Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   अंटार्कटिका की गहरी सर्दियों की गर्म लहर (ANTARCTICA’S DEEP-WINTER HEATWAVE) पाठ्यक्रम प्रारंभिक एवं मुख्य परीक्षा – भूगोल संदर्भ: पिछले दो सालों में दूसरी बार अंटार्कटिका में सर्दियों के मौसम में अभूतपूर्व गर्मी पड़ रही है। जुलाई के मध्य से, ज़मीन का तापमान मौसमी मानक से 10 डिग्री सेल्सियस ज़्यादा रहा है, और कुछ दिनों में तापमान औसत से 28 डिग्री ज़्यादा तक बढ़ गया है। पृष्ठभूमि:- पूर्वी अंटार्कटिका में, जहाँ विश्व के सबसे ठंडे महाद्वीप के दो-तिहाई हिस्से पर उच्च ऊँचाई का प्रभुत्व है, तापमान वर्तमान में माइनस 25 से माइनस 30 डिग्री सेल्सियस के बीच है। आमतौर पर, इस क्षेत्र में गहरी सर्दियों का तापमान माइनस 50 और माइनस 60 डिग्री सेल्सियस के बीच रहता है। गर्म लहर के कारण ध्रुवीय भंवर (Polar Vortex) का कमजोर होना: ध्रुवीय भंवर, जो पृथ्वी के ध्रुवों के चारों ओर ठंडी हवा और निम्न निम्न प्रणालियों का एक बैंड है, आमतौर पर दक्षिणी गोलार्ध की सर्दियों के दौरान मजबूत रहता है, तथा अंटार्कटिका के ऊपर ठंडी हवा को रोके रखता है। इस वर्ष, बड़े पैमाने पर वायुमंडलीय तरंगों ने भंवर को अस्तव्यस्त कर दिया, जिससे फंसी हुई ठंडी हवा बाहर निकल गई और गर्म हवा अंदर आ गई, जिससे ऊपरी वायुमंडल से नीचे उतरी इस गर्म हवा के कारण तापमान बढ़ गया। अंटार्कटिका की समुद्री बर्फ में कमी: जून में अंटार्कटिक समुद्री बर्फ की मात्रा वर्ष के उस समय के लिए रिकॉर्ड में दूसरी सबसे कम थी, जो जून 2023 में न्यूनतम मात्रा से थोड़ा अधिक थी। समुद्री बर्फ सूर्य की रोशनी को परावर्तित करके और ठंडी हवा और गर्म पानी के बीच अवरोध के रूप में कार्य करके ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों को ठंडा करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। समुद्री बर्फ में कमी ने संभवतः अंटार्कटिका में सर्दियों के मौसम को गर्म करने में योगदान दिया। ग्लोबल वार्मिंग का प्रभाव: अंटार्कटिका वैश्विक औसत से लगभग दोगुनी गति से गर्म हो रहा है, तथा वहां का तापमान प्रति दशक 0.22 से 0.32 डिग्री सेल्सियस की दर से बढ़ रहा है। अंटार्कटिका पर ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के प्रभाव से ताप तरंगों की आवृत्ति और तीव्रता बढ़ रही है। संभावित परिणाम बर्फ की चादर का नुकसान और समुद्र स्तर में वृद्धि: वर्तमान में जारी गर्म लहर अंटार्कटिका की बर्फ की चादर को तेजी से नष्ट कर सकती है, जिससे वैश्विक समुद्र स्तर में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हो सकती है। अंटार्कटिका ने 1980 और 1990 के दशक की तुलना में हाल के दशकों में 280% अधिक बर्फ खो दी है, जिसमें 2022 में बर्फ की चादर के रोम के आकार के हिस्से के ढहने जैसी विनाशकारी घटनाएं शामिल हैं। वैश्विक महासागर परिसंचरण पर प्रभाव: अंटार्कटिका की पिघलती बर्फ वैश्विक महासागर परिसंचरण तंत्र को धीमा कर रही है, जो ऊष्मा, कार्बन, पोषक तत्वों और मीठे पानी के परिवहन द्वारा जलवायु को नियंत्रित करने के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है। इस प्रणाली में मंदी के कारण महासागरों द्वारा कम ऊष्मा और CO2 अवशोषण हो सकता है, जिससे वैश्विक तापमान में वृद्धि हो सकती है तथा बाढ़ और सूखे जैसी चरम मौसम की घटनाओं की आवृत्ति और गंभीरता बढ़ सकती है। स्रोत: Indian Express जैव ईंधन (BIOFUELS) पाठ्यक्रम प्रारंभिक एवं मुख्य परीक्षा – वर्तमान घटनाक्रम संदर्भ: ऊर्जा के एक सतत स्रोत के रूप में जैव ईंधन के महत्व को रेखांकित करने के लिए हर साल 10 अगस्त को विश्व जैव ईंधन दिवस मनाया जाता है। पृष्ठभूमि: हाल के वर्षों में, जलवायु परिवर्तन और जीवाश्म ईंधन से होने वाले वायु प्रदूषण के स्वास्थ्य पर पड़ने वाले प्रभावों के बारे में बढ़ती चिंताओं के कारण जैव ईंधनों ने काफी ध्यान आकर्षित किया है, क्योंकि जीवाश्म ईंधन न केवल महंगे हैं, बल्कि इनकी आपूर्ति भी सीमित है। जैव ईंधन को समझना जैव ईंधन नवीकरणीय ईंधन हैं जो पौधों या पशु अपशिष्ट के बायोमास से प्राप्त होते हैं। आम स्रोतों में मक्का, गन्ना और गाय के गोबर जैसे पशु अपशिष्ट शामिल हैं। जीवाश्म ईंधन के विपरीत, जैव ईंधन सतत ऊर्जा स्रोत हैं। दो सबसे आम प्रकार इथेनॉल और बायोडीजल हैं। इथेनॉल: मक्का और गन्ने जैसे फसल अवशेषों को किण्वित करके बनाया जाता है। उत्सर्जन को कम करने के लिए इसे अक्सर पेट्रोलियम के साथ मिश्रित किया जाता है, इथेनॉल-10 (E10) एक आम मिश्रण है जिसमें 10% इथेनॉल होता है। बायोडीजल: प्रयुक्त खाना पकाने के तेल, पीले ग्रीस या पशु वसा से निर्मित बायोडीजल को उत्प्रेरक की उपस्थिति में अल्कोहल के साथ इन सामग्रियों को जलाकर बनाया जाता है। जैव ईंधन का महत्व पर्यावरणीय लाभ: जैव ईंधन जीवाश्म ईंधन के नकारात्मक पर्यावरणीय प्रभावों, जैसे ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन और संसाधनों की कमी को कम कर सकते हैं, साथ ही अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन में भी सुधार कर सकते हैं। ऊर्जा सुरक्षा: कच्चे तेल के मामले में दुनिया में तीसरे सबसे बड़े उपभोक्ता के रूप में भारत की 85% से अधिक ज़रूरतों के लिए आयात पर निर्भरता ऊर्जा सुरक्षा चुनौतियों को जन्म देती है। जैव ईंधन इस निर्भरता को कम करने का एक तरीका प्रदान करता है। आर्थिक लाभ: जैव ईंधन के उपयोग में वृद्धि से आयातित तेल पर निर्भरता कम हो सकती है, आयात बिल कम हो सकता है, तथा मक्का और गन्ना जैसी फसलों की मांग पैदा करके कृषि आय में वृद्धि हो सकती है। जैव ईंधन पर सरकारी पहल और नीतियां जैव ईंधन पर राष्ट्रीय नीति (2018): आयात निर्भरता को कम करने और ईंधन मिश्रण को बढ़ावा देने के उद्देश्य से, यह नीति इथेनॉल, बायोडीज़ल और बायो-सीएनजी उत्पादन का समर्थन करती है। 2022 में, 20% इथेनॉल मिश्रण लक्ष्य को 2030 से 2025-26 तक आगे बढ़ाने के लिए नीति में संशोधन किया गया। वैश्विक जैव ईंधन गठबंधन (GBA): 2022 में शुरू किया गया यह बहु-हितधारक गठबंधन, जिसमें सरकारें और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन शामिल हैं, वैश्विक सहयोग और जैव ईंधन के सतत उपयोग को बढ़ावा देता है। इसके अतिरिक्त, इसका उद्देश्य वैश्विक जैव ईंधन व्यापार को सुविधाजनक बनाना और राष्ट्रीय जैव ईंधन कार्यक्रमों के लिए तकनीकी सहायता प्रदान करना है। इथेनॉल पर जीएसटी में कमी: सरकार ने इथेनॉल मिश्रित पेट्रोल (ईबीपी) कार्यक्रम के तहत मिश्रण के लिए इथेनॉल पर जीएसटी को 18% से घटाकर 5% कर दिया। प्रधानमंत्री जी–वन योजना: यह पहल सेल्यूलोसिक और लिग्नोसेल्यूलोसिक सामग्रियों से द्वितीय पीढ़ी (2जी) इथेनॉल उत्पादन को समर्थन देती है,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   KAKORY TRAIN ROBBERY  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – HISTORY Context: This year marks the centenary of the Kakori case, also known as the Kakori train robbery. On Friday, August 9, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath inaugurated the 100th – anniversary celebrations. Background:- The incident shook the British government and accelerated the freedom movement. Kakori Train Robbery: An Overview Incident Date & Location: Occurred on August 9, 1925, near Kakori, a railway station approximately 20 km from Lucknow. The Event: Ten revolutionaries boarded the Saharanpur-Lucknow passenger train at Kakori station. Shortly after departure, they pulled the chain to stop the train at Bajnagar, a village 2 km away. They looted funds intended for the British treasury being transported by rail. Involvement of Hindustan Republican Association (HRA): This was the first major action by the HRA, a revolutionary group formed in 1924. Key members included Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Sachindra Nath Bakshi, and Chandrashekhar Azad, among others. Execution & Aftermath: Ram Prasad Bismil, who hatched the robbery plan, was joined in its execution by Ashfaqullah Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sachindra Nath Bakshi, Keshab Chakravarthy, Manmathnath Gupta, Murari Sharma, Mukundi Lal and Banwari Lal. A passenger was accidentally killed when a Mauser gun went off, complicating their mission. Trial & Sentences: Of the accused who were made to stand trial at the Special Sessions Court of Justice Archibald Hamilton, 19 persons were convicted. Four were sentenced to death: Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Lahiri, and Ashfaqullah Khan. Others received various sentences, including deportation to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair. On December 17, 1927, Lahiri was hanged at Gonda jail. On December 19, 1927, Ashfaqullah, Roshan and Bismil too were put to death — Ashfaqullah at Faizabad jail, Roshan at Naini (Allahabad) jail and Bismil at Gorakhpur jail. Ram Prasad Bismil’s Arrest & Legacy: Bismil was arrested in October 1925, supposedly after two members of the HRA betrayed him. He famously recited the ghazal “Sarfaroshi ki tamanna” while being led to the gallows, which became an iconic anthem for freedom fighters. Chandrashekhar Azad : Chandrashekhar Azad was the only major revolutionary associated with the HRA who evaded arrest. He shot himself dead in Allahabad’s Alfred Park (now Chandrashekhar Azad Park) on February 27, 1931. Impact on the British Raj: The Kakori incident was a symbolic defiance against British rule, which led to harsh punishments to deter future revolutionaries. Defence lawyers who became CMs: Prominent lawyers who