Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) COVID-19 Syllabus Prelims –Science and technology Context: Recently, Delhi reported an uptick in COVID-19 cases, compelling the health department to hold an emergency meeting. About COVID-19:- Covid-19 is spread via airborne droplets (sneezing coughing) or contact with the surface. The incubation period (interval between being infected and showing symptoms) is not very accurately known. Coronavirus is also known as COVID-19. This disease is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2). It is an infectious disease that spreads from person to person. Structure:- IMAGE SOURCE: Trending Clinical Topic: COVID-19 (medscape.com) The outer layer of this virus is covered with spike-like proteins which surround it like a crown, thus named COVID. COVID-19 Diagnostic tests:- Viral tests: Mainly laboratory tests done by doctors. Antibody test:– It is a kind of blood test that determines the body’s status before exposure to COVID-19 and the body’s antibody stamina. The body takes 12 days to make enough antibodies to get identified in a test. Important Variants:- IMAGE SOURCE: What is a variant? An expert explains | News | Wellcome Over time, the virus may start to differ slightly in terms of its genetic sequence. These changes to the viral genetic sequence during this process are known as Viruses with new mutations are sometimes called Variants. Variants can differ by one or multiple mutations. All strains are variants, but not all variants are strains. XE Variant of Coronavirus:- XE is a sub-variant of Omicron, which caused the third wave of Covid-19. It was suspected of a woman in Mumbai, India in 2022. The Omicron variant, which is responsible for over 90% of the infections detected in 2022, has two prominent sub-variants, called 1 and BA.2. The XE variant is what is called a ‘recombinant’. This means it contains the mutations found in BA.1 as well as BA.2 varieties of Omicron. MUST READ: iNCOVACC SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2022) Aarogya Setu COWIN DigiLocker DIKSHA Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. The Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Uncontrolled Re-entry of satellites Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Recent studies show that aeroplanes may face a growing risk of being hit by uncontrolled re-entries of rockets used to launch satellites. About Uncontrolled Re-entry of satellites:- IMAGE SOURCE: Everything about ISRO: History and Mission: Planets Education In an uncontrolled re-entry, the rocket stage simply falls. Its path down is determined by its shape, angle of descent, air currents and other characteristics. It disintegrates as it falls. Concerns:- As the smaller pieces fan out, the potential radius of impact will increase on the ground. Some pieces burn up entirely while others don’t. But because of the speed at which they’re travelling, debris can be deadly. If re-entering stages still hold fuel, atmospheric and terrestrial chemical contamination is another risk. Regulations:- There is no international binding agreement to ensure rocket stages always perform controlled re-entries nor on the technologies with which they can be controlled. The Liability Convention, 1972 requires countries to pay for damages, not prevent them. These technologies include wing-like attachments, de-orbiting brakes, extra fuel on the re-entering body, and design changes that minimise debris formation. MUST READ: RISAT and RISAT-2B SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on its Q.2) With reference to India’s satellite launch  vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct.? 1 only 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 only Climate change impact on Salt Marshes Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recent studies show that more than 90% of the world’s salt marshes may soon succumb to sea level rise. About Salt Marshes:- These are types of wetlands. Wetlands: Lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. These are periodically saturated, flooded, or ponded with water. They are characterized by herbaceous (non-woody) vegetation adapted to wet soil conditions. They are further characterized as tidal marshes and non-tidal marshes. Marshes are often divided into:- Freshwater Swamps These are often found hundreds of kilometres from the coast. These are dominated by grasses and aquatic plants. These marshes often develop around lakes and streams. Saltwater Marshes These are some of the richest ecosystems for biodiversity. They are dominated by grasses. They provide food and shelter for algae, fungi, shellfish, fish, amphibians, and reptiles. A few mangrove trees may dot saltwater marshes, but they are dominated by grasses and a layer of algae called an

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Kangra tea Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the European Commission grants a GI tag for Himachal’s Kangra tea. About Kangra tea:- In 1849, Dr Jameson, then superintendent of the Botanical Tea Gardens, pronounced the region ideal for tea cultivation.  Being one of India’s smallest tea regions makes Kangra green and black tea all the more exclusive.  While the black tea has a sweet lingering aftertaste, the green tea has a delicate woody aroma. It is hand-plucked and processed with traditional methods to bring out its full potential. It is exported to Kabul and Central Asia via Peshawar. Kangra tea is a registered Geographical Indication (GI). Tea Attributes: The first flush of Kangra tea is known for its quality, unique aroma and tinge of fruity flavour. A little milder than Darjeeling tea in terms of flavour. It has more body and liquor. Elevation: Teas are grown at elevations ranging from 900 to 1400 metres above sea level. Annual Rainfall: 270 to 350cm. MUST READ: GI Tag for Mithila Makhana SOURCE: BUSINESS LINE PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the “Tea Board” in India, consider the following statements: (2022) The Tea Board is a statutory body. It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The Tea Board’s Head Office is situated in Bengaluru. The Board has overseas offices in Dubai and Moscow. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 3 2 and 4 3 and 4 1 and 4 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Changpa’ Community of India, consider the following statements: (2014) They live mainly in the state of Uttarakhand They rear the Pashmina goats that yield fine wool They are kept in the category of Scheduled Tribes Which of the given statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC) 2023 Syllabus Prelims – Governance Context: Recently, Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC) 2023 has been notified. About Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC) 2023:- IMAGE SOURCE: Mahila Samman Saving Certificate Apply Post Office and Bank – Sarkari Yojana – TheHowPedia It is a one-time small savings scheme for women to commemorate celebrations of 75 years of Independence.  