Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Cloud seeding Syllabus UPSC Prelims – GEOGRAPHY UPSC Prelims – Science & Technology Context: Recently, IITM Pune demonstrated that cloud seeding can produce rainfall. Background:- A cloud seeding experiment was carried out in Solapur city, which falls on the leeward side of the Western Ghats. About Cloud seeding:- IMAGE SOURCE: IASBABA Cloud seeding is a kind of weather modification technology to create artificial rainfall. The goal of this work is to change the amount of precipitation that falls from the sky or to alter the type that would reach the ground. Mechanism:- It is a way of changing the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds, by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation. Drones are charged into the clouds and cause an electric shock due to which they clump together and cause rainfall. Silver iodide, dry ice, and potassium iodide are the most common items used to initiate the cloud-seeding process. Types:- There are three cloud seeding methods: static, dynamic and hygroscopic. Static cloud seeding: involves spreading a chemical like silver iodide into clouds. Dynamic cloud seeding: aims to boost vertical air currents, which encourages more water to pass through the clouds, translating into more rain. Hygroscopic cloud seeding: disperses salts through flares or explosives in the lower portions of clouds. Advantages of Cloud Seeding:- Cloud seeding can help to produce more precipitation. (Cloudbursts) It can make the land more suitable for living. It helps to regulate weather patterns in specific locations. Disadvantages of Cloud Seeding:- Specific atmospheric conditions must exist for cloud seeding to work: It works only when there are enough pre-existing clouds in the atmosphere. The effectiveness of cloud seeding is still under review. It is an expensive venture. MUST READ: Cloud Wars SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year normally occurs on the: (2022) The first half of the month of June The second half of the month of June The first half of the month of July The second half of the month of July Q.2) On 21st June, the Sun (2019) does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle does not set below the horizon at the Antarctic Circle shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn Carbon nano florets Syllabus UPSC Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, IIT Bombay researchers discovered that Carbon nanoflorets can convert incident sunlight to heat . Background:- Carbon nanoflorets made by IIT Bombay researchers can convert incident sunlight to heat with 87% efficiency. About Carbon nanoflorets:- Carbon nanoflorets are like tiny marigold flowers made only of carbon. They have an unprecedented ability to absorb sunlight at multiple frequencies and convert it into heat with exceptional efficiency. The carbon nanoflorets’ high efficiency comes from three properties:- They can absorb infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light, unlike traditional solar-thermal conversion materials that only absorb visible and ultraviolet light. As light falls on the material, the carbon cones ensure that very little is reflected back. Parts of the structure at some distance from each other possess different physical properties. As a result, heat waves in the material aren’t carried over long distances, reducing the amount of heat dissipated away. Making:- To create the carbon nanoflorets, the DFNS powder was heated in a furnace and introduced acetylene gas into the chamber. The white powder turned black, indicating that carbon had been deposited on the DFNS. After dissolving the DFNS with a strong chemical, what remained were spherical nanostructures made of carbon cones. The nanoflorets resemble tiny marigold flowers. Advantages:- Carbon is inexpensive and the nanoflorets can generate heat sustainably, without having to burn fossil fuels. (Carbon Trading) They can offer a sustainable solution for heating homes. They offer sterilizing surfaces in hospitals without relying on fossil fuels. (Climate Change) MUST READ: Mitigating Climate Change SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (2020) Automobile exhaust Tobacco smoke Woodburning Using varnished wooden furniture Using products made of polyurethane Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2 and 3 only 2 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Q.2) With reference to ‘fuel cells’ in which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electricity, consider the following statements : (2015) If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products. Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings and not for small devices like laptop computers. Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of Alternating Current (AC). Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar Syllabus UPSC Prelims –IMPORTANT AWARDS UPSC Prelims – Polity Context: Recently, the Union government instituted the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar. About Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar:- Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar includes 56 prizes to felicitate scientists, technologists and innovators. The 56 proposed awards are a stark reduction from the almost 300 science prizes that used to be given by Union Ministries. The awards will commence in 2024. The awards will be announced annually on May 11, which is National Technology Day. They will be awarded on National Space Day, August 23. They will be given by the President or the Vice President. Eligibility:- Scientists/ technologists/innovators working in government, private sector organizations or any individual working outside any organization, who have made distinguished contributions in terms of path-breaking research or innovation or discovery in any field of science, technology, or technology-led- led innovation shall be eligible for the awards. People of Indian Origin staying abroad with exceptional contributions benefiting the Indian communities or society shall also be eligible for the awards. Categories:- Categories: 3 Vigyan Ratna, 25 Vigyan Shri, 25 Vigyan Yuva–Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, and 3 Vigyan Team. Vigyan Ratna: will recognize the lifetime achievement of scientists.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) India and Portugal Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar addressed the Indian Community in Portugal. Background:- Foreign Minister of Portugal Joao Cravinho also joined Dr Jaishankar. In his address, the External Affairs Minister highlighted Portugal’s contribution to promoting closer India-European Union ties. About India and Portugal:- IMAGE SOURCE: pinterest.ca Portugal is an important country for India in Southern Europe. (Indo-Portuguese Bilateral Relations) The bilateral ties have witnessed steady progress in the last 15 years. Portugal is supportive of India’s bid for a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council. Both countries participate actively in other multilateral forums and support each other for candidatures. Historical Background:- 1947: The relations between India and Portugal began in 1947 after India’s independence. 