defended the accused, including Govind Ballabh Pant and Chandra Bhanu Gupta, went on to become the first and third Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh. Source: Indian Express INDIA – MALDIVES TIES  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar met Maldivian President Mohamed Muizzu recently and emphasised New Delhi’s commitment to deepen India-Maldives ties Background: Jaishankar is on a three-day official visit to Maldives to reset the bilateral relationship, the first high-level trip from India after the archipelago nation’s pro-China president Muizzu assumed office last year. Key Takeaways Jaishankar’s trip to the Maldives comes weeks after President Muizzu’s visit to India in June to attend the swearing-in ceremony of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government. The Maldives is an essential ally for India, helping to protect its maritime borders and monitor the wider Indian Ocean region, where China is expanding presence. The archipelago is located about 300 nautical miles (560 km) off the west coast of India and about 70 nautical miles (130 km) from Minicoy Island in Lakshadweep. The Chinese influence in the Maldives has progressively expanded over the last few decades. The island nation is a component of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which has resulted in an influx of Chinese money and a deepening of the two countries’ relationship—at the expense of India. Key Points on Mr. Muizzu’s ‘India Out’ Campaign and Its Aftermath Muizzu campaigned on an ‘India Out’ plank during last years election, seeking the removal of Indian military personnel stationed in the Maldives. The Indian military was primarily there to operate aerial platforms for health and environmental emergencies. Approximately 75 Indian military personnel were stationed in the Maldives for these purposes. Muizzu used this presence as a focal point for political mobilization. Upon coming to power, Muizzu requested India to withdraw military personnel operating three aviation platforms gifted by India. India complied with the request, withdrawing military personnel. India replaced them with civilian personnel to operate a Dornier aircraft and two helicopters. Source: Indian Express GREAT BARRIER REEF (GBR)  Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: An adversely changing climate and rising sea surface temperatures (SST) have exposed the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) to its highest temperature in more than 400 years and pose an existential threat to the world heritage site. Background: Scientists in their recent assessment have found that the ocean temperatures at the reef are hottest in the past 407 years and threaten the ecosystem that is larger than the size of Italy. About Coral Reefs Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems formed by colonies of tiny marine animals called coral polyps. They are often referred to as the “rainforests of the sea” due to their rich biodiversity, supporting around 25% of all marine species. This is a remarkable statistic given the fact that reefs cover just a tiny fraction (less than one percent) of the earth’s surface and less than two percent of the ocean bottom. Coral reefs provide vital ecosystem services, including coastal protection, tourism, and fisheries. Formation: Coral polyps secrete calcium carbonate, which accumulates over time to form the hard structures of reefs. Reefs thrive in warm, shallow waters with plenty of sunlight, typically found in tropical and subtropical regions. The Indo-Pacific region account for 90.9% of world’s reef area while the Atlantic-Caribbean and Eastern Pacific regions account for 7.6% and 0.5% respectively. With a highly skewed distribution, Indonesia and Australia alone account for 35% of the world’s reef area. High near shoreturbidity and freshwater runoff from rivers, limit reef development and thus the Indian Subcontinent has a scanty growth

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   HOW DID INVASIONS CHANGE INDIAN CULTURE?  Syllabus Mains – HISTORY Context: History has become a contested space with political parties muddying the water. The impact of invasions and migrations have become a closely watched arena. Background:- Invaders typically seize wealth, take people as slaves, disrupt and control economic and political systems, and over time, alter the culture of the conquered land. Migration on the other hand involves gradual integration into a new place without immediate disruptions, though tensions may slowly develop as immigrant and native cultures interact. Kinds of Invasion Raid: Raiders focus on looting wealth without seeking long-term control.Example: Mahmud of Ghazni’s raids in India a thousand years ago. Colonialism: Colonisers take over the political and economic systems and also get settled in the land. It was similar to what happened when the Delhi Sultanate was established by a mamluk, Qutubuddin Aibek, after the death of invader Muizzad-Din Muhammad Ghori. Imperialism: Imperialists extract wealth from a distant colony to the motherland. Examples: Italy and Britain during their colonial periods. Unique Case – Mughals: The Mughals with their marital ties with Rajputs, saw themselves as locals. Despite these ties, many natives did not accept them as locals. Migrations and invasions in history All humans originated in Africa, with the first Indians migrating 60,000 years ago as part of the Out of Africa migration. The next major migration, 10,000 years ago, brought Iranian farmers to India, who introduced barley and wheat farming. From Southeast Asia, the Austro-Asiatic ‘Munda’ people migrated over 4,000 years ago. They introduced wet-rice farming. Then came the Aryans from Eurasia via Central Asia nearly 3,500 years ago. They introduced the horse. (As per the author Devdutt Pattanaik). The Persian empire regularly invaded North-Western India between the 6th-4th century BCE. They introduced the Aramaic script, which later evolved into Kharosthi script and was used for writing Prakrit and Sanskrit languages in the North-West. Besides, the Persian administrative practices of dividing territories into satrapies (provinces) and centralised bureaucracy were taken up by the Mauryas and the Guptas. In Mauryan times, Indians finally were inspired to invent the Brahmi script – a unique script that spread from India to Southeast Asia. Pillars were erected by kings to indicate power just like Persian Emperors. Foreign Tribes and Their Impact Greeks, Scythians, Parthians, and Kushans (300 BCE-300 CE): Most of these tribes sought to control trade routes from the Ganga river basin through the Hindu Kush mountains to Persia. Many of them patronized Buddhism and Jainism, popularized the use of coins and stone images, especially in Gandhara and Mathura. Hunas (5th century CE): Came from Central Asia during the Gupta period. Huns were responsible for the destruction of Buddhist monasteries and the disintegration of the Gupta empire. This was also concurrent with the fall of the Roman Empire, an important trading partner for India. Later on, merchants became less important and agriculture rose to fill the gap. We see a gradual shift from Buddhist-mercantile culture to Brahmin-agricultural-temple culture. Sanskrit became the language of the court and spread from Afghanistan to Vietnam. Arrival of Islam in India Islam emerged in 7th-century Arabia and reached coastal India through sailors. Early mosques were established on the western coasts in Gujarat, Konkan, and Kerala. Invasion by Central Asian Warlords (12th century): Central Asian warlords, newly converted to Islam, established control over Delhi. They took over the economic system, including tolls, taxes, and rent. They decided on the legal system as well, marking an invasion and a shift in governance. Cultural and Administrative Changes: Persian replaced Sanskrit as the court language. Brahmins were sidelined in favor of Turks, Persians, and Afghans. Temples declined in importance, with mosques and royal tombs gaining prominence. Sufi saints, rather than Brahmins, received land grants. Shift from Raj-Mandala to Persian Model: The relatively decentralized Raj-mandala system was replaced by the centralised Persian Iqta system, later evolving into the Mansab system under the Mughals. Introduction of kagaz (paper) and kalam (pen) replaced traditional materials like stone, copper, birch bark, and palm