Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Indian Meteorological Department Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Indian Meteorological Department issued an orange alert for rain in various parts of the country. Background:- The Indian Meteorological Department issued an orange alert for rain in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Western Uttar Pradesh, Eastern Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Vidarbha and Konkan. The water level of the rivers and drains has increased. The administration appealed to the people not to go near the banks of the rivers and drains. About Indian Meteorological Department:- Established: 1875. Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences. IMD Headquarters: New Delhi. It is the National Meteorological Service of the country. It is the principal government agency in all matters relating to meteorology and allied subjects. Objectives:- To take meteorological observations and provide current and forecast meteorological information for optimum operation of weather-sensitive activities like agriculture, irrigation, shipping, etc. To warn against severe weather phenomena tropical cyclones, duststorms, heavy rains and snow, cold and heat waves,, which cause the destruction of life and property. To conduct and promote research in meteorology and allied disciplines. To provide meteorological statistics required for agriculture, water resource management, industries, oil exploration and other nation-building activities. The IMD uses four colour codes:- Green (All is well): No advisory is issued. (UPSC CSE: Colour Coded Weather Warning) Yellow (Be Aware): Yellow indicates severely bad weather spanning several days. Orange/Amber (Be prepared): The orange alert is issued as a warning of extremely bad weather with the potential of disruption in commute with road and rail closures, and interruption of power supply. Red (Take Action): When extremely bad weather conditions are certainly going to disrupt travel and power and have significant risk to life, the red alert is issued. MUST READ: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) may introduce new monsoon models SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following : (2023) Aerosols Foam agents Fire retardants Lubricants In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2022) High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth’s surface and thus cause a warming effect. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award-TANNA Syllabus Prelims – Important Awards Context: The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports invited nominations for Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award-TANNA 2022. About Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award-TANNA :- Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards are given every year. First awarded: 1994. Ministry: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. The award is named after Tenzing Norgay. (UPSC CSE: Rural Sports in India) Tenzing Norgay: one of the first two individuals to reach the summit of Mount Everest along with Edmund Hillary in 1953. Objectives To recognize the achievements of the person in the field of adventure. To encourage young people to develop the spirit of endurance, risk-taking, cooperative teamwork, and quick, ready, and effective reflexes in challenging situations. To provide incentives to young people for getting exposed to adventure activities. Eligibility A person should have excellent performance and outstanding qualities of leadership, a sense of adventure discipline and continuous achievement in one particular field of adventure Land, Air or Water (Sea). The award may be given posthumously if such an occasion arises. Exclusions No award will be conferred for a second time to the same person under the same category. The government of India may cancel or annul the award to any person under circumstances, which, in the opinion of the Government, might render such person unworthy of the award. Decoration The award consists of a Bronze statuette, a certificate, a blazer with a silken tie/a saree and an award money of Rs. 15 Lakhs. The Awards are presented to the winners along with Arjuna Awards by the Government of India. Arjuna Awards: they are given for Outstanding Performance in Sports and Games. It is the second-highest sporting honour in India, the highest being the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award. No. of Awardees Awards can be given in four categories namely: Land Adventure, Water (Sea) Adventure, Air Adventure and Life Time Achievement. Ordinarily not more than one Award will be made in each category. The Ministry may increase the number of awards in a particular year with the approval of the Hon’ble Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports. MUST READ: Golden Globe Awards. SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs with regard to sports awards : (2023) Major Dhyan Chand:                   For the most Khel Ratna Award spectacular and outstanding performance by a sportsperson over the period of the last four years. Arjuna Award:                              For the lifetime achievement of a sportsperson. Dronacharya Award:                   To honour eminent coaches who have successfully trained sportspersons or teams. Rashtriya Khel:                          To recognize the Protsahan Puraskar contribution made by sportspersons even after their retirement. How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi’. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. · How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Order of the Nile Syllabus Prelims – International Relations Context: Recently, Egypt’s ‘Order of the Nile’ was conferred to Prime Minister Modi. Background:- Prime Minister Narendra Modi received the ‘Order of the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Congo rainforest Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recent reports suggest, that the Congo rainforest continues to vanish with half a million hectares lost in 2022. Key findings of the study:- The Congo rainforest lost half a million hectares (mha) of forest last year. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) lost over 500,000 hectares in 2022. It noted that 4.1 mha of primary tropical forest were lost worldwide last year Of this, Brazil accounted for 43 per cent of the total tropical primary forest loss, followed by DRC (12.1 per cent) and Bolivia. This destruction in natural forests generated 2.7 billion tonnes of CO2. The total area of humid primary forest in DRC decreased by 6.1 per cent during this period. Primary forests: forests of native tree species, where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities. Most of the primary forest loss consists of small clearings near cyclical agricultural areas, according to the report. Cyclical agricultural areas: land that is cleared (using slash-and-burn techniques) for the short-term cultivation of crops and left fallow for forests and soil nutrients to regenerate. Economic factors may be driving deforestation. Most Congolese rely on forests to meet their food and energy needs and thus reducing primary forest loss in the region remains a challenge. The drivers of forest loss across DRC are slash-and-burn agriculture, uncontrolled bushfires, charcoal production for local and regional markets, cattle ranching, and illegal (artisanal) logging Charcoal is the dominant form of energy in the region, which is generated by cutting and burning timber. About Congo rainforest:- IMAGE SOURCE: adlance22.blogspot.com The Congo is the world’s second-largest rainforest. (UPSC MAINS: India’s stakes in Africa) World’s largest rainforest is