1949The diplomatic relations were established. The bilateral relations, however, went through a troubled phase, after Portugal refused to surrender its enclaves of Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli on India’s west coast. The diplomatic relations had been completely cut off by 1955. Goa was liberated by the Indian military forces in 1961 through Operation Vijay. 1974: India and Portugal signed a treaty recognizing the sovereignty of India over Goa, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli. The signing of the treaty was a watershed moment for bilateral relations between India and Portugal. 1977: The India-Portugal Joint Commission on Economic Matters was instituted and it has met four times so far. 2017-18: bilateral trade reached a total value of USD 937 million. Indian exports stood at USD 747 million and Portuguese exports at USD 190 million. Significance:- India and Portugal have signed seven agreements to boost cooperation in areas including maritime transport, port development, audio-visual co-production, and industrial and intellectual property rights in recent times. The trade balance has consistently been in India’s favour. MUST READ: Russia-Ukraine war SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q1) With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022) A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries? (2019) Japan Russia The United Kingdom The United States of America Enforcement Directorate Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: The Enforcement Directorate is scheduled to question Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal in the excise policy-linked money-laundering case soon. Background:- The investigation agency will record the statement of the Delhi Chief Minister after he deposes before the investigating officer of the case in Delhi. About Enforcement Directorate:- Establishment: 1956. Ministry: Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. Headquarters: New Delhi. The Enforcement Directorate is a multi-disciplinary organization It is a law enforcement organization tasked with enforcing economic laws and combating economic crime in India, such as money laundering and foreign exchange irregularities. Functions:- The functions of the Directorate include the enforcement of the following Acts:- The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) (Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002) The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA): A civil law under which ED conducts an investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations. (Foreign Exchange Management Act) The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1973 Sponsoring Organizations under the 1974 Foreign Exchange Conservation and Smuggling Activity Prevention Act The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA): A law whereby the Directorate is mandated to attach the properties of fugitive economic offenders who have escaped from India warranting arrest and providing for the confiscation of their properties to the Central Government. (Fugitive Economic Offenders) Structure:- Director of Enforcement:- Appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a committee chaired by the Central Vigilance Commissioner and members comprising of Vigilance Commissioners, Home Secretary, Secretary DOPT and Revenue Secretary. Tenure: up to 5 years. Recruitment of other officers:- Other officers may be recruited directly from other investigative agencies or indirectly. It is made up of representatives from the police, excise, customs, and income tax departments of the Indian Revenue Services (IRS), the Indian Police Services (IPS), and the Indian Administrative Services (IAS). Powers of ED:- Statements recorded before an ED investigation officer (IO) are admissible as evidence in court under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). All offences under the PMLA, which the ED deals with, are classified as non-bailable. Individuals in ED custody are sent to the nearest police station’s lock-up, irrespective of their status. Once the ED attaches properties belonging to an accused, it can be a lengthy and challenging process to retrieve those assets. Unlike regular criminal law, under the PMLA, the burden of proof lies with the accused rather than the prosecutor. Accused individuals are required to furnish proof in their defence, making it harder to deal with the ED’s investigations. MUST READ: CBI and ED SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Prevention of Money Laundering Act,2002 (PMLA) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) began searching properties of top Rajasthan bureaucrats in connection with the PHED scam under the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA). Background:- According to the FIR, Padamchand Jain, proprietor of Shree Shyam Tubewell Company, and Mahesh Mittal, proprietor of Shree Ganpati Tubewell Company, and others were involved in bribing public servants “in order to obtain illegal protection, obtaining tenders, getting bills sanctioned and covering up irregularities in respect of work executed by them in respect of various tenders received by them from PHED department. About the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA):- Enacted: January 2003. The Act along with the Rules framed thereunder has come into force with effect from 1st July 2005. (Corruption) Objective: aims to prevent instances of money laundering and prohibits the use of the ‘proceeds of crime’ in India. It is a criminal law. It was introduced due to India’s commitment at the Vienna Convention to combat money laundering. It aims to sternly deal with the menace of money laundering of proceeds of a crime having transnational consequences on the financial systems of the countries. Money laundering: concealing or disguising the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources. It forms the core of the legal framework in India to combat Money Laundering. The provisions of this act are applicable to all financial institutions, banks (Including RBI), mutual funds, insurance companies, and their financial intermediaries. It has provided for provisional attachment and confiscation of property of any person involved in such activities. The act provides for provisional attachment and confiscation of property of any person (for a period not exceeding 180 days). The act has delegated the powers upon the Director to call for records of transactions or any additional information that may be required for the purposes of investigation. PMLA (Amendment) Act, 2012 Added the concept of ‘reporting entity’ which would include a banking company, financial institution, intermediary etc. PMLA, 2002 levied a fine up to Rs 5 lakh, but the amendment act has removed this upper limit. MUST READ: Supreme Court verdict on PMLA SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Along with the Budget, the Finance Minister also places other documents before the Parliament which include ‘The Macro Economic Framework Statement’. The aforesaid document is presented because this is mandated by(2020) Long-standing parliamentary convention Article 112 and Article 110(1) of the Constitution of India Article 113 of the Constitution of India Provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988 (PBPT Act), consider the following statements: (2017) A property transaction is not treated as a benami transaction if the owner of the property is not aware of the transaction. Properties held benami are liable for confiscation by the Government. The Act provides for three authorities for investigations but does not provide for any appellate mechanism. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only Asian Champions Trophy 2023 Syllabus Prelims – SPORTS Context: India recently beat Korea by  5-0 at the Asian Champions Trophy 2023 to enter the semi-finals. Background:- Salima Tete (6′, 36′), Navneet Kaur (36′), Vandana Katariya (49′) and Neha (60′) were the scorers for India. About Asian Champions Trophy 2023:- Date: 27th October – 5th November, 2023. Venue: Ranchi, Jharkhand. All matches in the seventh edition of the Women’s Asian Champions Trophy will be played at the Marang Gomke Jaipal Singh Astroturf Hockey Stadium. The Indian hockey team will compete against the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Malaysia and Thailand for the Women’s Asian Champions Trophy 2023 title. The Indian women’s hockey team, world No. 7, is the best-ranked team at the Asian hockey championships. (Sports Code) The Women’s Asian Champions Trophy was held in 2010 and 2011 and then in 2013. It was made into a biennial event in 2016. India has made it to the finals three times – 2013, 2016 and 2018 but won it just once in 2016, defeating China in the final. Team India:- Goalkeepers: Savita Punia (Captain), Bichu Devi Kharibam Defenders: Nikki Pradhan, Udita, Ishika Chaudhary, Deep Grace Ekka (Vice-captain) Midfielders: Nisha, Salima Tete, Neha, Navneet Kaur, Sonika, Monika, Jyoti, Baljeet Kau Forwards: Lalremsiami, Sangita Kumari, Deepika, Vandana Katariya Reserves: Sharmila Devi, Vaishnavi Vitthal Phalke Goalkeeper Savita Punia will lead the Indian team at the Asian Champions Trophy 2023, while defender Deep Grace Ekka will serve as her deputy. MUST READ: Chess Olympiad SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that the Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi’. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. · How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: (2021) The official motto for this Olympics is ‘A New World’. Sports climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate, and Baseball are included in this Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 COSTA SERENA Syllabus Prelims – GOVERNANCE Context: Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Sarbananda Sonowal will launch the domestic sailing of the first International Cruise Liner ‘COSTA SERENA’ in India at Mumbai soon. Background:- Costa Cruises is expected to carry approximately 45,000 passengers in its next 2 months voyages. About COSTA SERENA:- Costa Serena is a Concordia-class cruise ship for the Italian cruise line, Costa Crociere. The name Serena was intended to symbolize harmony and serenity. Costa Serena

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Cuba Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS/GEOGRAPHY Context: The UN General Assembly recently, voted against US’ economic and trade embargo against Cuba. Background:- A total of 187 states voted for the resolution put forward against the embargo with only the US and Israel voting against and Ukraine abstaining. The UN General Assembly voiced concern that despite its resolutions dating back to 1992 the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba is still in place and that the adverse effects of such measures are on the Cuban people and on Cuban nationals living in other countries. The US Representative said the nation recognizes the challenges the Cuban people face, explaining that sanctions include exemptions and authorizations relating to exports of food, medicines, and other humanitarian goods to Cuba. The General Assembly reiterated its call for all states to refrain from promulgating and applying such restrictive laws and measures, in line with their obligations under the UN Charter and international law. The United States embargo against Cuba prevents US businesses, and businesses organized under US law or majority-owned by US citizens, from conducting trade with Cuban interests. The US’ economic and trade embargo against Cuba was first imposed in 1960. (US – Cuba Relations) About Cuba:- IMAGE SOURCE: WorldAtlas Continent: North America. Capital: Havana. Neighboring Countries: Jamaica, Haiti, Bahamas, Dominican Republic. Cuba, a country in the West Indies. It is the largest single island of the archipelago. Spanish is the principal language of Cuba. Cuba is a multicultural, largely urban nation. Groups of mountains and hills cover about one-fourth of the island of Cuba. The plains covering about two-thirds of the main island have been used extensively for sugarcane and tobacco cultivation and livestock raising. Cuban topography and geology have produced at least 13 distinct groups of soils, the majority of which are fertile and cultivated throughout the year. The annual mean temperature is 79 °F (26 °C). Tropical plant life includes thousands of flowering plant species, half of which may be endemic to the archipelago. Animal life is abundant and varied in Cuba, which is the habitat of numerous small mammals and reptiles, more than 7,000 insect species, and 4,000 species of land, river, and sea molluscs. About India-Cuba relations:- India-Cuba relations have been traditionally warm and friendly. India was amongst the first countries to recognize Cuba after the 1959 Revolution. Both countries have maintained close contacts with each other in various international fora, such as the UN, NAM, WTO, etc. India supports resolutions in the UN General Assembly calling for the lifting of US sanctions against Cuba. Cuba supports India’s inclusion as a permanent member in the restructured UN Security Council. India and Cuba have signed agreements on Bilateral Trade, Cultural, S&T, Standardization, Sports, Renewable Energy and Consumer Protection and Cultural Exchange Program. Commercial Relations:- India-Cuba two-way trade which used to be around USD 300 million annually in the 1980s, saw a steep fall following the demise of the former USSR and changes in India’s economic policies in the 1990s. Economic Relations:- India’s major export items to Cuba are pharmaceutical products, organic chemicals, plastic & rubber articles, machinery and mechanical appliances, etc., while major import items from Cuba are pharmaceutical products, tobacco items, raw hides and skins, leather, etc. Cultural Relations:- Yoga and Vipassana meditation are practised and the former forms part of the health curriculum of the Government. MUST READ: Indo-Pacific Relations SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following is a part of the Congo Basin? (2023) Cameroon Nigeria South Sudan Uganda Q.2) With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022) A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Earthquake Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY Context: Recently, a