leaves. From Portuguese to British Colonialism Portuguese Colonialism (1510): Began with the conquest of Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate. Portuguese controlled the western coast and seas, introducing maritime taxes. They established Christian missions, introduced the printing press, and began translating local languages. European Powers Follow: Other European powers like the Dutch, French, and English followed the Portuguese. They brought a new way of thinking based on science, mathematics, logic, and evidence, marking the onset of the Industrial Revolution. This challenged traditional agricultural and feudal systems worldwide. Rise of British Colonialism (18th century): The sacking of Delhi by Nadir Shah of Iran and later Ahmad Shah Abdali exposed the Mughal Empire’s weakness. These events paved the way for the British East India Company to establish control, leading to British colonialism. Impact on Indian Culture Invasions brought significant changes to Indian culture, from the introduction of new religious practices to shifts in administrative and economic systems. The influence of various invaders reshaped India’s social and cultural landscape, leading to the complex and diverse society seen today. Source: Indian Express FIRST-EVER MEGAQUAKE ADVISORY ISSUED BY JAPAN  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: After a 7.1-magnitude earthquake shook southern Japan on August 8, the country’s meteorological agency issued its first-ever “megaquake advisory”. The warning said the likelihood of strong shaking and large tsunamis is higher than normal on the Nankai Trough. Background: The advisory is a warning and not an accurate prediction of earthquake as such. The advisory asked residents to prepare, review evacuation routes, and consider potential future warnings. Nankai Trough and Earthquake Risk in Japan The Nankai Trough is a 900 km long underwater subduction zone where the Eurasian Plate collides with the Philippine Sea Plate, pushing the latter under the former. This builds tectonic stress that can cause megaquakes (earthquakes with a magnitude larger than 8). Historically, the Nankai Trough has produced large earthquakes every 100 to 150 years, often in pairs, with the second quake

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   TUNGABHADRA  Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: A flood alert has been sounded downstream of the Tungabhadra dam in Karnataka’s Koppal district after one of the crest gates of the massive stone masonry dam across the Tungabhadra river was washed away. Background:- Repairs to restore gate can be carried out only after two-thirds of the dam is emptied. About Tungabhadra river and dam The Tungabhadra River originates in Karnataka and flows primarily through the state before entering Andhra Pradesh, where it eventually merges with the Krishna River. The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams viz., the Tunga, and the Bhadra which rise in the Western Ghats. The river after the confluence of the two streams near Shimoga, runs for about 531 km till it joins the river Krishna at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. It runs for 382 km in Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for 58 km and further runs for the next 91 km in Andhra Pradesh. The confluence of Tungabhadra and Krishna River is a holy pilgrimage site – The Sangameswaram Temple. Hampi one of the important heritage locations being listed by UNESCO is on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. Nava Brindavan, an island where the final resting location of nine holy Madhva saints is in the midst of the Tunga Bhadra River. It is influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. It is a perennial river but the summer flows dwindle to as low as 2.83 to 1.42 cumec. Tungabhadra Dam The Tungabhadra reservoir sprawls over an area of 378 sq km primarily in Karnataka’s Vijayanagar district. It is one of the major reservoirs in South India that supplies water for irrigation and industrial use, as well as drinking water to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The dam was first conceived of in 1860 to mitigate the impact of recurrent famine in Rayalaseema. Construction was begun by the erstwhile governments of Hyderabad and Madras in 1945, and the project was completed in 1953. The Tungabhadra Board was established by a presidential order in 1953. The Board currently has a chairman appointed by the Union government, and four members, representing the Union government and the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. The Tungabhadra reservoir and the Mullaperiyar dam in Kerala hold the unique distinction of being the only two reservoirs in the country that were built using a combination of mud and limestone. Source: Indian Express GOVERNANCE IN DELHI  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Supreme Court has ruled that the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi can independently nominate 10 aldermen to the Municipal Corporation of Delhi without consulting the council of ministers. This decision has heightened tensions between the Union government, the Delhi government, and the local administration. Background: People of Delhi should get responsible and responsive governance from all three layers of government irrespective of party  in power. Evolution of the Delhi Government 1950: At the commencement of the Constitution, Delhi was a Part C State. 1956: During the States Reorganisation, Delhi was made a Union Territory, governed by an administrator. The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) was established in 1958 and a limited local government was established since 1966. 1991: Following the Balakrishnan Committee’s (1989) recommendations, the 69th Constitutional Amendment provided Delhi with a Legislative Assembly and a council of ministers. However, public order, police, and land remained under Union government control. Government of NCT of Delhi Act, 1991 provided detailed provisions regarding Delhi’s legislature, executive, and administration. Present Issues Political Conflict (2015-Present): Ongoing clashes between the Union government (BJP) and the Delhi government (AAP) over various issues. The judgments of the Supreme Court have resulted in amendments to the Government of NCT of Delhi Act that have curtailed the powers of the elected government in Delhi MCD and Local Governance: Apart from the issues between the Union and the Delhi government, the MCD with its elected representatives add another dimension to the problem as was witnessed in the recent unfortunate loss of lives due to electrocution and flooding in Delhi. Public accountability has been undermined by the blame-shifting among elected officials. Proposed Way Forward As part of its judgment in 2023, the Supreme Court mentioned that there is a triple chain of accountability in a democracy. The officials are accountable to the ministers; the council of ministers are collectively responsible to the legislative assembly; and the legislative assembly members are accountable to the people. The constant tussle between various layers of government ruptures such a chain of accountability. Potential Structural Changes: The NCT of Delhi covers 1,450 sq km, while New Delhi, which houses central government offices and foreign embassies, spans about 50 sq km. For comparison, Washington DC, the U.S. capital district, is 177 sq km. A similar approach could be adopted in India, where 50-100 sq km of New Delhi is placed under complete Central government control, with the remaining areas governed by the Delhi Assembly. Implementing this would require a constitutional amendment. In the meantime, the spirit of the Supreme Court’s 2023 judgment should be upheld. Source: Hindu HOW WILL SHEIKH HASINA’S EXIT IMPACT INDIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: After protests in Bangladesh forced former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to flee to India, her future remains unclear. While the Modi government has provided her shelter, it is also engaging with the new regime, assessing the impact of Bangladesh’s political changes on India’s relations with the country. Background: India and Bangladesh were creating new milestones in bilateral relationship under former prime minister Sheikh Hasina. Impact of Sheikh Hasina’s Ouster on India Setback for India: Sheikh Hasina’s removal is a significant setback for India, jeopardizing the progress made in economic ties, border security, defense, trade, and connectivity. Transformation Under Hasina Strong Ties with India: Since her 2009 return to office, Hasina prioritized strong relations with India, cracking down on terror camps, campaign against religious radicalisation, addressing border tensions, and extradited over 20 “most wanted” men accused of terrorism and crime to India. In sharp

