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Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   AKSHAY URJA DAY 2024  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Every year on August 20, Akshay Urja Day is celebrated to underscore the significance of renewable energy sources and to highlight the strides India has made in advancing the same. Background:- Launched in 2004 by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, this observance highlights India’s commitment to renewable energy, aiming for 500 GW of non-fossil fuel electricity capacity by 2030. It also commemorates the birth anniversary of former PM Rajiv Gandhi. Key takeaways “Akshay” means “eternal” or “indestructible” in Sanskrit. Hence Akshay Urja stands for “eternal energy”,symbolizing the endless and sustainable nature of renewable energy. Rapid industrialization and population growth have increased energy demand, leading to heavy reliance on finite fossil fuels, which harm the environment. Solar, hydro, and wind power are vital for sustainable development, reducing fossil fuel dependence, and combating climate change. Transitioning to renewable energy will create sustainable jobs and reduce long-term energy costs. Akshay Urja Day Objectives: Highlight the importance of renewable energy in India’s energy planning. Raise awareness of renewable energy’s benefits in reducing fossil fuel dependency. Promote renewable energy as a solution to combat climate change. Types of Renewable Energy: Solar Energy: Harnessed from the sun’s radiation. China, the US, India and Japan are among the world’s leading producers. Wind Energy: Generated by converting the kinetic energy of wind into electricity using wind turbines, significant in countries like China and the US. Hydropower: Derived from flowing water, extensively used worldwide.China, Brazil, and Canada are the largest consumers of hydropower across the globe. Biomass Energy: Produced from organic materials such as plant residues, animal waste, and wood. It can be heated or converted to liquid or gaseous fuels for consumption. It is considered renewable because the materials used can be regrown or replenished. Geothermal Energy: Sourced from Earth’s internal heat, with leading producers being the US, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Tidal and Wave Energy: Harnesses ocean movement, prominent in South Korea, France, and the UK. Progress of India in Akshay Urja On October 2, 2015, India submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC as part of the Paris Agreement. The initial goals were to reduce GDP emissions intensity by 33-35% from 2005 levels by 2030 and achieve 40% of total installed electric power from non-fossil fuels by 2030. In August 2022, India updated these targets, aiming to reduce emissions intensity by 45% and increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 50% by 2030. In addition, India targets 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030 and 1 TW by 2035 and aims for net-zero emissions by 2070. As of May 2024, India has installed 191 GW of renewable energy. This capacity includes solar power (around 85 GW), wind power (around 46 GW), large hydropower (around 45 GW), Biomass (around 10 GW), small hydropower (around 4.5 GW), and Waste-to-Energy (0.5 GW). Key Schemes to Achieve Renewable Energy Targets: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan scheme (PM-KUSUM) : Promotes the installation of small grid-connected solar power plants, standalone solar pumps, and solarisation of existing grid-connected pumps. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Solar PV Modules: Aims to boost domestic production of high-efficiency solar panels. Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Program (Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana) : Facilitates rooftop solar installations, allowing surplus power to be exported to the grid. Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects: Provides infrastructure for rapid solar project development. Green Energy Corridor Scheme: Series of infrastructure projects under the scheme is aimed at synchronising the power generated from renewable energy sources with the national grid of India. National Green Hydrogen Mission: Targets 5 million tonnes of Green Hydrogen production by 2030. This in turn will support an addition of about 125 GW of renewable energy capacity in our country. National Bioenergy Programme: Use of bioenergy is promoted. It aims to enhance the energy security through the Waste to Energy Programme, Biomass Programme, and Biogas Programme. FDI in Renewable Energy: Allows up to 100% Foreign Direct Investment under the automatic route, encouraging foreign investments. Source: Indian Express CHANGE IN INDIA’S POWER EXPORT RULES  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Reuters reported that India amended its power export rules recently, allowing exporters to reroute electricity to Indian grids if partner countries delay payments. The change is intended to mitigate risks especially in the context of Bangladesh. Background: Adani Power’s plant in Godda (Jharkhand) supplies its entire generated power to Bangladesh. The Godda Project Overview: The Godda project, operated by Adani Power’s Jharkhand subsidiary, supplies 1,496 MW of power to Bangladesh from an ultra super-critical thermal power plant. This is under a 25-year Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) signed with the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) in November 2017. This project is India’s first transnational power project, where all generated power is exported to another country. The electricity from Godda is expected to positively impact Bangladesh by replacing expensive liquid fuel power, thereby lowering the average cost of electricity. The total installed generation capacity of Babladesh was 24,911 MW in June 2023. Of this, 2,656 MW was imported from India (more than 10% of overall) with the Godda plant contributing 1,496 MW (about 6% of overall). Criticisms: The project has faced criticism due to the use of imported coal from Australia’s Carmichael mine, which raises costs. The Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) argued that the PPA allows Adani Power to pass on  high cost of importing and transporting coal into India, plus the cost of transmitting the electricity across the border onto Bangladesh. Critics expressed concerns over the quoted coal price of $400/MT, which they considers excessive compared to other thermal plants, where coal costs less than $250/MT. Additional concerns include high capacity and maintenance charges, which apply even when no electricity is generated. Bangladesh’s Need for Power Imports: Bangladesh has expanded electricity access, especially in rural areas, but still faces fuel and gas supply constraints, leading to underutilization of its

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GOOGLE MONOPOLY JUDGEMENT AND LESSONS FOR INDIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Recently, a US judge ruled that Google violated antitrust law, spending billions of dollars to create an illegal monopoly and become the world’s default search engine. Background:- Judgement noted that Google had paid $26.3 billion in 2021 alone to ensure that its search engine is the default on smartphones and browsers, and to keep its dominant market share. The Evolution and Current Challenges of Big Tech Apple vs. IBM in the 1980s: 1984: Apple, a rising company, positioned itself against IBM, the industry giant, with an iconic advertisement highlighting the struggle between the upstart and the established player. Microsoft and Google in the Late 1990s: 1999: A landmark antitrust ruling against Microsoft curtailed its dominance, paving the way for emerging companies like Google to grow, particularly in web search. Apple and Google Today: Apple and Google have transitioned from upstarts to dominant forces in the tech industry, often referred to as “Big Tech.” These companies now face scrutiny over their market dominance, similar to the challenges IBM and Microsoft faced in the past. S. Antitrust Ruling Against Google: Recent Development: A U.S. federal judge ruled that Google acted illegally to maintain its monopoly in online search, a significant ruling that could reshape the digital business landscape. Implications: This ruling may lead to proposals to break up Google’s business units, impacting the broader tech industry. Antitrust Concerns and Reforms in India: Challenges in India: Google faces criticism in India over its app store billing policies and its dominance in online advertising, which are seen as stifling competition. Digital Competition Bill, 2024: Proposed Law: India’s draft