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Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CRIME AGAINST WOMEN  Syllabus Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently emphasised that atrocities committed against women and the safety of children are a serious concern in society. Background: – The United Nations defines violence against women as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life”. Status of Crimes Against Women in India as per NCRB Data (2022): Total cases: 4,45,256 (4% increase from 2021). Main categories: The majority of cases under crime against women were registered under ‘cruelty by husband or his relatives’ at 31.4 per cent followed by kidnapping and abduction of women at 19.2 per cent assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty at 18.7 per cent and rape at 7.1 per cent. Cyber crimes against women – cyber pornography/ hosting/ publishing obscene sexual material – accounted for 14,409 cases (21.8 per cent). The crime rate registered per lakh women population was 66.4 in 2022 compared to 64.5 in 2021. There are various types of violence faced by women, such as: Femicide: It is the deliberate killing of a woman or a girl simply because she is female. Gender-based violence can also encompass honor killings, which involve the murder of a family member due to the belief that the individual has brought shame upon the family. Sexual Violence: According to UN Women, Sexual violence is any sort of harmful or unwanted sexual behaviour that is imposed on someone. It includes acts of abusive sexual contact, forced engagement in sexual acts, attempted or completed sexual acts with a woman without her consent, sexual harassment, verbal abuse, threats, exposure, unwanted touching, incest, and others. Sexual violence can include sexual harassment, rape, corrective rape, and other forms of sexual assault. Domestic Violence: Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (DV Act), defines domestic violence as any act, omission, commission or conduct of the respondent that harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse. Technology-facilitated Violence: Cyberbullying, doxing, non-consensual sexting, image-based abuse. Child Marriage: Early marriage leading to health risks and reduced decision-making power for girls. Legal Frameworks for Women’s Safety in India Constitutional Provisions: Article 14: Equal rights and opportunities. Article 15: Prohibits gender-based discrimination. Article 15(3): Special provisions for women. Article 16: Equal job opportunities. Article 39(c): Equal pay for equal work. Article 42: Just and humane working conditions, maternity relief. Article 51(A)(e): Renounce practices derogatory to women’s dignity. Key Acts: PoSH Act, 2013: Sexual harassment prevention at workplaces. Domestic Violence Act, 2005: Protection from abuse by partners/family members. POCSO Act, 2012: Protection of children from sexual offences. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: Criminalizes dowry demands. Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1976: Raises legal marriage age (18 for girls, 21 for boys). National Commission for Women Act, 1990: Established NCW to safeguard women’s rights. Source: Indian Express CENTER, TRIPURA SIGN PEACE PACT WITH TWO INSURGENT GROUP  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: Over 328 cadres of the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) and the All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) will give up arms after the banned insurgent outfits signed a memorandum of settlement with the Central and Tripura Governments. Background: – Tripura has experienced prolonged insurgency driven by ethnic tensions, political instability, and socio-economic challenges. Key takeaways The roots of the conflict date back to the early 20th century, but insurgency in its organized form began in the 1960s and escalated in the 1980s. The main cause of insurgency was the demographic change in Tripura caused by the large-scale migration of Bengalis from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) after the Partition in 1947. This migration led to the indigenous tribal population feeling politically marginalized and economically dispossessed. Major Insurgent Groups Sengkrak: The first insurgent group in Tripura, Sengkrak, was formed in 1967. Though it did not last long, it laid the foundation for future insurgent movements by voicing the concerns of the indigenous tribal people. Tripura National Volunteers (TNV) (1978): The TNV accused the Indian government of neglecting tribal rights and opposed the influx of Bengali migrants. The TNV signed a peace accord with the government in 1988, which led to its disbandment. National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) (1989): One of the most notorious insurgent groups in Tripura, the NLFT was formed with the goal of establishing an independent Tripuri state. It operated from sanctuaries in Bangladesh. All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) :Formed in 1990, the ATTF aimed to expel Bengali migrants from Tripura and restore tribal rights. Like the NLFT, it also operated from bases in Bangladesh. By the late 2000s, it had become largely inactive due to internal splits, desertions, and counter-insurgency operations. Key Phases of the Insurgency Early Insurgency (1960s–1970s): The insurgency began with the formation of groups like Sengkrak, which focused on protecting tribal identity and opposing the influx of Bengali settlers. This phase was characterized by sporadic violence and political movements aimed at protecting tribal land rights. Escalation in the 1980s–1990s: The late 1980s and early 1990s saw a sharp rise in insurgent activity, as groups like the NLFT and ATTF became more organized and militant. Insurgents launched attacks on security forces, carried out kidnappings, and imposed “taxes” on civilians. This period was the most violent. Counter-Insurgency Efforts and Decline (Late 1990s–2000s): The Indian government responded to the insurgency with a combination of military action and peace initiatives. The Tripura State Rifles (TSR), a specialized paramilitary force, played a key role in counter-insurgency operations. The Left Front government, led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist), adopted a mix of force and incentives to reduce insurgent violence. Several insurgent leaders surrendered in exchange for economic rehabilitation packages, which

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The World bank  projected a decline in investments in Indian economy as captured by Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF). Background: – According to the World Bank, GFCF growth is expected to reduce to 7.8 per cent in FY25, down from 9.0 per cent in FY24. The GFCF growth rate stood at 6.6 per cent in FY23, the data showed. About Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) refers to the net investment by an economy in fixed assets such as buildings, machinery, equipment, and infrastructure during a specific period, typically a year. It is an important indicator of a country’s economic growth and development as it reflects the level of long-term investments made to improve production capacity. Definition: GFCF represents the total value of a country’s investments in fixed assets minus the depreciation (wear and tear) of existing assets. It includes spending on physical assets like factories, roads, bridges, machinery, and technology that are used in the production process. Components of GFCF: Business Investments: Spending by companies on things like buildings, factories, machinery, and technology. Government Investments: Government spending on infrastructure such as roads, schools, hospitals, and public utilities. Household Investments: Spending by households on durable goods like homes (real estate investments). Why is GFCF Important? Economic Growth: Higher GFCF generally indicates that an economy is investing in future production capacity, which can lead to increased economic output (GDP) over time. Productivity and Employment: Investments in new machinery and infrastructure often lead to more efficient production processes, which can improve productivity and create more jobs. Improving Living Standards: Investments in infrastructure like roads, power plants, and schools help improve the overall quality of life for people. GFCF vs. GDP: GFCF is a component of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) under the expenditure method, which calculates GDP as the sum of consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. While GDP measures the total economic output, GFCF specifically focuses on the portion of that output dedicated to building long-term assets. Types of Fixed Assets: Tangible Assets: These include physical things like buildings, machinery, and equipment. Intangible Assets: Although less common in GFCF, it may also include investments in non-physical assets like patents, software, and research and development. Source: Swarajya UNFCCC LOSS AND DAMAGE FUND  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Following the recent devastating landslides in Kerala’s Wayanad district, a critical discussion has arisen about whether subnational entities, like states, can seek compensation through the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Background: – While the demand for access to LDF by states is justifiable, accessing climate funds is far more complex than it appears. Loss and Damage Fund (LDF) Established: At the 2022 UNFCCC Conference (COP27) in Egypt. Purpose: To provide financial support for economic and non-economic losses caused by climate change (e.g., extreme weather events, rising sea levels). Oversight: Managed by a Governing Board, with the World Bank serving as the interim trustee. Access Mechanisms: Currently being developed, including direct access, small grants, and rapid disbursement options. Challenges: Concerns that funds may be slow to disburse, especially for subnational entities and local communities. India’s Role Damage Costs: India incurred over $56 billion in damages from weather-related disasters between 2019 and 2023. Focus on Mitigation: India’s National Climate Action Policy prioritizes mitigation over adaptation, leading to limited engagement in Loss and Damage dialogues at COP meetings. Need for Legal Framework: A clear legal and policy framework is required to streamline climate finance, especially for adaptation and loss and damage. Climate Finance Taxonomy: Introduced in Union Budget 2024, raising hopes for more international climate finance. Advocacy: India should push for decentralised fund disbursement methods from the LDF to ensure better access for vulnerable communities. State-Level Interventions State governments often bear the burden of disaster recovery, as seen in Kerala’s Rebuild Kerala Development Programme after the 2018 floods, funded by loans from international institutions. International Climate Finance: Plays a critical role in rebuilding infrastructure (e.g., roads, bridges) post-disaster. Assessment Gaps: India lacks a standardised method for assessing slow-onset disaster-related damages, which could hinder access to LDF in the future. Conclusion Policy Need: India needs a stronger domestic framework focused on locally led adaptation and clearer guidelines for accessing loss and damage funds to protect vulnerable communities from climate change impacts. Source: Hindu AFRICA AND INDIA’S CRITICAL MINERAL MISSION  Syllabus Mains : GS 2 Context: In the Union Budget 2024-25, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the establishment of a Critical Mineral Mission. In August, the Ministry of Mines held a seminar to outline the mission’s objectives. The government is actively pursuing various strategies to ensure critical mineral security. Background: India have to collaborate with countries which has a significant amount of the world’s known critical mineral reserves. Indias efforts in critical mineral front The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2023 amended the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, with the aim of strengthening the exploration and extraction of critical minerals. The amendment removed 6 minerals from the list of 12 atomic minerals limited to exploration by State agencies (i.e., lithium, beryllium, niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium). This opens up opportunities for private sector involvement in their exploration and mining. Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL): To engage with mineral-rich countries overseas with a mandate to secure supply of critical minerals, a joint venture of three public sector undertakings, Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL), was founded in 2019. Lithium Agreement: In January 2024, KABIL signed its first major agreement for lithium exploration and mining, accessing five blocks in Catamarca province, Argentina. Africa in India’s Supply Chain African Mineral Reserves: Africa holds 30% of the world’s known critical mineral reserves, crucial for India’s Critical Mineral Mission. India-Africa Relations: Strong political, economic, and historic ties, including a 3-million-strong Indian diaspora, offer a foundation for collaboration. Trade and Investments: In 2022-23, India-Africa bilateral trade

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   FORUM FOR CHINA-AFRICA COOPERATION (FOCAC)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: At last week’s Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) summit in Beijing, China stopped short of providing the debt relief sought by many African countries. Background: – The Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) launched in 2000 took on an enhanced role after the 2013 inception of President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). About Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) is a multilateral platform established to foster cooperation and partnership between China and African countries. Member Countries: FOCAC involves China and 53 African countries (all African nations except Eswatini, which recognizes Taiwan). It also includes the African Union (AU). Objectives: Economic Cooperation: Enhancing trade, investment, and infrastructure development. Aid and Development: China provides loans, aid, and development assistance to African countries. Political Cooperation: FOCAC promotes multilateral cooperation on global governance issues. Cultural and Educational Exchanges: Fostering mutual understanding through student exchanges, training programs, and cultural exchanges between China and Africa. Peace and Security: Supporting African efforts to maintain peace and security, with China providing assistance in conflict zones, UN peacekeeping, and military cooperation. Criticisms and Challenges: China has sought to use FOCAC to counter growing competition in Africa from the United States, the European Union, Japan and others. Debt Trap Diplomacy: Critics argue that Chinese loans to African nations may lead to debt dependency, with concerns that some African countries might struggle to repay Chinese debts, resulting in loss of control over key assets. Labor and Environmental Concerns: There have been concerns about the use of Chinese labor for construction projects instead of hiring local African workers, as well as issues related to the environmental impact of certain Chinese-led projects. Lack of Transparency: Some observers have criticized the lack of transparency in the terms of Chinese loans and agreements, raising concerns about governance and accountability in FOCAC-related projects. Source: Reuters PRADHAN MANTRI SCHOOLS FOR RISING INDIA (PM-SHRI)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: After Punjab, the AAP government in Delhi has also relented under financial pressure and agreed to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Centre to implement the Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India (PM-SHRI) scheme in the Capital. Background: – The Education Ministry had stopped funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), the flagship school education programme, to three Opposition-ruled states — Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal — due to their reluctance to participate in the PM-SHRI scheme. About PM- SHRI Scheme The PM SHRI is a centrally sponsored scheme initiated by the Government of India. Its objective is to establish over 14,500 PM SHRI Schools, overseen by the Central Government, State/UT