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   JOINT PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE (JPC)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Opposition has demanded a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) to investigate the Hindenburg Research allegations against Sebi chairperson Madhabi Puri Buch. Background:- Citing documents from whistleblowers, Hindenburg claimed that Sebi chief and her husband had made investments, dating back to 2015, in offshore funds in Bermuda and Mauritius linked to entities allegedly used by the Adani Group to manipulate financial markets. About Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) Formation and Composition: A JPC is an ad hoc body comprising members from both Houses of Parliament, roughly in proportion to party strengths in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha’s representation is usually double that of Rajya Sabha. Acts as a mini Parliament, tasked with scrutinizing specific matters within a specific timeframe. Setup Process: Joint committees are established by a motion passed in one House and agreed to by the other. Parliament decides on the details of membership and subjects for a JPC. Powers and Functions: Can access documents and examine officials from any concerned ministry or institution. Members can submit dissenting notes if they disagree with the majority. The government decides whether to act on JPC recommendations. The government may launch investigations on the basis of a JPC report. Government, in any case, must report on the follow-up action taken based on the committee’s recommendations. Based on the government’s action, the JPC submits an ‘Action Taken Report’ to Parliament, which can be discussed, allowing the Opposition to question the government. Significance for Opposition: Provides access to all details of an alleged scams. Ensures the issue remains in the public eye, creating political pressure on the government. Notable Financial Investigations by JPC 2G Spectrum Scam (2013): The JPC report absolved PM Manmohan Singh, stating he was misled by the Department of Telecommunications. Criticized by the opposition, which rejected the report as a cover-up. Disagreed with the CAG’s calculation of revenue loss, citing policy consistency. Share Market Scam (2001): Involved Ketan Parekh and the Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank (MMCB). Parekh accused of using MMCB funds to manipulate share prices. The JPC recommended sweeping changes in stock market regulations; however, they were not fully implemented. Securities & Banking Transactions (1992): Focused on Harshad Mehta’s diversion of funds, causing a major financial scandal. Led to significant legal action, including the CBI filing 72 charges and Mehta’s conviction. JPC recommendations were not fully implemented. Other Investigations: The Bofors scam JPC and the VVIP AgustaWestland chopper scam JPC (2013) were significant, though the latter didn’t proceed due to the BJP’s non-participation. Source: Indian Express ISSUE OF STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey, the unemployment rate declined from 6 per cent in 2017-18 to 3.2 percent in 2022-23. Background: Unemployment, especially youth unemployment, has emerged as a major concern for the Indian economy. Measuring employment and unemployment Economists divide the population into labour force and not in labour force. Labour Force: Includes working-age individuals (e.g., 15-60 years). Non-Labour Force: Includes children and retired/old-age population. Within the labour force, the population is divided into employed and unemployed. Labour Force Categories: Employed: Individuals with work. Unemployed: Individuals willing to work but unable to find jobs. Key Economic Indicators: Labour Force Participation Rate: Ratio of the labour force to the adult population. Unemployment Rate: Percentage of the labour force that is unemployed. Surveys in India: The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducted quinquennial (once in five years) surveys on employment & unemployment since 1972. These surveys had a large time lag and there was a need for a higher frequency survey and timely response by the government to address unemployment. Since 2017-18, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) releases quarterly and annual surveys through the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). PLFS Findings: 2017-18: Overall unemployment rate at 6%, youth unemployment (ages 15-29) at 18%. 2022-23: Overall unemployment rate at 3.2%, youth unemployment at 10%. Rural-Urban Divide: Rural youth unemployment at 8%, urban youth unemployment at 15.7%. Male youth unemployment: 9.7%, female youth unemployment: 10%. Male labour force participation increased slightly from 55.5% to 56.2% over the same period. Female labour force participation increased from 17% (2017-18) to 27.8% (2022-23). The lower representation of females in the labour force is also a major problem for the Indian economy. Types of Unemployment Frictional Unemployment: Temporary and occurs as workers search for jobs that match their skills.Frictional unemployment is inevitable and less concerning. Structural Unemployment: Occurs when the supply of jobs is less than the demand. Addressing Structural Unemployment Economic Shifts: Agriculture’s share in GDP has decreased from 60% (1951) to 15% today, but employment in agriculture remains high. Agriculture suffers from disguised unemployment where more people are employed than required as opportunities are not available in other sectors. Growth sectors like industry and services have not created proportional employment opportunities,  showing the structural unemployment problem in India. Structural unemployment needs to be addressed on both demand and supply fronts. While there is a need to create a supply of more jobs in growth sectors, there is also a need to work on demand factors by improving education and skill-sets of labour enabling them to work in the higher growth sectors. Government Initiatives: Union Budget 2024 prioritizes ‘Employment & Skilling’ with three key schemes targeting formal sector employment and manufacturing. Focus on upgrading Industrial Training Institutes, providing skill loans, and facilitating internships with top companies. Female Labour Force Participation: Government to develop hostels and creches for working women and organize women-specific skilling programs. India has struggled with structural unemployment for years. New policies have been introduced, but their success depends on effective implementation. Source: Indian Express LEAD-UP TO INDIA’S INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – HISTORY Context: As the country celebrates its independence, lets have a look at histories significant moments including partition. Background: The partition led to massive population exchanges, communal violence, and a humanitarian crisis, as millions of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs found themselves

