Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Red sand boa Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: In India, 172 incidents of seizures of red sand boa were recorded from 2016 to 2021 as per the recent report. Key Highlights of the report:- Incidents of illegal sand boa trade were documented in 18 States and one Union Territory covering 87 districts across India; the highest number was recorded in Maharashtra (59) followed by Uttar Pradesh (33). The study also highlights the role of social media in the illegal trade of the species. The report also suggested that local and international conservation organizations should conduct formative research to better understand the situation of the illegal reptile trade and demand. About Red sand boa:- Scientific Name: Eryx johnii. Family: Boidae. Habitat: arid and semi-arid regions. Distribution: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and parts of Bangladesh. The Red Sand Boa is a rare non-poisonous snake. It is a non-venomous snake It is predominantly nocturnal. Nocturnal: most active during the night. It is Ovoviviparous. Ovoviviparous: They produce young ones by means of eggs which are hatched within the body of the parent. Ecological importance:- Like other snake species, the Red Sand Boa also plays a significant role in the ecosystem by maintaining a healthy population between prey and predator. ( Species in news: Gharials) Application:- It has applications in medicine, cosmetics, and even black magic, making it highly valued in the global market. (Wildlife Protection) Conservation Status:- IUCN: Near Threatened. CITES: Appendix II. Wildlife Protection Act of 1972: Schedule IV. MUST READ: Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following makes a tool with a stick to scrape insects from a hole in a tree or a log of wood? (2023) Fishing cat Orangutan Otter Sloth bear Q.2) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022) Golden Mahseer Indian Nightjar Spoonbill White Ibis POSHAN (Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nutrition) scheme Syllabus Prelims – Government Schemes Context: As per recent reports, the Government will celebrate the sixth Rashtriya Poshan Maah 2023 in September. Rashtriya Poshan Maah 2023:- Objective: to comprehensively tackle malnutrition through a life-cycle approach. The focal point of Poshan Maah 2023 is to cultivate widespread awareness concerning critical human life stages comprising pregnancy, infancy, childhood, and adolescence. The aim of this celebration is to foster nutritional understanding across India. Theme: “Suposhit Bharat, Sakshar Bharat, Sashakt Bharat” (Nutrition-rich India, Educated India, Empowered India). About POSHAN:- Launched: 2018. Ministry: Ministry of Women and Child Development. Vision: to ensure the attainment of Malnutrition Free India by 2022. Historical Background:- The Government launched the POSHAN Abhiyaan, earlier known as the National Nutrition Mission, on March 08, 2018. Objective: to address the problem of malnutrition in the country. Salient Features of POSHAN:- POSHAN Abhiyaan is the Government of India’s flagship programme to improve nutritional outcomes for children, adolescent Girls, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. The Abhiyaan targets to reduce:- Stunting by 2% per annum Undernutrition by 2% per annum Anemia (among young children, women, and adolescent girls) by 3% per annum Low birth weight by 2% per annum It is a Multi-Ministerial Convergence Mission. It aims to reduce malnutrition in the country in a phased manner through a life cycle approach. Under the POSHAN Abhiyaan, ‘Rashtriya Poshan Maah’ is celebrated each year in September with the aim of creating awareness about nutrition and healthy food. (POSHAN Maah) Mission Poshan 2.0:- Mission Poshan 2.0, an integrated nutrition support programme, subsumed the Supplementary Nutrition Programme and POSHAN Abhiyaan. It was announced in the Union Budget 2021-2022 for all States/UTs. Objective: to strengthen nutritional content, delivery, outreach, and outcomes with a focus on developing practices that nurture health, wellness, and immunity to disease and malnutrition. (PM Poshan Shakti Nirman Scheme) Targets of Poshan 2.0:- Nutrition Support for POSHAN through the Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP) for children of the age group of six months to six years, pregnant women and lactating mothers (PWLM), and Adolescent Girls in the age group of 14 to 18 years in Aspirational Districts and North Eastern Region (NER). Early Childhood Care and Education [3-6 years] and early stimulation for (0-3 years). Anganwadi Infrastructure including modern, upgraded Saksham Anganwadi POSHAN Abhiyaan. Poshan 2.0 also focuses on Maternal Nutrition, Infant and Young Child Feeding Norms, Treatment Protocols for Severely Acute Malnourished (SAM) / Moderately Acute Malnourished (MAM) and wellness through AYUSH practices to reduce wasting and under-weight prevalence besides stunting and anaemia. MUST READ: Year End Review-2022: Ministry of Women and Child Development SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of the “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018) Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places, and major tourist centres. Select the correct answer using the code given below : 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Regarding Digi Locker’, sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) It is a digital locker system offered by the Government under the Digital India Programme. It allows you to access your e-documents irrespective of your physical location. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Mera Bill Mera Adhikaar scheme Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: The invoice incentive scheme – Mera Bill Mera Adhikaar scheme began recently. About Mera Bill Mera Adhikaar:- IMAGE SOURCE: PIB Launched: 1st September, 2023. Ministry: Ministry of Finance. Objective: to bring a cultural and behavioural change in the general public to ‘Ask for a Bill’ as their right and entitlement. Duration: This Pilot Scheme will run for a period of 12 months. Salient Features of Mera Bill Mera Adhikaar:-

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: The recently released Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) report suggests that air pollution shortens the lives of the residents of Delhi by around 11.9 years. Key Highlights of the report:- On account of the number of people that high particulate matter levels affect in India, the country faces the greatest health burden from air pollution among all the countries in the world. In South Asia, particulate pollution has increased by 9.7 percent from 2013 to 2021. In India, 5 levels rose 9.5 percent. Particulate matter( PM): particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets that remain suspended in the air for long periods of time. According to PM2.5 data for 2021 derived from satellites, pollution in India has increased from 56.2 µg/m3 in 2020 to 58.7 µg/m3 in 2021. This is more than 10 times the WHO guideline of 5 µg/m3. Delhi’s annual average PM2.5 level in 2021 was found to be 126.5 µg/m3, which is more than 25 times the World Health Organization (WHO) ( Delhi and Air Pollution) The report said particulate matter pollution is also the biggest threat to human health in India in terms of lowering life expectancy, beating cardiovascular diseases, and child and maternal malnutrition. The average Indian resident is set to lose 5.3 years of life expectancy if the WHO guideline is not met. About Air Quality Life Index (AQLI):- Produced by: Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC). Published: Annually. The Air Quality Life Index ( AQLI), provides details of impact of air pollution on life expectancy. Special Features of AQLI:- The research underlying the AQLI is based on pollution data at the very high concentrations that prevail in many parts of the world today. The causal nature of the AQLI’s underlying research allows it to isolate the effect of air pollution from other factors that impact health. The AQLI delivers estimates of the loss of life expectancy for the average person. The AQLI uses highly localized satellite data, making it possible to report life expectancy that impacts at the county or similar level. MUST READ: India’s uphill battle to bring down air pollution SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2023) Aerosols Foam agents Fire retardants Lubricants In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) In the context of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, consider the following statements: (2022) The 24-hour mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 15 ug/m3 and the annual mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 5 ug/m3. In a year, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during periods of inclement weather. PM10 can penetrate the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream. Excessive ozone in the air can trigger asthma. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1, 3 and 4 1 and 4 only 2, 3 and 4 1 and 2 only Sixth census on minor irrigation Syllabus Prelims – Government Initiatives Context: The Jal Shakti Ministry has released the sixth census on minor irrigation schemes report. Key Highlights of the report:- As per the report, 14 million minor irrigation (MI) schemes have been reported in the country. The report also revealed that there has been an increase of about 1.42 million in MI schemes as compared to the previous census. Minor Irrigation Schemes(MI): those structures either in groundwater or in the surface water category having culturable command areas up to 2,000 hectares. Out of these 93 million are Ground Water (GW) and 1.21 million are Surface Water (SW) schemes. Ground Water (GW) schemes: provide irrigation throughout the year. Surface Water (SW) scheme: comprises surface flow schemes and surface lift irrigation schemes. For the first time, the information about the gender of the owner of the MI scheme was also collected in the case of individual ownership. Out of all the individually owned schemes, 1 percent are owned by women. Minor irrigation (MI) schemes: Uttar Pradesh possesses the largest number of MI schemes in the country. It was followed by Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Ground Water (GW) ranking: The same ranking of states as MI follows for the Ground Water (GW) Surface Water (SW) ranking: Maharashtra leads in SW schemes followed by Karnataka, Telangana, Odisha, and Jharkhand. About the 6th census on minor irrigation:- IMAGE SOURCE: PIB Published in 2023. Published by: Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation. Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti. Past censuses: 1986-87, 1993-94, 2000-01, 2006-07 and 2013-14. Objective: to gather a sound and reliable database for minor irrigation schemes for effective planning and policy making in this sector. The census was conducted under the centrally sponsored scheme “Irrigation Census”. The 6th MI census work was delayed due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It was executed in 32 States/ UTs across the country. Detailed information on various parameters of Irrigation sources, irrigation potential created (IPC), potential utilized, ownership, holding size of land by owner, windmills, etc. were collected. Irrigation sources: dug well, shallow tube well, medium tube well, deep tube well, surface flow, and surface lift schemes. (‘Per Drop More Crop’) Significance of report:- This report will be useful for planners, policy makers, researcher scholars, agricultural and groundwater scientists, and administrators & all concerned with the development of irrigation and the agricultural economy of the country. ( Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)) MUST READ: Precision Agriculture SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) The Government of India provides Minimum Support Price for niger (Guizotia aoyssinica) seeds. Niger is cultivated as a Kharif crop. Some tribal people in India use niger seed oil for cooking. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Consider the following statements: The nationwide ‘Soil Health Card Scheme’ aims at (2017) Expanding the cultivable area under irrigation. enabling the banks to assess the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) issued an order against M/s IQRA IAS Institute, to discontinue the false testimonials and misleading claims from their website with immediate effect recently. Background:- The issue came to the notice of CCPA through the website of IQRA IAS Institute established in 2018 deliberately and falsely claimed through the testimonials of top-rank holders of UPSC CSE in 2015 & 2017 as their students which is factually deceiving. Therefore, CCPA took Suo-moto cognizance and found that along with the aforesaid false claim the institute claimed itself as the only coaching academy to have the best faculty from all around India for providing the best UPSC online prelims test series 2020, thus making it the top UPSC coaching within a year in Pune. Accordingly, the notice was issued to IQRA IAS Institute in view of the violation of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Consumer Protection Act, 2019:- Definition of consumer: The act defines a consumer as a person who buys any good or avails a service for consideration. Exclusion: It does not include a person who obtains a good for resale or a good or service for commercial purposes. It covers transactions through all modes including offline, and online through electronic means, teleshopping, multi-level marketing, or direct selling. Definition of misleading advertisement: The Act defines “misleading advertisement” in relation to any product or service as “an advertisement, which:- Falsely describes such product or service. Gives, a false guarantee to, or is likely to mislead the consumers as to the nature, substance, quantity, or quality of such product or service. Conveys an express or implied representation which, if made by the manufacturer or seller or service provider thereof, would constitute an unfair trade practice. Deliberately conceals important information. Rights of consumers:- Six consumer rights have been defined in the Act, including:- Right to safety, right to be Informed, right to choose, right to be heard, right to seek redressal, and right to consumer education. About Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA):- Establishment: 2020. Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs. HQ: Delhi. Objective: To protect the rights of the consumer by cracking down on unfair trade practices, and false and misleading advertisements that are detrimental to the interests of the public and consumers. The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) is an authority constituted under Section 10(1) of The Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Composition:- Head: Chief Commissioner Members: two other commissioners as members. One of these will deal with matters relating to goods while the other will look into cases relating to services. Investigation Wing: The CCPA will have an Investigation Wing, headed by a Director General. District Collectors: They too, will have the power to investigate complaints of violations of consumer rights, unfair trade practices, and false or misleading advertisements. Powers and Functions of CCPA:- Inquire or investigate matters relating to violations of consumer rights or unfair trade practices Suo moto, or on a complaint received, or on a direction from the central government. Recall goods or withdrawal of services that are “dangerous, hazardous, or unsafe. Pass an order for a refund of the prices of goods or services so recalled to purchasers of such goods or services. Impose a penalty of up to Rs 10 lakh, with imprisonment of up to two years, on the manufacturer or endorser of false and misleading advertisements. The penalty may go up to Rs 50 lakh, with imprisonment up to five years, for every subsequent offense committed by the same manufacturer or endorser. Ban the endorser of a false or misleading advertisement from making an endorsement of any products or services in the future. File complaints of violation of consumer rights or unfair trade practices before the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. MUST READ: New consumer rights law SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to foreign-owned e-commerce firms operating in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2022) They can sell their own goods in addition to offering their platforms as market-places. The degree to which they can own big sellers on their platforms is limited. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Which of the following activities constitute a real sector in the economy? (2022) Farmers harvesting their crops Textile mills converting raw cotton into fabrics A commercial bank lending money to a trading company A corporate body issuing Rupee Denominated Bonds overseas Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Spamouflage Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Meta recently, claimed that it is fighting a Chinese ‘Spamouflage‘ operation. About Spamouflage:- It is an online Chinese spam operation. (Cyberattacks) It pushes positive narratives about China and negative commentary about the United States, Western foreign policies, and critics of the Chinese government. Origin: China. Targets: Taiwan, the United States, Australia, Britain, Japan, and global Chinese-speaking audiences. It mimicked websites of mainstream news outlets in Europe and posted stories about Russia’s war on Ukraine and then spread it online. (Cybercrime) The accounts in the campaign have a tendency to intersperse political posts. It has been active on over 50 platforms and forums, including Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, and X (formerly Twitter). Companies involved in the campaign were recently sanctioned by the European Union. MUST READ: Global Cybersecurity SOURCE: TIMES OF INDIA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The terms ‘Wanna Cry, Petya, and Eternal Blue’ sometimes mentioned in the news recently are related to (2023) Exo-planets Crypto-currency Cyber attacks Mini satellites Q.2) With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2023) Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units Create meaningful short stories and songs Disease diagnosis Text-to-speech conversion Wireless transmission of electrical energy Select

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) BS 6 Stage II Electrified Flex fuel vehicle Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: The World’s first prototype of the BS 6 Stage II ‘Electrified Flex fuel vehicle’ was launched recently. Background:- These vehicle technologies will provide the opportunity for greater substitution of petrol by Ethanol as it is capable of using any of the higher blends of ethanol mix beyond 20%. About Electrified Flex fuel vehicle:- IMAGE SOURCE: U.S. Department of Energy Flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) are capable of running on 100% petrol,100% bio-ethanol, or a combination of both. These vehicles are equipped with engines that can adjust their fuel mixture based on the available fuel blend. Electrified Flex Fuel Vehicles are an advanced version of FFVs. They are able to operate on both ethanol-based fuels and electricity. ( The technology powering hybrid electric vehicles) They provide increased fuel efficiency. They reduce emissions compared to traditional gasoline-only vehicles. An Electrified Flex Fuel Vehicle has both a Flexi Fuel engine and an electric powertrain. This gives it the ability to provide the dual benefit of higher ethanol use and much higher fuel efficiency. A Strong Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SHEV), can provide 30-50% higher Fuel Efficiency as it can run 40-60% in EV mode with engine shut off. The world’s 1st BS-6 Stage-II, Electrified Flex fuel vehicle, has been developed by Toyota Kirloskar Motor. It has both a flex-fuel engine as well as an electric powertrain, thereby offering higher use of ethanol combined with better fuel efficiencies. About Bharat Stage VI (BS VI): It is a set of emission standards established to regulate the level of air pollutants emitted from internal combustion and spark-ignition engine equipment. BS-VI contains enhanced fuel quality, and reduced the permissible Sulphur content by 80%, from 50 Parts Per Million (ppm) to a maximum of 10 ppm. India has made it mandatory to follow BS-VI emission (from previously BS-IV) norms in two phases:- Phase 1: Effective from April 1, 2020. It witnessed substantial reductions in permissible pollutant limits, setting new standards for emissions. Phase 2: Initiated on April 1, 2023. It focuses on Real Driving Emission (RDE) testing which measures emissions emitted by a vehicle while in real-world driving conditions. MUST READ: (Flex Fuel Technology) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The “Common Carbon Metric” supported by UNEP, has been developed for (2021) Assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world. Enabling commercial farming entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading. Enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries. Assessing the overall carbon footprint caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world in a unit of time. Q.2) “R2 Code of Practices” constitutes a tool available for promoting the adoption of (2021) Environmentally responsible practices in the electronics recycling industry. Ecological management of ‘’Wetlands of International Importance” under the Ramsar Convention. Sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands. ‘’Environmental Impact Assessment’’ in the exploitation of natural resources. Personalized Adaptive Learning (PAL) Syllabus Prelims – Government initiatives Context: The National e-Governance Division (NeGD) recently announced plans to integrate Personalised Adaptive Learning (PAL) into its existing Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA) platform. Background:- PAL’s software-based approach will allow each student to have an individualized learning experience over the course of the curriculum based on their unique needs and abilities. The Ministry of Education intends to begin PAL implementation for challenging subjects like Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics for Classes 9 to 12. By focusing on these subjects, the initiative aims to improve learning outcomes and school retention rates, addressing the issue of dropouts after Class 10. About Personalised Adaptive Learning (PAL):- It is an educational approach that uses technology, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), to customize the learning experience for individual students. (A new global standard for AI ethics) It is based to cater individual student’s unique needs, abilities, and progress. It employs AI to monitor student progress and identify areas of difficulty. For instance, if a student makes a mistake in a calculation, the system detects it and redirects the student to relevant foundational content, ensuring a better understanding of the concept. PAL adapts to the unique progress and challenges faced by each student, offering a more effective and engaging learning experience. Benefits of PAL:- Personalized Study Plans. Support for Special Needs. Flexibility in Learning. Challenges faced by states in implementing PAL:- States like Assam