Governments, local bodies, as well as Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS) and Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS). These schools aim to create an inclusive and welcoming atmosphere for every student, ensuring their well-being and providing a secure and enriching learning environment. The goal is to offer a diverse range of learning experiences and ensure access to good physical infrastructure and appropriate resources for all students. These schools will not only focus on enhancing cognitive development but also creating holistic and well-rounded individuals equipped with key 21st-century skills. The pedagogy adopted in these schools will be more experiential, holistic, integrated, play/toy-based (particularly in the foundational years), inquiry-driven, discovery-oriented, learner-centred, discussion-based, flexible, and enjoyable. The focus will be on the learning outcomes of every child in every grade. Assessment at all levels will be based on conceptual understanding and application of knowledge to real-life situations and will be competency-based. PM SHRI Schools will help showcase the implementation of the National Education Policy 2020 and emerge as exemplar Schools over a period of time. Current issue States must confirm their participation in PM SHRI by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Education Ministry. Five states — Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal — are yet to sign the MoU. While Tamil Nadu and Kerala have indicated their willingness, Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal had earlier refused, prompting the Centre to stop their SSA funds. The AAP-ruled Punjab and Delhi had held out over the implementation of PM-SHRI saying they have their own schemes along similar lines, called Schools of Specialised Excellence in Delhi and Schools of Eminence in Punjab. Both had not received crores worth of SSA funds. Punjab was the first to end the logjam on July 26 when Punjab Education Secretary wrote to Union Education Secretary, expressing willingness to implement the scheme in the state. On September 2, Delhi also relented. Its Secretary (Education) has written saying that Delhi is interested in signing the MoU for establishing PM-SHRI schools in Delhi. With this, West Bengal is now the only state holding out on the implementation of the scheme. The state opposes prefixing ‘PM-SHRI’ to the names of its schools, especially since it bears 40% of the cost. Source: Indian Express INDIA’S STEEL SECTOR  Syllabus Mains : GS 3 Context: Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal recently asked the steel industry to target 500 million tonnes steel production by 2034. Background: The steel industry in India dates back to the early 20th century, with the establishment of Tata Steel in 1907, which was the first integrated steel plant in Asia. Post-independence, the sector grew with the establishment of public sector steel plants. Since the liberalization of the 1990s, there has been significant private sector investment. Indias Global Standing: India is the second-largest producer of steel in the world, after China. In recent years, India’s steel production has exceeded 120 million tonnes per year (2022). Structure and Capacity of the Industry: Integrated Steel Plants (ISPs): These are large steel plants that produce steel from iron ore using blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces (BOF). ISPs generally have full-scale operations from raw material processing to finished steel products. Major ISPs include SAIL, Tata Steel, JSW Steel, and JSPL. Mini Steel Plants: These are smaller plants that primarily produce steel by recycling scrap metal in electric arc furnaces (EAF) or

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   INDIA GENERATES HIGHEST PLASTIC POLLUTION IN WORLD  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: India contributes to a fifth of global plastic pollution according to a study published in the journal Nature recently. Background: – The study was carried out by researchers  from University of Leeds. Key takeaways from the study Plastic Waste in India: India burns roughly 5.8 million tonnes (mt) of plastic each year, and releases another 3.5 mt of plastics into the environment (land, air, water) as debris. Total contribution to global plastic pollution: 9.3 mt per year, surpassing Nigeria (3.5 mt), Indonesia (3.4 mt), and China (2.8 mt). Global Plastic Waste Production: The world produces 251 mt of plastic waste annually. Around 52.1 mt (20%) of this waste is unmanaged, i.e., released into the environment. Managed vs Unmanaged Waste: Managed waste is collected and either recycled or sent to landfills. Unmanaged waste includes burnt plastic releasing toxic gases like carbon monoxide and unburned debris (polluting both land and water bodies globally). Unmanaged Plastic Statistics: 43% (22.2 mt) of unmanaged waste is unburned debris. The remaining 29.9 mt is burned in open fires or dumpsites, causing significant air pollution. Global North-South Divide: 69% of plastic pollution comes from 20 countries in Southern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. High-income countries (HICs) in the Global North produce more plastic waste but have better waste management, resulting in less pollution. Plastic Pollution in the Global South: Open burning is the dominant form of pollution due to poor waste management infrastructure. The Global South lacks the resources to implement robust waste management systems, contributing to more uncontrolled debris and burning. International Treaty on Plastic Pollution: Negotiations for a legally binding international treaty on plastic pollution began in 2022. In 2022, the UN Environmental Assembly agreed to develop such a treaty — which experts say might be the most important environmental accord since the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2015 — by the end of 2024. Debates around the Treaty: Fossil-fuel producing countries and industry groups, view plastics pollution as a “waste management problem”, and want to focus on waste management instead of curbing production through treaty. Critics on the other hand argue that viewing plastic pollution as a “waste management problem” ignores the need for upstream solutions like reducing production. Managing plastic waste alone may not be enough, as increasing production leads directly to more pollution. Source: Indian Express SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FIRST CLEAR IMAGES OF MERCURY’S SOUTH POLE  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: On Thursday, the BepiColombo spacecraft, operated by the European Space Agency and Japan, made its closest approach to Mercury, capturing sharp images of the planet’s south pole and craters at sunrise. Background: – A joint mission between the European and Japanese space agencies, BepiColombo was launched in 2018. It will go into orbit around Mercury in 2026. Significance of the BepiColombo Mission Studying Mercury: Mercury is the least-studied rocky planet in the solar system. BepiColombo’s two orbiters will study the planet’s composition, geology, and magnetic field, offering insights into its origins and evolution. Challenging Mission: Reaching Mercury is difficult because spacecraft accelerate when approaching the sun. A series of flybys of Earth, Venus and Mercury are helping to slow down BepiColombo, which will eventually maneuver the mission into orbit around Mercury. Thursday’s flyby was the fourth of six planned, bringing the spacecraft just 103 miles above Mercury’s surface. Key Areas of Interest: BepiColombo captured images of 2 peak ring basins (Vivaldi & Stoddart), which could provide clues about ancient volcanic activity. Mercury’s south pole was imaged, offering a preview of better data to come. BepiColombo is expected to collect better data of the southern hemisphere than NASA’s Messenger spacecraft, which the agency crashed into the planet in 2015 after an 11-year mission. Unique Characteristics of Mercury: Mercury has a core that is oversized compared with the rocky shell surrounding it. Water ice exists on its surface, despite scorching exposure to the sun without an atmosphere to protect it. The planet has an unexpected magnetic field and is rich in