT – Ceramic Pottery PowerPoint Presentation, free download – ID:5649934 (slideserve.com) Manamadurai, a small village in the Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu, is known for its pottery making. The tradition has been passed down from generation to generation, and today, Manamadurai pottery is recognized worldwide for its unique style and craftsmanship. The main raw material used for making Manamadurai pottery is mud. The clay used for the pottery is enriched by the Vaigai River which runs through the village. The Vaigai River contributes to the quality of the clay used in the pottery, making it ideal for the process. The making of Manamadurai pottery involves the use of the five elements of nature, namely, earth, water, fire, air, and space. These elements are believed to give the pots a unique quality that cannot be replicated by modern machinery. To improve the quality of the pottery, sand is added to the clay mixture. Lead, graphite, calcium lime, ash, red lead, sodium silicate, manganese, iron, and plasticizing are added to the mixture to make the pottery strong. Pot making requires expertise and is one of the most critical factors in proportion. The bottom of the pot has to be perfectly round, and the circumference of the pot and the neck should be proportionate. MUST READ: GI tag for Narasinghapettai nagaswaram SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2021) Historical place                 Well-known for Burzahom                   Rock-cut shrines Chandraketugarh       Terracotta art Ganeshwar                 Copper artefacts Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 only 1 and 2 3 only 2 and 3 Q.2) Consider the following pairs: (2018) Crafts                               Heritage of Puthukkuli Shawls                   Tamil Nadu Sujni Embroidery                    Maharashtra Uppada Jamdani saris             Karnataka Which of the pairs given above is /are correct? 1 only 1 and 2 3 only 2 and 3 Zero Shadow Day Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Recently, Bengaluru saw Zero Shadow Day. About Zero Shadow Day:- IMAGE SOURCE: YOUTH TREND ‘Zero Shadow Day’ is an astronomical event that occurs twice a year on specific dates in some parts of the world. It is a phenomenon that occurs when the Sun is directly overhead.  The shadows of vertical objects such as poles, trees, and buildings disappear completely for a brief period of time during this. There are two zero shadow days every year in May and July/August, observed in places that lie between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. One fall during the Uttarayan (when the Sun moves northwards). The other is during Dakshinayan (when the Sun moves southwards). It lasts for a small part of a second, but the effect can be seen for a minute to a minute-and-a-half. Ramanujam explained that the Sun’s location moves from 23.5°N to 23.5°S of Earth’s equator and back. All places whose latitude equals the angle between the Sun’s location and the equator on that day experience zero shadow day, with the shadow beneath an object at local noon. MUST READ: Aditya-L1 Mission SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Oil hypocrisy Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, Oil hypocrisy of countries imposing sanctions on Russia came to the surface. About the Oil hypocrisy:- IMAGE SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH Recent reports show that the countries that banned Russian oil imports(UPSCPrelims: Understanding EU ban on Russia’s Oil) instead imported oil commodities worth €42 billion from India, China, United Arab Emirates, Singapore and Turkey after the war started 2022. These five countries were thus identified as ‘laundromats’. The five countries are responsible for 70 per cent of Russia’s crude oil exports. India emerged as the leading exporter of refined oil products at 3.7 million tonnes to Price Cap Coalition countries in 2022. This is an increase of 0.3 million tonnes from the previous year. This was followed by China at three million tonnes and the United Arab Emirates at 2.9 million tonnes. The Price Cap Coalition comprising Australia, Canada, the European Union, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States imposed a maximum price of $60 a barrel of oil transported by vessels owned or insured by some countries in the alliance to third-party countries, with the intention to dent Russia’s financing of the war(UPSCPrelims: Russia-Ukraine War impact, beyond oil).  Since the beginning of the invasion, demand for Russian crude oil has increased significantly by China, India, Turkey, UAE and Singapore. The EU was the largest importer of oil products from these laundromat countries worth €17.7 billion, despite partially banning crude oil imports from Russia last year. This was followed by Australia (€17.7 billion), the USA (€6.6 billion), the UK (€5 billion) and Japan (€4.8 billion). MUST READ: The new energy disorder SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The term ‘West Taxes Intermediate’, sometimes found in news to a grade of (2020) Crude oil Bullion Rare earth elements Uranium Q.2) In the Indian context, what is the implication of ratifying the ‘Additional Protocol’ with the ‘International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)’? (2018) Civilian nuclear reactors come under IAEA safeguards. The military nuclear installations come under the inspection of the IAEA The country will have the privilege to buy uranium from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). The country automatically becomes a member of the NSG. Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC) Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: The Union Minister for Women and Child Development and Minority Affairs opened a Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC) account recently. About Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC):- IMAGE SOURCE: Mahila Samman Saving Certificate Form Interest Calculator – Sarkari Yojana – TheHowPedia Mahila Samman Savings Certificate Scheme was announced in the 2023-24 Union Budget (UPSCPrelims: Union Budget Summary 2023-24 ) to commemorate ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav’. It is a one-time savings scheme(UPSCPrelims: Understanding Small savings schemes) for women. Objective: to empower women by increasing their participation in investments. It is a significant step towards financial inclusion and empowerment of women including girls. The two-year tenure scheme offers an attractive interest rate of 7.5 per cent compounded quarterly It will have flexible investment and partial withdrawal options with a maximum ceiling of Rs two lakh. The scheme is valid for a two-year period up to 31st March 2025. The scheme has been made available in all 1.59 lakh post offices from April 01, 2023. Deposit limits:- One can start investing in this scheme with a minimum amount of Rs. 1,000 or any other amount in multiples of Rs. 100. But one cannot make additional deposits after that. Under this scheme, one can open multiple accounts, but the maximum total investment should be Rs 2 lakh only. And each account opened should have a three-month gap between the opening date of the existing account and the new account. Eligibility Criteria:- The scheme is exclusively available to women. Any woman above 18 years of age can invest in this scheme by herself.  Also, in the case of minors, the guardian can open the account on behalf of the girl. Tax Benefits of the Mahila Samman Savings Certificate:- No information has been provided by the government related to its taxability. Unless more details emerge, normal taxation as per the slab rate can be assumed for this scheme. MUST READ: Mission Shakti SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘stand up India scheme’, which of the following statement is/are correct? (2016) Its purpose is to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs. It provides for refinancing through SIDBI. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Nuclear liability law Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: The issues regarding India’s nuclear liability law came to continue to hold up the plan to build six nuclear power reactors in Maharashtra’s Jaitapur. About Nuclear liability law:- IMAGE SOURCE: jaitapur nuclear power plant map – Brainly.in The laws on civil nuclear liability ensure that compensation is available to the victims for nuclear damage caused by a nuclear incident or disaster and set out who will be liable for those damages.  The international nuclear liability regime consists of multiple treaties and was strengthened after the 1986 Chornobyl nuclear accident(UPSC Prelims: Place in news-Chornobyl). Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC): it is an umbrella convention adopted in 1997. Objective: Establish a minimum national compensation amount. India was a signatory to the CSC, Parliament ratified the convention in 2016. To keep in line with the international convention, India enacted the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) in 2010, to put in place a speedy compensation mechanism for victims of a nuclear accident(UPSC CSE: Understanding India’s Nuclear Doctrine).  The

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, WHO launched the Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) Initiative. About Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET):- IMAGE SOURCE: Epidemic vs. Pandemic: What Are the Differences? (verywellhealth.com) The Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) initiative of WHO(UPSC Prelims: WHO) It is an innovative approach to improving disease pandemic preparedness(UPSC Mains: Emerging issues in international relations during the COVID-19 pandemic). The first module of PRET focuses on respiratory pathogen pandemic preparedness. It presents an integrated and efficient respiratory pathogen pandemic planning approach (UPSC CSE: WHO and Traditional Medicine) covering both novel pathogens and those known to have pandemic potential. It enables coherence in addressing