It will be made available for a two-year period up to March 2025. It will be under the Ministry of Women and Child Development. The small saving certificate will have a fixed interest rate of 7.5% for two years. The deposit can be made in the name of a woman or a girl child. The maximum deposit amount has been kept at ₹2 lakhs and the scheme will have a partial withdrawal facility as well. Eligibility:- Application for opening an account under the scheme can be made by a woman for herself or by the guardian on behalf of a minor girl. Deposit limit:- Any number of MSSC accounts can be opened by a woman, or in the name of a minor girl by the guardian, subject to the maximum limit of Rs 2 lakh. Interest Rate:- The Government has notified 7.5% interest on deposits in an MSSC account. The interest will be compounded on a quarterly basis and credited to the account. Maturity and Payment:- The notification said that the deposit shall mature on completion of two years from the date of the deposit. The eligible balance may be paid to the account holder on an application in Form-2 submitted to the accounts office on maturity. Partial Withdrawal:- An MSSC accountholder will be allowed to withdraw a maximum of up to 40% of the eligible balance once after the expiry of one year from the date of opening of the account but before the maturity of the account. The notification further said that in case of an account opened on behalf of a minor girl, the guardian may apply for the withdrawal for the benefit MUST READ: SAMARTH initiative for women SOURCE: FINANCIAL EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother a minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘stand up India scheme’, which of the following statement is/are correct? (2016) Its purpose is to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs. It provides for refinancing through SIDBI. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Summit for Democracy 2023 Syllabus Prelims –International Relations Context: Recently, President Joe Biden announced the opening of his second Summit for Democracy. About Summit for Democracy 2023:- It is hosted by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Objectives: to renew democracy at home and confront autocracies abroad. The Summit comprises a series of events and a Year of Action (YoA) led by the US Government to support democratic renewal around the world.  The Summit for Democracy as a process is an extraordinary opportunity to galvanize attention and mobilize international action. This is the second Summit for Democracy, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). It  unveils new efforts to advance democracy abroad like: Presidential Initiative for Democratic Renewal (PIDR)  USAID is contributing eight new initiatives, many of which are focused on policy reforms, to the PIDR. The PIDR comprises five lines of effort in response to significant challenges to democracy in the 21st Century. This includes the Partnerships for Democratic Development (PDD), which provides multi-year support to countries that demonstrate sustained democratic progress. The USAID has announced the first wave of nine PDD partner countries: Armenia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Malawi, Nepal, North Macedonia, Paraguay, Timor-Leste, and Zambia. MUST READ: 2022 Resilient Democracies Statement SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary Syllabus Prelims – Environment and Ecology Context: As per recent announcements the Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh would soon be notified as a tiger reserve. About Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary:- Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is located nearby Anini district, Arunachal Pradesh. It has been named after the Dibang River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. It occupies part of the Eastern Himalayas. Flora: the two main categories of vegetation are temperate broad-leaved forest and temperate conifer forest (Rhododendron, Bamboo, Gregaria, Tsuga etc). Alpine vegetation occurs at higher altitudes with herbs, stunted trees and dwarf bushes. Fauna: Mishmi takin, Asiatic black bear, tigers, gongshan muntjac, red panda, red goral and musk deer. About Idu Mishmis:- It is a sub-tribe of the larger Mishmi group in Arunachal Pradesh and neighbouring Tibet. They primarily live in Mishmi Hills, bordering Tibet. They are believed to have migrated from the Mongoloid race. Mongoloid race: belong to the Tibeto-Burman family. Their language (also called Idu Mishmi) is considered endangered by UNESCO. They follow a strict belief system of myths and taboos like ‘iyu-ena’. Iyu-ena: restrict them from hunting many animals, including a complete prohibition on killing tigers. MUST READ: Wildlife Conservation in Arunachal Pradesh SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In which one of the following states is Pakhui wildlife sanctuary located? (2018) Arunachal Pradesh Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Q.2) Consider the following statements? (2018) The definition of “Critical Wildlife Habitat” is incorporated in the forest rights act 2006 For the first time in India, Baigas have been given habitat rights Union Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change officially decides and declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of India Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Syllabus Prelims – Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the Kerala High Court ordered the translocation of Arikompan to Parambikulam Tiger Reserve. About Parambikulam Tiger Reserve:- IMAGE SOURCE: View of Small carnivores of Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, southern Western Ghats, India | Journal of Threatened Taxa Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is located in the Palakkad and Thrissur districts of Kerala, South India.  It includes the former Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, which was established in part in 1973 and 1984. It stood 7th in the country in terms of Management Effectiveness in the 2018 Assessment (among 50 Tiger Reserves in the country). The area was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2010.  A total extent of 643.66 sq km, out of which an extent of 390.89 km2 has been declared as the core or critical tiger habitat and 252.77 km2 as the buffer zone of the Tiger Reserve. Parambikulam is a well-protected part of the Nelliampathy – Anamalai sub-unit of the Western Ghat. Nelliampathy: Anamalai sub-unit of the Western Ghats. Habitat: evergreen forests, moist and dry deciduous forests and grasslands.  Other unique habitats like montane grasslands and marshy grasslands (locally known as ‘vayals’) are extensively found.  Parambikulam has one of the highest densities of the Gaur population in Southern India. It is also home to four different tribes of indigenous peoples, including the Kadar, Malasar, Muduvar, and Mala Malasar, settled in six colonies.  