and Haryana have faced budget constraints when implementing PAL. While Assam discontinued the project due to funding issues. Haryana found the streaming costs for content to be prohibitively high, leading to a standstill in the adoption process. About DIKSHA:- Launched: 2017. Ministry: Ministry of Education. DIKSHA is the platform for providing quality e-content for school education in States/UTs and QR-coded Energized Textbooks for all grades. It aids teachers in learning and training themselves for which assessment resources will be available. It houses digitized National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) textbooks, teaching videos, and practice questions. It also has assistive technologies for learners with disabilities, but it’s a static content repository. MUST READ: Regulating Artificial Intelligence SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2022) Aarogya Setu COWIN DigiLocker DIKSHA Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020) Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units Create meaningful short stories and songs Disease diagnosis Text-to-speech conversion Wireless transmission of electrical energy Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 3 and 5 only 1, 3, and 4 only 2, 4, and 5 only 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 CSIR PRIMA ET11 Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Recently, CSIR-CMERI developed a Compact Electric Tractor- CSIR PRIMA ET11. About CSIR PRIMA ET11:- Developed by: CSIR-CMERI. CSIR PRIMA ET11 is

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) LIGO-India Project Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: As per recent reports, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory project (LIGO)-India, is the next focus of Indian scientists after the Chandrayaan and Aditya missions. Background:- Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory project (LIGO) observatory. About Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory project (LIGO)-India:- IMAGE SOURCE: LIGO-INDIA Location: Hingoli district of Maharashtra, India. Built by: the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology with an MoU with the U.S. National Science Foundation. The LIGO-India Project aims to detect gravitational waves from the universe. Gravitational waves: They were first postulated (1916) in Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. These waves are produced by the movement of massive celestial bodies, such as black holes or neutron stars They are the ripples in spacetime that propagate outward. Four comparable detectors will be operating simultaneously around the globe to localize a source of gravitational waves anywhere in the sky. (International Space Station (ISS)) LIGO-India will be the third of its kind in the world. (Space Economy of India) It is made to the exact specifications of the twin LIGO, in Louisiana (first) and Washington (second) in the U.S. The fourth detector will be in Kagra, Japan. LIGO: an international network of laboratories that detect gravitational waves. The LIGO in the US first detected gravitational waves in 2015, which led to a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017. Significance:- It will bring India into a prestigious international scientific experiment. It will bring advances in astronomy, astrophysics, and cutting-edge technology. MUST READ: SpaceTech Innovation Network (SpIN) SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘black holes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation? (2019) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected. ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected. Possibility of intergalactic space travel through a ‘wormhole’ was confirmed. It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’. Classical dances of Kerala Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: Various classical dances of Kerala were performed during Onam celebrations held recently. Background:- This year, Onam festivities began on 20th August 2023 and Thiruvonam fell on August 31 as the 10-day harvest festival was observed across the South Indian state of Kerala. It marks the beginning of the Malayalam year, called Kolla Varsham, and commemorates the return of the mythical King Mahabali with great enthusiasm and cultural fervor. About Classical dances of Kerala:- Kerala is known for its rich cultural heritage. (Karakattam dance) It includes various classical dance forms, some of these performed during Onam 2023 celebrations include:- Kathakali:- It originated in Kerala over 300 years ago. (Kathakali dance) It is one of the most famous classical dance forms of the state. It is One of the eight classical dances of India. It is a highly stylized and dramatic art form combining the elements of dance, music, acting, devotion, drama, costumes, and make-up. Kathakali performances retell the great stories of the past, mostly from Indian epics, or depict episodes from the Mahabali legend or other mythological stories associated with the festival, using hand and facial gestures and expressions. Mohiniyattam:– It is a graceful and lyrical dance form. (Mohiniyattam) It is performed in honor of the Hindu god Vishnu in his incarnation as the enchantress Mohini. It is One of the eight classical dances of India. It is performed exclusively by women. It is characterized by gentle, flowing movements and expressive storytelling, narrating the stories related to King Mahabali during the Onam festival. Koodiyattam:- It is recognized as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. It is one of the oldest classical theater forms in the world. It involves elaborate and ritualistic performances with traditional costumes and makeup. It depicts stories from Hindu epics and Puranas that are sometimes staged during Onam. Thiruvathirakali:- It is a traditional group dance. It involves graceful circular movements by the women and clapping of their hands to the rhythm of the music. This group dance is often performed by women. It is considered a celebration of womanhood. It is mostly performed in the evening under the moonlight. Chakyar Koothu:- It is a traditional solo performance. It has the artist narrating episodes from epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata in a humorous and dramatic manner on Onam. It is not a dance form per se. It is an integral part of Kerala’s performing arts tradition. Ottamthullal:- The dance form was created by the renowned Malayalam poet Kunchan Nambiar. It involves a single performer narrating stories with dance and song in a satirical and humorous style. The performance is accompanied by a mridangam (barrel-shaped drum). MUST READ: National Tribal Dance Festival 2022 SOURCE: HIDUSTAN TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (2017) It is a song and dance performance Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1, 2 and 3 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1 only Q.2) With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider the following statements: (2014) Sattriya is a combination of music, dance and drama It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir and Mirabai Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Gramodyog Vikas Yojna Syllabus Prelims – Government Initiatives Context: The Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, Shri Vinai Kumar Saxena, distributed Honey Bee-Boxes and Toolkits under the ‘Gramodyog Vikas Yojna’ recently. Background:- The Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, Shri Vinai Kumar Saxena, distributed Honey Bee-Boxes and Toolkits to 130 beneficiaries. The program was organized under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, State Office