pathogen-agnostic and pathogen-specific elements for better preparedness. It gives an organizing framework including operational stages and triggers for escalation and de-escalation between pandemic preparedness and response periods. It describes the critical sectors for respiratory pathogen pandemic preparedness to trigger multisectoral collaboration. PRET incorporates the latest tools and approaches for shared learning and collective action established during the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent public health emergencies. It is an approach that applies a “mode of transmission lens” to preparedness for future pandemics. It will align the intersectoral stakeholders including leaders, implementing partners and Member States, around a common approach that leverages cross-cutting It provides a platform for national, regional and global stakeholders to collaborate to strengthen preparedness. Objectives of the PRET Global Meeting:- Making countries operationally ready to respond to infectious disease threats. Global approaches to pandemic preparedness to be tailored to address regional and country-level specificities. Global coordination, inter-country collaboration, and solidarity for global events such as pandemics. A multisectoral approach development. MUST READ:  H5N1 virus/Bird Flu SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2022) Aarogya Setu COWIN DigiLocker DIKSHA Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. (2022) Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Seamounts Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Recently, scientists have reported finding 19,325 new seamounts after poring through new high-resolution data. About Seamounts:- IMAGE SOURCE: PPT – Features of the Ocean Floor PowerPoint Presentation, free download – ID:2365741 (slideserve.com) A seamount is an underwater mountain. They are formed through volcanic activity. They are hotspots for marine life. Like volcanoes on land, seamounts can be active, extinct or dormant volcanoes. Most seamounts are formed near mid-ocean ridges, where the earth’s tectonic plates are moving apart, allowing molten rock to rise to the seafloor. The planet’s two most-studied mid-ocean ridges are the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. Some seamounts have also been found near intraplate hotspots and oceanic island chains with a volcanic and seismic activity called island arcs. Intraplate hotspots: regions of heavy volcanic activity within a plate Because seamounts are formed when the molten rock comes up from below the tectonic plates, they provide information about the mantle’s composition and about how tectonic plates evolve. (UPSC PRELIMS: Understanding PLATE TECTONICS)  They are good places for life because they can cause localised ocean upwelling. (UPSC MAINS: UPWELLING AND DOWNWELLING) Upwelling: the process by which nutrient-rich water from deep within the ocean moves up to the surface. A 2011 census had already mapped 24,000 seamounts across the world’s oceans. Since the 2011 seamount survey, altimetry has improved as:-  European Space Agency launched the CryoSat-2 and Envisat, and NASA and the French space agency jointly launched the Jason-1 geodetic missions. SARAL, a satellite that India and France developed together for oceanographic studies, made a significant contribution by further reducing radar noise and enabling the expansion of the seamount catalogue. (UPSC PRELIMS: Deep-Sea Mining) MUST READ: Mission Samudrayan SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The black cotton soil of India has been formed due to the weathering of (2021) Brown forest soil Fissure volcanic rock Granite and schist Shale and limestone Q.2) With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2020) OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the southwestern Indian Ocean during January — March. OMT collected during January — March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in the monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 CGTMSE (Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises) Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: Recently, the Union Minister for MSME Shri Narayan Rane launched the revamped CGTMSE Scheme. About revamped CGTMSE Scheme:- IMAGE SOURCE: CGTMSE: Home CGTMSE was established in 2000. It is jointly set up by the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME), the Government of India and the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). Objective: to catalyze flow of institutional credit to Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs).(UPSC CSE: Understanding Finance Related Problems of MSME Sector ) CGTMSE extends a helping hand by providing a guarantee to enable access credit leading to setting up viable micro and small enterprises.  It helps in transforming them from job seekers to job providers and meaningfully contributes to nation-building. (UPSC CSE: Empowering MSMEs digitally ) CGTMSE has been instrumental in providing: Guarantee cover to collateral and/or third-party guarantee free credit facilities The lender should cover the eligible credit facilities as soon as they are sanctioned.  