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Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   WAQF Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: In a letter to Lok Sabha Speaker, some Opposition members of the Joint Committee of Parliament on the Waqf (Amendment) Bill have threatened to “disassociate” from the panel, accusing its chairperson and BJP leader Jagdambika Pal of “bulldozing the proceedings” and “stonewalling” them. Background: – In India, the history of Waqf can be traced back to the early days of the Delhi Sultanate when Sultan Muizuddin Sam Ghaor dedicated two villages in favour of the Jama Masjid of Multan. As the Delhi Sultanate and later Islamic dynasties flourished in India, the number of Waqf properties kept increasing in India. Key takeaways Waqf refers to properties dedicated exclusively for religious or charitable purposes under Islamic law, and any other use or sale of the property is prohibited. Waqf means that the ownership of the property is now taken away from the person making Waqf and transferred and detained by Allah. ‘Waqif’ is a person who creates a waqf for the beneficiary. As Waqf properties are bestowed upon Allah, in the absence of a physically tangible entity, a ‘mutawalli’ is appointed by the waqif, or by a competent authority, to manage or administer a Waqf. —Once designated as waqf, the ownership is transferred from the person making the waqf (waqif) to Allah, making it irrevocable. India has had a legal regime for the governance of Waqfs since 1913, when the Muslim Waqf Validating Act came into force. The Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923 followed. After Independence, the Central Waqf Act, 1954, was enacted, which was ultimately replaced by the Waqf Act, 1995. In 2013, the law was amended to prescribe imprisonment of up to two years for encroachment on Waqf property, and to explicitly prohibit the sale, gift, exchange, mortgage, or transfer of Waqf property. The Waqf law provides for the appointment of a survey commissioner who maintains a list of all Waqf properties by making local investigations, summoning witnesses, and requisitioning public documents. A Waqf property is managed by a mutawalli (caretaker), who acts as a superviser. Waqf properties are managed in a way that is similar to how properties under Trusts are managed under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882. The Waqf Act states that any dispute related to Waqf properties will be decided by a Waqf Tribunal. The Tribunal is constituted by the state government, and comprises three members — a chairperson who is a state judicial officer not below the rank of a District, Sessions or Civil Judge, Class I; an officer from the state civil services; and a person with knowledge of Muslim law and jurisprudence. The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 : It changes the composition of the Central Waqf Council and Waqf Boards to include non-Muslim members. The Survey Commissioner has been replaced by the Collector, granting him powers to conduct surveys of waqf properties. Government property identified as waqf will cease to be waqf. Collector will determine ownership of such properties. Finality of the Tribunal’s decisions has been revoked. The Bill provides for direct appeal to the High Court. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAMME – NCAP Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Delhi is among the bottom five cities in terms of fund expenditure under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) — 68% of its funds are unutilised. Background: – Delhi’s air quality was in the ‘very poor’ category recently after diwali. Key takeaways The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) is India’s comprehensive strategy to combat air pollution across the country. Launched in January 2019 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the NCAP aims to systematically address air quality issues through targeted interventions and collaborative efforts. Objectives: Reduction Targets: NCAP aimed for a reduction of 20-30% in PM10 concentrations by 2024-25 compared to the baseline year of 2017-18. The target has been revised to achieve up to a 40% reduction in PM10 levels or to meet national standards (60 µg/m³) by 2025-26. The programme focuses on 131 cities (non-attainment cities and Million Plus Cities) in 24 States/UTs by engaging all stakeholders. Key Features: City-Specific Action Plans: Each non-attainment city is required to develop and implement a tailored action plan addressing local sources of pollution. Sectoral Interventions: The NCAP emphasizes interventions across various sectors, including transportation, industry, power, residential, and agriculture, to mitigate pollution sources. Monitoring and Evaluation: A robust monitoring framework has been established to track progress, involving real-time air quality monitoring systems and periodic assessments. Public Participation: The programme encourages active involvement from citizens, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions to foster community engagement and awareness. Implementation Mechanisms: Institutional Framework: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) oversees the implementation, supported by state pollution control boards and urban local bodies. Funding: Financial assistance is provided to states and cities for implementing action plans, with provisions for capacity building and technological support. Capacity Building: Training programs and workshops are conducted to enhance the capabilities of stakeholders involved in air quality management. Recent Developments: PRANA Portal: In September 2021, the MoEFCC launched the PRANA portal (Portal for Regulation of Air-pollution in Non-Attainment cities) to monitor the implementation of NCAP and disseminate information on air quality management efforts. Source: Indian Express     ST COMMISSION TO SEEK REPORT FROM NTCA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) has taken cognisance of representations sent to it against an advisory of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), asking state forest departments to submit action plans on the relocation of villages from tiger reserves. Background: According to NTCA, 591 villages, with a total of 64,801 families, are located within critical tiger habitats (core areas) across 54 tiger reserves in 19 states. NTCA has asked to state forest department to relocate them. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) The NCST was established under Article 338A of the Indian Constitution, introduced by the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003. It was created to safeguard the rights of Scheduled

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NEW COASTAL ZONE PLAN OF KERALA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has approved the Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMPs) of 10 coastal districts of Kerala. Background: – The plan, prepared in tune with the provisions of the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019, permits the coastal districts to take advantage of the relaxed Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules and initiate development activities including construction of buildings towards the seaward side. Key takeaways A Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) is a framework designed to regulate and manage activities within coastal areas to balance environmental conservation with sustainable development. In India, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) issued the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification in 2019, which mandates the preparation of CZMPs by coastal states and Union Territories. Key Objectives of CZMPs: Environmental Conservation: Protect ecologically sensitive areas such as mangroves, coral reefs, and wildlife habitats. Sustainable Development: Promote development activities that do not compromise the health of coastal ecosystems. Livelihood Security: Safeguard the interests and traditional rights of coastal communities, including fisherfolk. Components of a CZMP: Demarcation of Coastal Zones: Identification and classification