magnitude-6.4 earthquake was witnessed in Nepal. Background:- In Nepal, at least 128 people were killed and 140 injured when a magnitude-6.4 earthquake shook the northwestern part of the country late last night, officials said. About Earthquake:- IMAGE SOURCE: SlideServe An earthquake is the shaking or trembling of the earth’s surface. It is caused by the seismic waves or earthquake waves that are generated due to a sudden movement (sudden release of energy) in the earth’s crust (shallow-focus earthquakes) or upper mantle (some shallow-focus and all intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes). A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument used to detect and record earthquakes. Hypocentre/Focus: The point where the energy is released. Epicentre: The point on the surface directly above the focus. Isoseismic line: A line connecting all points on the surface where the intensity is the same. Causes of Earthquakes:- Fault Zones Plate tectonics Volcanic activity Human-Induced Earthquakes Types of Earthquakes:- Tectonic Earthquakes The most common ones are tectonic earthquakes. The Earth is made of four basic layers (generally three): a solid crust, a hot, nearly solid mantle, a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. Tectonic plates (Lithospheric plates) are constantly shifting as they drift around on the viscous, or slowly flowing, mantle layer below. When tectonic plates move, it also causes movements at the (Anatolian Plate) Thus, the slipping of land along the faultline along convergent, divergent and transform boundaries causes earthquakes. Volcanic Earthquake Earthquakes produced by stress changes in solid rock due to the injection or withdrawal of magma (molten rock) are called volcano earthquakes. Human Induced Earthquakes In areas of intense mining activity, sometimes the roofs of underground mines collapse causing minor tremors. These are called collapse earthquakes. Ground shaking may

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NITI Aayog Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, NITI Aayog organised a workshop on the theme “Inclusive Trade for Prosperity”. Background:- NITI Aayog organized a one-day workshop on the theme “Inclusive Trade for Prosperity”. Date: 6th November 2023. Venue: Hotel Taj Mahal, New Delhi. This workshop is part of a series of 10 feeder thematic workshops being held on varied themes discussed in the G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration (NDLD). About NITI Aayog:- Establishment: 2015. HQ: New Delhi. NITI Aayog was established on 1st Jan 2015. Before NITI Aayog, there was a Planning Commission formed on 15 March 1950. The Planning Commission was non-constitutional. It serves as an advisory Think Tank. It focuses upon a ‘Bottom-Up’ approach to Planning. It does not possess mandate to impose policies. Objectives NITI Aayog:- Shared vision and participation of both central and state governments for the national development of sectors. Cooperative federalism. Credible Planning Focusing on the weaker sections Making Strategies and long-term policies Innovation for creating knowledge. Technology up-gradation Composition of NITI Aayog:- Chairperson: Prime Minister. Vice-Chairperson: To be appointed by the Prime Minister. Governing Council: Chief Ministers of all states and Lt. Governors of Union Territories. Regional Council: To address specific regional issues, Comprising Chief Ministers and Lt. Governors Chaired by the Prime Minister or his nominee. Adhoc Membership: 2 members in ex-officio capacity from leading Research institutions on a rotational basis. Ex-Officio membership: Maximum four from the Union Council of ministers to be nominated by the Prime minister. Chief Executive Officer: Appointed by the Prime Minister for a fixed tenure, in the rank of Secretary to the Government of India. Special Invitees: Experts and specialists with domain knowledge nominated by the Prime-minister. Functions:- Policy Formulation Monitoring and Evaluation Inter-governmental Coordination Promoting Reforms Research and Knowledge Sharing MUST READ: NITI AAYOG -TRIFED join hands for successful implementation SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following infrastructure sectors: (2023) Affordable housing Mass rapid transport Health care Renewable energy On how many of the above does the UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative focus on its investments? Only one Only two · Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana : (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four SURAT Warship Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: Recently, the Crest unveiling ceremony of the Indian Navy’s Warship “SURAT”. Background:- The Crest of Indian Navy’s latest, indigenous under-construction, guided missile destroyer, ‘Surat’, is scheduled to be unveiled by Shri Bhupendra Patel, the Chief Minister of Gujarat in the presence of Adm R Hari Kumar, the Chief of the Naval Staff, at a ceremony to be held in the city of Surat on 06 November 2023. About SURAT:- Constructed by: Mazagon Docks Shipbuilders Ltd. Mumbai. Naming: The Destroyer has been named after Gujarat’s commercial capital- Surat, which has a rich maritime and ship-building history. INS Surat is the fourth and the last ship of the Project 15B Indian Navy Destroyers. These are called the Visakhapatnam class after the lead vessel INS Visakhapatnam. The Indian Naval Destroyers are named after Indian cities as per the naval tradition. It began with Project 15, under which three destroyers were built: INS Delhi in 1997, INS Mysore in 1999 and INS Mumbai in 2001. Project 15 was followed by the three-destroyer Project 15A, under which INS Kolkata was commissioned in 2014, INS Kochi in 2015 and INS Chennai in 2016. It was followed by the ‘Project 15B’ programme involves the construction of four next-generation stealth-guided missile destroyers, of which ‘Surat’ is the fourth and the last ship. Under project 15-B:- The first: INS Visakhapatnam. The second: INS Mormugao. The third: INS Imphal. The fourth: INS Surat. While INS Morm­ugao will be commissioned in 2022, INS Imphal will be commissioned in 2023 and INS Surat is likely to be commissioned in 2024, all at one-year intervals. INS Surat has been built using Block construction methodology that involves hull construction in two different locations and then joined together at one hub. It is a Guided-missile destroyer. This is the first capital warship to be named after the city of Gujarat. Significance:- Construction of this warship testifies to the nation’s dedication to indigenous cutting-edge warship-building technology and commitment to strategic military advancements. MUST READ: Dunagiri, a Project 17A Frigate SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 only Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya Syllabus Prelims – ART AND CULTURE Context: Recently, Shuttle Bus service began from Metro Stations to Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya. Background:- The visitors were experiencing issues with connectivity between metro stations and Sangrahalaya. About Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya:- Location: Teen Murti, New Delhi. The Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya is a tribute to every Prime Minister of India since Independence. It is a narrative record of how each one has contributed to the development of our nation over the last 75 years. It is a history of collective effort and powerful evidence of the creative success of India’s democracy. The Teen Murti