Guarantee will commence from the date of payment of guarantee fee and shall run through the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) FM transmitters Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently launched 91 new 100-watt capacity FM transmitters. About Frequency Modulation (FM):- It is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. In analogue FM (radio broadcasting), the instantaneous frequency deviation has a functional relation to the modulating signal amplitude. frequency deviation – the difference between the frequency of the carrier and its centre frequency. Digital data can be encoded and transmitted with a type of FM known as frequency-shift keying (FSK), in which the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is shifted among a set of frequencies. FM transmitters:- IMAGE SOURCE: FM Transmitter Block Diagram with Explanation (electronicsandcommunications.com) It is a low-power FM radio transmitter that broadcasts a signal from a portable audio device (such as an MP3 player) to a standard FM radio. Most of these transmitters plug into the device’s headphone jack and then broadcast the signal over an FM broadcast band frequeny so that it can be picked up by any nearby radio. This allows portable audio devices to make use of the louder or better sound quality of a home audio system or car stereo without requiring a wired connection. Being low-powered, most transmitters typically have a short range of 100-300 feet (30–91 metres), depending on the quality of the receiver, obstructions and elevation. FM vs AM:- IMAGE SOURCE: Research – VANXFILMS OFFICIAL WEBSITE (weebly.com) Radio signals are broadcast using AM (or Amplitude Modulation) and FM (or Frequency Modulation). Electromagnetic waves are used to transfer data in both cases  The amplitude of the signal or carrier delivered is modulated (changing) depending on the information being sent, but the frequency remains fixed. About AIR:- It is the national public radio broadcaster of India. It is a division of Prasar Bharati. It was established in 1936. Headquarters: New Delhi Mission Uphold the unity of the country and the democratic values enshrined in the constitution. Present a fair and balanced flow of information on national, regional, local and international interests, including contrasting views. (UPSC PRELIMS: Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union) Promote the interest and concerns of the entire nation. (UPSC PRELIMS: News Broadcasting & Digital Standards Authority) Serve the rural, illiterate and underprivileged population, keeping in mind the special needs and interests of the young, social and cultural minorities, the tribal population and those residing in border regions, backward or remote areas. Promote social justice and combat exploitation, inequality and such evils as untouchability and narrow parochial loyalties. Promote national integration. National programmes are broadcast from Delhi for relay by the Capital, Regional and Local Radio Stations. The Regional Stations in different States form the middle tier of broadcasting. They originate programmes in regional languages and dialects. Local radio stations serve small communities, showcase local culture and broadcast area-specific programmes for the benefit of the community. The first FM Channel was launched on an experimental basis in 1977 in Chennai. At present AIR have 497 FM transmitters across the country. MUST READ: Broadcasting Infrastructure and Network Development (BIND) scheme SOURCE: ET NOW PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned? (2022) Cloud Services Quantum Computing Visible Light Communication Technologies Wireless Communication Technologies Q.2) With reference to Web 3.0, consider the following statements: (2022) Web 3.0 technology enables people to control their own data. In the Web 3.0 world, there can be blockchain-based social networks. Web 3.0 is operated by users collectively rather than by a corporation Which of the following given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Soniferous fishes Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the latest technology has been used to study Soniferous fishes on the coast of Goa. About Soniferous fishes:- IMAGE SOURCE: PPT – Nonvertebrate Chordates, Fishes, and Amphibians PowerPoint Presentation – ID:3223997 (slideserve.com) These fishes are known to make sounds associated with specific behaviours including disturbance, competition for food, territory defence, and courtship or spawning. They produce sound mainly by using modified muscles attached to their swim bladders(drumming) or rubbing body parts together. Sound production in fish is vital to an array of behaviours including territorial defence. There are over 700 known soniferous species worldwide.