of coastal areas into different zones (e.g., CRZ-I, CRZ-II, CRZ-III, CRZ-IV). Regulatory Measures: Establishment of guidelines and restrictions for permissible activities within each zone to prevent environmental degradation. Management Strategies: Development of plans for pollution control, disaster management, and conservation of coastal and marine resources. What does it mean for Kerala? Kerala has a coastline of around 590 km and nine of its 14 districts are located on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The 2011 Census put the population density of Kerala at 859 persons per square kilometre, which is more than double the national average of 382 people per square kilometre. The coastal areas of the State are marked by a high density of population when compared to other parts of the State. The high demographic pressure on land had resulted in rampant violations of the CRZ rules along the coast. The focus of the CRZ 2011 regime, which was in force till the approval of the CZMP, was on the conservation of the coastal ecosystem, which in turn protected the livelihood of millions of fishers and coastal communities. What are the benefits? The approval of the CZMP would directly benefit around 10 lakh people, according to an estimation of the State government as the earlier restrictions for the construction of new houses and repair of existing homes will be relaxed. The new regime will see the No Development Zone (NDZ) — the area which has to be left untouched — around the tidal-influenced water bodies reduced. For instance, the decision will see 37 village panchayats categorised as CRZ-III A, where the NDZ has been reduced to one-fourth of the earlier regime. The CRZ-III A are densely populated rural areas with a population density of 2,161 per square kilometre as per the 2011 Census. The NDZ in the category is 50 meters from the High Tide Line against 200 meters as specified by CRZ 2011 notification. What about mangroves? Vast tracts of mangrove vegetation would be exposed to exploitation as the 2019 notification has limited the legal protection of government holdings of an extent over 1,000 sq. metre to 50-metre buffer zones. The new regime has also taken away the mandatory buffer zone around mangrove vegetation located in private holdings. Source: The Hindu NOT ALL PRIVATE PROPERTY CAN BE TAKEN OVER BY STATE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: In a landmark ruling that has implications on the citizen’s right to hold property, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court ruled that not all private property can be deemed “material resource of the community” for redistribution under Article 39(b) of the Constitution. Background: – Falling under Part IV of the Constitution titled “Directive Principles of State Policy” (DPSP), Article 39(b) places an obligation on the state to create policy towards securing “the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good”. Key takeaways The ruling in the constitutional reference essentially undoes several decades of Supreme Court jurisprudence on the issue. A line of judgments holding that both public and private resources fell within the ambit of “material resources of the community” under Article 39(b) stem from a minority opinion by Justice V R Krishna Iyer in State of Karnataka v Shri Ranganatha Reddy (1977). A 1982 five-judge constitution bench ruling in the case Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company vs Bharat Coking Coal Ltd, had affirmed Justice Iyer’s view. The majority opinion of the SC has now disagreed with these judgments. It said Justice Iyer “cast the net wide, holding that all resources which meet material needs are covered by the phrase, and any attempts by the government to nationalize these resources would be within the scope of Article 39(b)”. SC added, “In essence, the interpretation of Article 39(b) adopted in these judgments is rooted in a particular economic ideology and the belief that an economic structure which prioritises the acquisition of private property by the state is beneficial for the nation.” As per the recent judgement, the text of the provision indicates that not all privately owned resources fall within the ambit of the place. However, privately owned resources are not excluded as a class, and some private resources may be covered. The court added that the Ranganath Reddy and Sanjeev Coke judgments “are incorrect to the extent that they hold that all resources of an individual are part of the community, and thus all private property is covered by the phrase material resources of the community”. The majority view also cited B R Ambedkar’s view that “if the Constitution laid down a particular form of economic and social organisation, it would amount to taking away the liberty of people to decide the social organisation in which they wish to live”. Citing this, the ruling framed the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CSR’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO AGRI SUSTAINABILITY Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) figures has been increasing over the years. But its contributiona towards agriculture remains a concern. Background: – A decade ago, India became the first country to legally mandate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Section 135 of the Companies Act 2013 outlines the rules and regulations governing CSR. According to the National CSR Portal, from 2014 to 2023, Rs 1.84 lakh crore of CSR funds were disbursed. Key takeaways Corporate entities in India have shown clear intent to support climate action and sustainability in the agricultural sector through their CSR budgets. Capital requirements and infrastructural development are the most important needs of agriculture — and this is also where CSR activities have previously contributed and are expected to continue doing so. Some examples of such activities are establishing grain banks, farmer schools, livelihood projects based on agriculture and allied activities, water conservation projects, and energy-efficient irrigation. The recent paradigm shift in agriculture towards sustainability and modern agriculture makes a good case for CSR funds from the private sector. However, there is an important problem that hinders CSR’s potential in agriculture: there is currently no way to fully determine the extent of funding going into these projects consistently and distinctively, and to categorise them based on targeted sectors of CSR activities. In other words, current reporting mechanisms have little to no emphasis on agriculture-related CSR initiatives. This isn’t the case with CSR sectors like healthcare and education, which are the funds’ largest recipients and make up half of the total CSR contributions. Importantly, their allocations can be tracked effectively because their activities are clearly demarcated and well-defined. Under activities mentioned in Schedule VII of the Companies Act, activities targeting agricultural sustainability could fall under 11 of the 29 development sectors of CSR allocations specified in documents on the National CSR Portal. These are gender equality; agroforestry; poverty, eradicating hunger and malnutrition; technology incubators; animal welfare; environmental sustainability; livelihood enhancement projects; conservation of natural resources; rural development projects; socio-economic inequalities; and women’s empowerment. But there’s little chance of tracking the funds spent for agriculture-related initiatives alone because these 11 sectors encompass a great variety of activities, many of which are unrelated to agricultural sustainability, thus affecting reporting and limiting sectoral impact assessments. To encourage sustainable activities in land-based sectors in India, including agriculture, forestry, and fishing, this is of particular concern because these sectors are related to various aspects of human wellbeing and to policy priorities in India, including rural development and climate action. Given this issue as well as the importance of agriculture for the Indian economy, specifying agriculture as a distinct sector in CSR activities is crucial. Transitioning the reporting framework based on