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Build Operate Transfer (BOT) model Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Minister of Road Transport and Highways Nitin Gadkari recently suggested the revival of the Build Operate Transfer (BOT) model via smaller highway projects. Background:- Minister of Road Transport and Highways said that the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) and other road-building agencies should look at reviving the Build Operate Transfer (BOT) model by putting up projects costing less than Rs 1,000 crore for award through this route. The minister’s comments came amid a prolonged dearth of private investments in the sector caused much strain on the exchequer. About Build Operate Transfer (BOT) model:- IMAGE SOURCE: apollobt.com A build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract is a model used to finance large projects, typically infrastructure projects developed through public-private partnerships. They are normally large-scale, greenfield infrastructure projects that would otherwise be financed, built, and operated solely by the government. Under a build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract, an entity—usually a government—grants a concession to a private company to finance, build, and operate a project for a period of 20 to 30 years, hoping to earn a profit. After that period, the project is returned to the public entity that originally granted the concession. Other commonly used PPP investment models in India:- Build ,Operate ,Least ,Transfer (BOLT):– In this approach, the government gives a concession to a private entity to build a facility (and possibly design it as well), own the facility, and lease the facility to the public sector. At the end of the lease period transfer the ownership of the facility to the government. Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM):- The central government bears 40% of the project cost. The remaining amount is arranged by the developer. Engineering, Procurement and Construction Model (EPC) The EPC Model partnership requires the government to undertake the total funding of the project. The Private sector partner provides the engineering and construction requirements. About the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI):- Establishment: Ministry: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. NHAI is an autonomous agency of the Union Government, responsible for the management of a network of over 70,000 km of national highways in India. It is a statutory body. It was established through the National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988. 1995: It was formally made an autonomous body. It is responsible for the development, management, operation, and maintenance of National Highways. MUST READ: Forum for Decarbonizing Transport SOURCE: FINANCIAL EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following infrastructure sectors: (2023) Affordable housing Mass rapid transport Healthcare Renewable energy On how many of the above do UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiatives focus on investments? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) About three-fourths of the world’s cobalt, a metal required for the manufacture of batteries for electric motor vehicles, is produced by (2023) Argentina Botswana Democratic Republic. of the Congo Kazakhstan Adopt a Heritage 2.0 programme Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) recently, launched the revamped ‘Adopt a Heritage 2.0’ programme. Background:- Apart from the programme an Indian Heritage app was also launched. The app, provides a comprehensive guide to monuments under ASI’s ambit. It lists historical structures along with pictures, public facilities available on site and geo-tagged locations. About Adopt a Heritage 2.0 programme:- Launched: 2023. Ministry: Ministry of Culture. Implementing Agency: Archaeological Survey of India Salient Features:- Under this programme, the Archeological Survey of India (ASI) invites corporate stakeholders to enhance the amenities at the monuments by utilizing their CSR funds. The programme is a revamped version of the earlier scheme launched in 2017. (Need for heritage conservation) It clearly defines the amenities sought for different monuments as per the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act or AMASR Act 1958. The stakeholders can apply for adopting a monument or specific amenity/ amenities at a monument through a URL indianheritage.gov.in. The portal contains the details of monuments sought for adoption dedicated web portal along with gap analysis and financial estimation of amenities. Selection:- The process for selection will be carried out after due diligence and discussions with various stakeholders and assessing the economic and developmental opportunities at each monument. The selected stakeholders will develop, provide, and/or maintain amenities in hygiene, accessibility, safety, and knowledge categories. (Indian Institute of Heritage) Significance:- The programme seeks to foster collaboration with corporate stakeholders through which they can contribute to preserving these monuments. MUST READ: World Heritage Sites Under Threat SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Indian History, Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with (2023) archaeological excavations establishment of the English Press in colonial India establishment of Churches in Princely States construction of railways in colonial India Article 371 D Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: The students of Andhra Pradesh stare at the prospect of losing ‘local quota’ in educational institutions as Article 371 D may not come to their rescue when the validity of the A.P. Reorganisation Act ceases after the 10-year period in May 2024. Background:- The teaching fraternity and the student community fear the prospect of losing the ‘local quota’ in educational institutions in the near future. Their fear stems from the fact that the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, which came into force in May 2014, is valid only for 10 years. This means that the rules and regulations formulated prior to the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh will not hold good after May 2024. About Article 371 D:- Article 371 of the Indian Constitution deals with special provisions for eleven states of the Indian Union. It is a part of XXI of the Constitution of India, Article 371. Beneficiary states:- This Article ranges from Article 371-A to Article 371-J. It gives special provisions for the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and Karnataka. The main objectives behind Article 371 granting special provisions to some states are:- To meet the unique needs of the backward

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Africa Climate Summit 2023 Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: The Africa Climate Summit 2023 ended recently. Background:- The inaugural Africa Climate Summit (ACS23) in Nairobi culminated in the ‘Nairobi Declaration’, giving the continent a common voice ahead of upcoming key global engagements. The declaration has a raft of recommendations, pledges, and demands believed to have boosted Africa’s bargaining power on international platforms. The Nairobi summit largely focused on calls to unlock investment in clean energy. About Africa Climate Summit 2023:- IMAGE SOURCE: sgss8.com Date: 4th to 6th September 2023. Venue: Nairobi, Kenya (Africa) Objective: to address the increasing exposure to climate change and its associated costs, both globally and particularly in Africa. (African Union) At the Africa Climate Summit, leaders made ambitious pledges and commitments. A comprehensive “Pledging and Commitment Framework” was developed to guide these actions. Significance of Africa Climate Summit 2023:- Despite having a small carbon footprint, Africa disproportionately bears the human toll of climate change The Summit will highlight the urgent need for regional and global action. The outcomes of the summit are critical for the African continent to arrive at a consensus and mobilize action in the upcoming 28th Conference of Parties (COP28). COP28 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: is to be hosted in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Theme and Focus Areas of Africa Climate Summit 2023:- Climate Action Financing. Green Growth Agenda for Africa. (Horn of Africa) Climate Action and Economic Development. Global Capital optimization.  