the Bordering countries: The Congo Rainforest encompasses six African countries:– Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Climate: it has a tropical climate year-round, with heavy precipitation and high humidity and temperatures. Plants: It houses approximately 10,000 tropical plants, 30% unique to the region. Wildlife: There are also 400 species of mammals, over 600 tree species, 10,000 animal species, 1,000 bird species, and 700 fish species. This includes endangered wildlife such as forest elephants, chimpanzees, and bonobos. Economic Significance: the Congo Basin provides food, medicine, water, materials and shelter for over 75 million people. Human inhabitants: More than 150 ethnic groups have lived in the Congo rainforest area for over 50,000 years. Among these ethnic groups, the Ba’Aka, BaKa, BaMbuti, Efe and other related groups are often referred to as Pygmy: a member of any human group whose adult males grow to less than 59 inches (150 cm) in average height. They rely on hunting and gathering for survival in the rainforest. MUST READ: India-Africa: Challenges & Way Ahead SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following trees: (2023) Jackfruit (Artoca7pus heterophyllus) Mahua (Madhuca indica) Teak (Tectona grandis) How many of the above are deciduous trees? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Which one of the following is a part of the Congo Basin? (2023) Cameroon Nigeria South Sudan Uganda Provident Fund (PF) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) has extended the deadline for members and pensioners to apply for higher Provident Fund (PF). About Provident Fund (PF):- Provident fund (PF) is a fixed amount of money that is contributed by employees from their salary until retirement. It is used to provide a lump sum or monthly payments to salaried employees when they retire. Regulator: the government regulates provident funds and in India through the Employees’ Provident Fund Organization (EPFO). Benefits of PF:- The provident fund provides good investment opportunities to individuals upon retirement. The one-time inflow of money can aid them in changing homes, opening new businesses, educating dependents, medical emergencies or just investing in mutual funds. Type of Provident funds There are various types of provident funds: some are exclusive to government employees while others are meant for private employees. Employees Provident Fund (EPF) It is the most popular type of PF in India. Applicability: All businesses or corporations with more than 20 employees must offer retirement benefits to the employees and contribute to the PF. It also covers certain other establishments which may be notified by the Central Government even if they employ less than 20 persons each. Implementation:– The employee has to pay a certain contribution towards the provident fund (PF) and the employer on a monthly basis pays the same amount. At the end of retirement or during the service (under some circumstances), the employee gets the lump sum amount including the interest on the PF contributed. Benefits: It offers higher interest rates. The amount that the employee pays is matched by the employer. A major part of the sum is handed out at the time of retirement. The rest is paid in instalments as a Partial withdrawals for education, marriage, illness and house construction is allowed. Maturity: the EPF matures only on retirement. Taxation: The amount received is tax-free as long as the employee has been working with the company for more than 5 years. Public Provident Fund (PPF) The Public Provident Fund is a saving scheme. It is available to everyone in India. It can be opened by both permanently employed or self-employed individuals. Eligibility: PPF can be opened by any resident of India. Amount deposited: The minimum amount to be deposited is ₹500, and the maximum is ₹1.5 lacs in a financial year. The amount is paid after 15 years at pre-decided rates.These rates are fixed by the central government every quarter. Taxation: PPF amounts received on maturity are tax-free. PPF Vs EPF: PPF is mainly a savings scheme, while EPF also offers pensionary benefits. General Provident Fund (GPF) General Provident Fund is also known as the Statutory Provident Fund. Eligibility: It is only available for government servants. These include permanent employees, re-employed pensioners, or temporary employees with at least one year of service. Amount contributed: 6

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) National Cooperative Union of India (NCUI) Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the 17th Indian Cooperative Congress (ICC) organized by the National Cooperative Union of India (NCUI) recently. Background:- National Cooperative Union of India (NCUI) is organizing the two days Indian Cooperative Congress. The theme of Amrit Kaal: Prosperity through Cooperation for a Vibrant India. The Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah will chair it. Objective of the Indian Cooperative Congress:- To discuss various trends in the cooperative movement. To showcase the best practices being adopted by the successful cooperatives. To deliberate on challenges being faced by the cooperative world. About the National Cooperative Union of India (NCUI):- Established: 1929. HQ: New Delhi. It is the apex body in India which represents all sectors of the Indian Co-operative Movement. (UPSC CSE: India’s Cooperative Sector) Objectives of NCUI:- To promote and develop the co-operative movement in India. To educate, guide and assist the people in their efforts. To build up and expand the co-operative sector. NCUI membership:- It is open to national and state-level co-operative organisations as well as multi-state co-operative societies. As of 2016, NCUI had 260 members, including, 17 National, 163 State and 80 Multi-State Cooperatives. Function: it provides service as an exponent of co-operative opinion in accordance with cooperative principles.  MUST READ: Cooperative Sector Reforms SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of the “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018) Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres. Select the correct answer using the code given below : 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements: (2018) ‘The National ‘Programme for Organic Production’ (NPOP) is operated under the guidelines and ‘directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development. ‘The Agricultural and Processed Food Product Export Development Authority ‘(APEDA) functions as the Secretariat for the implementation of NPOP. Sikkim has become India’s first fully organic State. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 National Research Foundation Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Recently, the government has decided to bring the National Research Foundation (NRF) Bill, 2023 to strengthen the research ecosystem in the country. Background:- The Bill approved by the Union Cabinet will pave the way to establish National Research Foundation (NRF). The Bill will repeal the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) established by an act of Parliament in 2008 and subsume it into NRF. It will seed, grow and promote research and development and foster a culture of research and innovation throughout India’s universities, colleges, and research institutions. About National Research Foundation:- It is an apex body to promote, fund and mentor scientific research in higher education institutions. Initial budget of Rs 50,000 crore for over a five-year period between 2023 and 2028. The NRF would also provide fellowships for post-doctoral research, the funding for which is not available right now. Objective:- Cultivating the culture of research in universities and colleges. Facilitating research in universities across the country. (UPSC MAINS: Factors that have constrained research and innovation capabilities in India.) Historical Background:- The proposal for an NRF was first floated in the public domain by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2019, during his address to the Indian Science Congress. The NRF found a second mention on January 20 of that year during a joint session of Parliament. Later, it was mentioned in the Finance Minister’s speech during the Budget Session in July 2019. The creation of NRF was also one of the key recommendations of the National Education Policy 2020. 