volatiles — elements like chlorine, sulfur and potassium — thought to readily evaporate on planets with high temperatures. These traits suggest Mercury may have formed farther from the sun than its current location. Next Steps: After the remaining flybys in December and January, BepiColombo will spend nearly two years circling the sun.It is expected to enter orbit around Mercury by end of 2026. Source: Indian Express FINANCIALISATION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains : ECONOMY Context: Chief Economic Adviser (CEA) V. Anantha Nageswaran cautioned that financialisation might distort macroeconomic outcomes. Background: India’s stock market capitalisation was about 140% of the GDP, the Indian financial sector is seeing high profitability all pointing towards the surge of finanacialisation. About Financialisation Financialisation refers to the increasing dominance of financial motives, financial markets, financial actors, and financial institutions in the economy. Key Aspects of Financialisation Growth of the Financial Sector: Financialization involves the expansion of financial services, such as banking, insurance, and investment, relative to the overall economy. Securitization: This is the process of turning assets into financial instruments, which can be traded in markets. It has led to a massive increase in the variety and volume of financial products. Shift from Industrial to Financial Capitalism: Economies have moved from being driven by industrial production to being driven by financial activities. Influence on Corporate Governance: Companies increasingly focus on maximizing shareholder value, often prioritizing short-term financial gains over long-term investments. Impacts of Financialization Economic Policy and Corporate Behavior: Financial markets and institutions have a significant influence on economic policies and corporate strategies. Income Inequality: Financialization has contributed to increasing income inequality, as the financial sector often sees higher income growth compared to other sectors. Wage Stagnation: There has been a transfer of income from the real sector (goods and services) to the financial sector, leading to wage stagnation in non-financial industries. Decline in Manufacturing: In some countries, like the U.S., financialization has been linked

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE SYSTEM  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The opposition parties in India are complaining about the delay in constituting Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees (DRSCs). Background: – Intense negotiations have been going on between the government and Opposition for control over important committees for nearly three months since the election of the 18th Lok Sabha. Origins and Universal Nature: Committees are central to the functioning of parliaments worldwide. In India, the modern committee system was inherited from the British Parliament. The first committee in India was the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in 1921, under the Government of India Act, 1919. Post-independence, PAC and the Estimates Committee (established in 1950) came under the direct control of the Lok Sabha Speaker. Business Advisory Committee (chaired by the Speaker) and Committee on Government Assurance were the Indian innovations in parliamentary democracy. Another major landmark was the creation of the Committee on Public Undertakings during the third Lok Sabha. Significant expansion occurred in the 1990s with the establishment of Departmental Standing Committees (DRSCs) to enhance parliamentary oversight.By 1993, India had 17 DRSCs, each with 45 members. The expansion aimed to make parliamentary activity effective, enhance the accountability of the executive, and utilise the availability of expertise and public opinion. It may be noted here that the creation of DRSCs coincided with the rise of coalition politics, increasing disruptions in Houses, declining parliamentary oversight, and the ‘guillotine’ of legislation. Structure and Authority: Committees are categorized as standing (permanent) and ad hoc (temporary for specific tasks). Ad hoc committees are created for some specific purposes and they cease to exist after finishing the tasks assigned. The select and joint committees on bills are principal ad hoc committees. In addition, Parliament has standing committees that are permanent (constituted every year) and work on a continuous basis. Committees are composed of MPs appointed or elected by the House or nominated by the Speaker. They derive authority from Article 105 (MP privileges) and Article 118 (Parliament’s authority to regulate its procedure). Significance of Committees: They address the complexities of modern administration, allowing for detailed scrutiny of government activities. Committees involve experts and stakeholders in decision-making, helping MPs from different parties reach consensus. They also foster collaboration between the two houses of Parliament. These committees also accommodate the MPs who could not find a place in the Cabinet of coalition governments. They ensures executive accountability to Parliament and helps to function the system of checks and balances. Challenges: Short tenure of committees limits specialisation and delays in reconstitution disrupt functioning. Political partisanship, absenteeism, and a decline in bills referred to committees have undermined effectiveness. Issues like inadequate resources, staff, and expert advisers were highlighted by the Venkatachaliah Commission (2000). Source: Indian Express PresVu  Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Mumbai-based Entod Pharmaceuticals announced that the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI), the nation’s top drug regulatory authority, has approved its innovative eye drops designed specifically to reduce the need for reading glasses in individuals with presbyopia. Background: – According to the company, the eye drop PresVu is the first of its kind in India, and Entod has applied for a patent for this invention in terms of its formulation and the process. Key takeaways Presbyopia is an age-related disorder in which the eyes gradually lose their capacity to concentrate on adjacent objects. Cause: Presbyopia occurs due to the gradual stiffening of the lens inside the eye. The lens becomes less flexible, reducing its ability to change shape and focus light on the retina for close-up tasks. This condition typically becomes noticeable in individuals around the age of 40 and continues to progress with age. Doctors believe that spectacles are one of the most efficient strategies to manage the illness. About PresVu The active ingredient — chemical compounds in medicines that have an effect on the body — in PresVu is pilocarpine. The compound contracts the iris muscles, which control the size of the pupil and help humans see things clearly, thereby enabling one’s eyes to focus better on nearby objects, according to Entod Pharmaceuticals. PresVu also claims to employ “advanced dynamic buffer technology” — effectively, a base solution — to adapt to the pH level of tears. This guarantees that the eye drop has consistent efficacy and safety for extended use, keeping in mind that such drops will be used for years at a stretch. PresVu is a prescription-only medication, and experts say its effects are unlikely to endure more than four to six hours. Additional Information Although Entod’s claims suggest that PresVu is a new therapy, pilocarpine, the key ingredient in the eye drop, has been available in India for decades. In 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a pilocarpine eye drop to treat presbyopia. Source: Indian Express ENEMY PROPERTY  Syllabus Prelims – POLITY Context: A parcel of land in Uttar Pradesh, previously belonging to the family of former Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf, is set to be auctioned under The Enemy Property Act. Background: The Union Home Affairs Ministry said in a notice erected on the plot that around 13 bighas of land in the Kotana Bangar village in Baghpat district has been directed for sale through e-auction until September 12. Enemy Property and the Enemy Property Act Enemy Property refers to the properties left behind by individuals who migrated to Pakistan or China following the India-Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971, and the Sino-Indian War of 1962. These properties were classified as “enemy property” under Indian law, as the people who left India acquired the nationality of an enemy country. The Indian government took control of these properties and vested them in the Custodian of Enemy Property for India, a government-appointed authority, under the Defence of India Rules (formulated under the Defence of India Act, 1962). The Enemy Property Act, enacted in 1968, provided for the continuous vesting of enemy property in the Custodian of Enemy Property for India. The Tashkent Declaration of January 10, 1966, featured