(UPSC CSE: Conservation of species) Passive acoustics is a technique that enables scientists to listen to and record underwater sounds of aquatic and marine fishes and invertebrates. Using this technique, scientists can gain useful information about the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of soniferous fishes and the locations of spawning and feeding grounds. (UPSC Mains: Government’s Initiatives for a Robust Fishery Sector ) MUST READ: Puffer Fish SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022) Golden Mahseer Indian Nightjar Spoonbill White Ibis Q.2) Certain species of which one of the following organisms are well known as cultivators of fungi? (2022) Ant Cockroach Crab Spider Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recent reports show that the combined Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) increased by 3.6 per cent (provisional) in March 2023 as compared to the Index of March 2022. About the Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI):- IMAGE SOURCE: Index of Eight Core Industries (Base: 2011-12=100) March 2019 (indiangovtscheme.com) ICI measures combined and individual performance of the production of eight core industries. These include Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel,  Cement and Electricity.  These Eight Core Industries comprise 40.27 per cent of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). (UPSC PRELIMS: Index of Industrial Production (IIP) Details of annual and monthly indices and growth rates are provided in Annex I & II respectively. It is compiled and released by the Office of Economic Adviser (OEA), Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. It provides an advance indication of the production performance of industries of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Neurotoxins Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Neurotoxins released in the recent Ludhiana gas leak tragedy might have caused the deaths. About Neurotoxins:- IMAGE SOURCE: 5 Neurotoxins Found in Popular Foods | Be Brain Fit Neurotoxins are synthetic or naturally occurring substances that damage, destroy, or impair the functioning of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.  Neurotoxins may damage neurons, axons, and/or glia resulting in loss of specific nuclei and/or axonal tracts or demyelination.  They may also cause metabolic imbalances that can secondarily affect the central nervous system (CNS). Many neurotoxins are of external origin, entering the body from environmental sources. Others, however, are endogenous, being produced and existing within the body. Examples of endogenous neurotoxins include the neurotransmitters nitric oxide and glutamate. (UPSC CSE: Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) ) Physiological effects:- Neurotoxins are absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, or injection and can have immediate or long-lasting impacts by causing neurons to malfunction or by disrupting interneuron communication. Certain neurotoxins are highly potent and have been developed into chemical weapons. Sarin is an organophosphorus compound that is classified as a weapon of mass destruction (UPSC Prelims: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) )  Neurotoxins such as arsenic, chlorpyrifos, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), ethyl alcohol, fluoride, lead, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), manganese, mercury, and toluene are major contributors to the prevalence of neurobehavioral disorders. The impact of some neurotoxins, such as lead and ethyl alcohol, is well-documented. MUST READ: Safeguards against chemical disasters in India SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern, is a structural/key component in the manufacture of which of the following kinds of plastics? (2022) Low-density polyethylene Polycarbonate Polyethylene terephthalate Polyvinyl Chloride Q.2) “Triclosan” considered harmful when exposed to high levels for a long time, is most likely present in which of the following? (2022) Food preservatives Fruit ripening substances reused plastic containers Toiletries Article 142 Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: In a recent ruling, the Supreme Court rules that it can directly grant a divorce to couples under Article 142. About Article 142:- It deals with the enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court. Article 142 provides discretionary power to the Supreme Court as it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it. (UPSC PRELIMS: Understanding Article 142) Subsection 1 of Article 142 provides a unique power to the Supreme Court, to do complete justice between the parties. According to some eminent jurists, natural justice is above law, and the Supreme Court shall have full right to pass any order that it considers just. (UPSC MAINS: alternate dispute resolution mechanism in India.) Therefore, the Supreme Court shall exercise these powers and will not be deterred from doing justice by the provision of any rule or law, executive practice or executive circular or regulation etc. The framers of the Constitution felt that this provision