2023: the Union Cabinet approved the National Research Foundation(NRF),2023 bill to establish NRF. Administration of NRF:- The NRF would be administratively housed in the Department of Science and Technology (DST). It would have a 16-member governing board. Of these two members from DST, five from industry, one from humanities and six experts would be selected depending on the nature of the project being evaluated. Structure of NRF:- Prime Minister will be the ex-officio president of the board and the Minister of Science and Technology and the Minister of Education will be the ex-officio vice presidents. The NRF’s functioning will be governed by an executive council chaired by the Principal Scientific Advisor to the government of India. Funding for NRF:- Of the Rs 50,000 crore estimated funding over the next five years, Rs 36,000 crore would come from the industry. Scientific research projects under the NRF would be funded by the DST and industry on a 50:50 basis. The Department of Science and Technology’s main funding body, the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) will be absorbed in the NRF. SERB: it was set up in 2008. It is responsible for funding science and technology start-ups, setting up incubators and funding science-related projects in central and state universities.  Function of NRF:- The NRF will forge collaborations among the industry, academia, government departments and research institutions. It will create an interface mechanism for the participation and contribution of industries and state governments in addition to the scientific and line ministries. MUST READ: Number of women scientists goes up SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) Syllabus Prelims – Important Institutions Context: Recently, the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in association with S. K. Somaiya College in Mumbai celebrated the 17th Statistics Day. Background:- This year, the theme selected for Statistics Day, 2023 is ‘Alignment of State Indicator Framework with National Indicator Framework for Monitoring Sustainable Development Goals’. National Statistics Day: it is celebrated on 29th June every year on the birth anniversary of Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis: He is considered the father of modern statistics in India. He founded the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) and shaped the Planning Commission. About National Sample Survey Office (NSSO):- Established: 1950. The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) is now merged with the Central Statistical Office to form the National Statistical Office (NSO) in 2019. Central Statistical Office: it was responsible for the coordination of statistical activities in the country. Objective: to conduct large-scale sample surveys throughout India. Head: by a Director General. Ministry: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation It was the largest organization in India responsible for conducting periodic socio-economic surveys. (UPSC CSE: All India Debt & Investment Survey NSS 77th round) Functions of NSSO:- It is responsible for the conduct of large-scale sample surveys in diverse fields on an all-India basis. Primarily data are collected through nationwide household surveys on various socio-economic subjects, Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), etc. It collects data on rural and urban prices. It plays a significant role in the improvement of crop statistics through supervision of the area enumeration and crop estimation surveys of the State agencies. It also maintains a frame of urban area units for use in sample surveys in urban areas. The NSSO has four Divisions: Survey Design and Research Division (SDRD): is responsible for the technical planning of surveys, formulation of concepts and presentation of survey results etc. HQ: Kolkata. Field Operations Division (FOD): it is responsible for the collection of primary data for the surveys undertaken by NSS. HQ: Delhi/Faridabad. Data Processing Division (DPD): it is responsible for sample selection, software development, processing, validation and tabulation of the data collected through surveys. HQ: Kolkata. Survey Coordination Division (SCD): it coordinates all the activities of different Divisions of NSS. HQ: New Delhi. MUST READ: National Statistical Commission (NSC) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements : (2023) Statement-I: In the post-pandemic recent past, many Central Banks worldwide had carried out interest rate hikes. Statement-II : Central Banks generally assume that they have the ability to counteract the rising consumer prices via monetary policy means. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?  Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.  Both Statement-I and Statement II are correct and Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I Statement-I is correct but Statement II is· incorrect  Statement-I is incorrect but Statement II is correct Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Central Board for Film Certification (CBFC) Syllabus Prelims – Important Institutions Context: Central Board for Film Certification (CBFC) clarified that the film Bahattar Hoorain, was granted ‘A’ certification in 2019. About Central Board for Film Certification (CBFC):- IMAGE SOURCE: SlideShare Establishment: 1951 It is a statutory body under the Cinematograph Act 1952. (UPSC CSE: Amendments to Cinematograph Act) Ministry: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. HQ: Mumbai, Maharashtra. Films can be publicly exhibited in India only after they are certified by the CBFC. Objectives of CBFC:- To ensure good and healthy entertainment in accordance with the provisions of the Cinematograph Act 1952 and the Cinematograph (Certification) Rules 1983. To grant a certificate to regulate the public exhibition of films in India. To promote recreation, education, and good and healthy entertainment to the public according to the provisions of the Cinematograph Act, 1952, and Cinematograph (Certification) Rules, 1983. Structure of CBFC:- CBFC board: is headed by a central government-appointed chairperson and 12-45 non-official members. The members are eminent persons from social science, education, law, arts or films background appointed. Functions:- It examines films for content that may be harmful or unsuitable for some particular audiences, particularly children and young people. It ensures that films adhere to ethical standards, respecting cultural values and societal norms. After evaluating the content and classifying the film, the CBFC grants a certificate that permits the film’s public exhibition. Appeals:- Filmmakers can appeal against the CBFC’s decisions in the Film Certification Appellate Tribunal (FCAT). FCAT: it is an independent body to review and resolves appeals. Films are certified under four categories:- “U”: unrestricted public exhibition. “A”: restricted to adult audiences. “U/A”: unrestricted public exhibition subject to parental guidance for children below the age of twelve. “S”: restricted to specialized audiences such as doctors or scientists. The board may also refuse to certify. MUST READ: Reforms SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In India under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020) Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of the “Digital India” Plan of the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: Recently, Union Minister for Heavy Industries Dr Mahendra Nath Pandey had a meeting with Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) and Commerce and Industry Chamber at Leh and reviewed the industry sector.  