Digital Competition Bill aims to prevent anti-competitive practices by big tech companies, similar to the EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA). The law will stop tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Amazon from self-preferencing their own services, or using data gathered from one company to benefit another group company. It also has provisions to set presumptive norms to curb anti-competitive practices before they actually take place, and promises to impose heavy penalties — which could amount to billions of dollars — for violations. Innovation and Market Barriers: Government believe that Big Tech’s dominance has confined much of the recent innovation within a few large companies, creating high entry barriers for new competitors. There is a growing push for a global consensus on regulations to protect consumers while encouraging innovation, preventing the concentration of power within a few dominant players. India’s Regulatory Push: India’s Competition Commission (CCI) fined Google for anti-competitive practices in the Android ecosystem. The Digital Competition Bill, if passed, could require major tech companies to make significant changes to their platforms, ensuring a more competitive digital landscape. Source: Indian Express SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: During the 32nd International Conference of Agricultural Economists held recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi presented India’s sustainable farming as a model for others. Background: The transition from conventional farming to sustainable farming happens against the backdrop of growing concerns over changing climate patterns, environmental sustainability and a steadily expanding population. Sustainable Agriculture: Sustainable agriculture aims to meet current production demands without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their needs, focusing on ecological stability, economic viability, and socio-cultural continuity. The global agricultural sector is transitioning from an intensification-based approach to sustainable and environment-friendly methods. Principles and Objectives of Sustainable Agriculture: Increasing Productivity: Enhance agricultural productivity while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Also emphasize water- and energy-efficient production systems alongside higher yields. Protecting Natural Resources: Sustainable agriculture prioritizes soil fertility, water management, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Agricultural production depends directly on natural resources and therefore the sustainability of production depends on the sustainability of the resources themselves. Improving livelihoods and fostering inclusive economic growth: Increasing agricultural incomes is key to reducing poverty and food insecurity in rural areas. Agricultural sustainability can only be achieved if it provides decent employment conditions. Enhancing the resilience of people, communities and ecosystems: Build resilience against extreme weather events and market volatility to ensure stable productivity and better market economics. Increased focus on making the various agri-stakeholders resilient to threats, both natural and man-made, would contribute to sustainability. Alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Sustainable agriculture supports multiple SDGs, including SDG1 (No Poverty), SDG2 (Zero Hunger), SDG6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG13 (Climate Action), and SDG15 (Life on Land). Methods of Sustainable Agriculture: Organic Farming: Focuses on ecological balance using natural inputs, promoting soil health, and reducing pollution. While yields may be lower, long-term benefits include improved soil fertility and reduced environmental impact. Crop Rotation: Alternating crops on the same land enhances soil fertility, breaks pest cycles, and reduces chemical input reliance. Agroforestry: Integrating trees with crops or livestock promotes biodiversity, supplements farmer income, and creates a resilient farming system. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Minimizes pesticide use through biological control, habitat modification, and cultural practices, maintaining ecosystem balance. Zero Tillage: Preserves soil structure and enhances fertility by avoiding traditional tillage, reducing erosion, and improving water retention. Hydroponics and Aquaponics: Hydroponics uses nutrient-enriched water to grow plants without soil, conserving water and reducing land degradation. Aquaponics combines hydroponics with fish farming, creating a symbiotic system where plants and fish support each other. Challenges to Sustainable Agriculture: Climate Change: Rainfed agriculture in India is vulnerable to climate variability, affecting crop yields and food security. Population Pressure: Growing populations increase stress on agricultural systems, making the shift to sustainable methods more challenging. Lack of Knowledge: Awareness and adoption of new sustainable practices are limited, requiring enhanced education and outreach. High Capital Costs: The initial investment in sustainable agriculture is often high, especially for small and marginal farmers lacking credit access. Market Access and Post-Harvest Losses: Inadequate infrastructure and market access lead to post-harvest losses, reducing profitability and hindering sustainable practice adoption. Source: Indian Express AS ARCTIC THAWS, NEW EVIDENCE OF LOOMING ‘MERCURY BOMB’  Syllabus Prelims & Mains –

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   VACCINE-DERIVED POLIO  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A two-year-old child in Meghalaya has been infected with vaccine-derived polio. Background:- Polioviruses are enteroviruses that are transmitted primarily by the faecal-oral route. Vaccine-Derived Polio (VDPV): Vaccine-derived polio is a rare condition that occurs when the weakened (also called attenuated) strain of poliovirus used in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) mutates and regains the ability to cause paralysis. Mechanism: OPV contains a live, attenuated virus that is used for immunisation against the disease. This weakened virus triggers an immune response when administered, thus protecting people from the disease. The attenuated virus replicates in the intestines for a limited period and is excreted in the stool. In rare cases, the virus can mutate enough to cause the disease again, and circulate in areas where either immunisation is low, or where immunocompromised persons reside, or regions with poor sanitation and hygiene. Poliovirus Types: Three types – wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), wild poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) and wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3). About polio vaccines The first successful polio vaccine for poliovirus was made by Jonas Salk, in the early 1950s. Salk inactivated the virus using formaldehyde and injected it into the muscles of test subjects. This inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) induced systemic immunity in the subjects. After Salk, Albert Sabin developed another vaccine that contained live polio strains, weakened by growing them serially in macaque cells, making them unfit for human infection. Since this vaccine contained the live virus, it had to be administered through its natural mode of infection – in this case, oral. This is what we today know as the OPV. OPV is usually preferred over IPV because of its ease of administration & is inexpensive. However, the weakened virus in OPV can occasionally revert, causing the disease it is meant to prevent. IPV, on the other hand, is a less potent vaccine, but contains inactivated virus particles and hence no risk of causing vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) – a rare, adverse reaction to OPV. IPV is comparatively tougher to manufacture too. Vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) or vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) are similar but different phenomena. On World Polio Day, October 24, 2019, the WHO declared that WPV3 has been eradicated worldwide. WPV2 was officially declared eradicated in 2015. However, more than 90% of vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks are due to the type 2 virus present in oral polio vaccines. VAPP constitutes 40% of cases caused by the type 2 oral polio vaccine. Many cases of VAPP from type 3 virus too occur in countries using OPV. The Indian government does not count VAPP as polio since these cases are sporadic and pose little or no threat to others. Even after the global switch from trivalent (containing all three variants) to bivalent (type 