sectors receiving funds would also help streamline and better target the available funds, will add more meaning to the contributions, and will ensure transparency. Source: The Hindu SANCTION NEEDED UNDER PMLA TO PROSECUTE PUBLIC SERVANTS Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Supreme Court recently held that Section 197(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) that mandates prior sanction from the government to take cognizance of an offence against public servants will apply to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) too. Background: – Supreme Court said this while upholding the Telangana High Court decision, setting aside a trial court order taking cognizance of the complaint against IAS officers facing money laundering charges. Key takeaways Section 197 (1) says, “When any person who is or was a judge or magistrate or a public servant not removable from his office save by or with the sanction of the government, is accused of any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty, no court shall take cognizance of such offence except with the previous sanction”. ED had 2 arguments in court. First one of the accused cannot be considered public servant. Secondly, ED contended that in view of Section 71 of the PMLA, its provisions have an overriding effect over the provisions of the other statutes, including the CrPC. The court did not agree with ED saying that first condition as required under Section 197(1), is satisfied in the case of both the respondents as they are civil servants. Also, the acts alleged against them are related to the discharge of the duties entrusted to them and thus the second condition for the applicability of Section 197(1) also stands satisfied. The ruling pointed out that Section 65 of PMLA makes the provisions of the CrPC applicable to all proceedings under the PMLA, provided the same are not inconsistent with the PMLA provisions. Additional Information The PMLA lays down stringent standard for granting bail. Section 45 of the PMLA is a ‘negative’ provision — which bars courts from granting bail unless the accused can prove that there is no “prima facie” case against them, and that they will not commit any offence in the future. The first challenge to PMLA was against the alternate criminal law system that the PMLA creates since the ED is kept outside the purview of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). The ED is not considered ‘police’, and hence does not follow the provisions of CrPC for searches, seizures, arrests, and attachment of properties. Source: Indian Express KUMBH MELA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 is going to be held at Prayagraj from January 13th, 2025 to February 26th, 2025. Background: The Maha Kumbh Mela is deeply embedded in Hindu mythology and represents one of the most significant gatherings of faith in the world. Key takeaways Kumbh Mela is a major pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism, celebrated four times over the course of 12 years, the site of the observance rotating between four river-bank pilgrimage sites: Prayagraj (Ganges-Yamuna-Sarasvati confluence), Haridwar (Ganges), Nashik (Godavari), and Ujjain (Shipra). The timing of each Kumbh Mela is

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES DAY Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: National Legal Services Day is observed in India every year on November 9. Background: – Article 39A of the Constitution of India: It provides that State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disability. Key takeaways The Supreme Court of India established National Legal Services Day in 1995 to provide free legal assistance and support to society’s most vulnerable section.  The day emphasizes empowering marginalised communities, highlighting the importance of equal access to justice, and advocating that no one should be deprived of legal representation due to economic disadvantages. It aims to bridge the gap between the law and people in greatest need through a variety of activities organised by NALSA and other legal entities, including legal awareness programs, workshops, and camps. In 1987 Legal Services Authorities Act was enacted to give a statutory base to legal aid programmes throughout the country on a uniform pattern. This Act was finally enforced on 9th of November, 1995 after certain amendments were introduced therein by the Amendment Act of 1994. National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) The NALSA has been constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to provide free Legal Services to the weaker sections of the society.  It organizes Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes. It also monitors and reviews various legal aid programs and  provides rules and principles for legal services under the Act. NALSA also distributes funding and grants to state legal services authorities and non-profit organisations to help them execute legal aid systems and initiatives. Hon’ble Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief and NALSA is housed at Supreme Court of India State Legal Services Authority (SLSA) & District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) The State Legal Services Authority is established in every state to implement NALSA policies and provide free legal services, including Lok Adalats. The State Legal Services Authority is headed by Hon’ble Chief Justice of the respective High Court who is the Patron-in-Chief of the State Legal Services Authority. Similarly, in every District, District Legal Services Authority has been constituted to implement Legal Services Programmes in the District. The District Legal Services Authority is chaired by the District Judge of the respective district and is situated in the District Courts Complex in every District. Who is Eligible for Getting Free Legal Services? Under Section 12 of the Legal Services Authorities Act every person who has to file or defend a case shall be entitled to legal services under this Act if that person is:  Women and children; Members of SC/ST, Industrial workmen; Victims of mass disaster, violence, flood, drought, earthquake, industrial disaster; Disabled persons; Persons in custody. If that person is related to section 2 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 (53 of 1986) or in a psychiatric hospital or psychiatric nursing home within the meaning of clause (g) of section 2 of the Mental Health Act, 1987 (14 of 1987) Those persons who have annual income of less than the amount prescribed by the respective State Government, if the case is before any court other than the Supreme Court, and less than Rs. 5 Lakhs, if the case is before the Supreme Court. Victims of Trafficking in Human beings or begar. Source: Indian Express OLYMPICS BID Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) has sent a letter of intent to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), expressing its desire to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games in India. Background: – After submitting the ‘Letter of Intent’, India advances from the ‘Informal Dialogue’ to the ‘Continuous Dialogue’ stage of the host election process. During this stage, the IOC performs a ‘feasibility study’ on the status of Games-related projects in the possible host country. Key takeaways Confirming the contents of the letter, officials involved said it has dipped into the country’s “vast cultural diversity, shaped by thousands of years of history”. The entire nation is united in this dream by the spirit of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ — a Sanskrit phrase that means ‘the world is one family’ — and to seek peace, friendship and collective progress among all nations. This is India’s and our Olympic bid’s message to the world at a time when it is needed most,” it says, according to sources. India is the “only major economy yet to host the Games”, the letter says. Apart from highlighting the possibility of the Games serving as a “critical catalyst for India’s continued rise on the global stage”, the letter also talks about the “transformative economic, social and cultural impact in wider SAARC nations in South Asia”. India is learnt to have told the IOC that “there are over 600 million Indians under the age of 25” and “in India’s current stage of economic development, the Games would serve as a powerful force for job creation and business opportunities, particularly in sectors connected to sports infrastructure, services and tourism”. India is one of the many countries in contention to host the Olympic Games in 2036, the earliest available slot after the Los Angeles Games in 2028 followed by Brisbane in 2032. A decision, following a long-drawn process, is not expected before 2026 or 2027, the IOC has said. While there is no mention of a host city in the letter of intent, Ahmedabad is considered to be the frontrunner. India’s primary contenders are likely to be Saudi Arabia and Qatar, as there is an unwritten law of continent rotation, with the 2036 Games scheduled for Asia following Paris 2024 (Europe), Los Angeles 2028 (Americas), and Brisbane 2032 (Oceania). Source: Indian Express CPI INFLATION AND IIP DATA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) recently