The only South Indian wild goat, the Nilgiri Tahr is also found MUST READ:  Global Conservation Assured|Tiger Standards (CA|TS) SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The term M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (2017) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna Maintenance of Tiger Reservoirs Indigenous Satellite Navigation System Security of National Highways Q.2) Recently, there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites? (2017) Corbett National Park Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary Sariska National Park Rare earth elements(REE) Syllabus Prelims –Science and technology Context: Recently, large deposits of 15 rare earth elements (REE) were recently found in Andhra Pradesh’s Anantapur district. About Rare earth elements (REE):- IMAGE SOURCE: imgurl:https://www.insightsonindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Rare_Earth_Elements-300×232.jpg?is-pending-load=1 – Bing Rare earth elements are a set of seventeen metallic elements in the periodic table. The 17 Rare Earths are cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and yttrium (Y). They are characterized by high density, high melting point, high conductivity, and high thermal conductance. They do not occur in a free state rather are found in mineral oxide ores. They occur abundantly but are often not concentrated enough to undertake viable extraction. Uses of Rare earth elements:- They are widely used in high technology owing to their luminescent and catalytic properties. Neodymium, is a critical component for permanent. Aerospace and Defence: it is used in precision-guided munitions in missiles, high-power sonar on ships and submarines, stealth helicopters, etc. Health care: are used in medical imaging devices, such as MRIs, and modern surgical machines. Clean Energy: is used in wind turbines, electric car batteries and energy-efficient lights (LEDs and CFLs). Nuclear Energy: these are useful for controlling nuclear reactions and are used in control rods. Electronics: Used as phosphors in cathode ray tubes, fluorescent lamps and X-ray intensifying screens. Chemicals, Oil Refining, and manufacturing: Make the refining of crude oil into gasoline more efficient and are used in many speciality metal alloys. Europium is necessary for LED bulbs and colour television screens.  Samarium is used in optical lasers. India’s situation:- India is almost 100% import-dependent for most rare earth. However, India possesses the 5th highest reserves of rare earth in the world In India, rare earth minerals like ilmenite, sillimanite, garnet, zircon, monazite, and rutile, collectively are found and these are called Beach Sand Minerals (BSM). Monazite is the principal source. It is mainly found in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, and Jharkhand. International situation:- IMAGE SOURCE: World map showing reserves of rare earth metals, vital to the… | Download

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) SLINEX-23 Syllabus Prelims – Defence Context: Recently, the 10th edition of IN-SLN bilateral maritime exercise SLINEX-23 was scheduled to take place in Colombo. About SLINEX-23:- It is an India -Sri Lanka Bilateral Maritime Exercise. This is the 10th edition of the exercise. It is scheduled to take place in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Indian Navy is being represented by INS Kiltan. INS Kiltan: it is an indigenous Kamorta class ASW Corvette and INS Savitri: an Offshore Patrol Vessel. The Sri Lanka Navy is represented by SLNS Gajabahu and SLNS Sagara. MUST READ: India-Sri Lanka relations SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements (2020) The value of Indo-Sri Lanka Trade has consistently increased in the last decade. Textile and textile articles constitute an important item of trade between India and Bangladesh In the last five years, Nepal has been the largest trading partner of India in South Asia Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1,2, and 3 Q.2) With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, Consider the following statements: (2015) It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills It is an alliance meant for maritime security only Which of the following statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Jainism Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: Mahavir Jayanti was celebrated recently. About Jainism:- IMAGE SOURCE: PPT – What is Jainism? PowerPoint Presentation, free download – ID:177736 (slideserve.com) The word Jain comes from the term Jina, meaning conqueror. According to Jain tradition, Mahavira was preceded by 23 Tirthankaras. The most important idea in Jainism is that the entire world is animated and even stones, rocks and water have life. According to Jain teachings, the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma and asceticism and penance are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma. This can be achieved only by renouncing the world.  In order to do so, Jain monks and nuns had to take the five vows. Seven Tattvas (elements) of Jain Philosophy are:- Jiva: living substance Ajiva: matter or non-living substance Asrava:  an influx of Karmic matter in the soul Bandha: bondage of soul by Karmic matter Samvara: stopping of Asrava Nirjara: gradual removal of Karmic matter Moksha: attainment of perfect freedom or salvation Spread of Jainism:- Over hundreds of years, it spread to different parts of north India and to Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Literature:- Jain scholars produced a wealth of literature in a variety of languages namely Prakrit, Sanskrit and Tamil. Jain literature is classified into two major categories Agam Literature: This consists of original scriptures compiled by Ganadhars and Srut-Chehalis. They are written in the Prakrit language. Non-Agam Literature: This consists of commentary and explanation of Agam literature and independent works, compiled by elder monks, nuns, scholars, etc. These are written in many languages such as Prakrit, Sanskrit, Old Marathi, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, German and English. About Lord Mahavira:- Mahavira was born in the village Kundgrama near Vaishali in Bihar. His father Siddhartha was the head of the jnathrika Kshatriya clan under Vajji of Vaishali His mother Trishala was the sister of Chetaka, the king of Vaishali.  Mahavira was also related to Bimbisara, the ruler of Magadha. Mahavira was married to Yashoda. He had a daughter Anonja Priyadarshini whose husband Jamali, became the first disciple of Mahavira. At the age of 30, after the death of his father, he renounced his family, became an ascetic and proceeded in search of truth.  He was accompanied by Makkhali Gosala. Makkhali Gosala, later left him and founded the Ajivika sect. At the age of 42, under a sal tree at fab Jambhikagrama on the bank of river Rijupalika, Mahavira attained Kaivalya (supreme knowledge). He was called:-  Kevalin: perfect learned  Jina or Jitendriya: one who conquered his senses Nrigrantha: free from all bonds Arhant: the blessed one Mahavira: the brave and His followers were named Jain. He delivered his first sermon at Pava to his 11 disciples. Later, he founded a Jain Sangha (Jain commune) at Pava. At the Age of 72 in 468 BC, he passed away at Pavapuri near Biharsharif in Bihar. Principles of Jainism as Preached by Mahavira:- Rejected the authority of the Vedas and Vedic rituals Did not believe in the existence of God. Believed in Karma and the transmigration of the soul Laid great emphasis on equality. MUST READ:  Sittanavasal Jain Heritage Site SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Indian history, consider the following texts: (2022) Nettipakarana Parishishtaparvan Avadanashataka Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana Which of the above are Jaina’s texts 1,2 and 3 2 and 4 only 1,3 and 4 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) With reference to Indian history, consider the following pairs: (2022) Historical person                     Known as Aryadeva                            Jaina scholar Dignaga                              Buddhist scholar Nathamuni                        Vaishnava scholar How many pairs given above are correctly matched? None of the pairs Only one pair Only two pairs All three pairs Nagri Dubraj Rice Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Recently, Chhattisgarh’s Nagri Dubraj rice variety, Basohli Painting of Jammu, Banarasi Paan, and Langda mango were accorded the geographical indication tag. About Nagri Dubraj Rice:- It is known as the Basmati of Chhattisgarh because of its fragrance. It is produced by a women’s self-help group “Maa Durga Swasahayata Samuh“. The grain finds reference in Valmiki Ramayana. It is an indigenous variety and has small grains, is very soft to eat after cooking. About Basohli Painting:- IMAGE SOURCE: Basohli Paintings of the Rasamanjari | Exotic India Art Basohli painting belongs to the Kathua district of Jammu. It belongs to the Pahari School of Paintings.  