1 and type 3) oral polio vaccines in 2016 to prevent any more type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus, the number of vaccine-derived type 2 poliovirus outbreaks have only increased sharply. Source: Hindu INDIA AND JAPAN  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: India and Japan recently stated that they reaffirmed their commitment to maintaining and strengthening rules-based international order founded on the principles of the UN Charter, respect for national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and peaceful settlement of disputes. Background: This was stated in a joint statement released by both countries following the third Japan-India 2+2 Foreign and Defence Ministerial Meeting in New Delhi. Takeaways from the third Japan-India 2+2 Foreign and Defence Ministerial Meeting The India-Japan partnership is set against a larger context of a free, open and rules-based Indo-Pacific amid China’s increasing military muscle-flexing in the region. Both countries agreed to explore discussions for coordination and cooperation in the field of defence and security assistance to third countries for peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. The ministers welcomed the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force and Indian Naval Force exploring future cooperation in the area of ship maintenance in India. They reiterated support for ASEAN’s unity and centrality and their full support for the ‘ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP)’ which upholds the principles such as openness, transparency, inclusivity, a rules-based framework and respect for international law. They agreed to continue working together on Security Council reform with a view to strengthening the UN. Ministers took note of the first air visit by Japanese fighters and their participation at Tarang Shakti—which is the first multilateral exercise hosted by the Indian Air Force. They also welcomed the conduct of the inaugural edition of the bilateral fighter exercise ‘Veer Guardian 2023’ between the Japan Air Self Defence Force (JASDF) and Indian Air Force (IAF) and conduct of the bilateral exercises of all the three services in one calendar year for the first time in 2023. Countries agreed to deepen bilateral cooperation in fields of space and cyber and reaffirmed the importance of multilateral defence cooperation and exchanges in the Indo-Pacific region, while expressing their commitment to continuing bilateral and multilateral exercises including Dharma Guardian, JIMEX and Malabar. The “2+2” dialogue with Japan was initiated to further deepen bilateral security and defence cooperation and bring greater depth to the special strategic and global partnership between the two countries. India has the “2+2” Ministerial format of dialogue with very few countries, including the United States, Australia, and Russia. Source: Indian Express WHEN THE LAW FAILS WOMEN  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 AND GS 4 Context: Ever since the infamous gang rape that rocked the country in December 2012 (Nirbhaya), much has been done to strengthen the laws on rape. But brutal incidents of rape continuing unabated should prompt us to ask several questions regarding existing laws. Background: It is no surprise that the first accused apprehended in the Kolkata rape and murder case had a history of violent assault of his wife. Yet, there was no appropriate legal response at the time despite two complaints. Where lies the malaise & Why is the law failing to act as a sufficient deterrent? One answer is

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CHANDRAYAAN-3 MISSION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Today, India is celebrating its first National Space Day. This day commemorates the groundbreaking success of the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which achieved the safe landing of the Vikram Lander on the lunar surface on August 23, 2023. Background:- With Chandrayaan-3 mission achievement, India became the fourth country to successfully land on the moon, making history as the first to land near the southern polar region. Chandrayaan-3 Mission Mission Type: India’s third lunar mission and second attempt at a soft lunar landing. Launch Vehicle: Launch Vehicle Mark-III (LVM3). Primary Objectives: Demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface. Demonstrate a rover roving on the Moon. Conduct in-situ scientific experiments. Chandrayaan-3 Components: Lander Module (LM) Rover Propulsion Module (PM) Lander Payloads and Objectives Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE): Measures the thermal properties of the lunar surface near the polar region. Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA): Measures seismic activity around the landing site and analyzes the lunar crust and mantle structure. Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA): Estimates plasma density and its variations. Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA): A passive experiment to understand the dynamics of the Moon’s system. Rover Payloads and Objectives Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS): Determines the elemental composition of lunar soil and rocks. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS): Analyzes elemental composition in the vicinity of the landing site. Propulsion Module Payload Propulsion Module Payload: Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) for studying Earth’s spectral and polarimetric measurements from lunar orbit. SHAPE will aid in the study of exoplanets to assess their potential habitability. Significance of Chandrayaan-3 International Standing: Positions India as a serious player in planetary exploration and space technology. Cost Efficiency: Demonstrates ISRO’s ability to achieve space missions cost-effectively (Mission cost: Rs 615 crore). Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s role in international space policy and resource extraction discussions. Technological Leadership: Establishes India among the few nations with the capability for planetary exploration, contributing to space-related decision-making. Source: Indian Express CONFLICTS IN WEST ASIA: ISRAEL-IRAN  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Israeli security forces suspect Iran and Hezbollah’s role in the suicide bombing in Tel Aviv on Sunday. Background: Israel believe that the terror attack could be Iran and its proxy’s bid to avenge the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh (leader of Hamas) in Tehran last month. Iran’s opposition to Israel is rooted in religious, ideological, and geopolitical factors, including its support for Palestine and its anti-American stance. Israel-Iran Conflict Overview The formation of Israel in 1948 was a watershed moment in the history of the Middle East. It triggered an Arab-Israeli war and the long Israeli-Arab and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts. Iran, although opposed to the formation of Israel and voted against the Partition Plan (1947) and Israel’s admission into the United Nations (1949), was the second Muslim-majority country after Türkiye to recognize Israel in 1950. The friendly relations between the two states were not always reflected among the wider population in Iran who were sympathetic to the plight of the Palestinians and their struggle for a state. The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran Israel and Iran have been in conflict since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, which led to a break in diplomatic relations. Post-revolution, Iran labeled Israel as the “Little Satan” and ceased all diplomatic and economic ties. Religious and Ideological Differences: Iran opposes Israel’s control over Jerusalem, which is considered holy in Islam. The ideological basis of Iranian opposition to Israel emanates from anti-imperialist and anti-Americanism rooted in the 1979 revolution. Besides Islam, these form the most important component of the revolutionary zeal of Khomeini (Irans supreme leader), who considered Israel as an American and imperial outpost in the Middle East. Geopolitical Tensions: Since the revolution, Iran has called for the expulsion of all external forces from the region and to form a regional security architecture through collaboration among the regional states. Iran, therefore, is considered a revisionist power that wants to replace the US-led regional order with an Iran-led order. Iran’s regional activities of creating, arming and supporting non-state actors, especially in the vicinity of Israel and its pursuit of nuclear energy, are viewed as a part of the Iranian plan to encircle Israel militarily and a preparation for a future war against