Background:- The focus of the meeting was on strengthening indigenous manufacturing in Leh Ladakh. LAHDC requested the minister for the provision of Freight or Transport -Subsidies for the procurement of raw materials like Cement, Steel, Wood Iron and glass. They also sought a grant of permission for the enhancement of Truck Carriage capacity from 9 tonnes to 15 tonnes at Zojila Pass on the Srinagar to Leh National Highway. They further requested some relaxation in the reservation of locally manufactured products by local Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) unit holders for procurement to be procured by the Government Department and organization. About Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC):- It is an autonomous district council that administers the Leh district of Ladakh. Establishment: The council was created under the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council Act of 1995. Composition: LAHDC-Leh has 30 seats and the government nominates four councilors. Working:- The autonomous hill council work with village panchayats to take decisions on economic development, healthcare, education, land use, taxation, and local governance. These decisions are further reviewed at the block headquarters in the presence of the chief executive councillor and executive councillors. Leh, which is a Buddhist-dominated district of Ladakh, has demanded the implementation of the sixth schedule for the Union territory to guard against demographic change and dilution of the unique cultural and tribal identity. About Ladakh Ladakh is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Jammu and Kashmir. It is the highest plateau in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. Population: The biggest ethnic group is Buddhist having 77.30% of the population followed by Muslims with 13.78% and Hindus with 8.16%. MUST READ: Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC), Leh SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) A bill amending the Constitution requires a prior recommendation of the President of India. When a Constitution Amendment Bill is presented to the President of India, it is obligatory for the President of India to give his/her assent. A Constitution Amendment Bill must be passed by both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha by a special majority and there is no provision for joint sitting. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (2022) This would prevent the transfer of land from tribal people to non-tribal people. This would create a local self-governing body in that area. This would convert that area into a Union Territory. The State having such areas would be declared a Special Category State. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Syllabus Prelims –International Relations Context: As per recent reports, India will host the 23rd summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit in a virtual format.  Background:- Prime Minister Narendra Modi will chair the 23rd Summit of the SCO Council of Heads of State on 4th July. India assumed the rotating Chairmanship of SCO at the Samarkand Summit on 16 September last year. India has set up new pillars of cooperation under its Chairmanship by emphasizing startups and innovation, traditional medicine, digital inclusion, youth empowerment, and shared Buddhist heritage. It has worked towards fostering greater people-to-people ties that celebrate the historical and civilizational bonds between nations. About Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO):- SCO is a permanent Eurasian political, economic and military organization. Objective: to maintain peace, security and stability in the region. Establishment: 2001. The SCO Charter was signed in 2002 and entered into force in 2003. It is a statutory document which outlines the organization’s goals and principles, as well as its structure and core activities. SCO’s official languages: Russian and Chinese. Founding members: Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan were members of the Shanghai 5. Following the accession of Uzbekistan to the organization in 2001, the Shanghai 5 was renamed the SCO. India and Pakistan became members in 2017. Current Members: India, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Structure of the SCO: Heads of State Council – The top SCO body that decides on internal SCO operations, interactions with other states and international organizations, and international concerns. Heads of Government Council – approves the budget, evaluates, and decides on topics pertaining to SCO’s economic domains of engagement. Council of Foreign Ministers – Considers problems concerning day-to-day operations. Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) – An organization formed to combat terrorism, separatism, and extremism. MUST READ: Solidarity-2023 SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2022) Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Missile Technology Control Regime Shanghai Cooperation Organization India is a member of which of the above? 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Consider the following pairs: International agreement/ set-up Subject (2020) Alma-Ata Declaration – Healthcare of the people Hague Convention – Biological and Chemical Weapons Talanoa Dialogue – Global Climate Change Under2 Coalition – Child Rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 4 only 1 and 3 only 2,3 and 4 only Sickle Cell Anemia Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the National Sickle Cell Anemia Eradication Mission 2047, recently.  Background:- The union budget of FY 2023-24, announced to launch of a mission to eliminate sickle cell anemia by 2047. Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the National Sickle Cell Anemia Eradication Mission 2047 in Lalpur village of Madhya Pradesh on 1st July 2023. The mission entails a focus on awareness creation, universal screening of approximately seven crore people in the 0-40 years age group in affected tribal areas and counselling