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   TRAFFIC AND AIR POLLUTION  Syllabus Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The recent World Air Quality Report stated that India is home to 83 of the 100 most polluted cities in the world. Another report from the British Medical Journal estimated that air pollution led to the deaths of 2.1 million people in India, the second largest numbers after China. Background:- Air pollution, considered the most significant environmental peril to human well-being, is the reason behind one out of every nine global fatalities, approximately. Severity of Air Pollution CO2 Emissions from Road Transport: 12% of India’s CO2 emissions come from road transport. 5 Emissions: Heavy vehicles are the primary contributors to PM2.5 emissions, which can penetrate deep into the lungs, enter the bloodstream, and cause respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions: Heavy vehicles significantly contribute to NOx emissions, leading to ground-level ozone formation and worsening air quality. Measures Taken to Combat Air Pollution from vehicles: Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Norms: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is developing CAFE III and IV norms to reduce CO2 emissions from cars by lowering fuel consumption (or improving fuel efficiency) of vehicles. The timelines proposed to implement CAFE III from 2027-2032 and CAFE IV from 2032-2037 are practical. The proposed emissions target for CAFE III based on the WLTP at 91.7g CO2/km and for CAFE IV at 70g CO2/km is achievable. The commitment to shift from the Modified India Driving Cycle (MIDC) to the World Light Duty Vehicle Testing Procedure (WLTP) from March 31, 2027, is excellent because the WLTP offers a more accurate and globally harmonised measure of a vehicle’s actual fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The CAFE norms however exclude emissions by heavy vehicles such as trucks, lorries, and other freight vehicles. Vehicle Scrappage Policy (2022): The government introduced a vehicle scrappage policy to phase out old and polluting vehicles, including heavy vehicles in 2022. It mandates that passenger vehicles older than 20 years and commercial vehicles older than 15 years must pass a fitness and emissions test. If vehicles fail the mandatory tests, they are categorised as end-of-life vehicles, and will lose their registration certificate, and are recommended to be scrapped. Additional Recommendations Expand Vehicle Scrappage Policy: Address implementation challenges, such as the limited number of scrapyards and the voluntary nature of the policy. Stringent Implementation of Existing Policies: Ensure strict enforcement of vehicle emissions testing, bans on open garbage burning, and regulation of industrial emissions. Promote Mass Transit: Mass transit should be prioritized as a sustainable solution to reduce air pollution in India. Source: Hindu HIMALAYAN TOWNS AND NEED FOR A DIFFERENT KIND OF DEVELOPMENT  Syllabus Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: The Indian Himalayan Range (IHR), comprising 11 States and two Union Territories, had a decadal urban growth rate of more than 40% from 2011 to 2021. Towns have expanded, and more urban settlements are developing. Disasters are following. Background: Himalaya’s towns urgently need carrying capacity-based development plans. Challenges in IHR Towns Civic Issues: Most Himalayan towns, including state capitals like Srinagar, Guwahati, Shillong, and Shimla, struggle with managing sanitation, solid and liquid waste, and water. Inadequate Planning: Planning institutions often use models copied from the plains, which are ineffective in the Himalayan context. Additionally, city governments face a 75% shortage of human resources. Urban Expansion: Cities like Srinagar and Guwahati are expanding into peripheries, leading to encroachment on open spaces, forests, and watersheds. For example, in Srinagar, land use changes between 2000 and 2020 showed a 75.58% increase, with a significant loss of water bodies. Environmental Impact: Nearly 90% of liquid waste enters water bodies untreated, exacerbating pollution and environmental degradation. Causes of the Challenges Urbanization and Tourism Pressure: The IHR faces growing pressure from urbanization, high-intensity tourism, unsustainable infrastructure development, and resource overuse, compounded by climate change. Environmental Degradation: These pressures lead to water scarcity, deforestation, land degradation, biodiversity loss, and increased pollution. Tourism Growth: Tourism in the IHR has expanded with an anticipated average annual growth rate of 7.9% from 2013 to 2023, often replacing eco-friendly infrastructure with inappropriate and unsustainable developments. Recommendations for Improvement Localized Planning: Towns need to be mapped for geological and hydrological vulnerabilities, with urban planning guided by climate resilience and local input. Bottom-up Approach: Planning should involve locals and move away from consultant-driven processes to ensure relevance and sustainability. Financial Support: None of the cities in the IHR can generate capital for their infrastructure needs. The Finance Commission must include a separate chapter on urban financing for the IHR. Current intergovernmental transfers from the centre to urban local bodies constitute a mere 0.5% of GDP; this should be increased to at least 1%. Focus on Sustainability: Engage in broader discussions on sustainability, emphasizing eco-centric planning and public participation for urban development in the IHR. Source: Hindu KURDS AND CONFLICTS IN WEST ASIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Turkiye and Iraq agreed on a military cooperation pact recently that will see joint training and command centres against Kurdish separatists. Background: Kurds are one of the Middle East’s largest ethnic groups of between 25 and 35 million people but without a state. Although Kurdish nationalism is a century-old phenomenon, compared to world attention on Palestine, the conflict-prone zone in the Middle East disallowed it to become a global concern. Brief History of the Kurdish Question Term “Kurdistan”: First used in the 12th century by the Saljuqs as a geographical term. Kurds are mainly followers of Sunni Islam but they have a strong ethnic identity and therefore certain cultural identity supersedes the political project of religious nationalism. Population Distribution: Turkey has the largest Kurdish population (43%), followed by Iran (31%), Iraq (18%), Syria (6%), and former Soviet states which includes Armenia and Azerbaijan (2%). The particularity of Kurdish nationalism or Kurdish nationalist movement, which was a direct consequence of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century, is that it is not the product of an independence war against the occupation, nor

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EVOLUTION OF THE WOMAN’S QUESTION IN INDIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: A number of recent incidents, including the rape and murder of a young woman at R G Kar Medical College and Hospital last week, brought renewed attention to women’s rights issues in India. Background:- The question of women’s rights, including their right to equality, liberty and security, has been a longstanding issue. British Interest in the ‘Woman’s Question’ in India The British were driven by a mix of Western morality, political strategy, and reformist zeal in addressing the ‘woman’s question’ in India. The 1881 Indian census, under Lord Ripon, highlighted a skewed sex ratio due to female foeticide and infanticide. The exploitation and sexualisation of Indian women by the ruling classes of the British through a series of Cantonment Acts for regulating prostitution in the British military bases, exploitation of domestic servants through long hours of work with no/low wages and with no kind of legal protection needs to be taken into account. They perpetrated forced imprisonment and stigmatisation of women in prostitution through the Contagious Diseases Acts (1864-1869), to fight venereal disease in soldiers stationed in territories under British occupation. These laws developed a legacy that had a psychosocial impact on women’s rights, social justice, and the objectification of women’s bodies even today. Social Reforms in India The Bengal Renaissance (late 18th to early 20th century) emerged with the decline of Mughal rule and the East India Company’s rise. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, known as the father of the ‘Indian Renaissance,’ was pivotal in abolishing the practice of Sati in 1829. Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875, advocating for a revival of Vedic values. Activists like Begum Roquiah Sakhawat Hossain and Rukhmabai Raut campaigned against sati and child marriage. Women reformers depended upon their male allies; a fact that has to be closely examined.One can consider in this context the Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act of 1856, which was carried through by Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, with the help of many women reformers who had no chance of influencing the formative process of legislation. Child Marriage Restraint Act (1929) also known as the Sarda Act, the legislation raised the marriage age to 18 for boys and 14 for girls. Political Representation While several global movements were raising demand for universal adult franchise in the Western countries, Nehru proposed to engage women in the political process, including in franchisee, at the Indian National Congress (INC) meeting in Lucknow in 1937. Of the 299 members of the Constituent Assembly, there were only 15 women, including Sarojini Naidu, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Hansa Jivraj Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Renuka Ray, Leela Roy. Dakshayani Velayudhan was the first and only Dalit woman and Begum Aizaz Rasul was the only Muslim representative. Later, in the first Lok Sabha, during 1952-1957, only 4.4 percent of the members were women. As of today, only 14% of Lok Sabha seats and about 11% of Rajya Sabha seats are held by women. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1993): Provided for 33% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions, increasing grassroots representation. Women’s Reservation Bill: This bill proposes reserving 33% of seats for women in state legislatures and Parliament but faces criticism as mere ‘tokenism.’ Economic Challenges Labour Participation: Women’s Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is about 25% (2022), with a significant gap compared to men. Income Disparity: Women earn about 25-30% less than men, with underrepresentation in high-paid jobs and overrepresentation in low-paid work. Farmer Identity: The definition of a ‘farmer’ often excludes women, and male land ownership dominates. Mental Health: 30% of suicides in India are of women, highlighting the need for better mental health support and data representation. Trends in Education and Skill Gaps Higher Education: Women constitute about 50% of higher education students, but regional disparities exist. Tribal Women Literacy: Literacy among tribal women (59.6% as of 2011) lags behind the general female population (75.6%). Challenges in Schooling: High dropout rates among girls at primary and secondary levels persist, despite schemes like the Mid-Day Meal and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao. Socio-Cultural Issues Caste and Class Discrimination: Even with Untouchability Offences Act, 1955, and the provisions of Articles 15 and 17, besides the SC & ST Prevention of Atrocities Act, the subtle power of caste and class discrimination that works against women has not ended. An example is that of the Devadasi system, where women were institutionalised as a religious and social entity to worship deities in temples. In this regard, the marginalisation and sexual exploitation of devadasis by priests, patrons, and others led to the passing of Devadasi Abolition Act in 1988. Nevertheless, according to data from the National Commission for Women, there were 48,358 devadasis in India in the year 2011. Disability and Marginalisation: About 11.8 million women with disabilities face severe discrimination and marginalization. Sexual Violence: Rape remains a significant issue, with a case reported every 16 minutes (NCRB). Legal frameworks like the Nirbhaya Act (2013) and POCSO Act (2012) exist but stigma and underreporting persist. Workplace Harassment: The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act (2013) mandates Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs), but issues around implementation and ethics persist. Source: Indian Express FOREVER CHEMICALS  Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: In a major breakthrough aimed at managing the long-term environmental impact of anthropogenic activity, American researchers have found a method to be able to trace the origin and the destination of forever chemicals. Background: The researchers opted for a technology known as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. About Forever Chemicals Forever chemicals, also known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), are a group of over 9,000 synthetic (man made) chemicals that have been used in various industries since the 1940s. They are called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in the environment or in the human body, leading to their persistence over time. They include a wide range of chemicals, but the most well-known and studied are: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PM MODI PROPOSES GLOBAL COMPACT  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: PM Narendra Modi proposed a human-centric “Global Development Compact,”  during the Voice of the Global South Summit. Background:- Global Development Compact will be inspired by the development priorities set by the countries of the Global South. Key takeaways PM Narendra Modi, in his opening remarks at the virtually held India-hosted third summit, emphasized that global governance and financial institutions established in the last century have failed to address the challenges of the current century. Global Development Compact: Debt-Free Development: PM Modi stated that under this new Compact, needy countries will not be burdened with debt in the name of development finance. Instead, the Compact will draw on India’s own development journey and its experiences in development partnerships. Focus Areas: The Compact will prioritize trade for development, capacity building for sustainable growth, technology sharing, project-specific concessional finance, and grants. To support trade promotion activities, India will initiate a special fund of USD 2.5 million, with an additional USD 1 million allocated to this cause. The prime minister said the compact will help in a balanced and sustainable development of the partner countries. Closing the Global North-South Gap: Call for Unity: PM Modi urged the Global South to unite, speak with one voice, and strengthen one another by learning from each other’s experiences. He suggested that the upcoming Summit of the Future at the UN next month could be a significant milestone in this effort. Understanding Global North and Global South: Global South: Refers to the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania, where 88% of the world’s population lives. These countries often have a history of colonialism and have historically lagged in industrialization and development. Global North: Comprises the developed countries of North America and Europe, which have historically pursued imperial policies and are characterized by higher levels of development. Distinctions: The Global South typically exhibits lower development levels, higher income inequality, rapid population growth, agrarian economies, lower quality of life, shorter life expectancy, and significant external dependence. However, the term is more about political, geopolitical, and economic similarities than strict geographical location. For example, despite being in Asia, countries like Israel, South Korea, and Japan are considered part of the Global North due to their higher levels of development. In the last few years, India has been positioning itself as a leading voice, flagging concerns, challenges and aspirations of the Global South Source: Indian Express UPSC ADVERTISES 45 LATERAL ENTRY POSTS  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: The Union Service Public Commission recently sought applications for lateral entry for 45 posts of Joint Secretary, Director and Deputy Secretary across 24 Central ministries. Background: Appointment to the posts will be on a contract basis for a period of three years, extendable to five years depending upon performance, and central government employees are not eligible for the posts as per advertisement. Key takeaways Lateral entry into bureaucracy is a practice that involves recruiting individuals from outside the traditional government service cadres to fill mid and senior-level positions. Lateral entry into bureaucracy was formally introduced during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s tenure, with the first set of vacancies announced in 2018. The aim is to address complex governance and policy implementation challenges by tapping into external expertise. The concept of lateral entry has historical precedence. It was initially recommended by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) established in 2005 during the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The ARC, chaired by Veerappa Moily, advocated for lateral entry to fill roles requiring specialised knowledge unavailable