Israel. Recent Escalations: Before the current state of affairs, Iran and Israel had been engaged in a proxy war but had avoided attacking each other directly. The Israel-Hamas war has, however, started a new phase in the Israel-Iran war, with the two gradually moving to a direct confrontation. The Israeli attack on the Iranian diplomatic complex in Syria and killing of IRGC commanders and officers, its constant targeting of Hezbollah commanders in Lebanon and the killing of Haniyeh in Tehran are part of the pattern. Iran, too, is no longer satisfied with showing restraint and issuing verbal threats, as was visible during the 13 April rocket, missile and drone attacks. For Iran, the killing of Haniyeh was a serious provocation as it was a direct challenge to Iranian sovereignty and also to its military capacity and deterrence. Tehran nonetheless faces the dilemma because any reckless action can lead to an all-out war and might force the US to join Israel, which Iran would like to avoid at this point. Implications for India India, with significant investments in the Middle East, is concerned about potential disruptions in hydrocarbon supplies and the impact on its diplomatic relations in the region. A peaceful Middle East is crucial for India’s strategic interests, but ongoing conflicts pose challenges to its diplomatic balancing act. Source: Indian Express ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) on Wednesday halted the announcement of results for the ongoing recruitments in Haryana till assembly poll process is over. Background: Election Commission of India (ECI) plays a crucial role in ensuring transparent, free and fair elections. Election Commission of India (ECI) Overview Purpose: A permanent,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CASH TRANSFER SCHEMES FOR WOMEN  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Mahrashtra government launched the Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana recently. The scheme offer ₹1,500 per month to women with an annual family income of less than ₹2.5 lakh. Background:- Maharashtra is one of seven States where direct benefit transfer (DBT) schemes aimed at women have been launched. West Bengal, Delhi, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh have all rolled out similar schemes while Telangana and Punjab are yet to fulfill their pre-poll promise of monthly cash transfers to women. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes for women Maharashtra: Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana (Launched on August 17, 2024) Targets 1 crore eligible women (ages 21-65) with an annual family income below ₹2.5 lakh. Monthly cash transfer of ₹1,500, starting from July 2024; Expected annual cost: ₹46,000 crore; Delhi: Mukhyamantri Mahila Samman Yojana (Announced on March 5, 2024) Targets 50 lakh women (ages 18+) with ₹1,000 monthly cash transfer. Outlay: ₹2,000 crore; Implementation delayed due to CM Kejriwal’s arrest. Madhya Pradesh: Mukhyamantri Ladli Behna Yojana (Launched before March 2023 elections) Targets married women (ages 21-60) with an annual family income below ₹2.5 lakh. Monthly cash transfer started at ₹1,000, increased to ₹1,250, with plans to reach ₹3,000; 1.29 crore women enrolled; Budget: ₹18,984 crore for 2024-25. West Bengal: Lakshmir Bhandar Scheme (Launched in 2021) Targets women (ages 25-60): Monthly cash transfer: ₹1,200 for SC/ST, ₹1,000 for others. 2023-24 expenditure: ₹10,101.87 crore; 2024-25 budget: ₹12,000 crore. 55% of beneficiaries report increased financial decision-making power. Jharkhand: Mukhyamantri Maiya Samman Yojana (August 18, 2024) Targets women (ages 21-50) with an annual family income below ₹3 lakh. Monthly cash transfer of ₹1,000 via DBT; 48 lakh women targeted; budget not disclosed. Karnataka: Gruha Lakshmi Scheme (Launched after Congress election victory in 2023) Targets women heads of families (BPL, APL, AAY cardholders); Monthly cash transfer: ₹2,000. 33 crore enrolled; 2023-24 expenditure: ₹11,726 crore; 2024-25 budget: ₹28,608 crore. Tamil Nadu: Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam (Launched on September 15, 2023) Targets women heads of families (annual income below ₹2.5 lakh). Monthly cash transfer: ₹1,200; 1.06 crore eligible women; budget: ₹12,000 crore annually. Effectiveness of Cash Transfer Schemes As per a study by Observer Research Foundation (ORF), the DBT facility, which was first launched in 2013 for women bank account holders, has seen ₹16.8 lakh crores transfered from inception till 2022. Of this, 33% was transferred during during COVID-19 lockdown. DBT has benefited women’s decision-making within households and helped boost their education and job opportunities. The PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), which is the Centre’s financial inclusion scheme to open a savings bank account, has allowed the Centre to easily identify female beneficiaries for DBT. This has helped the Centre to transfer ₹500 for three months to women during the COVID-19 national lockdown. Despite such DBT schemes, more than 32% of women-owned bank accounts in India are inactive, according to the Findex survey 2021.A large number merely use the account for withdrawal, availing government benefits and emergencies. Digital literacy is also an issue which hampers women – 60% of those between ages 15 and 49 own a mobile phone but only 30% can read texts or use the internet, as per the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5). These schemes have boosted women’s decision-making in financial matters, but issues such as low digital and financial literacy, restrictive social norms, and insufficient assets for collateral are hindering India’s attempts to close the gender gap. Source: Hindu PRIME MINISTER NARENDRA MODI’S VISIT TO UKRAINE  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi is holding talks with Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv. Background: Modi will be the first Indian prime minister to visit Ukraine after diplomatic relations were established in 1992. On July 6, Modi met Russia’s President Vladimir Putin in Moscow — a visit that both Zelenskyy and the United States had criticised. Shift in India’s Policy Toward Ukraine Prime Minister Modi’s visit signals a significant change in India’s traditional foreign policy regarding Ukraine. Historically, India maintained close ties with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, but this affinity didn’t extend to Ukraine post-independence in 1991. India’s relationship with Ukraine has been lukewarm, similar to its approach to Poland after the Cold War. Poland’s case During the Cold War, three Indian Prime Ministers visited Poland when it was a Warsaw Pact member. After the Warsaw Pact’s dissolution and Poland’s shift towards the West, India’s engagement with the country diminished. Both Poland and Ukraine are important countries in Europe, but India’s bias towards Russia, in retrospect, likely prevented New Delhi from full engagement with central and eastern Europe. Modi’s visits to Poland and then to Kyiv mark a significant departure from past policies and indicate a broader engagement with Central and Eastern Europe. Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War The Russia-Ukraine war, which began in February 2022, strained India-Ukraine relations, with bilateral trade dropping from $3.39 billion in 2021-22 to around $0.7 billion in subsequent years. Despite maintaining a balanced stance on the conflict, India has used this period to re-engage with Ukraine at the highest levels. Strengthening Bilateral Relations Over the past year, Modi has met with Ukrainian President Zelenskyy at various forums, including the G-7 summit. Indian leaders, including External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, have maintained regular contact with their Ukrainian counterparts. Modi’s visit is a part of a broader effort to strengthen ties with Ukraine, with potential opportunities in post-war reconstruction, defence cooperation, and agriculture. Impact on India-Russia Relations Modi’s visit is unlikely to negatively impact India-Russia relations, as India’s engagement with Ukraine is independent of its ties with Russia. India remains a key partner for Russia, helping it navigate Western sanctions and continuing defence cooperation. Just as Russia’s relationship with China does not undermine its ties with India, India’s engagement with Ukraine will not alter its relationship with Russia. Evolving Foreign Policy If India aims to play a peacemaking role, it must engage with all