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Uniform Civil Code Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: As per recent reports, the Parliamentary Committee is set to discuss the Uniform Civil Code in the upcoming meeting. Background:- The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice will hold a meeting on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) tomorrow. BJP Rajya Sabha MP Sushil Modi will head the Committee. The UCC proposes to formulate and implement personal laws of citizens, which apply to all citizens equally regardless of their religion. About Uniform Civil Code:- IMAGE SOURCE: The Times of India UCC is a generic set of governing laws for every citizen without taking into consideration religion. The Constitution in Article 44 requires the State to strive to secure for its citizens a Uniform Civil Code(UCC) throughout India. (UPSC CSE: Uniform Civil Code) Article 44:According to this article, “The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India”. Historical Background:- The Supreme Court for the first time directed the Parliament to frame a UCC in the case of Mohammad Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum in the year 1985. In this case, Shah Bano claimed maintenance from her husband under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure after she was given triple talaq by him. However, the government overturned the Shah Bano case decision by way of the Muslim Women (Right to Protection on Divorce) Act, 1986 which curtailed the right of a Muslim woman to maintenance under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Need of UCC:- Gender Justice:– It is commonly observed that personal laws of almost all religions are discriminatory towards women. Men are usually granted upper preferential status in matters of succession and inheritance. Muslim men are allowed to marry multiple wives, but women are forbidden from having multiple husbands. Even after the 2005 amendment to the Hindu Succession Act, women are still considered part of their husband’s families after marriage. So, in case a Hindu widow dies without any heirs or will, her property will automatically go to her husband’s family. Men (fathers) are also treated as ‘natural guardians’ and are given preference under the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act. A uniform civil code will establish gender justice by bringing both men and women to par. Promote national unity: A unified personal law irrespective of gender, caste, creed, etc. will boost national unity and solidarity. Simplification of laws: It will eliminate the overlapping of laws. Different personal laws (Codified and Uncodified) practised in India:- Hindu Personal Law Hindu personal law is codified in four bills: the Hindu Marriage Act, Hindu Succession Act, Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, and Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act. The term ‘Hindu’ also includes Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists for the purpose of these laws. It was codified by the Parliament in 1956. Muslim personal laws A 1939 Act enacted by the British said that their personal Law (ie, the Shariat) would govern Muslims. The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Act, 1937 is a short statute with five provisions. It covers provisions of marriage, divorce, children’s custody or inheritance Intestate succession, dissolution of marriage etc. Secular’ laws:- These laws disregard religion altogether. These include: Special Marriage Act: for Inter-religion marriages and Guardians and Wards Act: establishes the rights and duties of guardians. Other laws:- In the Northeast, there are more than 200 tribes with their own varied customary laws. Apart from it, different personal laws also govern Christians and Jews. Thus, a UCC will simplify these laws into one standard. Parliamentary Standing Committees These are the permanent and regular committees. They are constituted from time to time according to the provisions of an Act of Parliament or Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business. Both houses of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, and Lok Sabha have similar Committee structures with a few exceptions. Parliamentary committees draw their authority from:- Article 105: on privileges of Parliament members. Article 118: on Parliament’s authority to make rules for regulating its procedure and conduct of business. MUST READ: Parliamentary Committees SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In essence, what does ‘Due Process of Law’ mean? (2023) The principle of natural justice The procedure established by law Fair application of law Equality before law Q.2) In India, which one of the following (2023) Constitutional Amendments were widely believed to be enacted to overcome the judicial interpretations of Fundamental Rights. 1st Amendment 42nd Amendment 44th Amendment 86th Amendment National Investigation Agency (NIA) Syllabus Prelims – Important Institutions Context: Recently, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) conducted raids at multiple locations in Bihar, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh. Background:- The NIA conducted raids at multiple locations in Bihar, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh in connection with a radicalized module run by Pakistan-based suspects – Ghazwa-e-Hind. During the raids, it seized incriminating material, including digital devices and documents. About National Investigation Agency (NIA):- NIA is functioning as the Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency in India. Establishment: 2008. National Investigation Agency Act, enacted on 31-12-08, established it. (UPSC MAINS: NIA) Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs. HQ: New Delhi. It is a central agency to investigate and prosecute offences:- Affecting the sovereignty, security and integrity of India, security of the State, and friendly relations with foreign States. Against atomic and nuclear facilities. Smuggling in High-Quality Counterfeit Indian Currency. Objectives:- It implements international treaties, agreements, conventions and resolutions of the United Nations, its agencies and other international organisations. Historical Background:- The agency at the Central level was created for the investigation of offences related to terrorism and certain other Acts post-2008 Mumbai terror attacks. Functions of NIA:- In-depth professional investigation of scheduled offences using the latest scientific methods. Ensuring effective and speedy trials. Developing into a thoroughly professional, result-oriented organization. Developing a professional workforce through regular training and exposure to the best practices and procedures. Maintaining professional and cordial relations with the governments of States and Union Territories and other law enforcement agencies in compliance with the legal provisions of the NIA Act.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Alluri Sitarama Raju Syllabus Prelims –History Context: Recently, President Droupadi Murmu attended the birth anniversary of legendary freedom fighter 125th Alluri Sitarama Raju in Hyderabad. Background:- The 125th birth anniversary of Alluri Sitarama Raju was celebrated in Hyderabad on 4th July 2023. A 3D animation on the life of the revolutionary freedom fighter was also launched on the occasion. About Alluri Sitarama Raju:- Born on: July 4, 1897, in Andhra Pradesh. (UPSC CSE: Alluri Sitarama Raju ) He was nicknamed “Manyam Veerudu” (Hero of the Jungle) by local villagers for his heroic exploits. He was an Indian revolutionary who waged an armed campaign against British colonial rule in India. Sitarama Raju, under the influence of Gandhi’s Non-cooperation movement, inspired the tribals to seek justice in the local panchayat courts and boycott the colonial courts. He started to work for the Adivasi of the Eastern Ghats, who were living in abject poverty and being fleeced by police, forest and revenue officials. Rampa Rebellion: He launched the Rampa Rebellion against the British in 1922. The Rampa Rebellion Launched: 1922 was a tribal uprising. Leader: Alluri Sitarama Raju. Location: Godavari Agency of Madras Presidency, British India. The Rampa administrative area was home to about 28,000 tribes. Cause of rebellion: the passing of the 1882 Madras Forest Act. 1882 Madras Forest Act: it restricted the free movement of Adivasis in their forest habitats and prevented them from practising a traditional form of agriculture known as Tools: He utilized sporting traditional weaponry like bow-and-arrow and spears and employed tactics like using whistles and beating drums to exchange messages amongst themselves. War technique: Guerrilla warfare: His deep understanding of the forest terrain and skilful use of tribal war tactics made him a highly successful guerrilla warrior who struck terror in the hearts of the British. Death: In 1924, Raju was taken into police custody, tied to a tree, and shot, effectively ending the armed rebellion. Legacy and Recognition of Alluri Sitarama Raju:– Postal stamp: The Independent Indian Government released a postal stamp in his honour at the village of Mogallu, considered by many to be his birthplace. In 2022, the Government of Andhra Pradesh carved out a new district named after Alluri from the erstwhile Visakhapatnam district. Bronze statue: Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled a 30-foot tall bronze statue of revolutionary fighter Alluri Sitarama Raju at Pedda Amiram village in West Godavari district. Every year, the Government of Andhra Pradesh commemorates his birth date, the 4th of July, as a state festival. MUST READ: Tribal Freedom Fighters’ Museums SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following freedom fighters: (2022) Barindra Kumar Ghosh Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee Rash Behari Bose Who of the above was/were actively associated with the Ghadar Party? 