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST) COUNCIL  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council meeting held recently broadly agreed on the need to reduce the tax rate for health and life insurance premiums from 18 per cent but the specific proposal has now been referred to the Group of Ministers (GoM) for further discussion. Background: – The GST regime came into force after the Constitutional (122nd Amendment) Bill was passed by both Houses of Parliament in 2016. More than 15 Indian states then ratified it in their state Assemblies, after which then-President Pranab Mukherjee gave his assent. Key takeaways The GST Council is a constitutional body in India responsible for making recommendations to the Union and State governments on issues related to Goods and Services Tax (GST). It was established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution. Composition of the GST Council: Chairperson: The Union Finance Minister Members: The Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance. The Minister In-charge of finance or taxation or any other Minister nominated by each State Government. Decision-Making Process of the GST Council: Meetings: The Council meets periodically to discuss issues related to GST, including tax rates, exemptions, the threshold for tax liability, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Voting: Decisions in the GST Council are made based on a voting structure. The Union Government has 1/3rd of the total votes. All the State Governments together have 2/3rd of the total votes. Weighted Voting: Every decision requires a three-fourths majority of the weighted votes of members present. This structure ensures a balance between the Centre and the States, allowing them to work collaboratively on GST-related matters. Consensus: In practice, most decisions of the GST Council are taken by consensus rather than formal voting, promoting a cooperative federalism approach. Role of the GST Council: Tax Rates and Slabs: It decides GST rates for different goods and services, and can modify them periodically based on economic needs. Exemptions and Thresholds: It determines which goods or services should be exempt from GST and sets the threshold for GST registration. Dispute Resolution: The Council can recommend mechanisms to resolve disputes between the Centre and States regarding GST implementation. The GST Council plays a crucial role in harmonizing tax policies across the country, avoiding cascading taxes, and ensuring that GST functions efficiently as a unified tax system. Source: Indian Express NATURAL FARMING  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Finannce Ministry has shot down a proposal from the Agriculture Ministry to provide a one-time incentive of Rs 20,000 per hectare to farmers who adopt natural farming, saying it was much higher than what was earlier approved. Background: – The Agriculture Ministry had circulated a Cabinet note in July last week seeking the Finance Ministry’s approval for the incentives to be provided to farmers under the proposed National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF). Key takeaways The Agriculture Ministry defines natural farming as a “chemical-free” farming system that uses only inputs produced using livestock and plant resources. Natural farming works with the natural biodiversity, encouraging the soil’s biological activity and managing the complexity of living organisms, both plant and animal to thrive along with food production system. Important practices, essential for adoption of natural farming includes: No external inputs Local seeds (use of local varieties), On-farm produced microbial formulation for seed treatment (such as bijamrita), On-farm made microbial inoculants (Jivamrita) for soil enrichment, Cover crops and mulching with green and dry organic matter for nutrient recycling and for creating a suitable micro-climate for maximum beneficial microbial activity in soil. Mixed cropping, Managing diversity on farm through integration of trees Management of pests through diversity and local on-farm made botanical concoctions (such as neemastra, agniastra, neem ark, dashparni ark etc); Integration of livestock, especially of native breed for cow dung and cow urine as essential inputs for several practices and Water and moisture conservation Additional Information The Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming (APCNF), a State government’s initiative launched through Rythu Sadhikara Samstha (RySS) seven years ago, has won the 2024 Gulbenkian Prize. APCNF is recognized as the world’s largest agroecology programme, benefiting over a million smallholder farmers across 5,00,000 hectares in Andhra Pradesh.The APCNF programme empowers small farmers by enabling them to switch to natural farming methods. Source: Indian Express SWACHH BHARAT MISSION AND ITS ACHIEVEMENTS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The recent release of the scientific report in the Nature journal on the Swachh Bharat Mission’s (SBM) impact on the reduction in infant and child mortality broadly coincides with the 10-year anniversary of the programme. Background: Announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his Independence Day speech to the nation from the Red Fort on August 15, 2014, it was formally launched on October 2 of the same year. About Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) India grappled with sanitation challenges, particularly in rural areas, affecting millions. In 2014, only 39% sanitation coverage was achieved, impacting vulnerable demographics, notably women and children. Responding to the imperative for comprehensive sanitation coverage, the Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on October 2, 2014. Main goal: Eliminate open defecation by October 2, 2019, targeting the construction of over 100 million household toilets for 550 million Indians. Behavioral Change: The SBM was a Jan Andolan (mass movement) involving community-led initiatives to achieve Open Defecation Free (ODF) status. Focus on inspiring pride in villages through Gaurav Yatras (pride tours) upon achieving ODF status. Friendly competition among villages, districts, and states helped boost implementation. Phase II of SBM: After October 2, 2019, when all Indian states declared themselves ODF, SBM entered its second phase. SBM Phase II was launched with the objective of achieving Sampoorn Swachhata, i.e., sustaining the ODF status and managing solid and liquid waste by 2024-25 and transforming all the villages from ODF to ODF Plus Model. Health Impact: The Nature journal report (2024) validated SBM’s significant health outcomes, stating that the mission saved 60,000–70,000 lives of infants and