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   UKRAINE LAUNCHES ITS BIGGEST DRONE ATTACK ON MOSCOW SINCE START OF WAR Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Ukraine attacked Moscow on Sunday with at least 34 drones, the biggest drone strike on the Russian capital since the start of the war in 2022, forcing flights to be diverted from three of the city’s major airports and injuring at least five people. Background: – The barrages come amid expectations that US president-elect Donald Trump may put pressure on both sides to end the conflict. Key takeaways Moscow and its surrounding region, with a population of at least 21 million, is one of the biggest metropolitan areas in Europe, alongside Istanbul. The 2-1/2-year-old war in Ukraine is entering what some officials say could be its final act after Moscow’s forces advanced at the fastest pace since the early days of the war and Donald Trump was elected 47th president of the United States. Kyiv, itself the target of repeated mass drone strikes from Russian forces, has tried to strike back against its neighbour with repeated drone strikes against oil refineries, airfields and even Russian strategic early-warning radar stations. Moscow and Kyiv have both sought to buy and develop new drones, deploy them in innovative ways, and seek new ways to destroy them – from using farmers’ shotguns to advanced electronic jamming systems. Russia has developed a series of electronic “umbrellas” over Moscow, with additional advanced internal layers over strategic buildings, and a complex web of air defences to shoot down the drones before they reach the Kremlin in the heart of the capital. Additional Information: As the Russia-Ukraine war continues to rage, newer weapons of destruction have come into play. Recently, both sides have posted visuals of drones appearing to rain down fire — earning this weapon the moniker of “dragon drone”. Dragon drones essentially release a substance called thermite — a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide — developed a century ago to weld railroad tracks. When ignited (usually with the help of an electrical fuse), thermite triggers a self-sustaining reaction that is quite difficult to extinguish. It can burn through almost anything, from clothes to trees to military-grade vehicles, and can even burn underwater. Source: BBC REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP (RCEP) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: India should be a part of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, Niti Aayog CEO BVR Subrahmanyam said recently. Background: – Subrahmanyam emphasised that India will have to get into the global value supply chain as 70 per cent of the world’s trade happens through the global supply chain. Key takeaways The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a significant free trade agreement among 15 Asia-Pacific nations: Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.  Collectively, these countries account for approximately 30% of the world’s GDP, trade, and population, making RCEP the largest trading bloc globally. Key Features of RCEP: Trade Liberalization: RCEP aims to reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers, facilitating smoother trade flows among member countries.  Market Access: The agreement enhances market access for goods and services, promoting increased economic integration in the region.  Investment Opportunities: By creating a more predictable and transparent investment environment, RCEP encourages cross-border investments among member states.  Economic Cooperation: The partnership fosters collaboration in areas such as intellectual property, e-commerce, and competition policy, aiming to harmonize standards and regulations.  India’s Position on RCEP: Initially, India participated in RCEP negotiations but decided to withdraw in 2019, citing concerns over trade deficits and the potential impact on domestic industries. Despite its absence, RCEP remains open to India’s future participation, should it choose to reconsider its position. Source: Business Standard SUTLEJ RIVER Syllabus: Prelims –  GEOGRPAHY Context: Local residents of Sri Ganganagar district,Rajasthan held protests against alleged pollution in the river Sutlej, which they blame on factories in the neighbouring Punjab. Background: The National Green Tribunal had imposed a fine of Rs 50 crore on the Punjab government in 2018 for “uncontrolled industrial discharge” into Sutlej and Beas. The tribunal once again pulled up the state in 2021, ordering it, as well as Rajasthan, to submit quarterly compliance reports to the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti (water resources) about the measures taken to curb the inflow of effluent discharge into the two rivers. About Sutlej River The Sutlej River is the longest river among the five rivers of the Punjab region. The other four rivers that flow through the Punjab region are the Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum.  It originates from the Rakshastal Lake near Mount Kailash in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. From Tibet, it flows through Himachal Pradesh, enters the Punjab plains in India, and then moves into Pakistan, where it merges with the Chenab River to form the Panjnad River, which ultimately joins the Indus River. Tributaries: Major tributaries include the Baspa and Spiti rivers. Hydroelectric and Irrigation Projects: Bhakra Nangal Dam: One of India’s largest dams, providing hydroelectric power and irrigation. Nathpa Jhakri Dam: A major hydroelectric project in Himachal Pradesh. Indira Gandhi Canal: One of the longest irrigation canals in the world, transporting Sutlej water to Rajasthan for agricultural purposes. Indus Waters Treaty (1960): The Sutlej River is allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty, signed between India and Pakistan. The treaty divides the waters of the Indus River and its tributaries, ensuring the Sutlej, along with the Ravi and Beas rivers, are under India’s control for usage. Important Places Along the River: Ropar Wetland: A recognized Ramsar site in Punjab that is ecologically important. Harike Wetland: Another Ramsar site where the Sutlej meets the Beas River. Source: Indian Express HOKERSAR WETLAND Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Lack of water due to excess deficit rainfall at the Hokersar wetland in the Kashmir Valley in recent years has impacted the arrival of migratory bird populations in the region. Background: – According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Kashmir is