is of utmost significance to those people who have to suffer due to the delay in getting their necessary reliefs due to the disadvantaged position of the judicial system. (UPSC CSE: Judicial Accountability ) Significance of Article 142:- Prevents Injustice: It provides a special and extraordinary power to the Supreme Court to do complete justice to the litigants who have suffered traversed illegality or injustice in the proceedings. Uphold citizen’s rights: Article 142 has been invoked for the purpose of protecting the rights of the different sections of the population. Check on Government: Works as a system of checks and balances with the Government or Legislature. Cases where the Supreme Court has invoked its plenary powers under Article 142:- Manohar Lal Sharma v. Principal Secretary(2014): The Supreme Court can deal with exceptional circumstances interfering with the larger interest of the public in order to fabricate trust in the rule of law. A.R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak(1988): The Supreme Court held that any discretion which is given by the court should not be arbitrary or in any way be inconsistent with provisions of any statute laid down. Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India (1989): In Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case, the court ordered to award of compensation to the victims and placed itself in a position above the Parliamentary laws. Siddiq v. Mahant Suresh Das (2019): Popularly known as the Ayodhya dispute, the Supreme Court exercised the powers mentioned under Article 142 of the Constitution. MUST READ: Judiciary & AI SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Indian Judiciary, consider the following statements. (2021) Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2019) The- motion to impeach a Judge of the Supreme Court of India cannot be rejected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as per the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968. The Constitution of India defines and gives details of what Constitutes ‘incapacity and proved misbehaviour’ of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India. The details of the process of impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India are given in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, of 1968. If the motion for the impeachment of a Judge is taken up for voting, the law requires the motion to be backed by each House of the Parliament and supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds of total members of that House present and voting. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 3 only 3

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Red Pandas Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recent studies point out that transboundary conservation is essential to save the endangered Red Pandas. About Red Pandas:- IMAGE SOURCE: High camp: India’s untrodden Himalayas | India holidays | The Guardian Red Pandas usually live in chilly, cold, mountainous mixed deciduous and coniferous forests of the eastern Himalayas. (UPSC MAINS: Re-wilding programme of red pandas) Habitat: In the eastern part of the Himalayas, this type of suitable habitat is available only in the Singalila and Neora Valley national parks in the Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts of West Bengal. Red Panda belongs to the order Carnivora as per the taxonomic classification, but they have adapted to a vegetarian diet. There are only two different panda species in the world, the Giant Pandas and the Red Pandas. (UPSC PRELIMS: Red Panda species in India) Conservation Status:- Red Pandas IUCN Red List: Endangered CITES: Appendix I Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule I Giant Pandas IUCN Red List: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix I India is home to both the (sub) species: Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens) They are present in Sikkim, Darjeeling-Kalimpong districts of West Bengal, Nepal, Bhutan and Southern Tibet. Chinese red panda (Ailurus styani) They are distributed in southeastern Tibet, Northern Myanmar and the Sichuan and Yunan provinces of China. The zygomatic (cheekbone) breadth and skull size of the Chinese Red Panda are larger than the Himalayan Red Panda. The facial colour of the Chinese Red Panda is redder than the Himalayan Red Panda.  