within traditional civil services. These recommendations emphasised recruiting professionals from the private sector, academia and PSUs to improve policy implementation and governance. Criticism Lack of Reservation: One of the primary criticisms is the absence of reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) in these positions. Ambiguity in Recruitment Process: There are concerns about the transparency and clarity of the recruitment process. Critics point out that there is no clear policy on determining vacancies, shortlisting candidates, and evaluating their suitability. Political Allegations: Critics have accused the government of using lateral entry to appoint individuals loyal to specific political ideologies, thereby undermining the neutrality of the civil service. Impact on Career Civil Servants: Large-scale lateral induction may demotivate existing civil servants who have progressed through the traditional career path. It could potentially discourage talented officers from continuing in the service. Potential for Bias: There are fears that the selection process might be biased towards candidates from certain backgrounds or sectors, which could affect the diversity and inclusiveness of the bureaucracy Source: Indian Express IMD RAIN FORECASTS FOR MUMBAI WRONG BY 42% IN JULY  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: In July, the IMD’s forecasts for Mumbai were off nearly by 42 per cent. Also on at least four days in July, the IMD had changed its forecast and warnings twice within a 24-hour window. Background: The IMD issues its daily forecast at 1 pm, for a 24-hour period starting 8.30 am that day to 8.30 am the following day. There are five-, two- and three-day advance forecasts as well, but the 24-hour forecasts are considered the most accurate. Key takeaways On July 8, Mumbai woke up to severe flooding after 200 mm of rain overnight, far exceeding the India Meteorological Department’s (IMD) prediction. The IMD had issued a yellow alert, forecasting up to 115 mm of rain in 24 hours, but the city received 267 mm instead. Mumbai’s advanced Weather Radar Systems: Mumbai houses two sophisticated Doppler weather radars: an S-band radar at IMD’s Colaba observatory and a C-band radar in Veravali. Apart from tracking cyclones, radars are also useful for tracking other weather developments like thunderstorm activities. For thunderstorms, the radars undertake scanning every 10 minutes. Through the regular scans, the radars help in providing localised forecasts depending on the cloud developments and other factors. The metropolitan region also benefits from over 140 automatic weather stations operated

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   AKSHAY URJA DAY 2024  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Every year on August 20, Akshay Urja Day is celebrated to underscore the significance of renewable energy sources and to highlight the strides India has made in advancing the same. Background:- Launched in 2004 by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, this observance highlights India’s commitment to renewable energy, aiming for 500 GW of non-fossil fuel electricity capacity by 2030. It also commemorates the birth anniversary of former PM Rajiv Gandhi. Key takeaways “Akshay” means “eternal” or “indestructible” in Sanskrit. Hence Akshay Urja stands for “eternal energy”,symbolizing the endless and sustainable nature of renewable energy. Rapid industrialization and population growth have increased energy demand, leading to heavy reliance on finite fossil fuels, which harm the environment. Solar, hydro, and wind power are vital for sustainable development, reducing fossil fuel dependence, and combating climate change. Transitioning to renewable energy will create sustainable jobs and reduce long-term energy costs. Akshay Urja Day Objectives: Highlight the importance of renewable energy in India’s energy planning. Raise awareness of renewable energy’s benefits in reducing fossil fuel dependency. Promote renewable energy as a solution to combat climate change. Types of Renewable Energy: Solar Energy: Harnessed from the sun’s radiation. China, the US, India and Japan are among the world’s leading producers. Wind Energy: Generated by converting the kinetic energy of wind into electricity using wind turbines, significant in countries like China and the US. Hydropower: Derived from flowing water, extensively used worldwide.China, Brazil, and Canada are the largest consumers of hydropower across the globe. Biomass Energy: Produced from organic materials such as plant residues, animal waste, and wood. It can be heated or converted to liquid or gaseous fuels for consumption. It is considered renewable because the materials used can be regrown or replenished. Geothermal Energy: Sourced from Earth’s internal heat, with leading producers being the US, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Tidal and Wave Energy: Harnesses ocean movement, prominent in South Korea, France, and the UK. Progress of India in Akshay Urja On October 2, 2015, India submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC as part of the Paris Agreement. The initial goals were to reduce GDP emissions intensity by 33-35% from 2005 levels by 2030 and achieve 40% of total installed electric power from non-fossil fuels by 2030. In August 2022, India updated these targets, aiming to reduce emissions intensity by 45% and increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 50% by 2030. In addition, India targets 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030 and 1 TW by 2035 and aims for net-zero emissions by 2070. As of May 2024, India has installed 191 GW of renewable energy. This capacity includes solar power (around 85 GW), wind power (around 46 GW), large hydropower (around 45 GW), Biomass (around 10 GW), small hydropower (around 4.5 GW), and Waste-to-Energy (0.5 GW). Key Schemes to Achieve Renewable Energy Targets: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan scheme (PM-KUSUM) : Promotes the installation of small grid-connected solar power plants, standalone solar pumps, and solarisation of existing grid-connected pumps. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Solar PV Modules: Aims to boost domestic production of high-efficiency solar panels. Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Program (Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana) : Facilitates rooftop solar installations, allowing surplus power to be exported to the grid. Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects: Provides infrastructure for rapid solar project development. Green Energy Corridor Scheme: Series of infrastructure projects under the scheme is aimed at synchronising the power generated from renewable energy sources with the national grid of India. National Green Hydrogen Mission: Targets 5 million tonnes of Green Hydrogen production by 2030. This in turn will support an addition of about 125 GW of renewable energy capacity in our country. National Bioenergy Programme: Use of bioenergy is promoted. It aims to enhance the energy security through the Waste to Energy Programme, Biomass Programme, and Biogas Programme. FDI in Renewable Energy: Allows up to 100% Foreign Direct Investment under the automatic route, encouraging foreign investments. Source: Indian Express CHANGE IN INDIA’S POWER EXPORT RULES  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Reuters reported that India amended its power export rules recently, allowing exporters to reroute electricity to Indian grids if partner countries delay payments. The change is intended to mitigate risks especially in the context of Bangladesh. Background: Adani Power’s plant in Godda (Jharkhand) supplies its entire generated power to Bangladesh. The Godda Project Overview: The Godda project, operated by Adani Power’s Jharkhand subsidiary, supplies 1,496 MW of power to Bangladesh from an ultra super-critical thermal power plant. This is under a 25-year Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) signed with the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) in November 2017. This project is India’s first transnational power project, where all generated power is exported to another country. The electricity from Godda is expected to positively impact Bangladesh by replacing expensive liquid fuel power, thereby lowering the average cost of electricity. The total installed generation capacity of Babladesh was 24,911 MW in June 2023. Of this, 2,656 MW was imported from India (more than 10% of overall) with the Godda plant contributing 1,496 MW (about 6% of overall). Criticisms: The project has faced criticism due to the use of imported coal from Australia’s Carmichael mine, which raises costs. The Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) argued that the PPA allows Adani Power to pass on  high cost of importing and transporting coal into India, plus the cost of transmitting the electricity across the border onto Bangladesh. Critics expressed concerns over the quoted coal price of $400/MT, which they considers excessive compared to other thermal plants, where coal costs less than $250/MT. Additional concerns include high capacity and maintenance charges, which apply even when no electricity is generated. Bangladesh’s Need for Power Imports: Bangladesh has expanded electricity access, especially in rural areas, but still faces fuel and gas supply constraints, leading to underutilization of its