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   TADOBA-ANDHARI TIGER RESERVE Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT  Context: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has directed the Maharashtra government to address complaints of “non-recognition of forest rights and forced eviction” raised by families living in Rantalodhi village inside the core area of Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve. Background: – Under the Wildlife Protection Act, tribal communities and forest dwellers living inside national parks and tiger reserves can be relocated only after obtaining informed consent from the Gram Sabha and after establishing that human presence will harm wildlife.  Key takeaways The Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) is located in Maharashtra. Tadoba became one of India’s earliest national parks when it was so notified in 1955. In 1986, 506.32 sq km of forest land adjoining the national park was notified as the Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary. The national park and the wildlife sanctuary were finally merged in 1993 when Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR), spanning 622.87 sq km, was established. Biodiversity: Flora: The reserve is rich in dry deciduous forests with teak as the dominant tree species. It also has bamboo thickets and patches of grasslands, which support diverse wildlife. Fauna: TATR is famed for its high tiger population. Alongside tigers, it is home to other predators like leopards, wild dogs (dhole), sloth bears, and various species of deer, such as sambar, spotted deer, and barking deer. The park also has a variety of reptiles, including marsh crocodiles, and over 200 bird species. Tiger Population: Tadoba is one of India’s prominent tiger reserves due to its healthy tiger population and relatively high sighting rates. Tourists flock to the reserve for a chance to see tigers in their natural habitat, making it a significant wildlife destination. Conservation Initiatives: The reserve falls under Project Tiger, a nationwide initiative for tiger conservation, helping to protect and boost the tiger population through anti-poaching measures, habitat improvement, and tourism regulation. Source: Indian Express TRUMP’S RE-ELECTION Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: With Trump’s reelection as the United States’ President, companies will have to contend with a new reality. Background: – Silicon Valley workers and leaders have traditionally leaned towards the Democratic Party, and Trump 2.0 could pose a difficult balancing act for them. Key takeaways Under Trump’s first tenure saw the beginning of antitrust action against companies like Meta, Google Apple and Amazon; the trade war with China among others. In his reelection bid, Trump spoke against the Biden administration’s move to breakup Google, even though the investigation into the company started in his term. Elon Musk’s support for Trump could lead to tech-friendly government positions for him or similar figures, influencing the regulatory landscape. AI Regulation: Biden’s AI Order: The Biden administration introduced an order requiring AI companies to disclose their training and security practices. Trump’s Stance: Trump has promised to repeal this order, aiming for less regulation in AI, aligning with allies like Marc Andreessen who oppose heavy AI regulation. Expected Outcome: Minimal regulatory interference in AI development during Trump’s term, potentially favoring rapid AI advancements without stringent oversight. China Trade and Tariff Policies: Protectionism: Trump’s proposed 60% tariffs on Chinese goods and potential 20% tariffs on other imports could challenge tech giants like Apple, which relies on Chinese manufacturing. Apple’s Supply Chain: With a significant production base still in China, Apple may face supply chain disruptions under new tariffs. Musk’s Position: Tesla’s manufacturing in China could also be impacted, though Trump might modulate policies due to his alliance with Musk. Uncertain Stance: Trump’s past stance on banning TikTok if not sold to a U.S. company remains unclear; however, he joined TikTok recently, hinting at mixed views. Indian IT Sector and H1-B Visa Policies: Increased Spending: Analysts predict increased U.S. tech spending may benefit Indian IT companies. H1-B Visa Concerns: While Trump has advocated for tougher H1-B policies, analysts suggest the impact on Indian IT services might be less significant than feared. Overall Impact on Tech Industry: Deregulation Trend: Trump’s administration may continue a deregulatory approach, particularly in emerging sectors like AI. Strategic Realignments: The tech sector may see shifts to adjust for Trump’s protectionist policies and antitrust approaches, particularly with new international trade constraints and evolving China policies. Source: Indian Express DESPITE SELL-OFF, MORE FOREIGN PORTFOLIO INVESTORS SET TO ENTER INDIAN MARKET Syllabus: Prelims & Mains –  ECONOMY Context: The sustained sell-off by foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) since October this year hasn’t deterred new FPIs from seeking permission to invest in Indian markets. Applications of about 40-50 new FPI registrations have come to the market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) during the month. Background: The number of FPIs registered with the Sebi was 11,219 as of March 2024. Only 138 FPIs had registered with the Sebi in full fiscal 2023-24. This means an average of 12-13 FPI registrations every month. Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI) FPIs are investors from foreign countries who invest in a country’s financial assets, including stocks, bonds, and mutual funds, without obtaining control over the companies in which they invest. FPIs can be institutional investors like mutual funds, hedge funds, pension funds, and insurance companies, as well as individual investors. Key Characteristics: Portfolio Investments: FPIs invest in securities and other financial assets, not in physical assets or direct ownership. Short-term Focus: FPIs typically focus on short-to-medium term returns, unlike Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which is more long-term. High Liquidity: FPIs can be quickly liquidated, which makes them sensitive to market volatility. FPI Regulations in India: Regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) under the SEBI (FPI) Regulations, 2019. FPIs must register with SEBI to invest in Indian markets. Reasons for FPI Optimism Towards India: SEBI has recently relaxed norms for Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), allowing up to 100% participation and simplifying entry and operational procedures, boosting FPI interest in Indian markets. Political Stability: Long-term political certainty supports investor confidence. Economic Growth Potential: India offers attractive long-term growth prospects and yields. Capex Spending: Significant capital expenditure by the Indian government is expected to fuel growth. RBI’s Vigilant Approach: The central bank’s

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: November 13 marks the birth anniversary of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab. Background: – He was born on November 13, 1780 in Gujranwala, now in Pakistan, and ruled Punjab for almost four decades (1801-39). At the time of his death, he was the only sovereign leader left in India, all others having come under the control of the East India Company in some way or the other. Key takeaways In 1799, Ranjit Singh established a unified Sikh empire after conquering Lahore. He overthrew chieftains who had divided the territory into Misls. He was given the title Sher-e-Punjab because he stemmed the tide of Afghan invaders in Lahore, which remained his capital until his death. Ranjit Singh’s empire included the former Mughal provinces of Lahore and Multan besides part of Kabul and the entire Peshawar. The boundaries of his state went up to Ladakh — Zorawar Singh, a general from Jammu, had conquered Ladakh in Ranjit Singh’s name — in the northeast, Khyber pass in the northwest, and up to Panjnad in the south where the five rivers of Punjab fell into the Indus. During his regime, Punjab was a land of six rivers, the sixth being the Indus. Ranjit Singh struck balance between his role as a faithful Sikh ruler and his desire to act as friend and protector of his empire’s Muslim and Hindu people. He embarked on a campaign to restore Sikh temples – most notably rebuilding the Harmandir Sahib, the Golden Temple, at Amritsar in marble (1809) and gold (1830) – while also donating a tonne of gold to plate the Hindu Kashi Vishwanath temple. Ranjit Singh began to modernise his army along the line of European armies. He hired French and Italian mercenaries who had fought for Napoleon until the mighty French General’s defeat in 1815. The new Fauj-i-khas (‘special army’) brigade was led General Jean-Baptiste Ventura and General Jean-Francois Allard, who were given generous salaries. They were later joined by Auguste Court and Paolo Avitabile. These generals settled down in Lahore, and adapted to Indian culture. Immediately after Ranjit Singh’s death in 1839, the British East India Company began to bolster its military presence in regions adjacent to Punjab. Inevitably, conflict arose between the Khalsa (the Sikh army) and the British, leading to the Anglo-Sikh Wars.  