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Chile Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS/ GEOGRAPHY Context: Recently, Chile became the 95th member of the International Solar Alliance. About Chile:- IMAGE SOURCE: maps-chile.com Capital: Santiago Geography: Situated along the western seaboard of South America. Chile’s relief is for the most part mountainous, with the Andes range dominating the landscape. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the south. The Atacama desert is one of the driest places in the world that touches Chile on its northern side and is a source of sodium nitrate fertilizer. Much of northern Chile is desert; the central part of the country is a temperate region where the bulk of the population lives and where the larger cities, including Santiago, are located. South-central Chile, with a lake and forest region, is temperate, humid, and suitable for grain cultivation; and the southernmost third of the country, cut by deep fjords, is an inhospitable region—cold, wet, windy, and limited in resources. Climate and Natural events: A land of extreme natural events: volcanic eruptions, violent earthquakes, and tsunamis. Fierce winter storms and flash floods alternate with severe summer droughts. Economy: It is based on primary economic activities: agricultural production; copper, iron, and nitrate mining; and the exploitation of sea resources. Chuquicamata is the World’s largest copper town in Chile. Australia, Chile, China and Argentina are the world’s top four lithium-producing countries. MUST READ: Renewable Energy Transition SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) “Climate Action Tracker” which monitors the emission reduction pledges of different countries is a: (2022) Database created by a coalition of research organisations Wing of “International Panel of Climate Change” Committee under “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” Agency promoted and financed by the United Nations Environment Programme and World Bank Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2016) The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Zika Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent genomic studies are opening new windows into understanding the complex interplay of Zika infections. About Zika:- The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus. It was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys. It was later identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Most infections in humans are asymptomatic or with mild symptoms, including fever, rash, and joint pain. Transmission:- It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It can also spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, and from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or childbirth. The Zika virus became notorious during the 2015-2018 outbreak that swept through the Americas. The outbreak was characterized by an alarming increase in the number of microcephaly cases in newborns, prompting the World Health Organization to declare it a public health emergency of international concern in early 2016. Treatment:- There is no vaccine or medicine for Zika. Instead, the focus is on relieving symptoms and includes rest, rehydration and acetaminophen for fever and pain. MUST READ: Controlling Dengue Using Wolbachia Bacteria SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2022) Aarogya Setu COWIN DigiLocker DIKSHA Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. The Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Apollo 13 Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, Ken Mattingly, an astronaut who helped the Apollo 13 crew return safely home, died at age 87. He is best remembered for his efforts on the ground that helped bring the damaged Apollo 13 spacecraft safely back to Earth. About Apollo 13:- Launched: April 11, 1970 Launched from: Cape Canaveral, Florida. Agency: NASA (India – USA space cooperation) Rocket: Saturn V SA-508 rocket Seventh manned mission in the Apollo Space program (1961-1975). Its crew consisted of astronauts James Lovell Jr, Fred Haise Jr, and John Swigert Jr. Apollo 11 and 12 – the previous two missions had landed on Lunar Maria, the dark patches on the near side of the Moon which provide comparatively easier landing abilities. (Moon’s Wobble Effect) Apollo 13 was supposed to make a more challenging landing near the Fra Mauro, a crater which was formed as ejecta from the impact that formed the Imbrium Basin. While Apollo 13 did not land on the lunar surface, it was able to return with photographs that it took when it looped around the Moon. MUST READ: Luna 25 mission SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) GPS and navigation systems could fail. Tsunamis could occur in equatorial regions. Power grids could be damaged. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 4, and 5 only 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 only 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Tuberculosis Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent reports suggest that India, Indonesia and the Philippines account for over 60% drop in tuberculosis reporting in 2020 and 2021. Background:- TB remained the world’s second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent in 2022, after COVID-19 and caused almost twice as many deaths as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), being the leading cause of death among people with HIV. About Tuberculosis:- Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs. TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs but may also affect other parts. Tuberculosis is preventable and curable. About a quarter of the global population is estimated to have been infected with TB bacteria. About 5–10% of people infected with TB will eventually get symptoms and develop TB disease. Risk factors: The most common risk factor associated with TB is HIV and other conditions that impair the immune system. Symptoms:- prolonged cough (sometimes with blood) chest pain weakness fatigue weight loss fever night sweats Transmission:- Bacteria are spread through the air, just like a cold or the flu. It spreads through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or spit. Those who are infected but not (yet) ill with the disease cannot transmit it. Treatment:- TB disease is usually treated with antibiotics and can be fatal without treatment. In certain countries, the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given to babies or small children to prevent TB. The vaccine prevents TB outside of the lungs but not in the lungs. Prevention:- Seeking medical attention if you have symptoms like prolonged cough, fever and unexplained weight loss as early treatment for TB can help stop the spread of the disease and improve your chances of recovery. Getting tested for TB infection if you are at increased risk, such as if you have HIV or are in contact with people who have TB in your household or your workplace. Practicing good hygiene when coughing, including avoiding contact with other people and wearing a mask, covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and disposing of sputum and used tissues properly.  