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   JAL JEEVAN MISSION (JJM)  Syllabus Mains -GS 2 Context: The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), launched in 2019, has recently completed five years. Background: – The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on August 15, 2019, with the goal of providing tap water supply to every rural household by 2024. At the time of its inception, only 3.23 crore (17%) of rural households had tap water connections. Progress Under the Jal Jeevan Mission (as of August 14, 2024): As of August 12, 2024, the Jal Jeevan Mission has successfully provided tap water connections to 11.82 crore additional rural households, bringing the total coverage to more than 15.07 crore households, which accounts for 77.98% of all rural households in India. This milestone has significantly impacted rural lives by providing reliable access to potable water at home. Household Coverage:07 crore (77.98%) of rural households have been provided with tap water connections. ‘Har Ghar Jal’ Status: Achieved in 188 districts, 1,838 blocks, 1,09,996 Gram Panchayats, and 2,33,209 villages. JE-AES Affected Regions: Over 2.35 crore households (79.21%) in Japanese Encephalitis (JE)-Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) affected districts now have access to clean tap water. States/UTs with 100% Coverage: Goa, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Dadra Nagar Haveli & Daman Diu, Haryana, Telangana, Puducherry, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh. Schools and Anganwadi Centers: 9,27,421 schools and 9,63,955 Anganwadi centers have been provided with tap water supply. The broad objectives of the Jal Jeevan Mission include: Providing Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household. Prioritizing FHTC provision in quality-affected areas, drought-prone regions, desert areas, and Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) villages. Ensuring functional tap connections in schools, Anganwadi centers, gram panchayat buildings, health and wellness centers, and community buildings. Monitoring the functionality of tap connections. Promoting voluntary ownership among the local community through contributions in cash, kind, or labor (shramdaan). Ensuring the sustainability of water supply systems, including water sources, infrastructure, and funding for regular operations and maintenance. Empowering and developing human resources in the water sector, covering construction, plumbing, electrical work, water quality management, water treatment, catchment protection, and more. Raising awareness about the significance of safe drinking water and involving stakeholders to make water everyone’s responsibility. Components supported under JJM: Development of in-village piped water supply infrastructure to provide tap water connections to every rural household. Development and augmentation of reliable drinking water sources to ensure long-term sustainability. Bulk water transfer, treatment plants, and distribution networks where necessary. Technological interventions for contaminant removal in areas with water quality issues. Retrofitting of ongoing and completed schemes to provide FHTCs at a minimum service level of 55 liters per capita per day (lpcd). Greywater management. Support activities such as Information, Education, and Communication (IEC), Human Resource Development (HRD), training, utility development, water quality laboratories, research and development, capacity building of communities, etc. Addressing unforeseen challenges due to natural disasters or calamities, as per Ministry of Finance guidelines on Flexi Funds. Impact of JJM: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that achieving JJM’s goals will save over 5.5 crore hours daily, primarily for women, otherwise spent collecting water. WHO projects that ensuring safely managed drinking water for all households in India could prevent nearly 400,000 deaths from diarrheal diseases, saving approximately 14 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Nobel laureate Prof. Michael Kremer’s research suggests that safe water coverage could reduce mortality among children under five by nearly 30%, potentially saving 136,000 lives annually. The Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, in partnership with the International Labour Organization (ILO), estimates that JJM will generate 59.9 lakh person-years of direct and 2.2 crore person-years of indirect employment during its capital expenditure phase. Additionally, the operation and maintenance phase could generate 13.3 lakh person-years of direct employment. Source: PIB NEED TO PROHIBIT USE OF PESTICIDES  Syllabus Mains GS-3 Context: To address the concerns over the usage of pesticides, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has proposed the formation of an inter-ministerial committee. Background: – The proposal was discussed by the FSSAI’s 44th meeting of the Central Advisory Committee (CAC) between 22 and 23 August. The initiative is aimed at ensuring that agricultural practices remain safe and sustainable, thereby protecting consumers from potential health risks associated with pesticide residues in food. Pesticides: Pesticides are substances used to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests. They include various chemicals such as herbicides (for weeds), insecticides (for insects), fungicides (for fungi), and rodenticides (for rodents). Why Indian Farmers Use Pesticides? Crop Protection: To protect crops from pests and diseases, ensuring higher yields and better-quality produce. Economic Stability: Reducing crop losses helps in maintaining the economic stability of farmers. Increased Productivity: Pesticides help in achieving higher productivity per hectare, which is crucial for meeting the food demands of a growing population. Benefits of Pesticides: Higher Crop Yields: Protecting crops from pests leads to increased agricultural productivity. Disease Control: Reducing the population of disease-carrying pests helps in controlling outbreaks. Economic Benefits: Higher yields and reduced crop losses contribute to economic stability for farmers. Challenges: Environmental Impact: Pesticides can contaminate soil, water, and non-target species, leading to biodiversity loss. Health Risks: Exposure to pesticides can cause acute and chronic health issues in humans. Resistance: Overuse of pesticides can lead to pests developing resistance, making them harder to control. Government Initiatives: Regulation and Monitoring: The government sets regulations to control the use of pesticides and monitors their impact on health and the environment. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The government promotes Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, which combine biological, cultural, and chemical methods to manage pests sustainably. This approach reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides and encourages the use of biopesticide National Pest Surveillance System: An Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based platform, the National Pest Surveillance System, has been introduced to monitor pest populations and predict outbreaks. This helps in timely and targeted application of pesticides, reducing overall usage. Promotion of Organic Farming: Several states in India have policies and schemes to promote organic

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   THE ROAD TO 2047 FOR INDIAN AGRICULTURE  Syllabus Mains: GS-3 Context: India’s goal of becoming a developed nation by 2047 hinges on transforming its agricultural sector through sustainable practices, technological innovations, and strategic government initiatives. Background: – A key factor in achieving the goal of developed nation status by 2047 is a sixfold increase in per capita Gross National Income (GNI). What is agriculture? Agriculture is the science, art, and practice of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising animals to produce food, fiber, and other products essential for human life. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including: Crop Cultivation, Animal Husbandry, Horticulture, Agroforestry, Aquaculture. Agriculture sector of India: India is one of the major players in the agriculture sector worldwide and it is the primary source of livelihood for ~43% of India’s population. India has the world’s largest cattle herd (buffaloes), the largest area planted for wheat, rice, and cotton, and is the largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices in the world. It is the second-largest producer of fruit, vegetables, tea, farmed fish, cotton, sugarcane, wheat, rice, cotton, and sugar. Contribution of Agriculral Sector to Indian Economy (Data from the Economic Survey 2023-24) : GDP Contribution: The agriculture sector contributed approximately 7% to India’s Gross Value Added (GVA) at current prices in FY 2024. Growth Rate: The sector recorded an average annual growth rate of 18% over the past five years. However, in FY 2024, the growth rate slowed to 1.4% due to delayed and poor monsoons. Employment: Agriculture provides livelihood support to about 3% of the population. Exports: India recorded agricultural exports worth $50.2 billion, marking a 20% increase from the previous year. Challenges Facing Indian Agriculture: Fragmented Landholdings: Around 89.4% of agricultural households own less than two hectares of land, leading to inefficiencies and low productivity. Climate Change: Erratic monsoon patterns and rising temperatures disrupt crop yields and farming schedules. Water Scarcity: Over-exploitation of groundwater and inadequate irrigation infrastructure limit productivity. Market Inefficiencies: Lack of access to well-developed markets and fair pricing affects farmers. Middlemen and complex supply chains lead to price gaps. Inadequate Storage and Transportation: Poor storage infrastructure and transportation networks result in significant post-harvest losses. Limited Access to Credit and Insurance: Small farmers struggle to access affordable credit and crop insurance. Soil Degradation: Overuse of chemical fertilizers and inadequate soil conservation practices lead to soil degradation. Government Initiatives: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Provides financial assistance to farmers in case of crop loss due to natural calamities. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): Offers direct income support to farmers, providing ₹6,000 annually to over 11.8 crore farmers. Soil Health Card (SHC) Scheme: Aims to improve soil health by providing farmers with information on nutrient status and recommendations for soil amendments. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund: Supports the development of infrastructure for post-harvest management. Electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM): Integrates markets through an electronic platform, enhancing market access for farmers. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Focuses on enhancing agricultural productivity, especially in rainfed areas, through integrated farming, water use efficiency, and soil health management. Source: National Council of Applied Economic Research BIOE3 POLICY (BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT, AND EMPLOYMENT)  Syllabus Mains: GS-3 Context: The Union Cabinet has recently approved the BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) to boost biotechnology manufacturing in India. Background: – The BioE3 Policy aims to address critical societal challenges and seize opportunities in the biotechnology sector. This initiative aims to revolutionize the biotech sector, similar to the IT boom of the 1990s. BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) The BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) is a transformative initiative by the Indian government aimed at leveraging biotechnology to drive economic growth, environmental sustainability, and job creation. Key Features: High-Performance Biomanufacturing: Focuses on producing products through advanced biotechnological processes, including medicines, materials, and bio-based products for agriculture and industry. Strategic Thematic Sectors: The policy covers six thematic areas: Bio-based chemicals, biopolymers, and enzymes Smart proteins and functional foods Precision biotherapeutics Climate-resilient agriculture Carbon capture and utilization Marine and space research Innovation and R&D: Promotes innovation-driven research and development (R&D) and entrepreneurship across these sectors. Capacity Building: Supports the creation of internships for students and fellowships for graduate and post-graduate research. Sustainable Growth: Prioritizes regenerative bioeconomy models of green growth, promoting a circular bioeconomy to address climate change and environmental sustainability. Expected Impacts: Economic Growth: By fostering innovation in biotechnology, the policy aims to drive economic growth through the development of new products, technologies, and processes that can be commercialized. Job Creation: Establishing biomanufacturing and bio-AI hubs is expected to create substantial employment opportunities. Environmental Benefits: The focus on sustainable practices and the circular bioeconomy will help mitigate climate change and promote environmental conservation. Global Competitiveness: The policy aims to position India as a global leader in biotechnology, enhancing its competitiveness in the international market. Health and Agriculture: Advancements in precision biotherapeutics and climate-resilient agriculture will improve healthcare outcomes and agricultural productivity. Conclusion: BioE3 Policy will further strengthen Government’s initiatives such as ‘Net Zero’ carbon economy & ‘Lifestyle for Environment’ and will steer India on the path of accelerated ‘Green Growth’ by promoting ‘Circular Bioeconomy’. Source: The Hindu PRIME MINISTER’S VISIT TO UKRAINE  Syllabus Mains: GS-2 Context: Prime Minister Modi’s recent visit to Kyiv highlights India’s strategic balancing act in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. This visit comes just six weeks after his trip to Moscow, where he met with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Background: In Kyiv, Modi held talks with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, emphasizing India’s call for diplomacy and dialogue to resolve the conflict. This move underscores India’s non-alignment policy, aiming to maintain strong relations with both Russia and Ukraine while advocating for peace and stability. India Ukraine Relations India-Ukraine relations have evolved significantly since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992. India recognized Ukraine as a sovereign nation in December 1991, shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Diplomatic relations were formally established in January

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   IMD’S COLOUR-CODED WEATHER ALERTS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: IMD issued ‘red alert’ in Gujarat due to heavy rainfall and severe waterlogging. Background: – India Meteorological Department (IMD) issues colour-coded weather alerts from time to time. These keep citizens informed and help in greater preparedness About colour coded warnings ‘Green’ stands for ‘No warning’: no action needs to be taken by the authorities, and the forecast is of light to moderate rain. According to the weather department, 15.6 mm to 64.4 mm rain is considered “moderate”. ‘Yellow’ alert signifies “Watch”, and authorities are advised to “Be updated” on the situation. According to the weather department, 64.5 mm to 115.5 mm rain is considered “heavy”. ‘Orange’ warning stands for “Alert”, and authorities are expected to “Be prepared”. The forecast during an Orange warning is of heavy to very heavy rainfall. According to IMD, 115.6 mm to 204.4 mm rain is considered “very heavy”. ‘Red’ alert stands for “Warning”, and asks authorities to “Take action”. The forecast is for extremely heavy rainfall. According to IMD, more than 204.5 mm rain is considered “extremely heavy”. Additional Information India’s weather forecasting capabilities are set for a major upgrade with a new mission, boasting a budget of at least Rs 10,000 crore. This initiative will surpass the Monsoon Mission launched in 2012, which significantly enhanced the India Meteorological Department’s (IMD) infrastructure and capabilities. Unlike previous upgrades that concentrated on infrastructure improvements, the new mission will focus on developing advanced computer simulation models tailored for India and incorporating climate change scenarios. It will also enhance the deployment of sophisticated instruments such as Doppler radars and integrate artificial intelligence and machine learning into weather forecasting. India currently operates three meteorological satellites—INSAT-3D, INSAT-3DR, and INSAT-3DS. With INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR nearing the end of their mission lives, and INSAT-3DS recently launched, the next-generation INSAT-4 series satellites are in development. These new satellites will feature cutting-edge technology for high-resolution data essential for improving weather forecasts. Source: Indian Express TWO-NEW US-INDIA AGREEMENTS  Syllabus Mains GS-2 Context: India and the US have signed a Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA) and Memorandum of Agreement regarding the Assignment of Liaison Officers. Background: – Defence Minister Rajnath Singh concluded his four-day official visit to US on August 25. Key takeaways: During Defence Minister Rajnath Singh’s recent four-day visit, India and the US agreed to advance key co-production projects under the 2023 US-India Roadmap for Defence Industrial Cooperation. These projects include jet engines, unmanned platforms, munitions, and ground mobility systems. Two new agreements SOSA (Support for One Another): Under SOSA, the US and India will provide reciprocal priority support to each other for goods and services that promote national defence. It will enable both countries to acquire the industrial resources they need from one another to resolve unanticipated supply chain disruptions to meet national security needs. India becomes the 18th partner in this initiative. While SOSA is a significant mechanism for strengthening interoperability with US defense trade partners, it is non-binding. US Department of Defense (DoD) has been working to conclude another agreement with India, the Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) Agreement, which will be binding. MoU on Liaison Officers: The new Memorandum of Agreement on the Assignment of Liaison Officers builds on a previous decision to enhance information-sharing between India and the US. This agreement will see Indian armed forces officers posted to key US Commands, starting with the deployment of a Liaison Officer to the US Special Operations Command headquarters in Florida. The roadmap for defence industrial cooperation, released last year, anticipated the completion of SOSA and the RDP Agreement. Additionally, the US-India initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET), aims to expand strategic technology partnerships and defense industrial cooperation. In 2023, during Prime Minister Modi’s official visit to the US, the DoD and Ministry of Defence launched the India-US Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X), to take forward the commitment to build a defence innovation bridge under iCET. Additional Information: In 2002, India and the US signed the General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) to facilitate military information sharing. Four more agreements were signed between 2016 and 2020. In 2016, the US designated India as a Major Defence Partner. This status led to India’s elevation to Strategic Trade Authorisation Tier 1 in 2018, granting it license-free access to various military and dual-use technologies regulated by the US Department of Commerce. The Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) of 2016 established the framework for reciprocal logistic support, supplies, and services between the two militaries. In 2018, the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA), an India-specific version of the CISMOA, was signed to secure military communications and facilitate the use of advanced US defense systems by India. The Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) of 2020 was designed to facilitate the sharing of military information, including maps, nautical charts, and other unclassified data. Source: Indian Express THE GAGANYAAN MISSION  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) finalises the design of skull for the humanoid on Gaganyaan mission. Background: Before launching astronauts on the Gaganyaan mission, ISRO will send a humanoid robot, Vyommitra, into space to test spacecraft safety. Key takeaways The humanoid’s skull, designed at ISRO’s Thiruvananthapuram unit, weighs 800 grams and measures 200 mm x 220 mm, made from a high-strength aluminum alloy to endure pressure and vibration. Vyommitra will resemble the upper human body, featuring movable arms, face, and neck equipped with sensors to perform human-like functions and assess the impacts of space travel. Ahead of putting an actual human into space, several studies are done using humanoids. They collect vital data on the impacts of space travel on human bodies, enabling scientists to design the space capsule for a safe and comfortable flight. India’s Gaganyaan mission, aimed at sending humans into space, is slated for next year. Before this, two uncrewed preparatory missions—Gaganyaan-1 (G1) and Gaganyaan-2 (G2)—will be conducted, with G1 scheduled for December. G1 will primarily test the spacecraft’s safe re-entry and orientation upon splashing down at sea. G2

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   COMBINATION DRUGS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The government has banned 156 fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs, including popular medicines such as Cheston Cold and Foracet, used for cold and fever and pain respectively. Background: – The ban is the most sweeping crackdown on FDCs since 2018, when 328 such drugs were banned. A total 499 FDCs have been banned since 2014. About Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) drugs Definition: FDCs are medications that combine two or more active ingredients (chemical compounds in medicines that have an effect on the body) into a single pill, capsule, or injection. Purpose: Designed to simplify treatment for conditions like tuberculosis and diabetes, FDCs reduce the number of pills a patient needs, aiming to improve adherence to medication regimens. Examples: For instance, Cheston Cold combines paracetamol (for fever), cetirizine (for allergies), and phenylephrine (for nasal congestion). While this may be beneficial for allergy-related symptoms, it is unnecessary and potentially harmful for bacterial infections. Potential Risks: FDCs may include unnecessary drugs or components, leading to ineffective treatment or adverse effects. Excessive use of certain FDCs, particularly those containing antibiotics, can contribute to antibiotic resistance, making future infections harder to treat. Regulatory Actions: Reason for Ban: The ban targets irrational FDCs containing combinations that either do not work well together or are not needed. A significant concern is the misuse of antibiotics, which can lead to increased resistance. Market Impact: Despite previous bans, a 2023 study showed that the proportion of FDCs among antibiotics sold in India rose from 32.9% in 2008 to 37.3% in 2020. India has one of the highest numbers of FDCs globally, with many considered inappropriate. Pricing Issues: Companies sometimes use FDCs to bypass government price controls on essential medicines. Recent Government Action: The government is addressing irrational FDCs that were approved without comprehensive trials. Banned drugs were initially approved by various state licensing authorities without any trials for combinations because the ingredients were individually approved. New regulations from the 2019 Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules classify FDCs as new drugs, requiring approval from the central drug regulator, thereby reducing the presence of irrational combinations in the market. Source: Indian Express HIMACHAL PRADESH’S BILL RAISING WOMEN’S MINIMUM MARRIAGE AGE  Syllabus Mains GS-2 Context: The Himachal Pradesh Assembly on August 27, passed a Bill raising the minimum marriageable age for women from 18 to 21 years Background: – The Prohibition of Child Marriage (Himachal Pradesh Amendment) Bill, 2024, was passed by voice vote. It seeks to amend the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (2006 Act) to advance gender equality and encourage higher education among women. Why was the Bill passed? Commitment to Women’s Welfare: Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu stated that the Bill reflects government’s dedication to improving the welfare of women. Himachal Pradesh is the first state in India to legislate the increase of the minimum marriage age for girls to 21 years. Educational and Health Concerns: Health Minister emphasized that early marriage hinders girls’ education and career progress, negatively impacts their physical development, and leads to early pregnancies, affecting women’s health. Gender Equality and Opportunities: The Bill aims to provide gender equality and enhance opportunities for higher education by increasing the minimum marriageable age for girls. Key Provisions: Redefinition of “Child”: Section Section 2(a) of the 2006 Act defines a “child” as someone “who, if male, has not completed twenty-one years of age, and if female, has not completed eighteen years of age.” The Bill removes this gender-based distinction, redefining a “child” as a male or female who has not completed 21 years of age. Extended Petition Period: Bill extends the time period for filing a petition to annul a marriage. Under Section 3 of the 2006 Act, an individual who was a minor at the time of marriage can file for annulment within two years of attaining majority —before turning 20 for women and 23 for men. The Bill extends this period to five