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Ahead of the September 26 UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on antimicrobial resistance, the World Health Organization last week published its first-ever guidance on antibiotic pollution from manufacturing. Background: – AMR — and consequently, the creation of “superbugs” — affects healthcare everywhere, but has especially poor outcomes in patients suffering from multiple diseases. Key takeaways Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health threat that occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. This resistance makes infections harder to treat, leading to prolonged illness, higher medical costs, and increased mortality. Causes of AMR: Misuse and Overuse of antimicrobials: The primary drivers of AMR are the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and agriculture. For example, using antibiotics for viral infections or not completing prescribed antibiotic courses can contribute to resistance. Excessive use of antimicrobial drugs can lead to the creation of resistant or extremely resistant superbugs, which can circulate in hospitals, through drinking water, or sewers. Infections caused by these pathogens will not respond to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Poor Infection Control: Inadequate infection prevention and control practices in healthcare settings can also accelerate the spread of resistant microorganisms. Impact on Health: Treatment Challenges: AMR makes common infections harder to treat and increases the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. It also complicates medical procedures like surgeries and cancer treatments, which rely on effective antimicrobials to prevent infections. Economic Burden: The economic impact of AMR is substantial, with significant healthcare costs and potential losses in global GDP. Preventive Measures: Infection Prevention: Enhancing infection prevention and control measures in healthcare settings and communities. Vaccination: Promoting vaccination to reduce the need for antimicrobials by preventing infections. Global Collaboration: International cooperation is essential to tackle AMR effectively, as resistant pathogens do not respect borders. Source: Indian Express CYBER SECURITY  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT, GS 3 Context: Recently, Home minister Shah inaugurated four Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) platforms — Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC), the ‘Samanvaya’ platform, a Cyber Commandos programme and a Suspect Registry. Background: – Cyber security is no longer limited to the digital world and has become an important aspect of national security. Key takeaways The changing geo-political and economic shifts have compelled the Indian government to take active steps to evolve in cyberspace. This includes strengthening internal safety and security under the Ministry of Home Affairs, investment in defence infrastructure, and having bilateral agreements with countries across the globe, to remain coordinated and have defensive-offensive strategies for the interest of the nation, its citizens, and the industry. The I4C, established in 2018, is a department under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) tasked with establishing a national-level coordination centre to address cybercrime-related issues. Home minister Shah inaugurated four I4C platforms — Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC), the ‘Samanvaya’ platform, a Cyber Commandos programme and a Suspect Registry. Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) The Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) has been established at the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) in New Delhi. It involves representatives from major banks, financial intermediaries, payment aggregators, telecom service providers, IT intermediaries, and law enforcement agencies from various states and union territories. The primary goal of CFMC is to facilitate immediate action and seamless cooperation to tackle online financial crimes. This initiative exemplifies “Cooperative Federalism” in law enforcement. Samanvaya Platform (Joint Cybercrime Investigation Facilitation System) The Samanvaya Platform is a web-based module designed to act as a one-stop portal for cybercrime data repository, data sharing, crime mapping, data analytics, and cooperation among law enforcement agencies across the country. It aims to streamline the process of cybercrime investigation and enhance coordination among various agencies. Cyber Commandos Programme The Cyber Commandos Programme involves the creation of a special wing of trained “Cyber Commandos” within states, union territories, and central police organizations. These commandos are trained to counter cyber security threats and assist in securing the digital space. The programme aims to bolster the cyber defense capabilities of the country. Suspect Registry In the Suspect Registry system, the I4C will share a list of all the repeat offenders in their server, which can be accessed by police personnel of any state and also by the bank officials before opening bank accounts. Source: PIB NATIONAL BOARD FOR WILDLIFE (NBWL)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The standing committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL) has cleared multiple projects – a transmission line in Little Rann of Kutch, a controversial transmission line project in Goa’s Mollem national park as well as a clutch of infrastructure projects in tiger corridors of central India, among others. Background: The NBWL is primarily responsible for promotion and conservation of wildlife. About National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is a statutory organization under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. It was constituted in 2003, replacing the Indian Board for Wildlife, which was formed in 1952. Chaired by the Prime Minister of India, it serves as the top advisory body on matters concerning wildlife conservation and protection. Key Functions: Policy and Planning: The NBWL is responsible for formulating policies and plans for the conservation of wildlife and forests in India. Approval of Projects: It evaluates projects like construction, mining, or development activities in or around protected areas such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. No project can be carried out in such areas without NBWL’s clearance. Advisory Role: It advises the central and state governments on wildlife-related issues, including the creation and management of protected areas. Conservation of Endangered Species: The NBWL plays a significant role in identifying and protecting endangered species. It helps in creating programs and laws to ensure their protection. Monitoring Protected Areas: It oversees the functioning of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves, ensuring their proper management. Safeguarding Biodiversity: The board promotes measures for the conservation of biodiversity, aligning with international treaties like the Convention

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context:  The Union Cabinet cleared the expansion of the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to all senior citizens aged 70 years and above irrespective of their income. Background: – Ayushman Bharat was launched as recommended by the National Health Policy 2017, to achieve the vision of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). About Ayushman Bharat Ayushman Bharat adopts a continuum of care approach, comprising of two inter-related components, which are – Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) About AB PM – JAY: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) is a flagship health insurance scheme launched by the Government of India in 2018 under the broader Ayushman Bharat Mission. It aims to provide financial protection to economically vulnerable families by offering free healthcare services through a health insurance model. Key Features AB PM-JAY is the largest publicly funded health insurance scheme globally, aiming to cover over 12 crores poor and vulnerable families (approximately 55 crore beneficiaries) that form the bottom 40% of the Indian population. PM-JAY is fully funded by the Government and cost of implementation is shared between the Central and State Governments. Insurance Coverage: Each eligible family receives annual health insurance coverage of up to ₹5 lakh for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. Cashless and Paperless Access: The scheme provides cashless treatment at public and empaneled private hospitals, covering over 1,500 procedures, including critical illnesses like cancer, heart disease, and kidney ailments. It covers up to 3 days of pre-hospitalization and 15 days post-hospitalization expenses such as diagnostics and medicines. There is no restriction on the family size, age or gender. Nationwide Implementation: The scheme is implemented across all states and union territories, with both urban and rural poor beneficiaries identified based on the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) 2011 data. Empanelment of Hospitals: Public and private hospitals are empaneled to deliver services, making quality healthcare accessible even in remote areas. Benefits of the scheme are portable across the country i.e. a beneficiary can visit any empanelled public or private hospital in India to avail cashless treatment. Public hospitals are reimbursed for the healthcare services at par with the private hospitals. Objectives Reduce Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE): AB PM-JAY is designed to reduce the financial burden on poor families by covering expensive treatments that often push households into poverty. Access to Quality Healthcare: By empaneling private hospitals and offering treatment for a wide range of diseases, the scheme aims to ensure access to quality healthcare for all beneficiaries. Strengthen Health Infrastructure: The scheme incentivizes investment in healthcare infrastructure, especially in underserved areas, by promoting the empanelment of private hospitals. Universal Health Coverage (UHC): It is a step towards achieving UHC by ensuring financial protection for healthcare services, in line with the global Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Source: Indian Express FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Effectuation of fundamental duties is and will always be a continuing task, calling for duty-specific legislations, schemes and supervision, Attorney General R Venkataramani told the Supreme Court recently. Background: – The top court was hearing a plea filed by lawyer Durga Dutt which sought direction to the Centre for enacting well defined laws/rules to ensure adherence to the fundamental duties as enshrined in the Constitution. Key takeaways The Fundamental Duties were introduced into the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee. They are enshrined in Part IV-A of the Constitution under Article 51A. These duties are a set of moral obligations that every citizen is expected to follow. Key Features: Not Justiciable: Unlike Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law and cannot be claimed or defended in a court of law. However, Parliament has the authority to enact laws to enforce specific duties. Moral Obligations: They represent a set of guidelines that aim to remind citizens of their moral and civic duties toward the nation. Inspiration: The concept of Fundamental Duties in India is inspired by the Constitution of the former Soviet Union. As per Article 51A, it shall be the duty of every citizen of India: To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform. To safeguard public property and abjure violence. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement. (Added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002): To provide opportunities for education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years and ensure that they receive education. Examples of laws that effectuate Fundamental Duties: Duty to Abide by the Constitution and Respect National Symbols (Article 51A(a)): Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971: This law ensures respect for the National Flag, National Anthem, and the Constitution. It penalizes acts of disrespect, such as burning or defacing the National Flag or disrupting the National Anthem. Duty to Uphold and Protect Sovereignty, Unity, and Integrity of India (Article 51A(c)): Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA): UAPA is aimed at preventing unlawful activities and associations that threaten the sovereignty

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EXTRADITION TREATY BETWEEN INDIA AND BANGLADESH  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context:  The chief prosecutor of Bangladesh’s International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) has announced plans to seek the extradition of ousted leader Sheikh Hasina from neighbouring India. Background: – Hasina sought refuge in India in August after a mass uprising compelled her to step down. Since her departure, numerous criminal cases have been lodged against her and her aides, encompassing charges of murder, torture, abduction, crimes against humanity, and genocide. Key takeaways India and Bangladesh have a bilateral extradition treaty in place that could allow for sheikh Hasina’s return to face trial. 2013 Extradition Treaty (Amended in 2016): Originally aimed to address insurgency and terrorism along shared borders. Facilitated extradition of fugitives like two convicts in Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s assassination and ULFA leader Anup Chetia. Conditions for Extradition: Crimes must carry a minimum sentence of one year. Dual criminality required, meaning the offence must be punishable in both countries. Since the charges against Ms. Hasina are prosecutable in India, and the penalties for her alleged crimes are also substantial, she qualifies for extradition on these grounds. 2016 amendment eased extradition by only requiring an arrest warrant issued by a competent court in the requesting country for initiation of extradition process. Grounds for Refusal: Political Nature: Extradition can be refused for politically motivated offences, but crimes like murder and terrorism are excluded from this exemption. Good Faith Clause (Article 8): Extradition can be denied if the accusation is not in good faith or involves military offences not considered general crimes. India could potentially refuse extradition on the ground that the charges against Ms. Hasina have not been levelled in good faith and there is a possibility of her being subjected to political persecution or an unfair trial upon her return to Bangladesh. Implications: Extradition is not guaranteed and will depend on diplomatic negotiations. Denial of the request may only cause minor political tension without significantly impacting bilateral relations as per experts. Bangladesh is India’s largest trade partner in South Asia, with bilateral trade valued at $15.9 billion in FY 2022-23. India has pledged continued support to Bangladesh under the new interim government, despite the regime change. Source: The Hindu CHALLENGES TO ROAD SAFETY IN INDIA  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: The “India Status Report on Road Safety 2024,” prepared by the TRIP Centre at IIT Delhi, highlights India’s slow progress in meeting goal of reducing road accident fatalities. Background: – The report analyses road safety in India, using data from First Information Reports (FIRs) from six States and audits of State compliance with Supreme Court directives on road safety governance. Key takeaways from the report India is lagging in reducing road accident fatalities and is unlikely to meet the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety goal of halving traffic deaths by 2030. Public Health Challenge: Road traffic injuries were the 13th leading cause of death and the 12th leading cause of health loss in India in 2021. In some States (Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh), road injuries rank among the top 10 causes of health loss. Need for Crash Surveillance: India’s national road safety data systems are insufficient for guiding public policy. Currently, there is no national crash-level database. Road safety statistics at both State and national levels are compiled from individual police station records, which are aggregated at district, State, and national levels before being published. These tables allow only the most basic analyses, preventing effective intervention or program evaluation. Significant variance in road safety across States: Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Chhattisgarh recorded the highest death rates, at 21.9, 19.2, and 17.6 per 1,00,000 people, respectively. In contrast, West Bengal and Bihar had the lowest rates, at 5.9 per 1,00,000 in 2021 Six States – Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu – account for nearly half of all traffic fatalities. Pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists are the most affected; trucks are the leading impacting vehicles. Traffic Safety Gaps: Helmet usage is low in rural areas, especially among motorcyclists. Only eight States have audited more than half