It has a unique style of miniature paintings that have a fusion of mythology and traditional folk art. The characteristic features of these paintings were the use of bright and bold colours like red, yellow, and blue in the borders,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Gir calf and breed Syllabus Prelims –Science and technology Context: Recently, India’s first cloned desi Gir female calf, Ganga was produced at NDRI. About Gir calf and breed:- IMAGE SOURCE: THE NEW MACDONALD PHARM | SCQ (ubc.ca) This breed is otherwise known as Desan, Gujarati, Kathiawari, Sorthi, and Surati. It originated in the Gir forests of South Kathiawar in Gujarat. It derives its name from the Gir forest, which is the natural habitat of the breed. Gir cattle is a dairy cattle breed and is mainly raised for milk production in India. Under a project by National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal to work on cloning of indigenous cow breeds such as Gir and Sahiwal, India’s first cloned Gir female calf named ‘Ganga’. Distribution:- The native tract of Gir cattle is the Gir hills and forests of Kathiawar. It includes the Amreli, Bhavnagar, Junagadh and Rajkot districts of Gujarat. The breed is also known as Bhodali, Gujarati, Sorthi, Surti, Kathiawari and Desan. Export:- Gir cattle are also very popular outside India. United States, Mexico, Venezuela and Brazil have imported this breed. Process:- To clone the Gir, oocytes are isolated from live animals using ultrasound-guided needles, and then, matured for 24 hours under control conditions. The somatic cells of elite cows are used as donor genomes, which are fused with OPU-derived enucleated oocytes. Following chemical activation and in-vitro culture, the developed blastocysts are transferred into recipient mothers to deliver the Gir calf. About National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI):- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) is located in Karnal, Haryana. It is one of the premier Institutes in the dairy sector. It has played a crucial role in India’s development in milk production with its continuous research. The Institute has the distinction of being a Deemed University for implementing its academic programmes since 1989. The Institute provides high-quality education in the field of dairying, which has no parallel in Asia The Institute has been ranked first among all Agricultural Universities of India including 4 Deemed Universities consecutively three times in the years 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19. The Institute has also conferred the ‘Sardar Patel Outstanding ICAR Institute award’ in 2014. It was awarded Agriculture Leadership Award 2013 for setting up a benchmark in dairy research by contributing to research efforts to augment milk productivity, value addition, quality and safety of milk and economic and marketing aspects related to dairying. Prior to this, the Institute also received Education Leadership Award in recognition of the talent and leadership among educational institutes across India. MUST READ: New Breeds of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) SOURCE: THE ECONOMIC TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2020) Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperm of a prospective parent. A person’s genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells can be injected into the embryo of a pig. Which of the statements given above is/are correct 1 only 2 and 3 only 2 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) In the context of recent advances in human reproductive technology, ‘Pronuclear Transfer” is used for (2020) Fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor sperm Genetic modification of sperm-producing cells Development of stem cells into functional embryos Prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring Institute of Cost Accountants of India Syllabus Prelims –Economy (Important Institutions) Context: Recently, the Delhi HC restrained the Institute of Cost Accountants of India from using the ICAI acronym. About the Institute of Cost Accountants of India:- It was first established in 1944 as a registered company under the Companies Act. Objectives: the objects of promoting, regulating and developing the profession of Cost Accountancy. In May 1959, the Institute was established by a special act of Parliament, namely, the Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959 as a statutory professional body. The Institute of Cost Accountants of India is the only recognised statutory professional organisation and licensing body in India specialising exclusively in Cost and Management Accountancy. Cost Accountant: a person who offers to perform or perform services involving the costing or pricing of goods and services or the preparation, verification or certification of cost accounting and related statements. The head office is situated in Kolkata. Objectives of the Institute:- To develop the Cost and Management Accountancy function as a powerful tool of management control in all spheres of economic activities. To promote and develop the adoption of scientific methods in cost and management accountancy. To develop the professional body of members. To keep abreast of the latest developments in cost and management accounting principles To exercise supervision for the entrants to the profession  To ensure strict adherence to the best ethical standards by professionals. To organise seminars and conferences on subjects of professional interest. To carry out research and publication activities covering various economic spheres. Publishing of books and booklets for spreading information of professional interest. MUST READ: Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG) and Financial Services Institutions Bureau (FSIB) SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps Public Sector Banks develop strategies and capital-raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, Britain agreed to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) World Energy Transitions Outlook report Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recent reports have suggested that the global energy transition has made progress but it falls short of the 1.5°C pathway. About World Energy Transitions Outlook report:- It is taken out by International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The World Energy Transitions Outlook outlines a vision for the transition of the energy landscape to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. It presents a pathway for limiting global temperature rise to within 1.5°C of pre-industrial levels and bringing CO2 emissions to net zero by mid-century. It outlook charts an evolving pathway to achieving a climate-safe future in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement.  Its 1.5°C pathway offers a roadmap for accelerating the global energy transition by positioning electrification and efficiency as key drivers of change, backed by renewables, hydrogen and sustainable biomass. This Preview presents high-level insights from the forthcoming 2023 report, which builds on two of IRENA’s key scenarios to capture global progress toward meeting the 1.5°C climate goal: the Planned Energy Scenario (PES) and the 1.5°C Scenario. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA):-  It is an intergovernmental organisation. It was officially founded in Bonn, Germany, in 2009. It has 167 members and India is the 77th Founding Member of IRENA. It has its headquarters in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. MUST READ: Renewable Energy Transition SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) “Climate Action Tracker” which monitors the emission reduction pledges of different countries is a: (2022) Database created by a coalition of research organisations Wing of “International Panel of Climate Change” Committee under “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” Agency promoted and financed by United Nations Environment Programme and World Bank Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2016) The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 India Justice Report 2022 Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: Recently, in the India Justice Report (IJR) 2022 the State of Karnataka has achieved the top rank. About India Justice Report 2022:- It was initiated by Tata Trusts in 2019. This is the third edition. The foundation’s partners include the Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, DAKSH, TISS-Prayas, Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy and How India Lives, IJR’s data partner. This report is based on overall data of 4 pillars of justice delivery namely Police, Judiciary, Prisons, and Legal Aid. It also separately assesses the capacity of the 25 State Human Rights Commissions in the country. Findings of the report:- Few number of judges: High courts: As of December 2022, against a sanctioned strength of 1,108 judges, the High Courts were functioning with only 778 judges. Subordinate courts: The subordinate courts were found functioning with 19,288 judges against a sanctioned strength of 24,631 judges. Rising pendency: The number of cases pending per judge is rising in most States over the past five years. At High Court level: Uttar Pradesh has the highest average pendency – cases remain pending for an average of 11.34 years, West Bengal for 9.9 years. The lowest average High Court pendency is in Tripura (1 year), Sikkim (1.9 years) and Meghalaya (2.1 years). Number of cases per judge: The number of cases a judge has to deal with has steadily increased. Between 2018 and 2022, the caseload per judge increased in 22 States and Union Territories. Case clearance rate: The case clearance rate (CCR), or the number of cases disposed of in a year measured against the number filed in that year, is a common metric used to determine the rate at which cases are disposed of. The report found that the High Courts are clearing more cases annually than the subordinate courts. Between 2018-19 and 2022, the national average improved by six percentage points (88.5% to 94.6%) in High Courts, but declined by 3.6 points in lower courts (93% to 89.4%). Tripura is the only State where the CCR in district courts remained above 100%, with the exception of 2020 — the year of the pandemic. Number of court halls: Nationally, the number of court halls appears sufficient for the number of actual judges. However, that space will become a problem if all the sanctioned posts are filled. Caste based reservation: Though caste-based reservations vary from State to State, at the district court level, no State or Union Territory could fully meet all its Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes quotas. State-wise data on caste diversity in High Courts remains unavailable. Representation of Women: There are more women judges at the district court level than at the High Court level, with 35% of the total number of judges at the district court level and only 13% of judges in the High Courts across the country being women. Goa, with 70%, has the highest percentage of women judges at subordinate courts, followed by Meghalaya and Nagaland at 63% each. Among the High Courts, Sikkim, with a total strength of just three judges, has the highest national average at 33.3% of women judges. Bihar, Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya, and Uttarakhand continued to have no women judges in their High Courts.   MUST READ: Judicial Accountability SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) Pursuant to the report of the H.N. Sanyal Committee, the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 was passed. The Constitution of India empowers the Supreme Court and the High Courts to punish for contempt of themselves. The Constitution of India defines Civil Contempt and Criminal Contempt. In India, the Parliament is vested with the power to make laws on Contempt of Court. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 1, 2 and 4 only 3 and 4 only 3 only Q.2) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2022)

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary Syllabus Prelims – Environment and Ecology Context: As per recent announcements the Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh would soon be notified as a tiger reserve. About Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary:- Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is located nearby Anini district, Arunachal Pradesh. It has been named after the Dibang River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. It occupies part of the Eastern Himalayas. Flora: the two main categories of vegetation are temperate broad-leaved forest and temperate conifer forest (Rhododendron, Bamboo, Gregaria, Tsuga etc). Alpine vegetation occurs at higher altitudes with herbs, stunted trees and dwarf bushes. Fauna: Mishmi takin, Asiatic black bear, tigers, gongshan muntjac, red panda, red goral and musk deer.  About Idu Mishmis:- It is a sub-tribe of the larger Mishmi group in Arunachal Pradesh and neighbouring Tibet. They primarily live in Mishmi Hills, bordering Tibet. They are believed to have migrated from the Mongoloid race. Mongoloid race: belong to the Tibeto-Burman family. Their language (also called Idu Mishmi) is considered endangered by UNESCO. They follow a strict belief system of myths and taboos like ‘iyu-ena’. Iyu-ena: restrict them from hunting many animals, including a complete prohibition on killing tigers. MUST READ: Wildlife Conservation in Arunachal Pradesh SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In which one of the following states is Pakhui wildlife sanctuary located? (2018) Arunachal Pradesh Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Q.2) Consider the following statements? (2018) The definition of “Critical Wildlife Habitat” is incorporated in the forest rights act 2006 For the first time in India, Baigas have been given habitat rights Union Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change officially decides and declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of India Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Syllabus Prelims – Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the Kerala High Court ordered the translocation of Arikompan to Parambikulam Tiger Reserve. About Parambikulam Tiger Reserve:- IMAGE SOURCE: View of Small carnivores of Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, southern Western Ghats, India | Journal of Threatened Taxa Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is located in the Palakkad and Thrissur districts of Kerala, South India.  