years, allowing both women and men to file petitions before they turn 23. Precedence of the Bill: A new provision, Section 18A, has been introduced to ensure that the Bill’s provisions take precedence over all other existing laws. This means that the new minimum marriageable age for women will apply uniformly across Himachal Pradesh, regardless of any conflicting laws or religious and cultural practices. Why will the President’s Assent Be Required? Concurrent List Conflict: The Bill deals with marriage, a subject on the Concurrent List, where both central and state governments can legislate. Potential Conflict with Central Law: since the Bill introduces a different minimum marriageable age for women, its provisions will be deemed inconsistent with the 2006 Act —a law enacted by Parliament. Article 254: Under Article 254 of the Constitution, if state legislation contradicts central law, it becomes void unless the President’s assent is obtained. With the President’s assent, the state law will override the central law within Himachal Pradesh. Expert Opinions: Child and women’s rights activists argue that raising the minimum marriage age may increase parental control over young adults, especially in a patriarchal society. Potential Misuse of Law: Activists highlight that the existing law is often misused by parents to penalize daughters who marry against their wishes, and increasing the age to 21 could exacerbate this issue, leading to further persecution of young women. Such a legislative reform could also leave a vast majority of Indian women who marry before the age of 21 years without the legal protections that the institution of marriage otherwise provides. It is also likely to endanger the life and liberty of the marginalised communities exposing them to further brutal policing. The 2008 Law Commission Report recommended setting a uniform age of marriage for both men and women at 18 years. The National Human Rights Commission in 2018 too proposed a similar reform. Source: The Hindu JUSTICE VERMA PANEL AND DEATH PENALTY FOR RAPE  Syllabus Prelims: CURRENT EVENT Context: After the brutal rape and murder of a doctor on duty at Kolkata’s R.G. Kar

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   SPACEFLIGHT AND THE HUMAN BODY  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: On August 24, NASA announced that Boeing’s Starliner crew capsule, which took astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore to the International Space Station (ISS) on its first crewed test flight, was deemed unsafe for their return. Background: – Williams and Wilmore will stay on the ISS until February 2025 and return in a SpaceX crew capsule launching in September 2024. The Starliner meanwhile will undock and return uncrewed. What is Space? Defining Space: Space is easier to identify far from Earth than near it due to the gradual transition from ‘earth-like’ to ‘space-like’ conditions. In aeronautics, space begins at the Karman line, 100 km above sea level. Gravity in Space: While gravity diminishes over distance, it never entirely disappears. Astronauts on the ISS experience microgravity, not zero gravity. Varying Conditions: Different parts of space expose astronauts to different conditions. For example, the Van Allen radiation belts, located from 640 km to 58,000 km above Earth, contain charged particles trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. Effects of Space on the Human Body: Research Limitations: Although hundreds of astronauts have flown to space, their numbers are too small to fully understand all the effects of spaceflight on the human body. However, broad trends have been observed. Bone and Muscle Loss: In microgravity, bones weaken, which might force the body to deposit the ‘excess’ mineral content in the kidneys leading to kidney stones. Because of the body’s weightless experience, the heart is required to do less work and could shrink. Similarly, other parts of the musculature could shed muscle mass and strength. Digestive Changes: Food may move more slowly through the gut, leading to weight gain. Vision Issues: Around 20% of astronauts, and 70% of those on long missions, develop spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), where fluids build up in the head and affect eyesight. Blood Changes: Astronauts lose more red blood cells in space, requiring dietary adjustments to produce more cells. Balance and Orientation: The brain works harder in space to maintain balance and orientation due to altered signals from the body. Causes and Countermeasures: Key Causes: Radiation, confined environments, distance from Earth, and microgravity are major factors affecting astronauts’ health. Exercise and Routines: Astronauts follow strict exercise regimes and routines to maintain physical health and reduce stress. Technological Solutions: Proposals include portable devices to monitor SANS and countermeasures like lower body negative pressure and artificial gravity. Human Time in Space: Increased Duration: The average time an astronaut spends in space has increased from one month in the 1960s to six months in the 2020s. Future Challenges: With plans for permanent lunar stations and missions to Mars, new long-duration missions will bring additional safety challenges. Source: Hindu SANCTION FOR PROSECUTION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The issue of granting sanction to prosecute a public servant has resurfaced after the Karnataka Governors approval to open an investigation and to prosecute Chief Minister Siddaramaiah over alleged irregularities in allotting compensatory plots to his wife, following the acquisition of her land by the Mysore Urban Development Authority. Background: – The law relating to a Governor granting sanction for a serving CM’s prosecution is governed not by statutory provisions alone, but also a string of court judgments. Why is Sanction Required to Prosecute a Public Servant? Sanction for prosecuting a public servant has been a mandatory feature of anti-corruption law. Protection from Vexatious Prosecution: It is required to protect them from malicious or vexatious prosecutions for actions taken during official duties. Legal Provisions: Section 197, CrPC: No court can take cognisance of a case against a public servant without sanction from an authority competent to remove them. Applies to those currently or formerly public servants. Similar to CrPC, Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, has provision for sanction. Under both the CrPC and the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA), the State and Central governments had the authority to sanction prosecution of their respective employees. Latest Provisions on Granting Sanction Section 218 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), the procedure code that has replaced the CrPC, retains the sanction provisions. Prevention of Corruption Act (2018 Amendment): Section 17A: Government approval is required even to begin an investigation. Section 19: Sanction is a prerequisite for any court to take cognisance of a charge sheet or complaint of corruption. Applies to Current and Former Public Servants: The amendment covers those who are and were public servants. Governor’s Role in Cases Against a Chief Minister Authority to Grant Sanction: The Governor, who has the power to dismiss a Chief Minister, is considered the authority to grant sanction for prosecuting a Chief Minister. Governor’s Discretion: According to the Supreme Court (A.R. Antulay case), the Governor should act in his discretion and not on the advice of the Council of Ministers when granting sanction to prosecute a Chief Minister. Court Rulings on Sanction Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment vs. State of MP and others (2004): The Supreme Court upheld the Governor’s decision to grant sanction against two Ministers despite the Council of Ministers’ decision to the contrary. The Court found the Council’s decision irrational and emphasized that the Governor can act in his discretion when there is apparent bias or irrationality in the Council’s decision. Source: Hindu CHILE  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: On a three-day visit to India, Chile’s Foreign Minister  held a meeting with External Affairs minister S Jaishankar on Wednesday and discussed bilateral cooperation in trade and investment, agriculture, critical minerals, defence and space among other issues. Background: Chile is a key partner of India in the Latin American region. About Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago. Geography Location: Chile stretches over 4,300 km (2,700 miles) from north to south, making it one of the longest countries in the world. It is bordered by Peru to the north,