of their National Highway lengths, and very few States have done the same for their State Highways. Basic traffic safety measures, including traffic calming, markings, and signage, are still lacking in most States. Global Comparison: India fares poorly in comparison to developed nations, with road fatalities much higher in 2021 compared to 1990, indicating worsening road safety conditions. The report questions whether better-equipped vehicles with more advanced safety features are the solution, given that two-wheeler riders, cyclists, and motorcyclists represent the majority of road fatalities. Way Forward: Central and State governments need to scale up road safety interventions. Establish a national fatal crash database with public access to improve risk understanding and intervention effectiveness. Tailored strategies are essential to address the diverse road safety challenges across different States. Source: The Hindu CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDIA’S TRANSPORT SECTOR  Syllabus Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context:  Carbon dioxide emissions from India’s transport sector could be reduced up to 71 per cent by 2050 if high-ambition strategies are adopted on few parameters, said a new study by World Resources Institute (WRI) India. Background: The study noted that following a high emission reduction target in the transport sector would also be pivotal in achieving India’s net-zero target by 2070. Key takeaways Emission Reduction Potential: India’s transport sector CO2 emissions could be reduced by up to 71% by 2050 with high-ambition strategies on: Electrification of vehicles. Improved fuel economy standards. Shifting to cleaner modes of transport. Current Emissions: India’s transport sector accounted for 14% of total energy-related CO2 emissions in 2020. 90% of these emissions came from road transport, with major contributors being: Two-wheelers: 16%, Cars: 25%, Buses: 9%, Freight LDVs: 8%, Freight HDVs: 45%. The study, using the energy policy simulator, found that simultaneously implementing fuel economy, electrification, and modal shift strategies at their highest levels can lead to a 71% reduction in CO2 emissions by

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL (NGT)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: A plea before the National Green Tribunal (NGT) by an advocate has raised questions of propriety and potential conflict of interest against Justice Sudhir Agarwal, one of the tribunal’s six judicial members. Background: – In his plea admitted on May 22, advocate Gaurav Bansal alleged that Justice Agarwal had heard a case in which his son, Gaurav Agarwal, was appointed as an amicus by the Tribunal. About National Green Tribunal (NGT) Establishment: The National Green Tribunal was established in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. Objective: To provide effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection, conservation of forests, and other natural resources. It aims to enforce any legal right related to the environment and provide relief and compensation for damages caused to persons and property. The Tribunal has a presence in five zones- North, Central, East, South and West. The Principal Bench is situated in the North Zone, headquartered in Delhi. The Central zone bench is situated in Bhopal, East zone in Kolkata, South zone in Chennai and West zone in Pune. The Tribunal is headed by the Chairperson who sits in the Principal Bench and has at least ten but not more than twenty judicial members and at least ten but not more than twenty expert members. Key Features: Composition – The tribunal consists of: Chairperson & Judicial Members: A person shall not be qualified for appointment as the Chairperson or Judicial Member of the Tribunal unless he is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India or Chief Justice of a High Court: Provided that a person who is or has been a Judge of the High Court shall also be qualified to be appointed as a Judicial Member. Expert Members: Environmental experts with professional qualifications and experience. Jurisdiction – Any person seeking relief and compensation for environmental damage involving subjects in the legislations mentioned in Schedule I of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 may approach the Tribunal. The statutes in Schedule I are: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; The Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Principles Applied: The Tribunal is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by principles of natural justice. Polluter Pays Principle: The party responsible for pollution should bear the costs of managing and rectifying it. Precautionary Principle: Preventive action should be taken to avoid environmental harm. Sustainable Development: Balancing environmental conservation with developmental needs. Powers: The NGT has the power to order: Compensation for environmental damage. Restoration of damaged ecosystems. Imposition of fines on entities violating environmental laws. Appeals: The Tribunal has powers to review its own decisions. If this fails, the decision can be challenged before the Supreme Court within ninety days. The Supreme Court has ruled that the NGT Act, 2010 doesn’t take away the jurisdiction of the High Court.So a decision of NGT can be appealed in high court also. Additional Information : Conflict of Interest Conflict of Interest means “any interest which could significantly prejudice an individual’s objectivity in the decision-making process, thereby creating an unfair competitive advantage for the individual or the organisation he/she represents”. Source: Indian Express MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE (MSP)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: With soyabean prices in the market falling below the minimum support price (MSP), the Centre is set to procure 13 lakh metric tonnes of the oilseed from Maharashtra, which is a major producer of the crop and is scheduled to go to Assembly polls soon. Background: – A kharif season crop, soyabean is used as feed and for oil extraction. It is sown in June-July and harvested in September-October. About Minimum Support Price (MSP) Definition: The Minimum Support Price is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. It is the price at which the government purchases crops from the farmers, regardless of the market price. Objective: To protect farmers from distress sales and ensure them remunerative prices for their produce. To encourage higher investment in agriculture and ensure food security by guaranteeing price stability. Announcement and Implementation: The MSP is announced at the beginning of the sowing season by the Government of India, based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). MSP is not legally enforceable; it acts as a floor price, but the government procures only a few crops under it. Crops Covered: MSP is announced for 23 crops, including: 7 cereals (such as rice, wheat, maize) 5 pulses (like gram, arhar) 7 oilseeds (including groundnut, mustard) 4 commercial crops (cotton, sugarcane, jute, copra) Factors Considered for MSP Calculation: Cost of production (both paid-out costs and imputed costs like family labor). Supply-demand situation in the market. Price trends in domestic and international markets. Inter-crop price parity (balancing the price of crops). Farmers’ input-output price parity. Terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture sectors. Types of Costs Considered: A2 Costs:  It covers all paid-out costs directly incurred by the farmer — in cash and kind — on seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, hired labour, leased-in land, fuel, irrigation, etc. A2+FL Costs: A2 costs + the value of unpaid family labor. C2 Costs: It is a more comprehensive cost that factors in rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets, on top of A2+FL. CACP Recommendation: The CACP suggests MSP based on the A2+FL formula. However, farmers’ organizations often demand the MSP to be fixed at 1.5 times the C2 cost, in line with the recommendations of the Swaminathan Commission. Significance of MSP: Price Assurance: Ensures farmers receive a fair price, reducing the risk of exploitation by middlemen. Food