MUST READ: India’s TB Elimination Programme SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. The Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Which of the following statements is not correct? (2017) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV. Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine. Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses is several times more than those infected with HIV. Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years. Badrinath Dham Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: Recently, President Draupadi Murmu visited the Badrinath Dham. Background:- The president is scheduled to address the 11th convocation of Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University in Srinagar. The president will also attend a program organized in Dehradun tomorrow to celebrate Uttarakhand State Foundation Day. About Badrinath Dham:- Location: Uttarakhand, India. Badrinath or Badrinarayan Temple is a Hindu temple. It is situated in the town of Badrinath. It is dedicated to lord Vishnu. It forms one of the four Char Dham and Chota Char Dham pilgrimage sites. (Srisailam Temple) The four char dhams include:- Badrinath Kedarnath Gangotri Yamunotri The temple is located on Garhwal hill tracks in Chamoli district. It is along the banks of the Alaknanda River. The temple has three structures: the Garbhagriha (sanctum), the Darshan Mandap (worship hall), and Sabha Mandap (convention hall). The Tapt Kund, a group of hot sulphur springs just below the temple, are considered to be medicinal. The Badrinath Dham, which symbolizes a synthesis of religious, cultural and spiritual mystic beauty, is undergoing reconstruction and beautification. MUST READ: Khajuraho temples SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (2017) It is a song and dance performance Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1, 2 and 3 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1 only Q.2) Kalamkari painting refers to (2015) a hand-painted cotton textile in South India. a handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in Northeast India. a block-painted woollen cloth in the Western Himalayan region of India. a hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North-Western India. National Investigation Agency Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT AGENCIES Context: The National Investigation Agency, has carried out coordinated searches at eight locations across Punjab, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh in a heroin seizure case recently. Background:- The searches relate to the seizure of a substantial quantity of narcotics, specifically heroin, which was intercepted upon its arrival in India through the Integrated Check Post in Attari, Amritsar in April last year. About National Investigation Agency:- NIA is functioning as the Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency in India. Establishment: 2008. It was established by the National Investigation Agency Act, enacted on 31-12-08. (NIA) Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs. HQ: New Delhi. It is a central agency to investigate and prosecute offences:- affecting the sovereignty, security and integrity of India, security of the State, and friendly relations with foreign States. against atomic and nuclear facilities. smuggling in High-Quality Counterfeit Indian Currency. Objectives:- It implements international treaties, agreements, conventions and resolutions of the United Nations, its agencies and other international organizations. Historical Background:- The agency at the Central level was created for the investigation of offences related to terrorism and certain other Acts post-2008 Mumbai

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Sharjah International Book Fair 2023 Syllabus Prelims – IMPORTANT EVENTS Context: The 42nd edition of the Sharjah International Book Fair (SIBF) is currently underway. Background:- The current edition of SIBF features an impressive participation of 2,033 publishers representing 109 countries. The India Pavilion is a vibrant and bustling hub at the book fair, representing the rich literary diversity of the country About Sharjah International Book Fair 2023:- Date: 1- 12th ,November,2023. Organized by: Sharjah Book Authority (SBA). Venue: Sharjah Expo Centre, UAE. (CEPA between India and the UAE) Theme: “We Speak Books” The 12-day agenda is a comprehensive cultural, creative, and entertaining extravaganza. Over 1,700 activities are being led by 215 guests hailing from 69 countries, catering to a wide range of interests and age groups. A highlight of the event is the participation of 600 authors who are present to sign their latest works. South Korea is taking centre stage as the Guest of Honour at SIBF this year. The festival is shining a spotlight on South Korea’s unique knowledge and cultural landscape, covering literature, art, technology, and culture. Historical Background:- The 10-day event which started in 1982 under the patronage of His Highness Dr Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, is a leading literary event that profiles the written work throughout the Middle East, Asia and Africa. The book fair is considered to be the 3rd largest fair in the world and saw 2.4 million visitors attend in 2021. The event also features a lineup of book signings, workshops and panel discussions. Significance:- It has been reported that UK and European publishers who attended past Sharjah International Book Fairs, said the fair had brought in new business opportunities for them. MUST READ: India-UAE relations SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following countries : (2023) Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Latvia Lithuania Romania How many of the above-mentioned countries share a land border with Ukraine? Only two Only three Only four Only five Q.2) The term “Levant” often heard in the news roughly corresponds to which of the following regions? (2022) Region along the eastern Mediterranean shores The region along North African shores stretches from Egypt to Morocco The region along the Persian Gulf and Horn of Africa The entire coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) Syllabus Prelims – IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS Context: Recently, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) has issued a show cause notice to Air India. Background:- In order to ensure compliance of passenger-centric CARs, DGCA has been carrying out inspections of scheduled domestic airlines, at various major airports since May this year. During the inspections, it was found that Air India was not complying with the provisions of the relevant CAR. About Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA):- Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation. HQ: New Delhi