MUST READ: India-Africa Relationship SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) About three-fourths of the world’s cobalt, a metal required for the manufacture of batteries for electric motor vehicles, is produced by (2023) Argentina Botswana Democratic Republic. of the Congo Kazakhstan Q.2) Which one of the following is a part of the Congo Basin? (2023) Cameroon Nigeria South Sudan Uganda Electric vehicles (EVs) Syllabus Prelims – Environment and Ecology/ Science and Technology Context: The preparations for the upcoming World Electric Vehicles (EVs) Day were seen in full swing recently. Background:- Every year, on September 9, the World Electrical Vehicle (EV) Day is celebrated. It is an initiative created by the sustainability media Co. GreenTV. 2020: the inauguration of the World EV Day. The day is designated as World EV Day to honour electric vehicles. It is an international movement that unites people in pursuing change. Science shows that replacing internal combustion engines (ICE) that power our diesel and petrol cars can eliminate toxic tailpipe emissions in our polluted cities, along with significantly lowering heat-trapping carbon emissions from fuel combustion. Global trends show that this shift from ICE to electric vehicles (EV) is inevitable in the next few decades. About Electric vehicles (EVs):- IMAGE SOURCE: evolveetfs.com An electric vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. They may be powered through self-contained batteries, solar panels or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. They run on electricity instead of gasoline. (Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)) They emit no tailpipe pollution or greenhouse gas emissions. They tend to be quieter and smoother than other vehicles. Most electric cars have batteries that have to be recharged from an outside source of electricity. Advantages of electric vehicles (EVs):- EVs are eco-friendly. They have low maintenance costs. They protect the environment from noise pollution. They are an alternative to combustion engines powered by fossil fuels, which discharge harmful greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The adoption of electric vehicles is consistent with India’s pledge to lower carbon emissions and provide renewable energy sources more support. They are unaffected by geopolitical tensions or rising oil prices. They can lessen India’s reliance on the Gulf countries for fuel imports. It provides a catalyst for future innovation in mobility- and hybrid-based technologies. EV production will benefit regional industries and expand India’s homegrown manufacturing sector. Setting up new production and charging systems infrastructure will improve skill-building programs and create more jobs. Thus providing Challenges of Electric Vehicles:- Lack of Associated Infrastructural Lack of a Stable Policy for EV Production. Long time for Charging Batteries. Battery manufacturing process and supply chain. Lack of Skilled Workers. Important Government Initiatives:- FAME India: Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in India. It is an incentive scheme that encourages the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles. Manufacturers and infrastructure providers of electric vehicles receive this incentive in the form of subsidies. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020:– It aims to deploy 5 to 7 million electric vehicles nationwide by 2020. It aims to promote the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles in the country. The plan includes the following measures: providing incentives for manufacturers, promoting charging infrastructure, and encouraging research and development in the sector. Concessions on the GST: – The government promotes the use of electric vehicles by levying a 5% GST on electric vehicles as compared to a GST of 28% on internal combustion automobiles. Go Electric Campaign: The objective of this campaign is to create awareness and promote the use of electric vehicles and kitchen appliances and to ensure the nation’s energy security.  MUST READ: Electric Vehicles and Battery Fires SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements (2023) Carbon fibres are used in the manufacture of components used in automobiles and aircraft. Carbon fibres once used cannot be recycled. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following actions: (2023) Detection of car crash/ collision which results in the deployment of airbags almost instantaneously. Detection of accidental free fall of a laptop towards the ground which results in the immediate turning off of the hard drive. Detection of the tilt of the smartphone which results in the rotation of the display between portrait and landscape mode In how many of the above actions is the function of the accelerometer required? Only one Only two All three None Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Fujianvenator prodigiosus Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: The evidence of a Bizarre’ bird-like dinosaur Fujianvenator prodigiosus has enthralled scientists recently. Background:- Scientists reported to have unearthed the fossil of a Jurassic Period dinosaur they named Fujianvenator from the Fujian Province. (Dinosaur footprints in China) It is a creature that sheds light on a critical evolutionary stage in the origin of birds. About Fujianvenator prodigious:- Distribution: southeastern China. (Abnormal’ dinosaur egg in India) Fujianvenator is a member of a grouping called avialans. This group includes all birds and their closest non-avian dinosaur Survival: Despite their modest beginnings, birds survived the asteroid strike 66 million years ago that doomed their non-avian dinosaur comrades. Diet and lifestyle: The Fujianvenator fossil, discovered lacks the animal’s skull and parts of its feet, making it hard to interpret its diet and lifestyle. Physical Description: – It was a pheasant-sized and bird-like dinosaur. It had elongated legs and arms built much like wings. It had a puzzling anatomy suggesting it either was a fast runner or lived a lifestyle like a modern wading bird. Its lower leg bone – the tibia – was twice as long as its thigh bone – the femur. It also had a long bony tail. The forelimb is generally built like a bird’s wing, but with three claws on the fingers, which are absent from modern birds. It cannot be determined whether it could fly or not  MUST READ: Dinosaur eggs SOURCE: THE HINDU  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1Consider the following fauna: (2023) Lion-tailed Macaque Malabar Civet Sambar Deer How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to (2017) fossils of a kind of dinosaurs an early human species a cave system found in North-East India a geological period in the history of the Indian subcontinent Battery energy storage systems Syllabus Prelims –Government Scheme Context: The government recently approved ₹3,760 crore for viability gap funding of up to 40% of total capital cost to set up a 4,000 MWh battery energy storage system in the country. Background:- The entire ₹3,760 crore viability gap funding (VGF) will be borne by the central government. The VGF will be released in five tranches till 2030-31. Viability Gap Finance: It means a grant to support projects that are economically justified but not financially