It includes the former Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, which was established in part in 1973 and 1984. It stood 7th in the country in terms of Management Effectiveness in the 2018 Assessment (among 50 Tiger Reserves in the country). The area was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2010.  A total extent of 643.66 sq km, out of which an extent of 390.89 km2 has been declared as the core or critical tiger habitat and 252.77 km2 as the buffer zone of the Tiger Reserve. Parambikulam is a well-protected part of the Nelliampathy – Anamalai sub-unit of the Western Ghat. Nelliampathy: Anamalai sub-unit of the Western Ghats. Habitat: evergreen forests, moist and dry deciduous forests and grasslands.  Other unique habitats like montane grasslands and marshy grasslands (locally known as ‘vayals’) are extensively found.  Parambikulam has one of the highest densities of the Gaur population in Southern India. It is also home to four different tribes of indigenous peoples, including the Kadar, Malasar, Muduvar, and Mala Malasar, settled in six colonies.  The only South Indian wild goat, the Nilgiri Tahr is also found MUST READ:  Global Conservation Assured|Tiger Standards (CA|TS) SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The term M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (2017) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna Maintenance of Tiger Reservoirs Indigenous Satellite Navigation System Security of National Highways Q.2) Recently, there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites? (2017) Corbett National Park Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary Sariska National Park Rare earth elements(REE) Syllabus Prelims –Science and technology Context: Recently, large deposits of 15 rare earth elements (REE) were recently found in Andhra Pradesh’s Anantapur district. About Rare earth elements (REE):- IMAGE SOURCE: imgurl:https://www.insightsonindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Rare_Earth_Elements-300×232.jpg?is-pending-load=1 – Bing Rare earth elements are a set of seventeen metallic elements in the periodic table. The 17 Rare Earths are cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and yttrium (Y). They are characterized by high density, high melting point, high conductivity, and high thermal conductance. They do not occur in a free state rather are found in mineral oxide ores. They occur abundantly but are often not concentrated enough to undertake viable extraction. Uses of Rare earth elements:- They are widely used in high technology owing to their luminescent and catalytic properties. Neodymium, is a critical component for permanent. Aerospace and Defence: it is used in precision-guided munitions in missiles, high-power sonar on ships and submarines, stealth helicopters, etc. Health care: are used in medical imaging devices, such as MRIs, and modern surgical machines. Clean Energy: is used in wind turbines, electric car batteries and energy-efficient lights (LEDs and CFLs). Nuclear Energy: these are useful for controlling nuclear reactions and are used in control rods. Electronics: Used as phosphors in cathode ray tubes, fluorescent lamps and X-ray intensifying screens. Chemicals, Oil Refining, and manufacturing: Make the refining of crude oil into gasoline more efficient and are used in many speciality metal alloys. Europium is necessary for LED bulbs and colour television screens.  Samarium is used in optical lasers. India’s situation:- India is almost 100% import-dependent for most rare earth. However, India possesses the 5th highest reserves of rare earth in the world In India, rare earth minerals like ilmenite, sillimanite, garnet, zircon, monazite, and rutile, collectively are found and these are called Beach Sand Minerals (BSM). Monazite is the principal source. It is mainly found in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, and Jharkhand. International situation:- IMAGE SOURCE: World map showing reserves of rare earth metals, vital to the… | Download

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Kaushambi Mahotsav-2023 Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: Recently, the Union Home Minister inaugurated the Kaushambi Mahotsav-2023 and paid tribute to Durga Bhabhi. About Kaushambi Mahotsav-2023:- Kaushambi Mahotsav-2023 is a sports festival. It is organized by the Member of Parliament. These Khel Mahotsavs give platforms to young players to showcase their talent  About 16000 youths online applied to participate in the ‘Sansad Khelkood Spardha’ Sansad Khelkood Spardha: started by the Members of Parliament. About Durga Bhabhi:- Durga Devi was a freedom fighter from Kaushambi. She was fondly called ‘Durga Bhabhi’. She was married to Bhagwati Charan Vohra. She had spent her savings ₹5,000 given by her husband on revolutionary works and in support of Indian revolutionaries fighting against British imperialism. She was a woman revolutionary and spy. She gave shelter to Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru after the assassination of  Assistant Superintendent of Police John Saunders and later rescued them out of Lahore by agreeing to introduce herself as Bhagat Singh’s wife to save him from the British police. She met several Bengali revolutionaries and even learned bomb-making. She was an active member of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha. On 8 October 1930, she fired on a British sergeant and his wife near the police station in South Bombay’s Lamington Road, before escaping. The shooting was to avenge the death sentence awarded to Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru. She was finally arrested in September 1932. In 1935, she moved to Ghaziabad and started teaching in a school. Later, she opened a school in Lucknow for poor children. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru even visited the school once, About Mahajanpadas:- IMAGE SOURCE: Formation of States (Mahajanapadas): Republic and Monarchies – SELF STUDY HISTORY The Mahjanapadas were sixteen oligarchic republics or kingdoms that existed in ancient India. It existed from the sixth to the fourth century BCE. There were sixteen of such Mahajanapadas: Kasi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji, Malla, Chedi, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Machcha, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara and Kamboja. The strongest and most influential Mahajanapada was Magadha. When the tribes (Janas) of the late Vedic period made the decision to establish their own territorial communities. It resulted, in new and long-lasting regions of settlement known as “states” or “janapadas” Janapadas: small kingdoms known that eventually gave rise to Mahajanapadas. The 16 Mahajanapadas were:- Mahajanpadas           Capital Anga                           Champa Magadha                    Rajagriha Kasi                             Kasi Vatsa                           Kaushambi Kosala                         Shravasti (northern), Kushavati (southern) Shurasena                   Mathura Panchala                     Ahichchhatra and Kampilya Kuru                            Indraprastha Matsya                       Viratanagara Chedi                          Sothivathi Avanti                         Ujjaini or Mahishmati Gandhara                   Taxila Kamboja                     Poonch Asmaka                       Potali/Podana Vajji                             Vaishali Malla                          Kusinara MUST READ: SVAMITVA Scheme and PM SVANidhi scheme SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements : (2018) It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment. It among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 