The first Anglo-Sikh War occurred from late 1845 to early 1846. This conflict led to the defeat and partial subjugation of the Sikh empire, resulting in the cession of Jammu and Kashmir as a separate princely state under British suzerainty. The Company inflicted a decisive and final defeat on Sikhs in 1849, after which 10-year-old Maharaja Duleep Singh became a pensioner of the British, and was exiled to London for the rest of his life. Source: Indian Express WAR EMISSIONS ON TABLE AS COP29 KICKS OFF Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Besides resulting in human tragedy and largescale destruction, the two ongoing wars (gaza war & russia ukraine war) have also been exacerbating the climate change problem, adding significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.  Background: – Wars and armed conflicts generate pollution, exacerbate climate change, damage ecosystems, and cause health issues among local communities that are felt across generations. Key takeaways Emissions from conflicts is an issue that has largely been overlooked in the climate change conversation. Latest estimates suggest that the first two years of Russia-Ukraine war, which began in February 2022, would have contributed over 175 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent of emissions, including projected emissions estimated from reconstruction.  The conflict in West Asia could have added at least another 50 million tonnes. Together, emissions from these two wars are comparable to annual emissions from Ukraine, Italy or Poland. Wars have a significant emissions footprint, not just from the explosives being used, but also from the military supply chains that are extremely energy intensive. Reconstruction has large emissions implications as well. Emissions from the weapons that cause damage — artillery, shells, mortars, missiles, rockets — constitute only a tiny fraction, just about 1.5%, of emissions from the warfare activities.  Warfare itself comprises only about 29% of the emissions if the full impacts of the conflict, including manufacturing of weapons, iron and steel production and supply chains, rebuilding and reconstruction, are taken into account. The bigger sources of warfare emissions are fuels burnt in airplanes or tanks, and the manufacturing of weapons. Even when a war like that in Ukraine or Gaza is not on, the carbon footprint of the world’s military is immense. Source: Indian Express THE TRADE DEBATE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: Niti Aayog CEO’s recent comment on Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)  has reignited debates around trade agreements and its pros and cons. Background: India should be a part of RCEP and CPTPP, Niti Aayog CEO BVR Subrahmanyam recently commented. India pulled out of the RCEP in 2019 after entering negotiations in 2013. Key takeaways Many experts had argued back in 2019 itself that withdrawing from RCEP was an opportunity lost. Staying out of trade agreements like RCEP and not being deeply integrated with the global value chains that run through RCEP countries, was difficult to reconcile with the objective of becoming a global manufacturing hub, capturing export opportunities and foreign capital.  As per a recent report by Oxford Economics, while India has “benefited from US trade rerouting away from China”, the gains have been to “a much lesser extent” when compared to other Asian countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia. Further, the report points out that the country has not been able to attract a notably greater portion of global foreign direct investment, even as FDI flows to China plummeted.  In this context, the recent comments by the CEO of Niti Aayog, BVR Subrahmanyam on trade agreements, are welcome. Subrahmanyam has said that India is missing out on the “China plus one” opportunity and that it should consider joining agreements such as

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   WIND ENERGY GENERATION Syllabus: Mains – GS 3   Context: Wind energy generators has obtained a stay from the Madras High Court against “Tamil Nadu Repowering, Refurbishment and Life Extension Policy for Wind Power Projects” released by Tamil Nadu government. Background: – Tamil Nadu, which is a pioneer in wind mill installations, has wind turbines that are over 30 years old.  Key takeaways India has a wind power potential of 1,163.86 GW at 150m above ground level (National Institute of Wind Energy – NIWE). At 120m, typical turbine height today, potential is 695.51 GW, with 68.75 GW in Tamil Nadu. Only about 6.5% of this wind potential is used at the national level and nearly 15% in Tamil Nadu. Installed Capacity: India is ranked 4th globally in installed wind capacity. Key states: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh, providing 93.37% of the country’s wind installations. Tamil Nadu has 10,603.5 MW of installed capacity, the second-highest in India. How are wind turbines maintained? Wind turbines that are more than 15 years old or have less than 2 MW capacity, can be completely replaced with new turbines, which is known as repowering.  They can also be refurbished by increasing the height of the turbine, changing the blades, installing a higher capacity gear box, etc., to improve the energy generated. When wind energy generators take up safety measures in the old turbines and extend its life, its called life extension. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) released the “National Repowering & Life Extension Policy for Wind Power Projects -2023”. The NIWE estimates the repowering potential to be 25.4 GW if wind turbines of less than 2 MW capacity are taken into consideration. What does repowering and refurbishing entail? Wind energy generators say that when turbines were installed in the 1980s, potential wind sites were mapped and the mandatory gap required between two wind mills were determined based on the technology available then. Sources in the industry point out that a 2 MW wind turbine is usually 120 metres high and requires 3.5 acres of land. It can generate upto 65 lakh units of power. A 2.5 MW turbine, which is available now, is 140 metres high and can generate 80 lakh units. It requires five acres. So, when an existing wind turbine is to be repowered by replacing it with a high capacity turbine, more land is required. In Tamil Nadu, wind mills installed after 2018 do not have banking facility. When a turbine is repowered, it will be treated as a new installation and the generator cannot bank the energy generated. This impacts the financial viability of the project. Source: The Hindu CENTRE NOTIFIES NEW WATER ACT RULES Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Union Environment Ministry notified new rules for holding inquiry and imposing penalties for violations of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. Background: – The new Rules – Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) rules, 2024, will come into effect immediately. Key takeaways The Rules come in the backdrop of the amendments made to the Water Act earlier this year, wherein offences and violations of the Act were decriminalised, replacing them with penalties instead. The amendments had also allowed the Centre to appoint officers to adjudicate offences, and violations and determine penalties. According to the Rules, the adjudication officer then has powers to issue notice to persons against whom complaints have been filed, detailing the nature of contravention alleged or committed.  