In the Chinese Red Panda, tail rings are more prominent, with dark rings being darker red and the pale rings being whitish than the Himalayan Red Panda. Singalila National Park:- Singalila National Park is located on the Singalila Ridge at an altitude of more than 7000 feet above sea level, in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal. It is well known for the trekking route to Sandakphu that runs through it. The Singalila area in Darjeeling was purchased by the British Government from Sikkim Durbar in 1882. It was notified as a Reserve Forest under the Indian Forest Act of 1878. It was notified as a National Park in 1992 and was also officially opened up for tourism. Neora Valley National Park:-  It is situated in the Kalimpong District of West Bengal. One of the richest biological zones in entire Eastern India Neora Valley National Park is the Natural Habitat of Red panda It borders Sikkim and Bhutan. Flora: rhododendron, bamboo, oak, ferns, sal, etc. Fauna: Indian leopard, Red panda, Sloth bear, Asiatic golden cat, goral, sambar deer etc. MUST READ: Kanchenjunga Biosphere SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022) Golden Mahseer Indian Nightjar Spoonbill White Ibis Q.2) With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements : (2022) Wild animals are the sole property of the government. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled to equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 2 only 1 and 3 3 only Bedaquiline Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Recently, the Indian Patent Office rejected Johnson & Johnson’s claim for a secondary patent on its tuberculosis drug bedaquiline. About Bedaquiline:- IMAGE SOURCE: Tuberculosis Control & Prevention Program | Florida Department of Health in Escambia (floridahealth.gov) Bedaquiline is an oral medication used to treat active tuberculosis. (UPSC PRELIMS: Tuberculosis )  It is particularly used to treat multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). It has a unique mechanism of action. It targets the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase enzyme of the TB mycobacteria. Bedaquiline is central to WHO ­recommended TB treatment regimens (UPSC PRELIMS: WHO and its funding) Johnson and Johnson holds the patent for it. India is also the country with the second highest number (after South Africa) of estimated HIV-associated TB cases. (UPSC CSE: 2021 Global TB report: WHO ) MUST READ: India’s TB Elimination Programme SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body? (2022) They protect the environmental allergens. body They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation. They act as immunosuppressants in the body. They protect the body from diseases caused by pathogens. Similipal Tiger Reserve Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, a rare melanistic tiger was found dead in the core area of Similipal Tiger Reserve. About Similipal Tiger Reserve:- IMAGE SOURCE: Map of Similipal Tiger Reserve.  | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) Similipal derives its name from the ‘Simul’ (silk cotton) tree. It was formally designated a tiger reserve in 1956. (UPSC CSE: Global Conservation Assured|Tiger Standards (CA|TS)) It was brought under Project Tiger in the year 1973. (UPSC PRELIMS: Saving the Tiger) It was declared a biosphere reserve by the Government of India in June 1994. It has been part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009. It is part of the Similipal-Kuldiha-Hadgarh Elephant Reserve popularly known as Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve, which includes 3 protected areas i.e. Similipal Tiger Reserve, Hadagarh Wildlife Sanctuary and Kuldiha wildlife sanctuary. (UPSC MAINS: Similipal National Park ) MUST READ: Simlipal Forest Fires SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following Protected Areas are located in the Cauvery basin? (2020) Nagarhole National Park Papikonda National Park Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Select

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) U.S. Commission for International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) Syllabus Prelims –International Relations Context: Recently, the U.S. Commission for International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) sought sanctions on Indian agencies over the ‘violation’ of religious freedom. About U.S. Commission for International Religious Freedom (USCIRF):- USCIRF is an independent, bipartisan US federal government commission. It was established by the US government in 1998 after the inaction of the International Religious Freedom Act. It is Headquartered in Washington DC. It is dedicated to defending the universal right to freedom of religion or belief abroad. It is an advisory body to the US Congress. The recommendations of USCIRF are non-binding on the state department Traditionally, India does not recognize the view of USCIRF. .(UPSC PRELIMS: India’s designation by the USCIRF ) It monitors the universal right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) abroad. UNCIRF Functions:- Advises Congress by working with Congressional offices, convening and testifying at hearings, and holding briefings on countries and thematic issues. Engages the Executive Branch by regularly meeting with Executive Branch officials. Monitors Religious Freedom Conditions Abroad. (UPSC PRELIMS: Religious Tolerance and Social Harmony) It makes policy recommendations to the President, Secretary of State, and Congress. Raises Public Awareness by holding public events, hosting podcast episodes, releasing public statements, and publishing op-eds. Issues an Annual Report & Other Publications that assess