3 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) What is the aim of the programme ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’? (2017) Achieving 100% literacy by promoting collaboration between voluntary organizations and the government’s education system and local communities. Connecting institutions of higher education with local communities to address development challenges through appropriate technologies. Strengthening India’s scientific research institutions in order to make India a scientific and technological power. Developing human capital by allocating special funds for health care and education of rural and urban poor, and organizing skill development programmes and vocational training for them. Legal notice Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: Recently, Netflix sent a legal notice regarding the sitcom ‘The Big Bang Theory’s‘ derogatory reference to Madhuri Dixit. About legal notice:- IMAGE SOURCE: What You Need to Know About a Legal Notice? (vakilsearch.com) A legal notice is a formal written communication between the parties. Through a legal notice, the sender notifies the recipient about his intention of undertaking legal proceedings against the latter. A legal notice also helps in making the receiving party aware of the grievances of the sender. It works as a last warning to the receiver to fulfil a certain condition if he does not want a court battle. It is a tool to save time and cost of litigation as it opens the door for the parties to settle the matter through negotiation, mediation or arbitration. It is used in a wide variety of situations:- In Consumer Forums: In case, a faulty product or service is provided to a person he or she can send a legal notice to the concerned person and ask him to rectify the deficiencies. Disputes related to property such as partition, eviction or issues relating to possession of the property. Loan Defaulters: Under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act), the debt recovery proceedings begin by sending a legal notice to the defaulters. Cases under the Negotiable Instruments Act: In case of dishonour of cheque, the aggrieved can send a legal notice for recovery of payment. Money Recovery Cases: The first step in money recovery cases is sending a legal notice to the concerned person. Employee and Employer/Company: If the employer in any way deprives the employees of their salary, then the employee can send a legal notice to the employer. MUST READ: National Legal Services Authority SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2021) Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such an accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) With reference to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Earth4All Initiative Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Recently published Earth4All Initiative predicted the world’s human population. About Earth4All Initiative:- Earth4All is a collective initiative of leading economic thinkers, scientists, and advocates. It is convened by The Club of Rome, the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, the Stockholm Resilience Centre and the Norwegian Business School. It is guided by a Transformational Economics Commission, made up of economic thinkers from across the globe to explore new economic thinking and test the model outcomes. Its global campaign aims to make the Earth4All vision a reality, advocating for governments to adopt policies that will enable resilient and healthy societies. Findings of the Report:- The researchers advance two scenarios: Too Little, Too Late: predicts that if economic development continues as it has in the last five decades, the world’s population would peak at 8.6 billion in 2050, and decline to 7 billion by 2100. The Giant Leap: the researchers conclude that the population will peak at 8.5 billion by 2040 but then rapidly decline to around 6 billion by 2100. This will be due to our investments in poverty alleviation, gender equity, education and health, ameliorating inequality, and food and energy security. The Earth4All report contradicted the U.N. ‘World Populations Prospects 2022’ report, which predicted that the global population would steadily rise to 10.4 billion in 2080 and then stabilise around that number in 2100. Indian Scenario:- As of 2022, more than half the world’s population lives in Asia. China and India are the two most populous countries. According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), while India’s population growth is stabilising, it is still growing at 0.7% Steps taken by India for Stabilising Population Mission Parivar Vikas Compensation scheme for sterilization acceptors: Under the scheme, MoHFW provides compensation for loss of wages to the beneficiary. Clinical Outreach Teams (COT) Scheme: for providing Family planning services through mobile teams Scheme for Home delivery of contraceptives by ASHAs at t   doorstep of beneficiaries. Family Planning Logistic Management and Information System (FP-LMIS): A dedicated software to ensure smooth forecasting, procurement and distribution of family planning National Family Planning Indemnity Scheme (NFPIS) under which clients are insured in the eventualities of death, complication and failure following sterilization. Ensuring quality of care in Family Planning services by establishing Quality Assurance Committees in all states and districts. MUST READ: World Population Prospects SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) “Rule of Law Index” is released by which of the following? (2018) Amnesty International International Court of Justice The Office of UN Commissioner for Human Rights World Justice Project Q.2) Consider the following pairs: Community sometimes in the affairs mentioned in the news (2016) Kurd: Bangladesh Madhesi: Nepal Rohingya : Myanmar Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 2 only 2 and 3 3 only Bharat Gaurav scheme Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: The Indian Railways announced recently, that it will operate a tourist train to Kashmir Valley under the Bharat Gaurav scheme. About the Bharat Gaurav scheme:- IMAGE SOURCE: India’s First Private Train Under Bharat Gaurav Scheme Heads To Shirdi From Coimbatore – DriveSparkGroup 3Group 3Group 3Group 3 Indian Railways(Ministry of Railways) launched the operation of the theme-based Bharat Gaurav train in 2021. It was announced under the theme-based tourist circuit trains. These trains will be run, by both private players and IRCTC. Under the scheme, now trains have a third segment for tourism. Till now, the Railways had passenger segments and goods segments. These trains are not regular trains that will run as per a timetable.  It will be more on the lines of the Ramayana Express being run by the IRCTC. The train originates from Coimbatore. Tourists can board it at Erode, Salem, Dharmapuri, Hosur, Yelahanka, Perambur, Vijayawada and Warangal. Objective: to showcase India’s rich cultural heritage and magnificent historical places to the people of India and the world, through Bharat Gaurav Trains. According to the Bharat Gaurav policy, any operator or service provider, or virtually anyone, can lease trains from Indian Railways to run on a theme-based circuit as a special tourism package. The tenure: a minimum of two years and a maximum of the codal life of the coach. MUST READ: Bharat Gaurav express trains and PRASAD Project SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother a minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) What is the aim of the programme ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’?