The adjudication office then considers the explanation provided and if needed, holds an inquiry into the complaint. The alleged violator could defend themselves or through a legal representative. The whole process has to be completed within six months from issuance of notice to the opposite party, the Rules state. Source: Indian Express CLIMATE GOVERNANCE: KEY THINGS TO KNOW Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The 2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP29) kicked off on November 11 in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. Background: In the midst of the expectations and demands surrounding various agendas at the ongoing conference, understanding the history of climate governance is crucial.  Key takeaways United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) UNFCCC is an international treaty, signed in 1992, that has provided a basis for climate negotiations.  UNFCCC was opened for signature on 19 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Earth Summit. The Framework Convention entered into force on 21 March 1994.  The most remarkable feature of the UNFCCC is that it was a framework convention that provided a base upon which the infrastructure of climate governance has been built. It allowed and accommodated an extensive system of rules, mechanisms, processes, multiple actors and systems within it.  The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to ‘stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human-caused) interference with the climate system’. The UNFCCC established foundational principles that guide international climate action. Chief among these principles is “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” (CBDR-RC). Conference of Parties or COP Over time, the Framework Convention paved the way for the development of institutions, processes and structures, aimed at enhancing global cooperation, such as the establishment of the Conference of the Parties (COP), which serves as the convention’s governing body.  Conference of the Parties or COP is the world’s only multilateral decision-making forum that brings together almost every country on the planet to formulate and implement policy responses to climate change collectively. Currently, there are 198 parties (197 countries plus the European Union) to the UNFCCC.  The first COP, held in Berlin, Germany, in 1995, is notable for the Berlin Mandate, which marked a significant step forward. During this meeting, the need for legally binding commitments for developed nations was agreed upon.  Kyoto Protocol  The Berlin Mandate set the groundwork for the adoption

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   INDIA’S TEA, SUGAR EXPORTS RAISE SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS Syllabus: Mains – GS 3 Context: The Indian agricultural export is valued at $53.1 billion in 2022-2023, up from $8.7 billion in 2004-2005, a six-fold increase in less than two decades. But the rapid surge in exports poses multiple challenges related to sustainability. Tea and sugar, two prominent commodities, offer good examples to illustrate the problems herein. Background: – For an economically developing economy like India, exports play a significant role in strengthening the economy by increasing revenue, foreign exchange, and transactional options Key takeaways Tea India is the world’s fourth-largest tea exporter and second largest producer and makes up 10% of global exports. The total value of Indian tea exports for 2022-2023 was $793.78 million. There is growing evidence of stresses being imposed on production systems across the tea value chain. Three major challenges in the tea industry are the management of human-wildlife interactions, burgeoning chemical use, and labour concerns.  More than half of tea plantation workers are women and they are often underpaid.  There is a critical need for better management practices in and around tea estates in India, stricter monitoring of the maximum residue limits for pesticides, and better enforcement of existing labour regulations. Sugar India is the world’s second-largest sugar producer, with 34 million metric tonnes of production, about a fifth of the global production. India’s sugar exports grew by 291% from $1,177 million in FY 2013-2014 to $4,600 million in FY 2021-22 and 64.90% in 2021-2022.  About 50 million farmers depend on sugarcane cultivation in India. An additional half million depend on sugar and allied factories. Sugarcane is well-known for requiring a lot of water to cultivate. On average, 1 kg of sugar requires between 1,500 and 2,000 kg of water. Natural ecosystems like grasslands and savannahs in these states have also been converted to plant sugarcane. Along with the ensuing biodiversity loss, this change has increased the pressure on water resources and increased the need for alternate cropping patterns. The social dynamics of sugar industries narrate another story. Media reports have unearthed poor working conditions, including long working hours. Rising temperatures in peninsular India acts as a threat multiplier. Workers trapped in vicious debt cycles incur even more stress. Millets Even as the sustainability challenges of these commodities persist, there are some others that promote long-term ecological and socio-economic sustainability. One prime example is millets, a sustainable option with which to increase domestic consumption as well as exports. Millets are resilient to harsh conditions and don’t require more inputs to weather resource constraints. They preserve soil health and ensure nutritional security. In FY 2022-2023, the country shipped 169,049.11 metric tonnes of millets and millet-related products worth $75.45 million. The rising demand highlights their potential as a sustainable agricultural commodity contributing to growth and environmental resilience. Agricultural production in India lives in a unique context: a large domestic consumption base and now a rapidly growing export base. These dynamics may benefit producers but they could also yield a paradox: whereby increasing dependencies between different actors in the supply chain compromise ecological and social sustainability concerns. Source: The Hindu MAKERS OF ‘MAGIC’ WEIGHT-LOSS DRUG SEMAGLUTIDE WANTS COPIES BANNED Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Novo Nordisk, the Danish pharmaceutical company that manufactures the popular weight-loss drug Wegovy and diabetes medication Ozempic, has asked authorities in the United States to stop the compounding of these products saying that this could pose safety risks. Background: – Wegovy and Ozempic, both of which contain semaglutide, have been in heavy demand for months, and many compounding pharmacies in the US have created their own versions to cope with this. Key takeaways US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations allow human drug compounding — in which licensed pharmacists or physicians can combine, mix, or adjust the ingredients of a medication — to meet patient needs when popular branded formulations are in short supply. Concerns over semaglutide Over the past year, Novo Nordisk has filed at least 50 lawsuits against clinics and pharmacies that have produced compounded versions of its drugs. On October 22, Novo Nordisk asked USFDA to put semaglutide on the Demonstrable Difficulties for Compounding (DDC) list, which restricts pharmacies from compounding a drug. The FDA considers a drug for the DDC list if factors such as its stability, dosage requirements, bioavailability, or necessary sterile handling make it difficult to create a safe and effective compounded version. Source: Indian Express STATE FINANCE COMMISSIONS (SFCs) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: After being nudged by the Fifteenth Finance Commission, all states, except Arunachal Pradesh, have State Finance Commissions (SFCs) in place, the latest being Gujarat. Background: The 15th Finance Commission, formed in 2017, took serious note of the delay over constituting state finance commissions in its report in 2020, and recommended that those states which did not comply with the Constitutional provisions in respect of the SFCs — constitutional bodies at