viable. It aims to reduce the levelized cost of storage (LCoS) to ₹5.50-6.60 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), making storage a viable option to manage peak power demand. It will help in the creation of 4,000 MWh storage across the country. The selection of BESS developers for VGF grants will be carried out through a transparent competitive bidding process, promoting a level-playing field for both public and private sector entities. About Battery energy storage systems:- A battery energy storage system is a type of energy storage system that uses batteries to store and distribute energy as electricity. These are often used to enable energy from renewable sources, like solar and wind, to be stored and released. Types of Battery energy storage systems:- Residential BESS: for homes Commercial BESS: for businesses Utility-scale BESS: for large-scale energy storage. Benefits:- BESS will enhance renewable energy integration into the grid. (Sustainable Energy) It will reduce wastage, and minimize infrastructure upgrade costs. It will reduce peak demand and associated costs. Challenges:- It has High initial costs. ( Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for 1000 MWhourproject) Recycling and disposal of batteries issues. Regulatory and grid integration issues.  MUST READ: Solar Energy in India SOURCE: THE HINDU  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2023) Statement-I: Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change. Statement-II: Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I Statement-I is correct but Statement II is incorrect Statement-I is incorrect but Statement II is correct Q.2) “R2 Code of Practices” constitutes a tool available for promoting the adoption of (2021) Environmentally responsible practices in the electronics recycling industry Ecological management of ‘’Wetlands of International Importance” under the Ramsar Convention Sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands ‘’Environmental Impact Assessment’’ in the exploitation of natural resources UPI-ATM Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, India’s first UPI-ATM was unveiled. Background:- India’s first UPI-ATM was launched recently as a White Label ATM (WLA) by Hitachi Payment Services in collaboration with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in order to enable “seamless cash withdrawals”. It offers an experience that allows customers of certain banks to enjoy “QR-based cashless withdrawals”. About UPI-ATM:- IMAGE SOURCE: Paisabazaar.com The UPI-ATM service is also known as Interoperable Cardless Cash Withdrawal (ICCW). It offers a convenient way for customers of participating banks who are using UPI to withdraw cash from any ATM that supports UPI-ATM functionality, without the need for a physical card. India’s first UPI-ATM was launched recently as a White Label ATM (WLA) by Hitachi Payment Services in collaboration with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). (UPI and NPCI Regulation) Working Mechanism:- When a customer selects the ‘UPI cash withdrawal’ option at the ATM, they will be prompted to enter the desired withdrawal amount. Once the amount is entered, a unique and secure dynamic QR code will appear on the ATM screen. To complete the transaction and obtain cash from the ATM, the customer simply needs to scan this QR code using any UPI app and authorize the transaction with their UPI PIN on their mobile device. Features of UPI-ATM Compatible with various systems. Transactions without the need for a physical card. Transaction limit of up to ₹10,000 per transaction, aligned with existing UPI daily limits

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) G20 New Delhi Declaration Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: The Group of Twenty (G20) recently adopted the G20 New Delhi Leader’s Declaration. Background:- The New Delhi Leader’s Declaration was adopted on September 9, 2023. The Countries committed to, accelerating their actions to address environmental crises and challenges, including climate change. About G20 New Delhi Leader’s Declaration:- The New Delhi Leader’s Declaration was adopted with consensus on a number of issues. These include sustainable development goals (SDG), climate finance, energy transitions, using and restoring natural ecosystems, harnessing and preserving ocean-based economy, plastic pollution, reducing disaster risk, and building resilient infrastructure. (SDG India) In the declaration under the Green Development Pact for a Sustainable Future, the countries have committed to “urgently accelerate actions to address environmental crises and challenges, including climate change”. Paris Agreement: One of the aims of the declaration is “to tackle climate change by strengthening the full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement and its temperature goal. This reflects equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR). The inclusion of the principles of CBDR is interesting as some developed G20 countries such as the United States have been averse to the usage. The G20 members also cited the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Synthesis Report. It stated that Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected to peak between 2020 and at the latest before 2025 in global modeled pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot and in those that limit warming to 2°C and assume immediate action. (Mitigating Climate Change) The G20 members also highlighted the macroeconomic risks stemming from climate change and transition pathways. The G20 countries also noted the institutionalization of the Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group under the presidency of India, which catalyzed efforts toward disaster risk reduction. The document also talks about accelerating progress on early warning and early action through strengthening national and local capacities, innovative financing tools, private sector investments, and knowledge sharing. The members supported the United Nations initiatives such as the Global Platform for DRR and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure in “furtherance of such collaboration and sharing”. MUST READ: India and G20 Presidency SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements about G-20: (2023) The G-20 group was originally established as a platform for the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss the International economic and financial issues. Digital public infrastructure is one of India’s G-20 priorities. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) The ‘Fortaleza Declaration’ recently in the news, is related to the affairs of: (2015) ASEAN BRICS OECD WTO Golden egg Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Recently, a Golden egg was found on the Alaskan seafloor. Background:- Researchers from NOAA Ocean Exploration found the yellowish object while diving on a small seamount in the Gulf of Alaska. Initially referred to as ‘yellow hat’, the still-unidentified object is now being dubbed as ‘golden egg’ or ‘golden orb’. About Golden Egg:- Discovered on: 30 August 2023. Discovery site: Gulf of Alaska. Discovered by: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was discovered during a mission to map unexplored deepwater habitats off Alaska using remotely operated vehicles. Features:- The ‘golden egg’ is a gold, dome-shaped It is about 10 centimeters (4 inches) in diameter. It was tightly adhered to a rock. A small hole or tear near its base revealed a similarly colored interior. It is still unclear whether the ‘golden egg’ is associated with a new species or represents the unknown life stage of an existing one. Significance: Researchers believe that the new species have the potential to reveal new sources for medical therapies and vaccines, food, energy, and other societal benefits and