1 and 2 2 only 1 and 3 3 only Q.2) With reference to the history of India, Ulgulan or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events? (2020) The Revolt of 1857 The Mappila Rebellion of 1921 The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60 Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900 National Anti-Doping Agency Syllabus Prelims – Important Institutions Context: Recently, the National Anti-Doping Agency, India today signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the South Asia Regional Anti-Doping Organisation (SARADO). Background:- The Memorandum of Understanding was signed in New Delhi. It aims to increase Regional Cooperation in anti-doping in Sports. About National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA):- NADA is a statutory body under the National anti-doping act, 2022. (UPSC CSE: National Fund to Control Drug Abuse) Established: 2005. Ministry: Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports. HQ: New Delhi. Historical Background:- NADA was set up as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act in 2005 with a mandate for Dope-free sports in India. Doping: use of prohibited medications, drugs, or treatments by athletes with the intention of improving athletic performance. 2022: The National Anti-doping Bill was passed to make NADA a statutory body. Objectives of NADA:- To implement anti-doping rules as per the World Anti-Doping Code (Code). WADA: it was established in 1999 and is headquartered in Montreal, Canada. Objectives: to develop, harmonize and coordinate anti-doping rules and policies across all sports and countries. World Anti-Doping Code (Code): it is the core document that harmonizes anti-doping policies, rules, and regulations within sports organizations and among public authorities around the world. To promote education and research. To create awareness about doping and its ill effects. Functions of NADA:- To implement the Anti-Doping Code to achieve compliance by all sports organizations in the Country. To coordinate dope testing program through all participating stakeholders. To promote anti-doping research and education to inculcate the value of dope-free sports. To adopt best practice standards and quality systems to enable effective implementation and continual improvement of the program. South Asia Regional Anti-Doping Organisation (SARADO) Formation: 2007. It was formed on 16th May 2007 at the South Asian Anti-Doping Program Project Development Meeting held in Maldives. HQ: Maldives. Objective: to promote and coordinate the fight against doping in sports in all its forms among South Asia Regional Anti-Doping Organization(RADO) member countries. Members: It is comprised of Anti-Doping Organisations from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. MUST READ: Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Chenchu tribals Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Recently, the Chenchu tribals, joined the drive to make Nallamala forests of Andhra Pradesh free of plastic. Background:- Eco-tourism, nature trails, jungle safaris and wildlife tourism brought the menace of plastic pollution. The native Chenchu tribals have been roped in for a drive to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Jowar(sorghum) Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Recent researches show that Jowar (sorghum)  can be an ideal alternative to wheat in times of increasing temperatures. Background:- The study was carried out by researchers from Columbia University, US; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Indian School of Business; University of Delaware, US; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Yale University, US; and Washington State University, US. It focused on the two main Rabi cereals in India, wheat and jowar. The research highlighted the need for climate-smart agriculture interventions, specifically in the Rabi season. It stated the following benefits of Jowar over wheat:- Jowar is more resilient to projected climate changes but also requires much less water. While wheat is highly sensitive to increases in maximum daily temperature, jowar can handle temperature increases with far less impact on yields. Wheat requires 1.4 times more water than jowar owing to the extension of its growth cycle into summer. About Jowar:- It is a rainfed crop mostly grown in moist areas, which hardly needs irrigation. (UPSC CSE: The millet mission) It is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. Rainfall: moderate rainfall of 30-100 cm. Temperatures: high temperatures ranging from 20 to 32°C. Vulnerability of Jowar: Both excessive moisture and prolonged drought are harmful. Soil: Well-drained light soils are ideal. It is cultivated as the major food crop in semi-arid areas of central and south India. In north India, Jowar is mainly a Kharif crop whereas it is sown as both Kharif and Rabi in the southern states. Highest producers: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. India is the largest producer of jowar in the world. Health Benefits of Jowar:- Gluten-free Jowar, a gluten-free whole grain, is considered an excellent alternative for people who suffer from ‘gluten intolerance’. High in fiber Compared to other cereal grains like barley or rice, jowar contains a much higher concentration of fiber. Controls Blood Sugar Levels: Jowar is a complex carbohydrate that digests slowly. As a result, it leads to stable blood sugar levels. Hence, it is a great diet choice for diabetics and people who want to lose weight High in Protein: 100 grams of Jowar provides 11 grams of protein, which supplies the body with energy and aids in cell regeneration. Full of Iron: Jowar contains 8.45 mg of iron in every cup. Bone Health: Jowar Good is d for Bone Health because it contains high magnesium levels. It helps maintain calcium levels in the body as magnesium increases calcium absorption. Packed with Vitamins, Minerals, and Micronutrients It contains B vitamins, which help the body build new tissues and cells and potassium and phosphorus. It contains traces of zinc, copper, and over 20 micronutrients and high levels of antioxidants. Helps Weight Loss Jowar has a much higher concentration of dietary fiber when compared to other cereal grains. This high fiber content ensures higher satiety levels, lowering consumption by keeping hunger pangs at bay. This makes it the ideal whole-grain option for weight loss. Improves Digestive System The high dietary fiber content in Jowar also helps improve digestion. The whole grain helps improve digestive health and helps to treat conditions like diarrhea, bloating, stomach ache and constipation. Improves Heart Health The abundance of fiber in jowar helps lower LDL (or bad cholesterol) levels in the body, thus reducing the risk of a heart attack. The cholesterol-lowering properties of jowar also reduce the chances of hindered blood flow, arteriosclerosis and plaque formation. The whole grain also contains antioxidants, apart from nutrients like magnesium, iron, and vitamins B and E. As a result, it helps avoid several cardiovascular conditions. Jowar also helps regulate plasma LDL cholesterol concentration while improving the HDL levels in the body. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): the “bad” cholesterol which transports cholesterol particles throughout your body. High-density lipoprotein (HDL): the “good” cholesterol, picks up excess cholesterol and takes it back to your liver. Improves Energy Levels Sorghum contains high amounts of niacin (or Vitamin B3). Niacin ensures that the energy levels in the body are consistent throughout the day. Boosts Blood Circulation Iron and copper are two essential minerals found in Jowar. These minerals come together to play a vital role in improving the body’s blood circulation. It also improves the overall circulation of blood in the body while reducing the chances of Anemia: a problem of not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the body’s tissues. MUST READ: International Year of Millets – 2023 SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements : (2023) India has more arable area than China. The proportion of the irrigated area is more in India as compared to China. The average productivity per hectare in Indian agriculture is higher than that in China. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Consider the following trees : (2023) Jackfruit (Artoca7pus heterophyllus) Mahua (Madhuca indica) Teak (Tectona grandis) How many of the above are deciduous trees? Only one Only two All three None Antimicrobial Resistance Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: The One Health Priority Research Agenda on Antimicrobial Resistance was launched recently. About One Health Priority Research Agenda on Antimicrobial Resistance:- IMAGE SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH Launched: June 28, 2023. Launched by: the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). The concept acknowledges the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the larger environment, including ecosystems, are inextricably linked and interdependent. Objectives of One Health Priority Research Agenda on Antimicrobial Resistance:- To prioritise 40 research topics for evidence generation to inform policy and interventions by 2030. To guide a variety of stakeholders in generating new evidence to address antimicrobial resistance(AMR), with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. AMR: it is the resistance acquired by any microorganism (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, etc.) against

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Chandrayaan III Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Chandrayaan III spacecraft was integrated with the GSLV Mark III launch vehicle recently. The launch is planned between 12-19th July 2023. About Chandrayaan III:- IMAGE SOURCE: indiandefensenews.in Chandrayaan-3 is the successor to the Chandrayaan-2 mission. (UPSC CSE:CHANDRAYAAN-2) Launch Vehicle Mark-III (LVM3). Launched from: Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. It consists of an indigenous Lander module (LM), a Propulsion module (PM) and a Rover. Lander: a spacecraft that descends towards and comes to rest on, the surface of an astronomical body. Propulsion module: a box-like structure, mounted with a large solar panel on one side and a large cylinder on top. Rover: a small vehicle that can move over rough ground, often used on the surface of other planets, sometimes controlled from the earth. The Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface. There will not be any orbiters like Chandrayaan 2 in it. (UPSC CSE: CHANDRAYAAN-2) Objectives of Chandrayaan-3 mission:- To demonstrate a Safe and Soft Landing on Lunar Surface To demonstrate Rover roving on the moon and To conduct in-situ scientific experiments. Lander payloads:– Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE): to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity around the landing site Langmuir Probe (LP): to estimate the plasma density and its variations. A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA is accommodated for lunar laser ranging studies. Rover payloads:- Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) for deriving the elemental composition near the landing site. Propulsion Module Payload:- Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE): Future discoveries of smaller planets in reflected light would allow us to probe into a variety of Exo-planets which would qualify for habitability or for the presence of life. GSLV-Mk III It is also known as the Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3). It is a three-stage vehicle with two solid motor strap-ons, a liquid propellant core stage and a cryogenic stage. It is the heaviest and the shortest among India’s operational launch vehicles. Weighs: 641 tonnes, which is equal to the weight of five fully loaded passenger planes. Capacity: GSLV can take 10,000-kg satellites to lower earth orbits. MUST READ: Gaganyaan SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements : (2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Innovative Air Mobility Syllabus Prelims –International Relations Context: The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) of India has recently signed a memorandum of understanding with the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Background:- The MoU is for cooperation in Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Innovative Air Mobility. This MoU will facilitate collaboration on unmanned aircraft and innovative air mobility between the two civil aviation authorities. About the Collaboration on Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Innovative Air Mobility:- This memorandum of understanding (MoU) will facilitate collaboration on unmanned aircraft and innovative air mobility between the two civil aviation Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV): it is commonly known, as a drone. It is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board. Innovative air mobility (IAM): The concept of innovative air mobility (IAM) accommodates commercial and non-commercial operations with novel aircraft designs that do not automatically fall under one of the known categories of aero planes or helicopters. They may have the capability to vertically takeoff and land, have specific (distributed) propulsion features, may be operated in unmanned configuration, etc. This collaboration would include cooperation between DGCA and EASA in the areas of development of certification standards and environmental standards and related requirements for the certification and use of unmanned aircraft systems and innovative air mobility operations which includes licensing of personnel, training, air traffic management and infrastructure, including Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) standards and services. The MoU will also ensure regular information sharing between the two authorities on the technological developments and research in this area and their respective strategies for outreach to relevant stakeholders. Further, the MoU will result in collaboration in conducting conferences, workshops, and training programs by DGCA and EASA in this area. About Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA):- IMAGE