The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is an attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. It has regional offices in various parts of India. Functions of the DGCA:- It is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation primarily dealing with safety issues. It is responsible for the regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for the enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards. It is responsible for the Registration of civil aircraft. It is responsible for the Certification of airports. It is responsible for the Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers, air traffic controllers and flight engineers, and conducting examinations and checks for that purpose. It is responsible for promoting indigenous design and manufacture of aircraft and aircraft components by acting as a catalytic agent. It is responsible for approving training programmes of operators for carriage of dangerous goods, issuing authorizations for carriage of dangerous goods, etc. It also coordinates all regulatory functions with the International Civil Aviation Organization. Aviation Safety Ranking:- In 2022, the DGCA made a significant leap in the International Civil Aviation Organization’s coordinated validation mission (or audit) that was conducted in November 2022. As a result, India’s effective implementation score has risen from the previous 69.95% to nearly 85.49%, thereby changing India’s Safety Oversight rank from 102 to 48, among the 193 contracting states. MUST READ: Reforms in the Civil Aviation Industry SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Central Bank digital currencies, consider the following statements : (2023) It is possible to make payments in a digital currency without using the US dollar or SWIFT system. A digital currency can be distributed with a condition programmed into it such as a timeframe for spending it. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) In India, which one of the following compiles information on industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments and lay-offs in factories employing workers? (2022) Central Statistics Office Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Labour Bureau National Technical Manpower Information System Horn of Africa Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Recently, Horn of Africa faced deadly floods due to El Nino-linked ‘above average’ rains. Background:- Several people in the Greater Horn of Africa are feared dead, property worth millions destroyed and populations displaced due to heavy rainfall in the region, according to officials. About Horn of Africa:- IMAGE SOURCE: iStock Countries: Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. Location: northeast of the African It lies along the southern boundary of the Red Sea. It extends hundreds of kilometers into the Guardafui Channel, the Gulf of Aden, and the Indian Ocean. It is equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It extends out into the Arabian Sea for hundreds of kilometres. It is located along the south of the Gulf of Aden. The Horn of Africa is a UNESCO Biodiversity Hotspot and one of the two entirely arid ones. Biodiversity Hotspot: To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, an area must meet two strict criteria:- Contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants found nowhere else on Earth (known as “endemic” species).

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Scabies Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent reports suggest that Malawi is battling an outbreak of scabies. Hospitals register thousands of people with infectious skin disease, months after a wave of cholera swept African country. About Scabies:- Scabies is a skin disease caused by a parasite named Sarcoptes scabie which is a tiny insect about 0.3 mm long called a mite. The female parasite burrows under the skin. It begins laying eggs within 2-3 hours of infection and generally lays 2-3 eggs daily. The eggs hatch and become adult mites (a term referring to this parasite) within 10 days. Scabies is a relatively contagious infection caused by a tiny mite (Sarcoptes scabie). Transmission is from person to person more by close skin contact. Symptoms:– Severe itch Itchy lines and bumps on the fingers, wrists, arms, legs, and belt area Larger rash in infants and small children, including on the palms, soles of the feet, ankles, and scalp. A more severe type of scabies, called crusted scabies, makes the skin crusty and scaly and affects large areas of the body. Treatment:- Several types of lotions (usually containing 5% permethrin) can be applied to the body and left on for 12-24 hours. One topical application is usually sufficient, although the scabicide may be reapplied after a week if mites remain. Itching can be lessened by the use of calamine lotion or antihistamine medications. Prevention:- Good hygiene is essential in the prevention of scabies. (Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)) MUST READ: Type 1 diabetes SOURCE: THE GUARDIAN PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of probiotics: (2022) Probiotics are made of both bacteria and yeast. The organisms in probiotics are found in foods we ingest but they do not naturally occur in our gut. Probiotics help in the digestion of milk sugars. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only 1 and 3 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body? (2022) They protect the environmental allergens. body They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation. They act as immunosuppressants in the body. They protect the body from the diseases caused by pathogens. Awaous Motla Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Researchers discover new freshwater fish species ‘Awaous Motla’ in Odisha’s Mahanadi River.  Background:- A group of scientists has discovered that an edible freshwater fish, available in the markets of western Odisha, is actually an unregistered species. About Awaous Motla:- The species belongs to the family ‘Awaous’ (Oxudercidae), thus named Awaous motla and ‘motla’ by fishermen. The fish has a vibrant yellow-coloured body and a fleshy upper lip. Can be consumed both fresh and dried. It was discovered from the Mahanadi River. It is one of the major east-flowing peninsular rivers in India. The river originates from the Sihawa range of hills in the Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh state. MUST READ: Zebrafish SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) ‘Microsatellite DNA’ is used in the case of which one of the following? (2023) Studying the evolutionary relationships among various species of fauna Stimulating ‘stem cells’ to transform into diverse functional tissues Promoting clonal propagation of horticultural plants Assessing the efficacy of drugs by conducting a series of drug trials in  a population Q.2) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022) Golden Mahseer Indian Nightjar Spoonbill White Ibis Jericho Missile System Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: Recently, a call was given by an Israeli lawmaker suggesting deploying a ‘ Jericho Missile System’ against Hamas and Palestine in the