foreign countries that violate religious freedom in a systematic, ongoing, and/or egregious manner. MUST READ: The hijab case and the essential practices doctrine SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2020) International agreement/ set-up Subject Alma-Ata Declaration – Healthcare of the people Hague Convention – Biological and Chemical Weapons Talanoa Dialogue – Global Climate Change Under2 Coalition – Child Rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 4 only 1 and 3 only 2,3 and 4 only Q.2) The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2018) China Israel Iraq Yemen De-dollarisation Syllabus Prelims –International Relations Context: Recently, De-dollarisation picked up pace in the aftermath of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. About De-dollarisation:- IMAGE SOURCE: Dollarization and Ecuador (slideshare.net) De-dollarisation refers to the replacement of the U.S. dollar with other currencies as the global reserve currency. Reserve currency: refers to any currency that is widely used in cross-border transactions and is commonly held as reserves by central banks. De-dollarisation is a process of substituting the US dollar as the currency used for: Trading oil and/ or other commodities Buying US dollars for the forex reserves Bilateral trade agreements Dollar-denominated assets History of Global Currency:- The British pound was the primary reserve currency during the 19th and early 20th centuries. After World War II, and the U.S. dollar became the dominant reserve currency. It has held this position since then, with over 60% of global foreign exchange reserves held in dollars as of 2021. Reasons for the popularity of the US Dollar:- High Level of Trust: The global acceptability of the U.S. dollar as a reserve currency is primarily due to the popularity of U.S. assets among investors. Rule of Law: This trust may be due to the ‘rule of law’ in the U.S. Need for De- Dollarisation:- Diversification of Risk: Holding a basket of currencies instead of just one currency (i.e., the US dollar) can help reduce the potential negative impact of a sudden currency devaluation or other economic shocks/political changes in the US. (UPSC PRELIMS: Currency manipulation) Increasing Trade and Investment: By using other currencies, countries can increase trade and investment with other countries that may not have a strong relationship with the US, which can open up new markets and opportunities for growth. Reducing US Monetary Policy Influence: By reducing the use of the US dollar, countries can increase their economic autonomy. Geopolitical Benefits: By reducing dependence on the US dollar, countries may be able to improve their geopolitical standing. (UPSC PRELIMS: Hyper globalisation) Challenges of De dollarisation:– Market Volatility and Global Financial Crisis: A sudden shift away from the dollar could create market volatility and instability, as many countries and businesses are heavily reliant on the dollar for trade and investment and any change would lead to a potential global financial crisis. Trade Disruptions: A move away from the dollar could also disrupt international trade, as businesses and governments adjust to new currencies and exchange rate regimes. Exchange Rate Risk: De-dollarisation can expose countries to exchange rate risk, as they may have to convert their reserves into other currencies that are subject to volatility. Geopolitical Risks: A shift away from the dollar can be seen as a challenge to US economic and geopolitical power, which could lead to political tensions and even conflict. International Efforts so far:- Bilateral currency swaps among countries, promotion of trade in national currencies, and the establishment of alternative payment systems. The BRICS’s New Development Bank encourages trade and investment in national currencies by disbursing up to 50% of its loans in national currencies since 2015. Russian banks have started using the China-based Cross-Border Interbank Payment System for international payments as they are debarred from the SWIFT international system. Some countries are also exploring the possibility of using cryptocurrencies for international trade and payments, as they offer a decentralized alternative to traditional payment systems. National Efforts:- Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently unveiled a rupee settlement system for international trade by allowing special vostro accounts in designated Indian banks, a step towards internationalising the rupee. Similarly, India and Russia are considering the use of a third currency or the inclusion of a third country like the UAE to facilitate oil trade between the two countries. MUST READ: India’s Digital rupee: CBDC SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements: (2022) An increase in Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) indicates the appreciation of the rupee. An increase in the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) indicates an improvement in trade competitiveness. An increasing