the state-level — would not be released grants after March 2024. Key takeaways Under Article 243 I of the Constitution, “the Governor shall, as soon as may be within one year from the commencement of the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992, and thereafter at the expiration of every 5th year, constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the panchayats, and to make recommendations to the Governor as to the principles which should govern the distribution between the State and the panchayats of the net proceeds of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State.” Key Functions: Recommend principles for: Distribution of the net proceeds of taxes, duties, tolls, and fees between the State and local bodies. Allocation of funds to Panchayats and Municipalities from the State’s Consolidated Fund. Suggest measures to improve the financial position of Panchayats and Municipalities. Consider the taxes, duties, tolls, and fees assigned to or appropriated by local bodies. Significance: Strengthens fiscal federalism at the state level. Ensures adequate funding for local self-governance institutions. Promotes accountability and transparency in financial management. Challenges: Implementation delays: Recommendations often not implemented fully or on time.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GENDER MAINSTREAMING AND GLOBAL EFFORTS Syllabus: Mains – GS 3 Context: Recently, a two-day National Consultation on Revisiting and Re-envisioning the Beijing Declaration was organised by National Alliance for Women’s Organization. Background: – Thirty years after the historic Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing (September 4–15, 1995), where the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action was adopted and women’s rights were unanimously recognised as human rights, the global community continues to reflect on the progress. Historical roots of women’s movements  Women’s movements have built on events like the Seneca Falls Convention and the Suffragette movement. The 1848 Seneca Falls Convention was a historic meeting in New York where the “Declaration of Sentiments” was adopted. The document declared “that all men and women are created equal”.  The Suffragette movement of the 19th and 20th century was a long-drawn fight by women globally to gain their right to vote.  Afterwards, women’s movements expanded their demands. Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex (1949) challenged the traditional notion of gender by asserting that “one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman”, postulating that gender identities are not biologically determined but socially constructed.  By 1970, women’s movements had gathered momentum. Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) became a bestseller as it brought the private “problem that has no name” till then into the public domain. Friedan initiated discussion around devalued domestic work and critiqued the way it was romanticised. Women’s movement received further impetus from events like ‘The Women’s Strike for Equality’ in 1970. The strike was part of the second wave of feminism in the 1960s and 1970s. The “Wages for Housework” campaign, organised by the International Feminist Collective in 1972, mobilised women internationally to urge governments to recognise household and care work. However, the fight for women’s rights was not always on equal grounds. The exclusion of black women and women of colour from a predominantly white, middle-class dominated women’s movement meant that issues of race and class were not seen as women’s issues.  Women of colour, immigrants, and other marginalised women face intersection of multiple issues of gender, race and class and this theory of intersectionality expanded the scope of  feminist movement.  Unified global framework on women’s rights  The First World Conference on Women (1975), emerged from various women’s movements underlining the growing need for a unified global framework for addressing women’s rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), affirmed equality in principle but lacked specific measures to address gender disparities. The Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (1967) lacked legal enforcement mechanisms. The 1975 conference laid the groundwork for the declaration of 1976–1985 as the ‘International Decade of Women’. The conference recognised gender equality as fundamental for development, sustainable peace and stability. The Second World Conference on Women The Second Conference on Women in 1980 shifted focus to more specific areas of women’s development, especially in education, employment and healthcare. It led to the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). CEDAW, referred to as the International Bill of Rights for Women, is a core international human rights treaty. It redefined ‘discrimination’ to include not only legal inequalities but also social and cultural barriers. The Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women, adopted at the United Nations World Conference on Women in 1985, outlined a visionary framework that integrated women’s perspectives into all aspects of development and governance, and made women essential stakeholders in all aspects of societal progress. The Nairobi Strategies set specific goals for advancing women’s rights globally. The four World Conferences on Women between 1975 and 1995 provided global platforms to advance women’s rights issues, culminating in the landmark Beijing Declaration, which remains a testament to the sustained fight for gender equality. Source: Indian Express BIRSA MUNDA Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY  Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi marked the commencement of 150th Birth Anniversary Year celebration of Birsa Munda. Background: – The Centre had in 2021 decided to celebrate November 15, the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda, as Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas. Key takeaways Born: November 15, 1875, in Ulihatu, present-day Jharkhand. Belonged to the Munda tribal community, which practiced their distinct socio-cultural traditions. Role as a Tribal Leader: Birsa Munda was a prominent freedom fighter, religious leader, and tribal reformer. He led the Munda Rebellion (also known as the Ulgulan or “The Great Rebellion”) against the oppressive British colonial system and zamindari system. Ulgulan Movement (1899–1900): The movement sought to protect tribal lands and rights from the Dikus (outsiders) like landlords, moneylenders, and the British. Focused on restoring tribal autonomy, ending forced labor (beth begari), and ensuring land ownership for tribal people. Religious and Social Reforms: Advocated for monotheism and rejected superstitions, idol worship, and the influence of Christian missionaries. Encouraged the Munda community to reclaim their cultural and spiritual identity. Declared himself as “Dharti Aba” (Father of the Earth) and urged people to worship a single god and follow tribal traditions. Arrest and Death: Arrested by British forces in 1900 during the rebellion. Died on June 9, 1900, in Ranchi Jail, under mysterious circumstances, at the young age of 25. Jharkhand State was established on his birth anniversary in 2000 as a tribute. Source: The Hindu BASIC COUNTRIES Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: BASIC countries have been complaining against the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) introduced by the EU. Background: On the opening day of the COP29 meeting, China, on behalf of the BASIC countries, had moved a proposal to include a discussion on “unilateral restrictive trade measures” — without mentioning CBAM — in the formal agenda of the COP meeting Key takeaways The BASIC countries (Brazil, South Africa, India, and China) are a group of four large, newly industrialized nations that formed an agreement on November 28, 2009. Purpose: The BASIC countries were formed to act jointly at international climate change negotiations, particularly at the Copenhagen Summit (COP15). They aimed to present a united front on climate change issues and advocate for the interests of developing