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GOOGLE MONOPOLY JUDGEMENT AND LESSONS FOR INDIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Recently, a US judge ruled that Google violated antitrust law, spending billions of dollars to create an illegal monopoly and become the world’s default search engine. Background:- Judgement noted that Google had paid $26.3 billion in 2021 alone to ensure that its search engine is the default on smartphones and browsers, and to keep its dominant market share. The Evolution and Current Challenges of Big Tech Apple vs. IBM in the 1980s: 1984: Apple, a rising company, positioned itself against IBM, the industry giant, with an iconic advertisement highlighting the struggle between the upstart and the established player. Microsoft and Google in the Late 1990s: 1999: A landmark antitrust ruling against Microsoft curtailed its dominance, paving the way for emerging companies like Google to grow, particularly in web search. Apple and Google Today: Apple and Google have transitioned from upstarts to dominant forces in the tech industry, often referred to as “Big Tech.” These companies now face scrutiny over their market dominance, similar to the challenges IBM and Microsoft faced in the past. S. Antitrust Ruling Against Google: Recent Development: A U.S. federal judge ruled that Google acted illegally to maintain its monopoly in online search, a significant ruling that could reshape the digital business landscape. Implications: This ruling may lead to proposals to break up Google’s business units, impacting the broader tech industry. Antitrust Concerns and Reforms in India: Challenges in India: Google faces criticism in India over its app store billing policies and its dominance in online advertising, which are seen as stifling competition. Digital Competition Bill, 2024: Proposed Law: India’s draft Digital Competition Bill aims to prevent anti-competitive practices by big tech companies, similar to the EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA). The law will stop tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Amazon from self-preferencing their own services, or using data gathered from one company to benefit another group company. It also has provisions to set presumptive norms to curb anti-competitive practices before they actually take place, and promises to impose heavy penalties — which could amount to billions of dollars — for violations. Innovation and Market Barriers: Government believe that Big Tech’s dominance has confined much of the recent innovation within a few large companies, creating high entry barriers for new competitors. There is a growing push for a global consensus on regulations to protect consumers while encouraging innovation, preventing the concentration of power within a few dominant players. India’s Regulatory Push: India’s Competition Commission (CCI) fined Google for anti-competitive practices in the Android ecosystem. The Digital Competition Bill, if passed, could require major tech companies to make significant changes to their platforms, ensuring a more competitive digital landscape. Source: Indian Express SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: During the 32nd International Conference of Agricultural Economists held recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi presented India’s sustainable farming as a model for others. Background: The transition from conventional farming to sustainable farming happens against the backdrop of growing concerns over changing climate patterns, environmental sustainability and a steadily expanding population. Sustainable Agriculture: Sustainable agriculture aims to meet current production demands without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their needs, focusing on ecological stability, economic viability, and socio-cultural continuity. The global agricultural sector is transitioning from an intensification-based approach to sustainable and environment-friendly methods. Principles and Objectives of Sustainable Agriculture: Increasing Productivity: Enhance agricultural productivity while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Also emphasize water- and energy-efficient production systems alongside higher yields. Protecting Natural Resources: Sustainable agriculture prioritizes soil fertility, water management, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Agricultural production depends directly on natural resources and therefore the sustainability of production depends on the sustainability of the resources themselves. Improving livelihoods and fostering inclusive economic growth: Increasing agricultural incomes is key to reducing poverty and food insecurity in rural areas. Agricultural sustainability can only be achieved if it provides decent employment conditions. Enhancing the resilience of people, communities and ecosystems: Build resilience against extreme weather events and market volatility to ensure stable productivity and better market economics. Increased focus on making the various agri-stakeholders resilient to threats, both natural and man-made, would contribute to sustainability. Alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Sustainable agriculture supports multiple SDGs, including SDG1 (No Poverty), SDG2 (Zero Hunger), SDG6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG13 (Climate Action), and SDG15 (Life on Land). Methods of Sustainable Agriculture: Organic Farming: Focuses on ecological balance using natural inputs, promoting soil health, and reducing pollution. While yields may be lower, long-term benefits include improved soil fertility and reduced environmental impact. Crop Rotation: Alternating crops on the same land enhances soil fertility, breaks pest cycles, and reduces chemical input reliance. Agroforestry: Integrating trees with crops or livestock promotes biodiversity, supplements farmer income, and creates a resilient farming system. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Minimizes pesticide use through biological control, habitat modification, and cultural practices, maintaining ecosystem balance. Zero Tillage: Preserves soil structure and enhances fertility by avoiding traditional tillage, reducing erosion, and improving water retention. Hydroponics and Aquaponics: Hydroponics uses nutrient-enriched water to grow plants without soil, conserving water and reducing land degradation. Aquaponics combines hydroponics with fish farming, creating a symbiotic system where plants and fish support each other. Challenges to Sustainable Agriculture: Climate Change: Rainfed agriculture in India is vulnerable to climate variability, affecting crop yields and food security. Population Pressure: Growing populations increase stress on agricultural systems, making the shift to sustainable methods more challenging. Lack of Knowledge: Awareness and adoption of new sustainable practices are limited, requiring enhanced education and outreach. High Capital Costs: The initial investment in sustainable agriculture is often high, especially for small and marginal farmers lacking credit access. Market Access and Post-Harvest Losses: Inadequate infrastructure and market access lead to post-harvest losses, reducing profitability and hindering sustainable practice adoption. Source: Indian Express AS ARCTIC THAWS, NEW EVIDENCE OF LOOMING ‘MERCURY BOMB’  Syllabus Prelims & Mains –