knowledge. The researchers are still working to unveil the ‘golden egg’ mystery. MUST READ: Dinosaur eggs SOURCE: HINDUSTAN TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following ‘fauna: (2023) Lion-tailed Macaque Malabar Civet Sambar Deer How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to (2017) fossils of a kind of dinosaurs an early human species a cave system found in North-East India a geological period in the history of the Indian subcontinent HII-A rocket Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Japan launched the HII-A rocket recently. About HII-A rocket:- Launching site: Tanegashima Space Center in southwestern Japan. Launched by: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Objective: to explore the origins of the universe. Composition:- The rocket put a satellite called X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission, or XRISM, into orbit around Earth. It will measure the speed and makeup of what lies between galaxies. This information will help in studying how celestial objects were formed. It can also lead to solving the mystery of how the universe was created. The mission is significant for delivering insight into the properties of hot plasma. Plasma: superheated matter that makes up much of the universe. Understanding the distribution of this hot plasma in space and time, as well as its dynamical motion, will shed light on diverse phenomena such as black holes, the evolution of chemical elements in the universe, and the formation of galactic clusters. The rocket also has the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, or SLIM which is a lightweight lunar lander. MUST READ: India’s first private rocket – Vikram-S SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media?  (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Phanigiri artifacts Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: The Phanigiri artifacts, belonging to 200 BCE-400 CE were put on display at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. Background:- The Phanigiri artifacts would be displayed in the art collection of the Tree and Serpent exhibition, which began at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art (popularly known as The Met) in July 2023. The exhibition has 125 objects between 200 BCE and 400 CE. The exhibition at The Met is on till November 13, 2023. About the Phanigiri artifacts:- Discovered: 1942. Rediscovered: 2003. Location: Phanigiri, Phanigiri in Suryapet district is a small village of about 4,000 residents, about 150 km from Hyderabad. The Phanigiri Buddhist site is considered one of the most important finds in Buddhist iconography in this millennium. (Buddhist monastery complex at Bharatpur of Bengal) Phanigiri means the hillock of snake hood. Key Findings and their Significance:- The thoranas discovered at Phanigiri are very important as they are among the first found south of Sanchi. The same thorana has a panel that shows both the Mahayana and Hinayana school of thought. This shows that despite philosophical differences, both sects co-existed in Phanigiri. There is evidence from Phanigiri that shows the deification of Buddha. (The Buddhist Circuit) The change from a historical and spiritual identity and a transition to canonization and ritual is evident in Phanigiri. The artifacts from this site, include a limestone carving of Buddha wearing what appears to be a Roman toga. MUST READ: Buddhist caves, temples in Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, located? (2023) Andhra Gandhara Kalinga Magadha Q.2) With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements: (2023) The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin. The stupa was generally a repository of relics. The stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in Buddhist tradition. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is working with lenders to introduce new features to popularise the central bank digital currency (CBDC), in recent times. About Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC):- CBDC is fiat money or money established/backed by a government through its central bank in a virtual form. It is a legal tender issued by a central bank in a digital form. It combines the power of blockchain with the logistics of distributed ledger technology (DLT), where data can be synchronized across multiple locations without the need for centralized storage. Salient Features:- CBDC is a high-security digital instrument. It is a means of payment, a unit of account, and a store of value. Just like paper currency, each unit is uniquely identifiable to prevent counterfeiting. It is a liability of the central bank just as physical currency is. It’s a digital bearer instrument that can be stored, transferred, and transmitted by all kinds of digital payment systems and services. Advantages:- CBDC is a faster system. Financial inclusion Improve Monetary policy facilitation. It can become a regional currency for cross-border transactions. MUST READ: Rupee SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Central Bank digital currencies, consider the following statements: (2023) It is possible to make payments in a digital currency without using the US dollar or the SWIFT system. A digital currency can be distributed with a condition programmed into it such as a timeframe for spending it. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) In the context of finance, the term ‘beta’ refers to: (2023) the process of simultaneous buying and selling of an asset from different platforms. an investment strategy of a portfolio manager to balance risk versus reward a type of systemic risk that arises where perfect hedging is not possible a numeric value that measures the fluctuations of a stock to changes in the overall stock market. Marine pollution Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Small island nations seek for protection from Marine /ocean pollution, and climate change in the United Nations recently. Background:- Small island nations that have been disproportionately harmed by the climate crisis will go up against high-emitting nations A landmark climate justice case started its hearing in the United Nations maritime tribunal in Hamburg, Germany, on September 11, 2023. About Marine pollution:- Marine pollution can be defined as the contamination of marine water, mainly big seas and oceans with pollutants and contaminants like industrial effluents, oil spills from huge vessels, chemical displacements, chemical spills, sewage, etc. Causes:- Sewage: Sewage or polluting substances flow through sewage, rivers, or drainages directly into the ocean. Industries: Industrial waste which is directly discharged into the oceans, results in ocean pollution. The runoff from industries raises the temperature of the ocean and causes thermal pollution due to which aquatic animals and plants have difficulty surviving at higher temperatures. Land Runoff: Land-based sources (such as agricultural run-off, discharge of nutrients and pesticides, and untreated sewage including plastics) account for approximately 80% of marine pollution. Oil Spills: Crude oil lasts for years in the sea and is extremely toxic to marine life, it suffocates the marine animals to death. Ocean Mining: Ocean mining sites drilling for silver, gold, copper, cobalt, and zinc create sulfide deposits up to three and a half thousand meters down into the ocean. Harmful Effects of Marine Pollution:- Reduction of oxygen level in the water: Most of the waste dumped in oceans uses up oxygen to decompose thereby decreasing the oxygen level in the water. Affects the oceanic food chain: Agricultural & and industrial waste enters the seawater and affects organisms. Upset the coral reef cycle. Oil spills that cover the surface of seawater do not allow sunlight to reach oceanic plants Prevention of Marine Pollution:- Puttin a stop