SOURCE: DGCA The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation primarily dealing with safety issues. (UPSC CSE: DGCA) It is a statutory body of the Indian Central Government under the Aircraft (Amendment) Bill, 2020. Objectives: to regulate civil aviation in India. Ministry: Ministry for Civil Aviation. HQ: New Delhi. It has regional offices in various parts of India. Functions of DGCA:- It investigates aviation accidents and incidents. It maintains all regulations related to aviation. It is responsible for the issuance of licenses. It is responsible for the regulation of air transport services to/from/within India. It is responsible for the enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards. It also coordinates all regulatory functions with International Civil Aviation Organization. European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) EASA is an Agency of the European Union (EU). (UPSC CSE: India-EU) EU: international organization comprising 27 European countries. It develops common safety and environmental rules at the European level. Objective: to promote the highest common standards of safety and environmental protection in civil aviation. Established: 4 July 2018. HQ: Cologne, Germany. It is headed by an Executive Director. The work of the Agency is overseen by a Management Board, which represents EU Member States and the European Commission. It is a body governed by European public law. It is distinct from the Community Institutions (Council, Parliament, Commission,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Dalai Lama Syllabus Prelims –Important Personalities Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi has greeted, Dalai Lama on his 88th birthday recently. Background:- In a tweet, the Prime Minister informed that he has also spoken to Dalai Lama on the phone and wished him a long and healthy life. About Dalai Lama:- IMAGE SOURCE: pinterest.com The Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader who belongs to the Gelugpa tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. Gelugpa tradition: it is the largest and most influential tradition in Tibet. The Dalai Lamas are believed to be manifestations of Avalokiteshvara or Chenrezig. Avalokiteshvara: the Bodhisattva of Compassion and the patron saint of Tibet. There have been only 14 Dalai Lamas in the history of Tibetan Buddhism. The first and second Dalai Lamas were given the title posthumously. Tenzin Gyatso: the 14th and current Dalai Lama. In 1989, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent struggle for the liberation of Tibet. Historical Background:- Until China’s annexation of Tibet in the 1950s, the Dalai Lamas were the head of the Tibetan government. Later, plans were made to bring Tibet officially under Chinese control. 1959: Tibetans took to the streets demanding an end to Chinese rule. The current Dalai Lama fled to India during this Tibetan uprising. Former Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru granted him permission to form the ‘Tibetan government in exile’ in Dharamsala (Himachal Pradesh). (UPSC CSE: India-China Trade) The Process to Choose Dalai Lama: Following the Buddhist belief in the principle of reincarnation, the current Dalai Lama is believed by Buddhists to be able to choose the body into which he is reincarnated. That person, when found, will then become the next Dalai Lama. According to Buddhist scholars, it is the responsibility of the High Lamas of the Gelugpa tradition and the Tibetan government to seek out and find the next Dalai Lama following the death of the incumbent. If more than one candidate is identified, the true successor is found by officials and monks drawing lots in a public ceremony. Once identified, the successful candidate and his family are taken to Lhasa (or Dharamsala) where the child studies the Buddhist scriptures in order to prepare for spiritual leadership. Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism is the combination of the teachings of Mahayana Buddhism with Tantric and Shamanic, and the teachings of Bon, an ancient Tibetan religion. (UPSC CSE: Bamiyan Buddhas) Impact of Tibet and the Dalai Lama on India and China Relations:- Background: Tibet was India’s actual neighbour for centuries. 1914: Tibetan representatives, along with Chinese representatives, signed the Shimla convention with British India, delineating boundaries. However, following China’s full accession of Tibet in 1950, the convention and the McMahon line that separated the two countries were rejected. 1954: India and China signed an agreement in which they agreed to recognize Tibet as the “Tibet region of China.” Current Situation: One of the major irritants in India-China relations is the Dalai Lama and Tibet. China regards the Dalai Lama as a separatist with considerable clout among Tibetans. In the face of rising tensions between India and China, India’s Tibet policy has shifted. This policy shift indicates that the Indian government is actively negotiating with the Dalai Lama in public forums. The shift in India’s Tibet policy is increasing tensions between India and China. (UPSC CSE: India-China: Concerns) MUST READ: India-China Relations, a Year after Galwan SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, located? (2023) Andhra Gandhara Kalinga Magadha Q.2) Which one of the following statements is correct? (2022) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora River. Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of the Chambal River. Pandu – Lena cave shrines lie in the gorge of the Narmada River. Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of the Godavari River. National Green Tribunal (NGT) Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) imposed a fine of about 80,000 crore on states for not disposing of sewage and garbage. Background:- The NGT observed that there is a huge gap in the treatment of sewage and disposal of solid waste by states and UTs. The highest penalty has been imposed on Tamil Nadu at Rs 15,419.71 crore followed by Maharashtra at Rs 12,000 crore, Madhya Pradesh at Rs 9,688 crore and Uttar Pradesh at Rs 5,000 crore. About National Green Tribunal (NGT):- IMAGE SOURCE: universalinstitutions.com Establishment: 2010. (UPSC CSE: NGT) The National Green Tribunal is a statutory body under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010. Objective: for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources. HQ: New Delhi. Regional Offices: Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai. Language: It is a specialized body equipped with the necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues. (UPSC MAINS: What are tribunals) The Tribunal is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. It is rather guided by principles of natural justice. Timeline for case disposal: The Tribunal is mandated to make and endeavor for disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of the filing of the same. Tribunal’s orders are binding and it has the power to grant relief in the form of compensation and damages to affected persons. (UPSC MAINS: Discuss the mandate of the National Green Tribunal (NGT)) Benefits: The Tribunal’s dedicated jurisdiction in environmental matters shall provide speedy environmental justice and help reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts. India became the third country in the world to set up a specialized environmental tribunal, only after Australia and New Zealand. Composition of NGT Sanctioned strength: The act allows for up to 40 members (20 expert members and 20 judicial members). Chairman: The administrative head of the tribunal. He also serves as a judicial member. He is required to be a serving or retired Chief Justice of a High Court or