(2017) Achieving 100% literacy by promoting collaboration between voluntary organizations and the government’s education system and local communities. Connecting institutions of higher education with local communities to address development challenges through appropriate technologies. Strengthening India’s scientific research institutions in order to make India a scientific and technological power. Developing human capital by allocating special funds for health care and education of rural and urban poor, and organizing skill development programmes and vocational training for them. Taiwan strait Syllabus Prelims –Geography and International Relations Context: Recently, China conducted a military drill in the Taiwan Strait. About Taiwan Strait:- IMAGE SOURCE: cover-taiwan (cover man. be) The Taiwan Strait is a 180 km wide strait separating Taiwan and mainland China. It is also known as the Formosa Strait. Strait: a narrow piece of the sea that joins two larger seas The strait is currently part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea to the north. The entire strait is on Asia’s continental shelf. Historically both the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan espoused a One-China Policy. One-China Policy: that considered the strait part of the exclusive economic zone of a single “China”. MUST READ:

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) The Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Recently, SpaceX launched NASA’s TEMPO air quality monitoring instrument. About The Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument:- IMAGE SOURCE: The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory is working with NASA to Build the First Space-Based Instrument to Continuously Monitor Air Pollution across North America | Smithsonian Global The Tropospheric Emissions Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument will monitor major air pollutants across North America. It is going to be in a geostationary orbit. Geostationary orbit: 36,000 kilometres above the equator, where the orbiting satellite will match the rotation of the Earth. It was launched by NASA in a Falcon 9 rocket. TEMPO will take important scientific observations, including that of ozone, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide and formaldehyde levels. It is a payload on the satellite Intelsat 40E. Applications:- measuring levels of various pollutants Provide air quality forecasts helping the development of emission-control strategies Significance:- Using TEMPO data, scientists will be able to study rush hour pollution, the potential for improved air quality alerts, the impact of lightning on the ozone layer, the movement of pollution from forest fires and volcanoes and even the effects of fertiliser application. TEMPO will join South Korea’s Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer and the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-4 satellite to become an air quality monitoring satellite constellation that will track pollution across the Northern Hemisphere. It will be the first space-based instrument that is capable of measuring air quality over North America hourly during the daytime with a resolution of several square miles. The current limit is about 100 square miles or about 258 square kilometres. MUST READ: NavIC SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) GPS and navigation systems could fail. Tsunamis could occur in equatorial regions. Power grids could be damaged. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 4 and 5 only 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Q.2) Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the earth. What is the significance of this observation? (2019) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected. ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected. Possibility of intergalactic space travel through a ‘wormhole’ was confirmed. It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’. Radhuni or wild celery (Trachyspermum roxburghianum) Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Recent studies show that radhuni seeds can relax the gut and airways and improve digestion About Radhuni or wild celery (Trachyspermum roxburghianum):- Radhuni is a popular spice in Bengali cuisine used abundantly in West Bengal. Its scientific name is Trachyspermum roxburghianum. It is not a plant seed but rather dried fruits. It is called ajmod in Hindi, asamtavomam in Tamil and ayamodakam in Malayalam. It belongs to the family of cumin and fennel fruits, known as Distribution: South Asia, South East Asia, and Indonesia. In some nations, these are employed as herbal medicines. It is usually consumed as part of panch phoron, a blend of five tempering spices traditionally used in Eastern Indian cuisine. Health benefits of Radhuni masala:- This spice is supposed to aid in our bodies’ detoxification. Menstrual cramp reduction is another benefit. It is also traditionally used to treat coughs and colds, asthma, digestive issues, etc. It also aids in the management of inflammation and pain. Use of radhuni masala:- In Bengal, radhuni is a widely used It is employed to temper dal. The lentil dish masoor dal with radhuni phoron , Shukto in bengal is prepared using radhuni masala. MUST READ: New genus of parasitic flowering plant SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Among the following crops, which one is the most important anthropogenic source of both methane and nitrous oxide? (2022) Cotton Rice Sugarcane Wheat Q.2) With reference to “Gucchi” sometimes mentioned in the news, consider the following statements. (2022) It is a fungus. It grows in some Himalayan forest areas. It is commercially cultivated in the Himalayan foothills of north-eastern India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 3 only 1 and 2 2 and 3 Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO-India project Syllabus Prelims –Science and technology Context: Recently, the government has given the final go-ahead to India’s Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, project. About Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO India, project:- IMAGE SOURCE: LIGO-India gets the green light | Astronomy.com LIGO is an international network of laboratories. It aims to detect the ripples in spacetime produced by the movement of large celestial objects. LIGO-India is a collaborative project between a consortium of Indian research institutions and the LIGO Laboratory in the USA, along with its international partners. It will be located in the Hingoli district of Maharashtra. It will begin scientific runs in It was built by the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology with an MoU with the S. National Science Foundation Objective: To detect and study gravitational waves. LIGOs are designed to measure changes in distance that are several orders of magnitude smaller than the length of the proton. Significance: This project will see India join the global effort to detect and study gravitational waves, which were first theorized in Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. Gravitational waves are extremely weak and difficult to detect. They were first directly detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in 2015. LIGO-India is set to become the country’s largest scientific facility after the government gave the final green light for its construction. LIGO-India is intrinsically a multidisciplinary mega-science project that requires expertise from a variety