ongoing war. About Jericho Missile System:- Jericho is Israel’s original ballistic missile programme, initiated in the 1960s. It was named after the biblical city located in the West Bank. This programme was initially a collaboration with the French aerospace company Dassault, but when France withdrew in 1969, Israel continued its development. Jericho-1 Missile System:- The Jericho-1 missile system, retired in the 1990s. It had a weight of 6.5 tons, a length of 13.4 meters, and a diameter of 0.8 meters. Jericho-1 missile system had a range of 500 kilometres. It could carry a 1,000-kilogram payload, though it had a 50 per cent chance of hitting within a 1,000-meter radius of its target. Jericho-2 Missile System:- It was developed in the late 1980s. It has a length of 15 metres and a diameter of 1.35 metres while maintaining the same payload capacity and range between 1,500 and 3,500 kilometres. It has the same payload capacity as Jericho-1. Jericho-3 Missile System:- It is the first Israeli Intercontinental Missile (ICBM). It was first tested in 2008 and entered service in 2011. The payload capacity extended to about 1,300 kilograms. It has a range of 4,800 to 6,500 kilometres. MUST READ: BrahMos Missiles SOURCE: MSN PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on its Q.2) With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 only Alcalus fontinalis Syllabus

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT ORGANIZATIONS Context: Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) facilitated the export of the first trial shipment of fresh bananas to the Netherlands. Background:- The trial shipment of bananas to Europe was carried out by the APEDA-registered ‘INI Farms – a top exporter of fruits and vegetables from India. The first export consignment of bananas to the Netherlands was flagged off by APEDA Chairman Abhishek Dev from Baramati, Maharashtra. About APEDA:- Ministry: Ministry of Commerce and Industry. HQ: New Delhi. It is a statutory body established by the Government of India under the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act passed by the Parliament in 1985. The Authority replaced the Processed Food Export Promotion Council (PFEPC). APEDA has been entrusted with the responsibility of monitoring the import of sugar as well. APEDA also functions as the Secretariat to the National Accreditation Board (NAB) for the implementation of accreditation of the Certification Bodies under the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) for organic exports. Chairman – appointed by the Central Government (APEDA inks MoU with NAFED) Functions:- Development of industries relating to the scheduled products for export by way of providing financial assistance. Registration of persons as exporters of the scheduled products on payment of such fees as may be prescribed. Fixing standards and specifications for the scheduled products for the purpose of exports; Carrying out inspection of meat and meat products in slaughterhouses, processing plants, storage premises, conveyances, or other places Improving packaging of the Scheduled products. Improving marketing of the Scheduled products outside India. Promotion of export-oriented production and development of the Scheduled products. APEDA is mandated with the responsibility of export promotion and development of the following scheduled products: Fruits, Vegetables and their Products. Meat and Meat Products. Poultry and Poultry Products. Dairy Products. Confectionery, Biscuits, and Bakery Products. Honey, Jaggery, and Sugar Products. Cocoa and its products, chocolates of all kinds. Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages. Cereal and Cereal Products. Groundnuts, Peanuts, and Walnuts. Pickles, Papads, and Chutneys. Guar Gum. Floriculture and Floriculture Products. Herbal and Medicinal Plants. De–oiled rice bran. Green pepper in brine. Cashew Nuts and Its Products. Basmati Rice has been included in the Second Schedule of the APEDA Act. MUST READ: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following factors/policies were affecting the price of rice in India in the recent past? (2020) Minimum Support Price Government’s trading Government’s stockpiling Consumer subsidies Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, and 4 only 1,3, and 4 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? (2020) Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies Social Capital Development Free electricity supply to farmers Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments. In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, and 5 only 1, 3, 4, and 5 only 2, 3, and 6 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 National Ayurveda Day Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT DAYS Context: Recently, the Ayush Ministry celebrated the 8th National Ayurveda Day at Panchkula. Background:- Union AYUSH Minister Sarbanand Sonowal said that ayurvedic medicine is part of a thousands-year-old culture and has been present in the society, education, service and lifestyle of India since ancient times. About National Ayurveda Day:- The National Ayurveda Day is celebrated every year on Dhanteras which is the Birth Anniversary of Lord Dhanwantri. It is believed that Lord Dhanwantari is the Hindu God for Medicine and is an avatar of Lord Vishnu. It is celebrated to promote and globalize Ayurveda as one of the most ancient and holistic approaches to medicine globally. The theme of the 8th National Ayurveda Day 2023 celebration is “Ayurveda for One Health” with the tagline “Ayurveda for everyone on every day’. National Ayurveda Day was first celebrated in India on October 28, 2016. Objectives of National Ayurveda Day:- Celebration of National Ayurveda Day is an initiative to further promote Ayurveda into the mainstream. Its motives also includes a focus on the strengths of Ayurveda for the well-being of human and its unique treatment principle. Ayurveda also reduces the burden of disease morbidity and mortality. This also explores the potential of Ayurveda to contribute towards National Health Policy and Programs. This also aims to create a sense of awareness among the general masses and promote Ayurvedic principles of healing in society for the well-being of all living creatures. Significance:- National Ayurveda Day is an opportunity to learn more about Ayurveda and its benefits and to promote its use as a complementary and alternative medicine system. (WHO and Traditional Medicine) Various events are held across India on this day, including free health camps, seminars, and exhibitions. MUST READ: Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following infrastructure sectors : (2023) Affordable housing Mass rapid transport Health care Renewable energy On how many of the above does the UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative focus on its investments? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in  the context of interventions being  undertaken under the Anaemia Mukt  Bharat Strategy : (2023) It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents and pregnant women. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four El Nino Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY